June 2004 E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase 2 - Results 15 th World Hydrogen Energy

June 2004E I H P 2 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II

European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase 2 - Results

15th World Hydrogen Energy Conference

Yokohama, Japan

June 27 to July 02, 2004

Presentation by Reinhold Wurster,

L-B-Systemtechnik GmbH

On behalf of the European Integrated Hydrogen Project EIHP2


Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles - Challenges to be Resolved


International Landscape of Vehicle Legal Requirements and Standards

Source: ELEDRIVE, 2003


European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Objectives

Phase 1: 1998 – 2000

• Main focus on hydrogen fueled vehicles

• Vehicle - development of draft UNECE regulations

• Infrastructure - only very limited analysis

• Safety studies and limited computer simulations

Phase 2: 2001 - 2004

• Enhanced focus on hydrogen vehicle refueling infrastructure

• Vehicle - continued work to develop draft UNECE regulations and initiate work on a global level (GTR)

• Infrastructure - refueling stations and fueling interface - EU and North America

• Safety studies, computer simulations and first limited safety tests

Objectives: Initiate and provide inputs to support the development of legal

requirements and standards on an EU and global level for the approval of hydrogen fuelled road vehicles, hydrogen refueling infrastructure and the relevant

interfaces.


WP1: Overall Co-ordination - EIHP2 webpage at http://www.eihp.org

WP2: Refuelling Station

• Input to risk assessment studies, risk reducing measures and recommendations of aspects to be addressed in future development of regulations and standard

• Gaseous hydrogen vehicle refuelling stations – guideline for designers and operators

• Risk based maintenance and inspection protocol for hydrogen refuelling stations

WP3: Refuelling Interface

• It was concluded that for non-articulated single deck city buses an on-board storage pressure between 20 and 35MPa is the optimum

• Better understanding of the thermodynamic flow phenomena occurring during the filling at high pressures and software development for a better definition of the tank filling process and a better tank design procedure

• Different LH2 refuelling procedures have been examined considering requirements and different fuelling concepts while testing nozzles and considering different operating parameters

Results Achieved in EIHP2


WP4: Vehicle

• Initiating discussions at GRPE (working party on pollution and energy, subsidiary body of WP.29 the world forum for harmonisation of vehicle regulations, member of UNECE) regarding ECE/GTR. Work on the draft ECE regulations has progressed to the most advanced state possible by supporting the GRPE Informal Group on H2/FCVs.

• Both the LH2 draft and the CGH2 draft have now reached the status of official documents at GRPE and could be forwarded to WP.29 for political voting

• In terms of periodic inspection a draft amending the directive 96/96/EC has been created and prepared for forwarding to ACEA/OICA (European/world association of automobile manufacturers)in order to start the approval process

• Storage systems for liquid and compressed gaseous hydrogen have been manufactured and their safe and reliable functioning has been proved

• Automobiles using these H2 storage systems have been developed or are currently progressing through the design phase

• Several meetings/ workshops were attended: a workshop with US authorities, several meetings with ISO TC 197, meetings with ISO and GRPE, a workshop with ELEDRIVE, attendance to the launch of the European H2 Technology Platform

Results Achieved in EIHP2 (2)


Two Pathways to Present a Proposal for a Regulation

GRPE

working party on pollution and energy

Working Party 29 (WP.29)

New Vehicles Construction

Economic Commission for Europe

Inland Transport Committee

ITC

Secretary General of the UN

REGULATIONS

UN-ECE

MVEG

Motor Vehicle Emission Group

Motor Vehicle Working Group-

-

European Commission-

EU Council and EU Parliament

DIRECTIVES

EC

Binding for WVTA (Valid for: EU)


UNECE WP29 - Global Platform for Harmonisation of Legal Requirements for Road

Vehicles

UNECE, WP29

Harmonized regulation in a global register

Japan

USA EU Australia

......

Request for a harmonized regulation

• Global Technical Regulation (1998 Agreement)

• UNECE Regulation (1958 Agreement)

MEMBERS OF THE 1958 AGREEMENT: [(E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2)]

GERMANY, FRANCE, ITALY, NETHERLANDS, SWEDEN, BELGIUM, HUNGARY, CZECH REPUBLIC, SPAIN, YUGOSLAVIA, UNITED KINGDOM, AUSTRIA, LUXEMBOURG, SWITZERLAND, NORWAY, FINLAND, DENMARK, ROMANIA, POLAND, PORTUGAL, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, GREECE, IRELAND, CROATIA, SLOVENIA, SLOVAKIA, BELARUS, ESTONIA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, LATVIA, BULGARIA, TURKEY , THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, JAPAN, AUSTRALIA, UKRAINE, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEMBERS OF THE 1998 AGREEMENT: [(E/ECE/TRANS/132 AND Corr.1)]

CANADA, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, JAPAN, FRANCE, UNITED KINGDOM, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, GERMANY, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, ITALY, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, SPAIN

Globally Harmonized Vehicle Approval - Existing Agreements


Globally Harmonized Vehicle Approval – Possible Pathway

GRPE Informal Group “Hydrogen/Fuel Cell Vehicles”

EIHP2 Partnership

Electric, Hybrid, FC Vehicles LPG, CNG, H2 Road Vehicles

EIHP was a partnership betweenthe European Hydrogen Industryand the European Commission.This consortium was created toprovide inputs for regulatoryactivities on a European and globallevel to facilitate harmonizedProcedures for the approval ofhydrogen fuelled road vehicles.

ISO H2 VoiceH2 Industry Voice

mobileand stationary

EIHP2 startedcooperation withTC197 end of 2001as no H2 activitiesexisted in TC22

Target date for ECE: 2006Target date for GTR: 2010

GTR (Global TechnicalRegulation)1998 Agreement

ECERegulations1958 Agreement

GRPE

H 2 and

fuel

cel

l v

ehicl

e G

TRUN ECE WP.29

CGH 2 a

nd L

H 2 E

CECooperation agreement

between TC197 and TC22 was signed in June 2002

ISO TC22 SC25ISO TC22 SC21

ISO TC197 HydrogenTechnologies

Authorities, testing agencies,component suppliers, vehiclemanufacturers


Onboard storage- Two ECE GTRrelated issues Regulations (to replace ECE Regs.)

under the1958 Agreement (with limited lifetime)

Rest of H2-Vehicle GTR(FC, Safety in normal & under thecrash conditions; Fuel 1998 Agreement Consumption; etc.) (referencing

ISO, IEC)

(still under discussion in the UNECE GRPE Informal Group on Hydrogen/Fuel Cell Vehicles)

Target date for a regulation 2006

Target date for a regulation 2010

Globally Harmonized Vehicle Approval – Parallel Development


Globally Harmonized Standards - an Example

Example: CGH2 Filling Connector

EIHP2 provided comments to the development of the national US standards and support to ISO/TC197 to tranfer it into an international ISO standard

SAE J2600 ISO/DIS 17268

Gaseous hydrogen – Land vehicle filling connectors


WP5: Safety• In WP5.1 a state of the art review of existing safety data of hydrogen and other fuels reached

the conclusion that a ranking of the relative safety of different fuels will depend on each specific application and potential accident scenario.

• In WP5.2 a Rapid Risk Ranking (RRR) methodology was developed and applied to different re-fuelling station concepts, identifying risk-reducing measures. Acceptance criteria for hydrogen re-fuelling station risk analysis were also developed. Recommendations for standards and codes of hydrogen re-fuelling stations were identified.

• In WP5.3 the numerical simulation of various hydrogen release scenarios for commercial vehicles was performed. The work has proven CFD modelling techniques to be a useful tool for investigating the release of hydrogen in real world situations

• In WP5.4, an extensive experimental programme was completed in order to improve the understanding and knowledge of gas combustion (hydrogen, methane and propane) in semi-confined geometries.

• In WP5.5. the comparative study of hydrogen and other fuels has shown that the accident consequences depend strongly on the initial and boundary conditions. Therefore each scenario requires a separate analysis. For the worst-case scenarios that were considered in the analysis such as the combination of large hydrogen release rates in confined environments, mitigation and risk-reducing measures have to be developed.



Source: FZK in www.eihp.org

EIHP2 Combustion Tests in Semi-confined and Vented Tubes

Supporting experiments on safety implications of hydrogen use in road transport


WP6: Links ”EU-USA” + other Cluster Activities- Various US bodies including DoE and IHIG are now fully aware of the role and purpose of EIHP.

This has been enabled by the unique ability of global companies to span regional divides

- Initial meetings with delegations from the Japanese Electric Vehicle Association and the Japanese Hydrogen Forum have provided a useful first view of the RC&S landscape in Japan

- Summaries of RC&S activities in Europe and the US have been produced and a preliminary high-level gap analysis of European C&S for hydrogen infrastructure has been carried out and shared with key stakeholders in the US

Some high level conclusions resulting from the above initiatives are stated here:

- The leadership of the DoE in the US has provided a much-needed framework for RC&S activities in the US which is enabling a focused approach

- Japan is viewed as the most advanced and coordinated with respect to RC&S activities, driven by their desire to commercialise hydrogen vehicles in 2005

- EIHP2 is viewed as a significant strength within Europe by the US but the view still persists that its main function is to create competitive advantage

- Comparison of US and EU gap analyses for infrastructure RC&S activities reveals a great deal of similarity in key areas requiring progress. This is a good basis for future international collaboration.



Further Work on Safety and RC&S Initiated from EIHP2

• EC-funded Network of Excellence “Safety of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier” - HySafe

• UNECE GRPE Informal Group "Hydrogen/ Fuel Cell Vehicles" [http://www.eihp.org/unece/index.html]

• HarmonHy - Harmonization of Standards and Regulations for a sustainable Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technology

• Expression of Interest “Hyapproval” Handbook for certification of public hydrogen filling stations


do not re-invent the wheel

join forces internationally in the largest automotive markets (Europe, USA, Japan, China)

use existing regulatory and standardization bodies (UN, ISO, IEC) with active participation of all stakeholders

avoid misunderstandings and misperceptions as early as possible

avoid duplications and contradictory/ inconsistent approaches

for implementation of stationary hydrogen equipment learn from requirements of local authorities all over the world (e.g. fire authorities, work safety authorities, environmental authorities) responsible for issuing permits

Conclusions from EIHP2 on RC&S


Thank you for your attention!

For the Final Report and for any upcoming information please visit

www.EIHP.org

Thank You !


Backup Slides on Global H2 Vehicle Approval

Backup


• Legal Requirements and Regulations are ranked above standards

• UN Global Technical Regulation [1998 Agreement]1st priority UNECE Regulation [1958 Agreement] 2nd priority EEC Directives 3rd priority National Directives and Regulations 4th priority

• Important directives regarding stationary hydrogen technologies and infrastructure systems are:– ATEX directives– PED (Pressurised Equipment Directive)– EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) directive– The Machinery Safety Directive– SEVESO II (large amounts of haz. mat.) – Transport of dangerous goods by road– UN IMO

• Standards (ISO, IEC, ……….. CEN, SAE)

International Regulations, EU Directives, and Standards


Reasons for Developing European Harmonised Legal Requirements

• Some 44 directives have to be applied in order to receive an approval for a road vehicle in Europe. If a vehicle is successfully tested according to these 44 EC directives or equivalent ECE regulations it has to be approved. The result is a Whole Vehicle Type Approval.

• If approval is sought for a hydrogen vehicle, emissions, fuel consumption and engine power cannot be tested according to the existing directives/ regulations. The reason is mainly the absence of a standardised reference fuel or the absence of a test procedure and the absence of corresponding EC directives respectively ECE regulations.

• Some other directives can be fulfilled formally, but from the technical point of view they should be revised for hydrogen vehicles.

• Some requirements regarding the safety of the hydrogen on-board storage systems are missing in the existing directives.


Legal Situation for Approval of Road Vehicles in Europe

Subject EEC-Directive/ECE-Regulation 1. Emissions 70/220/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R83 2. Fuel tanks/rear protective device 70/221/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R34/58 3. Identification of controls 78/316/EEC incl. latest amendment 4. Fuel consumption 80/1268/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R 101 5. Engine Power 80/1269/EEC incl. latest amendment & ECE R84 6. Side impact 96/27/EC & ECE R95 7. Frontal impact 96/79/EC & ECE R94 8. Roadworthiness tests 96/96/EC & PTI 9. CO2 labeling 99/94/EC10. Base Directive 70/156/EEC incl. latest amendment11. Electric Vehicles NEW EC Directive & ECE R10012. Defrost/Demist 78/317/EWG (already under progress)

List of directives/ regulations to be amended for road vehicles


The path of Council Directive No 98/14/EC, article 8(2)c,

to approve hydrogen fuelled vehicles:

Excessive amount of time required

Uncertainty of the outcome of the process up until the very end

Not suitable for electric drive vehicles (FCVs, HEVs)

A draft regulation for hydrogen vehicles should be developed

Why Develop a New Regulation for Hydrogen Road Vehicles ?


Hydrogen road vehicles with direct ICE-drive can obtain a whole vehicle type approval already today under the existing exemption process from EC

Hydrogen road vehicles with electric drive other than battery-electric (e.g. H2-hybrid vehicles or fuel cell vehicles) cannot yet obtain WVTA through this process.

Therefore, in 1998, EIHP started to develop two draft regulation documents for CGH2 and LH2 road vehicles to be submitted to UNECE (TRANS/WP.29/ GRPE/2004/3, 31 October 2003 and TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2003/14, 7 March 2003) in order to improve and solve this situation.

These UNECE documents are still under discussion and the aim is to transfer them to legal requirements by 2006.

Why Develop a New Regulation for Hydrogen Road Vehicles ? (2)


Application for a European Whole Vehicle Type Approval (WVTA)

Technical Service for pressure vessels

EU-Commission CATP

Application forapproval (incl. exemption)

Technical ServiceAutomotive Dept.

Report Decision

EU-Commission

Approval for high pressure parts and report

Expertise

National approval authority

WVTArestricted to36 months

National approval authority

[Current process according to exemption by Council Directive N° 98/14/EC, article 8(2)c]

WVTAnon-restricted

[Improvement of situation ruled by Directive N° 98/14/EC]


Normally the approval process takes severalmonths and includes the following steps: Application for authorization Response from the authorities: A permission

document with detailed description of all requirements

Public hearing of the permission document Permission to build / establish the facilities Inspections of the established facilities, by Public

Authorities / Notified Body Approval of the facilities and permission to operate

Licences, permits, and certificates : Building licence Environmental licence Operational licence CE certificates (which includes detailed

documentation of the equipment) Third party inspection document / certificate

Authorities involved in the approvalprocess are normally: Environment Authorities Fire and Explosion Authorities Municipal Building Authorities Civil Work Authorities

Important aspects regarding authorityapproval Relevant national regulations Risk analysis

– knowledge about hydrogen safety related properties not yet fully explored

– relevant operation and accident statistics missing or insufficient

CE marking – dependent on risk analysis, testing

and operation experience

EIHP2 Working Draft – Gaseous Hydrogen Vehicle Refuelling StationsEIGA Document IGC 15/96/E (gaseous Hydrogen Installations)

Documents assisting local implementation in Europe

EoI ‘HyApproval’

Local Implementation of Stationary H2 Equipment