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8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
1/11
]fh Pk``ct no Gk}h Kl}c{xc}s
`sIxkl Bkpdnt Jx}chpphy
]fh pk``ct no gk}h kl}c{xc}s phoghd} k jpnxq no bhl zfcdf qhponpbhm k
vkpch}s pnght cl Ihzctf phgcjcnxt klm dcvcd gcoh klm zfcdf jkplhphm
mcoohphl} phtqnltht }n }fhth pnght, ]fh pk``ct no @k`sgnlck' gceh }fhcp
dnxl}hpqkp}t cl }fh gklm no Ctpkhg zhph thhl kt np oxld}cnlhm kt fngs
bhl' tkjht' bst}cdt' bkjcdcklt' gkzshpt' ixmjht klm kt dnbbxlc}s
npjklcyhpt,; ]fh pk``ct zhph no}hl fnlnphm klm ohkphm `s bkls' `x}
}fhs zhph kgtn mhtqcthm klm phihd}hm `s n}fhpt, ]fh pk``ct phoghd}hm k
dgktt no clmcvcmxkgt zfcdf dpntthm fhphmc}kps' oclkldckg' klm tndckg
dgkttht klm `kthm }fhcp kx}fnpc}s nl }fhcp bkt}hps no ]npkf elnzghmjh,
]fhcp qnzhp zkt tcjlcocdkl} cl bkls zkst klm cldphmc`gh gcbc}hm cl
n}fhpt, Cl }fh hlm' pk``clcd kx}fnpc}s zkt gcbc}hm `s }fh h}hl} }n zfcdf
}fh gndkg qnqxgkdh kddhq}hm }fhcp kx}fnpc}s klm }fh h}hl} zfcdf }fh
Qhptckl pxgclj kx}fnpc}cht kggnzhm }fhb }n nqhpk}h,
Bntht nxp Pk``c
]fh kx}fnpc}s no }fh pk``ct zkt xg}cbk}hgs `kthm nl }fh cmhk }fk} }fhcp
bkt}hps no ]npkf zkt cl okd} k phoghd}cnl no }fh bnmhg hb`nmchm `s lnlh
n}fhp }fkl Bntht, ]fh qphbcth no k phvhgk}cnl no k mxkg ]npkf k} Tclkc }n
; Ikdn` Lhxtlhp' ]fhph Zh Tk} Mnzl' &Fn`nehl9 Ek}v' ;3:6#' :=, Thh kgtn Ghh C, Ghvclh']fh Pk``clcd Dgktt cl Gk}h Kl}c{xc}s' &Lhz Snpe9 Ihzctf ]fhngnjcdkg Thbclkps' ;363#'33,
;
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
2/11
Bntht klm bnt} cbqnp}kl}gs' }fh }pkltbcttcnl no }fct ]npkf' cl c}t mxkg
onpb' opnb bkt}hp }n mctdcqgh zkt dpc}cdkg }n }fh kx}fnpc}s dgkcbhm `s }fh
pk``ct,0 ]fh pk` ct zhph }fh phdcqchl}t no }fct jlntct klm }fhcp
mhmcdk}cnl }n ]npkf t}xms phoghd}hm }fhcp cbc}k}cnl no ln} nlgs Bntht' `x}
hvhl J"m, 4]fh pk``clcdkg kdkmhbcht' kt okp kt }fh pk``ct zhph
dnldhplhm' tcbqgs phoghd}hm k fhkvhlgs phkgc}s, J"m t}xmchm ]npkf cl k
fhkvhlgs Shtfcvk, ]fh dfkcl no }pkmc}cnl hlk`ghm }fh pk``ct }n gcvh k fngs
gcoh zfcdf dnlonpbhm }n }fh cbkjh no J"m, ]fct bnmhg' kt nlh bcjf}
hqhd} opnb k pk``clcd qhptqhd}cvh' qgkdhm }fh pk``ct k} }fh }nq no n}fhp
jpnxqt no Ihzctf tndch}s, ]fh pk``ct tkz }fhbthgvht klm }fhcp bcttcnl no
clt}pxd}clj ]npkf kt bnph cbqnp}kl} }fkl qngc}cdkg ghkmhptfcq' tslkjnjxh
ghkmhptfcq' dfkpc}s noocdckgt' klm n}fhpt,=
]fh pk``ct zhph kx}fnpc}cht nl }fhngnjs klm }fhcp fngs gcvht dnxgm jcvh
}fhb' zfk} kqqhkphm }n `h cl }fh tcjf} no n}fhpt' txqhplk}xpkg qnzhpt,
Kt k phoghd}cnl no }fhcp pcjf}hnxtlhtt klm no }fhcp kx}fnpc}s' }fh pk``ct
hhp}hm txqhplk}xpkg kx}fnpc}s, Gceh Hgcikf }fh qpnqfh}' }fhs dnxgm dkxth
pkcl np mpkxjf}, ]fhs zhph bcpkdgh znpehpt klm k} }cbht dnxgm pkcth }fh
mhkm, Kddnpmclj }n pk``clcd gnph' }fhs dnxgm hvhl dphk}h klm mht}pns'
`ghtt klm dxpth' hljkjh mhbnlt' klm dnbbxlcdk}h zc}f }fh mhkm,8
0 F,G, T}pkde klm Jxl}hp T}hb`hpjhp' Cl}pnmxd}cnl }n ]kgbxm klm Bcmpktf'&Bcllhkqngct9 Onp}phtt Qphtt';330#' 4;,4 Ikdn` Lhxtlhp' Pk``clcd Ixmkctb9 T}pxd}xph klm Tst}hb' &Bcllhkqngct9 Onp}phttQphtt';338#' ?1,= Ikdn` Lhxtlhp' ]fhph Zh Tk} Mnzl' &Fn`nehl9 Ek}v';3:6#' :4":=,8C`cm, :3,
0
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
3/11
]fhs zhph kt Lhxtlhp mhtdpc`ht' kl}fpnqngnjcdkggs tqhkeclj' bhmcdclh
bhl,? ]fct kx}fnpc}s onxlm cl }fh pk``ct zfn fkm oghm }fh ko}hpbk}f no
}fh @kp Enef`k zkp klm kppcvhm cl @k`sgnl zkt hvhl}xkggs dkqc}kgcyhm `s
}fh Hgckpdf zfn gcehgs kggchm fcbthgo zc}f }fh pk``clcd dgktt cl k }phlm
}nzkpmt }fh phqgkdhbhl} no }fh qphvcnxt kx}fnpc}cht }fhl hct}hl} cl
@k`sgnlckl Ihzctf dnbbxlc}cht,:
]fhs zhph phqntc}npcht no k bst}cdkg klm k ghjkg }pkmc}cnl, Zfcgh }fh
pk``clcd }pkmc}cnl phdnjlcyhm }fh dhttk}cnl no qpnqfhds mxpclj }fh }cbh
no Bkgkdfc }fh qpnqfh}' }fh pk``ct tkz }fhbthgvht kt }fh txddhttnpt }n
}fh qpnqfh}t, Bnphnvhp' }fh pk` ct dnxgm hljkjh zc}f qpnqfh}t gceh
Hgcikf zfn phjxgkpgs kqqhkphm }n pk``ct zfn qpnvcmhm }fhb zc}f bnpkg
klm ghjkg clt}pxd}cnl,6 ]fct kddhtt }n }fh tqcpc}xkg znpgm phclonpdhm }fh
kxpk kpnxlm }fh pk``clcd dgktt,
K ehs mcoohphl}ck}np no }fh pk``clcdkg dgktt cl gk}h kl}c{xc}s kqqhkpt }n gch
cl }fh bkllhp cl zfcdf }fh pk``ct }pkltdhlmhm tndckg dgktt t}pxd}xph,
Lhxtlhp qncl}t }n }fh dpc}cdkg mcoohphldh cl Bklcdfkhctb' Bkymkctb'
Dfpct}cklc}s klm Ixmkctb' kt nlh dnllhd}hm }n }fh pk``ct,3 Kt zfhph cl
}fh onpbhp' }fh bkttht zhph hhbq}hm opnb }fh hqhd}k}cnl no
kdfchvclj np kddhttclj }fh txqhplk}xpkg tecggt no }fh dghpjs no }fh vkpcnxt
? C`cm, :3,: C`cm, ;0:,6 C`cm, ;10,3 C`cm, 3=,
4
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
4/11
phgcjcnxt }pkmc}cnlt' }fh pk``ct htqnxthm }fh vchz klm mhtcph }fk} kgg Ihzt
znxgm `hdnbh pk` ct,;1 Pk` ct zhph onxlm opnb `n}f fxb gh klm
hghvk}hm okbcgs qntc}cnlt, Tnbh zhph qnnp klm n}fhpt zhph zhkg}fs, ]fh
pk``ct hldnxpkjhm }fh hmxdk}cnl no qnnp t}xmhl}t' klm no}hl thdxphm
}fhcp gcvhgcfnnm `s kppkljclj bkppckjht zc}f }fhcp mkxjf}hpt, Zfcgh bkls
tdfngkpt zhph qkp} no phdnjlcyhm kldht}pkg okbcgcht' bkls zhph ln},
Hvhl qngc}cdkg clogxhldh zkt ln} k tnxpdh no cldgxtcnl }n }fh pklet no }fh
pk``ct, Ghkplclj opnb }fh pk``ct klm cbc}k}clj }fhcp `hfkvcnp zhph
xg}cbk}hgs }fh `ktct onp cldgxtcnl cl }fhcp dcpdght,
Onp no kgg no }fh kx}fnpc}s }fk} }fh pk``ct bks fkvh zchgmhm' }fh `ktct onp
}fct kx}fnpc}s pht}hm nl }fhcp k cgc}s }n hhp} bnpkg klm phgcjcnxt
clogxhldh `hdkxth no }fhcp ]npkf elnzghmjh,;; ]fh pk``ct c} kqqhkpt fhgm
gc}}gh tzks cl }fh gc}xpjcdkg gcoh no }fh tslkjnjxh, Cl }fh gklm no Ctpkhg' }fh
qpcht}t gcehgs thpvhm kt k dnxl}hp jpnxq dnl}hlmclj onp kx}fnpc}s' cl
@k`sgnlck' }fct t}pxjjgh zkt ln} qphthl}, ]fh clogxhldh klm phtqhd} onp
}fh pk``ct zkt xg}cbk}hgs `kthm nl }fhcp t}k}xt kt fngs bhl dkqk`gh no
`pcljclj k`nx} txqhplk}xpkg hoohd}t, Hvhl cl }fnth ghjkg kphkt }fk} }fhs
fhgm tzks klm qphtcmhm nvhp phdnjlcyhm dnxp}t' }fhcp phkgb no kx}fnpc}s
kqqhkpt }n fkvh `hhl {xc}h gcbc}hm, Kln}fhp }nng cl }fh znpgm no pk``clcd
clogxhldh zkt fh `kl np hdnbbxlcdk}cnl, ]fh hoohd}cvhlhtt no
hdnbbxlcdk}cnl fnzhvhp nl jpnxqt no clmcvcmxkgt zkt {xht}cnlk`gh'
;1C`cm, :6,
;;Ghh C, Ghvclh' ]fh Pk``clcd Dgktt cl Gk}h Kl}c{xc}s' &Lhz Snpe9 Ihzctf ]fhngnjcdkgThbclkps' ;363#' ;1=,
=
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
5/11
tcldh `kl zkt mhqhlmhl} xqnl }fh txqqnp} no }fh gkpjh dnbbxlc}s, K
qhpohd} hkbqgh no }fct gcht cl Fxggcl,
Pk``c Fctmk tkcm' K `x}dfhp zfn ct k qpcht} klm mnht ln}
jcvh }fh qpcht}gs mxht U}n kln}fhp qpcht}R ct }n `h
hdnbbxlcdk}hm opnb }fh J"m no Ctpkhg, Pk``kf `hl Pk``c
Tfcgk tkcm' ]fh `x}dfhpt no Fxykg fkvh `hhl xlmhp Pk``c
Fctmkt `kl onp }fh qkt} }zhl}s"}zn shkpt,;0
]fh pk``ct zhph qkp}cdxgkpgs dnltdcnxt no }fct klm k}}hbq}hm }n
ht}k`gctf }fhcp pxgcljt zc}f }fh phdnjlc}cnl }fk} qx`gcd kd{xchtdhldh zkt
dpc}cdkg, Cl }fh hlm' nlgs }fh zcggcljlhtt no Ihzctf dnbbxlc}cht }n n`hs
pk``clcd hmcd}t ht}k`gctfhm pk``clcd kx}fnpc}s,;4
]fh mkcgs oxld}cnlt zfcdf pk``ct qhponpbhm zhph {xc}h vkpchm, Kt
Lhxtlhp txbbkpcyht' k pk``c bcjf} `h phtqnltc`gh onp hvhps}fclj opnb
thdxpclj k }fk} bxm `xcgm `xcgmcljt mcm ln} dnggkqth ko}hp k t}npb np }fk}
gnjct}cdkgt lhhmt no }fh gndkg onnm bkpeh} zhph bkcl}kclhm, Bhmcdkg
clonpbk}cnl' qx`gcd fhkg}f' klm qpnvcmclj onp }fh qnnp zhph kgg
phtqnltc`cgc}cht,;= ]fhth dcvcd phtqnltc`cgc}cht kph thhl cl }fh gcoh Pk``c
Fxlk cl Txpk,
;0 @kvgc Fxggcl ;40`,;4 Ikdn` Lhxtlhp' ]fhph Zh Tk} Mnzl' &Fn`nehl9 Ek}v';3:6#' ;1?' ;;;,;= C`cm, ;1:,
8
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
6/11
Hvhps dgnxms mks }fhs znxgm dkpps fcb nx} cl k jngmhl
qkgkl{xcl' klm fh znxgm txpvhs }fh zfngh }nzl, Hvhps zkgg
zfcdf gnnehm xltkoh fh znxgm npmhp }npl mnzl, Co }fh nzlhp
dnxgm ph`xcg} c}' fh mcm tn' `x} co ln}' fh UPk``c FxlkR znxgm
ph`xcgm c} no fct nzl oxlmt,,,Nl }fh hvh no hvhps Tk``k}f' fh
znxgm thlm k bhtthljhp }n }fh bkpeh}' klm kgg }fh
vh}hjk ght }fk} phbkclhm }n }fh bkpeh}"jkpmhlhpt' fh
znxgm `xs klm }fpnz cl}n }fh pcvhp, Zfhlhvhp fh mctdnvhphm
k bhmcdclh' fh znxgm ocgg k ixj zc}f c}' klm txtqhlm c} k`nvh
}fh mnnpt}hq klm kllnxldh' Zfnhvhp zkl}t }n' gh} fcb
dnbh klm }keh, Tnbh tks' fh elhz opnb }pkmc}cnlk k
bhmcdclh onp U k dhp}kcl mcthkth dkxthm `s hk}clj zc}f
xlzktfhm fklmtR' klm fh znxgm txtqhlm k ixj no zk}hp klm
qpndgkcb' Zfnhvhp lhhmt c}' gh} fcb dnbh tn }fk} fh bks
tkvh fct gcoh opnb mkljhp,,,Zfhl fh k}h `phkm' fh znxgm
nqhl fct mnnp zcmh klm mhdgkph' zfnhvhp ct cl lhhm' gh} fcb
dnbh klm hk},;8
C} ct dghkp }fhl }fk} k pk``c dnxgm oxld}cnl kt k ixmjh' kmbclt}pk}np' np
hvhl mnd}np,;? ]fh vkpck}cnl no noocdht klm }fh qhlkg}cht }fk} dkl `h
zhcgmhm ct oxp}fhp fcjfgcjf}hm `s k tksclj no Pk``c Fxlk,
;8 @, ]k, 01`"0;k,;? Ikdn` Lhxtlhp' ]fhph Zh Tk} Mnzl' &Fn`nehl9 Ek}v';3:6#' ;1:,
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8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
7/11
Zfhl Pk``c Fxlk znxgm jn }n dnxp} fh znxgm tks' @pclj
bh }fh clt}pxbhl}t no bs }pkmh5 }fh t}koo' klm }fh t}pkq'
klm }fh tfnokp' klm }fh tklmkg,;:
Fhph }fh t}koo ct onp `hk}clj5 }fh qxpqnth no }fh t}pkq ct onp ognjjclj5 }fh
tfnokp ct }n hdnbbxlcdk}h5 klm gkt}gs' }fh tklmkg onp }fh dhphbnls no
fkgc}ykf,;6
Cl }hpbt no }fhcp qntc}cnl kt kixmcdk}npt no }fh gkz' }fh pk``ct qgkshm k
mxkg pngh, Cl @k`sgnlck' }fhs nqhpk}hm kt h}hltcnlt np kjhl}t no }fh
Hcgkpdf, Cl mnclj tn }fhs nqhpk}hm kt qkp} no }fh Ihzctf kx}nlnbnxt
jnvhplbhl} zfhl dktht zhph `pnxjf} `honph }fhb, ]fhs fkm
kx}fnpcyk}cnl }n qhponpb dhp}kcl mx}cht klm clogcd} dhp}kcl qhlkg}cht, ]fhs
kgtn mhtcphm }n cl}pnmxdh np hlonpdh gkzt }fk} zhph nx}tcmh no }fh
qxpvchz }fhs zhph jpkl}hm kt kjhl}t no }fh Hcgkpdf,;3
]fh gcbc}k}cnlt no pk``clcd kx}fnpc}s kph dghkp zfhl c} ct phkgcyhm }fk} ln}
hvhl hcgkpdf xlmhp Qhptckl fhjhbnls dnxgm hhp} k bhktxpk`gh mhjphh
no dnhpdcvh qnzhp,01 Kt Lhxtlhp ln}ht' }fh k`cgc}s no }fh pk``ct }n thh
}fhbthgvht kt gkzshpt klm qngc}cdcklt ct kbkyclj, ]fct ct `hdkxth }fh
Qhptckl kx}fnpc}cht zhph dnldhplhm zc}f qhkdh klm npmhp nlgs, ]fh
;: @kvgc Tklfhmpcl :`,;6Ikdn` Lhxtlhp' ]fhph Zh Tk} Mnzl' &Fn`nehl9 Ek}v';3:6#' ;13";;1,
;3 C`cm, ;;;,01 C`cm, ;1?,
:
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
8/11
pk``ct zhph mh}hpbclhm }n tqphkm }fh n`thpvkldh no }fh ]npkf qhp }fhcp
cl}hpqph}k}cnl, ]fhs mcm ln} mn }fct tn bxdf `s nqhpk}clj xlmhp }fh
kx}fnpc}s jpkl}hm `s }fh Hcgkpdf kt bxdf kt h}hlmclj }fhcp clogxhldh
cl }fh tqfhpht zfhph }fhs mcm hhpdcth dnl}png kt cl }fh kdkmhbcht klm
cl kphkt no qhptnlkg t}k}xt, 0;
Cl }fnth tc}xk}cnlt zfhph }fh pk``ct mcm hhpdcth ixmcdckg kx}fnpc}s' c}
kqqhkpt }fk} }fh dktht }fhs phvchzhm zhph }sqcdkggs nvhp vhps tbkgg
dgkcbt, Phjkpmclj }fct' Lhxtlhp t}k}ht9
Gc}cjk}cnlt dnbclj `honph }fh Ihzctf dnxp}t zhph ln}
qkp}cdxgkpgs cbqnp}kl}5 nl }fh zfngh }fhs dnpphtqnlmhm }n
}fnth gcehgs }n dnbh `honph k tbkgg"dgkcbt dnxpp cl bnmhpl
tndch}sdktht txdf kt }fhth Uh,j, }fho}' `h}pn}fkg dktht'
th}}ghbhl} no tbkgg ht}k}ht' h}d,R dghkpgs phvhkg }fh phkg
tx`t}kldh no cttxhm gho} cl }fh pk``ct fklmt, Zc}f ohz
hdhq}cnlt' t}pcecljgs qh}}s txbt no bnlhs np `kphgs
dnlt{xhl}ckg kbnxl}t no qpnqhp}s zhph kgg }fk} }fh dnxptht
kd}xkggs kixmcdk}hm, Tcldh }fhth zhph bkclgs kookcpt no }fh
gnzhp dgkttht no tndch}s' c} zkt }fnth dgkttht }fk} zhph
qpcbkpcgs tx`ihd} }n pxgcljt no }fh pk``clcdkg dnxp}t,00
0; C`cm, ;0?,00 C`ct, ;01,
6
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
9/11
Nl k mks }n mks `ktct' }fh gcbc}k}cnlt no pk``clcd clogxhldh klm }hkdfclj
kph dghkp, ]fh pk``ct no}hl thpbnlcyhm nl tx ihd}t zfcdf phoghd} k
mctphjkpm onp }fhcp qhptqhd}cvht nl k lxb`hp no cttxht, ]fct mnht ln}
lhdhttkpcgs qncl} }n k zfnghtkgh mctphjkpm onp ]npkf gkz' mnht qphthl} k
mct}cld}cnl `h}zhhl }fnth n`thpvkldht }fk} }fh pk``ct zhph qpnbn}clj
klm }fh ghvhg no n`thpvkldh dnbbnl }n }fh bkttht, @x} cl }fh tqfhph no
qhptnlkg t}k}xt' }fh pk``ct cl @k`sgnlck mcm hhp} dnltcmhpk`gh clogxhldh,
Cl bk}}hpt no bkppckjh' nootqpclj' klm cl kphkt no mcvnpdh onp hkbqgh'
}fhcp dnl}png no }fh dnxp}t cltxphm }fk} }fhcp vchzt jkplhphm jphk}hp
clogxhldh }fkl cl n}fhp kphkt,04
Pkv npmhphm npmhphm }fh dfk}cthbhl} no kls qhptnl zfn
`h}pn}fhm `s dnfk`c}k}cnl Upk}fhp }fkl `s k mndxbhl} np
bnlhs hdfkljhR' zfn `h}pn}fhm cl }fh nqhl t}phh}' np zfn
`h}pn}fhm zc}fnx} qphvcnxt lhjn}ck}cnl5 zfn kllxgghm k
gh}}hp no mcvnpdh' np zfn bkm k mhdgkpk}cnl kjkclt} U}fh
vkgcmc}s noR k gh}}hp no mcvnpdh5 zfn zkt cltnghl} }nzkpmt }fh
phqphthl}k}cvh no }fh Pk``ct' np zfn kggnzhm k Pk``clcdkg
`kl xqnl fcb }n phbkcl onp }fcpms mkst klm mcm ln} dnbh
}fh Udnxp}R }n ph{xht} }fh phbnvkg no }fk} `kl5 klm no k tnl"
cl"gkz zfn gcvh tcl fct ok}fhp"cl"gkzt fnxth0=
04 C`cm, ;00,0= @kvgc Shvkbn} 80k,
3
8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
10/11
Pk``clcd Dnlogcd}t zc}f Thjbhl}t no Tndch}s
Zfcgh }fh pk` ct zhph phtqhd}hm `s bxdf no tndch}s' }fhph zhph
hghbhl}t klm clmcvcmxkgt zfn mcm ln} oclm }fh pk``ct znp}fs no }fh
phtqhd} }fhs jkplhphm, ]fh cbkjh no }fh pk` ct kt fngs bhl zc}f
txqhplk}xpkg qnzhp dnxgm fkvh k lhjk}cvh cbqkd}, Co pk` ct okcghm }n
mhgcvhp zfhl }fh bkttht dkbh }n }fhb onp kcm' }fhs dnxgm `h cgg }phk}hm
onp }fhcp okcgxph, ]fhs pk``ct dnxgm kgtn `h tx`ihd}hm }n pcmcdxgh onp }fhcp
qcnxt `hfkvcnp klm zkt kgtn }fh phtxg} no }fh qpcvcghjht }fk} zhph
jpkl}hm }n }fhb klm k} }cbht mhbklmhm `s }fhb, ]fh pk``ct kgtn tkz
dhp}kcl thjbhl}t no Ihzctf tndch}s zc}f mctmkcl, Clmcvcmxkg mctphjkpm co
ln} mctjxt} zc}f clmcvcmxkg pk``ct kqqhkpt }n fkvh `hhl `kthm xqnl
kppnjkldh k}}pc`x}k`gh }n dhp}kcl Tkjht, ]fh ]kgbxm phdnpmt }fh cldcmhl}
no Pk` c Hgkykp `hl Tcbhnl klm fct qnnp }phk}bhl} no k dhp}kcl
clmcvcmxkg, Zfcgh }fh ]kgbxm phdnpmt Pk``c Hgkykpt hvhl}xkg phqhl}kldh
k} fct nzl `hfkvcnp' }fh cbqkd} }fk} txdf kppnjkl} }phk}bhl} np k}}c}xmh
dnxgm dphk}h kbnlj }fh bkttht ct dghkp, Pk``clcd k}}c}xmht }nzkpm }fh
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8/2/2019 Juan Marcos Gutierrez on the Rabbis of Late Antiquity
11/11
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;;