TsSn³rYm karcab;epþImedaHRsayPaBRkIRk³

kalanuvtþPaB karpþl;GMNac nig snþisux

RbCaCnRkIRkrs;enAedayKµanesrIPaBnigkar eRCIserIs EdleKyl;fa RtUvEteFVI[)anRb esIrCagenH1. CaerOy²BYkeKxVHxatnUvcMNIGa- har nigTICMrk karGb;rMnigsuxaPi)al nigPaB xVHxatepSg² EdleFVIeGayBYkeKmin)anQaneTA dl;kMriténCIvPaBmYyEdleKral;Kñaman. RbCa- CnTaMgenaHk¾RbQmmuxpgEdr eTAnwgPaBgayeFVI eGayb:HBal;dl;suxPaB karEbk)ak;dl;esdækic© nigeRKaHmhnþrayFmµCati. ehIyCajwkjab;BYk eKRtUv)ansßabnünanarbs;rdæ nigsgÁmemIlgay ehIyBYkKµan\T§iBlelIesckþIsMerccitþsMxan;² EdlCH\T§iBldl;karrs;enArbs;BYkeKeT. TaMg enHKWCaTMhMénPaBRkIRk. bTBiesaFn_énkarxUcxatd¾eRcInsn§wk sn§ab;KWmanlkçN³xøaMgkøa nigeBareBjeTAeday karQWcab;. karBiBN’narbs;RbCaCnRkIRkGMBI karrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRkKWCaskçIPaBbBa¢ak;eGay eXIjGMBIkarQWcab;rbs;BYkeK ¬RbGb; 1¦.

cMeBaHGñkTaMgLayEdlrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRk kar eKcecjBIPaBRkIRkhak;dUcCaminGaceFVIeTA)an eT. k¾b:uEnþvak¾minR)akdfa ecosminrYcEdr. erOg rbs;GñkRsI Basrabai ¬CaRbFanRkumRbwkSamUl dæanenAkñúgPUmimYyrbs;RbeTs\NÐa¦ )anbk RsaylkçN³CaeRcInénPaBRkIRknigskþanuBl PaBsMrab;karGnuvtþ ¬cUrGanTMB½r 2¦. erOgrbs;GñkRsI Basrabai pþl;CasvtamYy

sMrab;karrukrkFmµCatinigbuBVehtuénPaBRkIRk nig GMBIGVI²EdlGaceFVIeTA)an. PaBRkIRkKWCa lT§pléndMeNIrkarrbs;esdækic© neya)ay nigsgÁm EdlvamanGnþrkmµeTAelIKñaeTAvijeTA mk ehIyCajwkjab;vabMeBjKñaeTAvijeTAmk tamviFIepSg²EdleFVIeGayPaBxVHxatrbs;RbCa CnRkIRkkan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg. RTBüsm,tþibnþicbnþÜc TIpSarcUlmincuH nig»kaskargarkRm )aneFVI eGayRbCaCnCab;KaMgenAkñúgPaBRkIRkxagEpñk sMPar³. GaRs½yehtuenHehIy)anCakarCMruj

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eGaymankalanuvtþPaB ¬tamry³karCMruj[man kMeNInesdækic© kareFVIeGayTIpSardMeNIrkareTA )anl¥RbesIrsMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk ehIynigtam ry³karbegáItRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeK¦ KWmansar sMxan;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. k¾b:uEnþenHRKan;EtCaEpñkmYyénerOg b:ueNÑaH. enAkñúgBiPBelakmYyEdlGMNacneya )ayRtUv)anEbgEckminesµIPaB nigCajwkjab;eFVI tamkarEbgEckGMNacesdækic©EdlCaviFImYyEdl sßabnürbs;rdæRbtibtþienaHGacCacMnucGviC¢man y:agBiesssMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk. ]TahrN_ Ca jwkjab;RbCaCnRkIRkmin)anTTYlnUvplRbeya-Cn_BIvinieyaKsaFarN³elIvis½yGb;rMnigsuxa Pi)aleT. ehIyCajwkjab;BYkeKKWCaCnrgeRKaH edaysarEtGMeBIBukrlYy nigGMeBIrMelaPbMBan enAkñúgEpñkmYyrbs;rdæ. erOgrbs;GñkRsI Basrabai

GñkRsI Basrabai rs;enAkñúgtMbn; Mohadi

EdlCaPUmimYysßitenAcMgay 500 KILÚEm:RtBI tMbn; Ahmedabad sßitenAkñúgrdæ Gujarat én RbeTs\NÐasßitenAelIeqñrsmuRTGara:b;2. Kat;KW CaRsþITImYyEdl)ankøayCaRbFanRkumRbwkSatMbn; EdlCalT§plénkareFVIviesaFnkmµrdæFmµnuBaØEdl)ankMNt;TukGsn³sMrab;RkumRbwkSatMbn;cMnYnmYyPaKbI nigtMENgCaRbFansMrab;RsþIcMnYnmYyPaK bI.

mkdl;kñúgPUmirbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIkarebIkbr d¾yUr eyIg)anqøgkat;édsmuRTtUcmYytampøÚv

EdlminGacqøgkat;)anedaysarEtTwkeCar. GaKardMbUgeKEdleyIg)aneXIjKWCasMNg;Edl sagsg;GMBIsIum:g;t_naeBlfµI². GaKarenHKWCasa labzmsikSa. enAkñúgxül;BüúHkMbutt,ÚgkalBIqñaM mun KWCaeRKaHmhnþrayd¾GaRkk;bMputkñúgCIvitrbs; BYkeK eRBaHfaxÞmEdleFVIBIcMebIgrbs;GñkPUmiTaMg Gs;RtUv)anxül;bMpøajexÞcxÞIGs;. BYkGñkPUmiTaMg enaH)aneTARCkekanenAkñúgGaKarEdlmanesßr PaBEtmYyKt;enAkñúgPUmiKWsalaeronenHÉg. enA eBlEdlRkumCYyseRgÁaH)anmkdl;GñkPUmiTaMg Gs;enaHk¾)anesñIsMuGaKarsIum:g;t_bEnßmeTotehIy PUmienH\LÚvmanGaKarcMnYnRbEhl 12.

eyIg)anmkdl;pÞHsg;GMBIebtugEdlman bnÞb;mYyrbs; Basrabai EdlsßitenACab;xÞmcM ebIgmYy. eRkayBIkareFVIKarvkic©tamFmµtarYcmk eyIg)anCECkKñaGMBIsalaeron. edaysarEtvaCa éf¶eFVIkareyIgsgS½yfaetIeyIgGacGgÁúyenAkñúg fñak;eronmYy)anrWk¾min)an. Basrabai )anR)ab; eyIgfa RKUbeRgonminenATIenHeT ehIyKat;minenA TIenaHGs;ry³eBlmYyry³knøgmkehIy. tam karBit RKUbeRgonenaHKat;mkTIenHEtmþgeTkñúg mYyEx. edaymankarkarBarBIm®nþIGb;rMRsuk Kat; )anbMeBjkic©karEdlKat;eBjcitþ)aneRcInKYr sm.

RKUbeRgonenaH)anmkenAéf¶bnÞab;. man BaküelcB¤dl;Kat;fa PUmienHmanePJóvCaeRcInmk elg. Kat;)ancUleTAkñúgpÞHrbs; Basrabai

ehIyeyIgk¾)ancab;epþImCECkKñaGMBIsalaeronnig

ekµg². edayeCOeTAelIePJóvEdlmankarGb;rMfa mancitþKMnitdUcKña Kat;)ancab;epþImbn;Rsn;sUmkMu eGaymanbBaðanigkarlM)akkñúgkarbeRgonekµg². Kat;)anniyayeyagdl;BYkeKfa {ecjmkBI éRB}.

bBaðaenHdUcCaCaeRcIneBksMrab;GñkRsI Meeraiben EdlCasmaCikmñak;rbs;smaKmRsþI EdleFVIkarsMrab;xøÜnÉg ¬SEWA¦ Edl)anerobcM dMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;eyIg. Kat;)ancg¥úlbgðaj fa RKUbeRgonenaHTTYlR)ak;ExcMnYn 6>000rUBIkñúg mYyEx ¬KWeRcInCag 6dg ebIeFobeTAnwgbnÞat; PaBRkIRkrbs;\NÐa¦ enAkñúgkargard¾mansuvtßiPaB mYy ehIy)ancg¥úlbgðajfa karTTYlxusRtUv rbs;Kat;y:agehacNas;RtUvbgðajeGayeXIj tamry³kargarrbs;Kat;. matabitacg;eGaykUn ecArbs;BYkKat;eronGan nigsresr eTaHbICakar cUleronmann½yfa ekµgRbus²minGacCYy«Buk rbs;eKkñúgkarensaT nigekµgRsI²minGacCYy mþayrbs;eKdgTwk nigrkGus ehIynigeFVIkarenA kñúgvalERsk¾eday.

bnÞab;mk enAeBll¶ac Basrabai )an erobcMkarRbCMuenAkñúgPUmi. manRbFanbTsMxan;² cMnYnBIr. RbFanbTTI1 KWniyayGMBIsMNgéføxUc xatEdlbNþalmkBIBüúHkMbutt,Úg³ eTaHbICaKM eragseRgÁaHRtUv)anRbkasenAkñúgmUlFnrbs;rdæ k¾eday k¾karEckcayenAkñúgmUldæanenAEtRtUvkar eRcInbEnßmeTot ehIym®nþIenAtammUldæanmineGI eBIcMeBaHbBaðaenHeT. GñkerobcM SEWA )ankt;

eQµaHGñkPUmiTaMgLayNaEdlminTan;)anTTYlsM NgéføxUcxatEdlxøÜnmansiT§iTTYl ehIymankar yl;RBmfaBYkGñkPUmiTaMgenaHnigGñkRsI Basrabai nwgCYbedIm,IBiPakSaKñaCamYynigm®nþI tammUldæanenAs)aþh_eRkay.

RbFanbTTI 2 KWniyayGMBIkarhamXat; karensaTEdlrdæaPi)al)anhammineGayeFIVkar ensaTenAelIEdnTwkEk,reqñrkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IkarBarBUCRtI. KWcg;sMedAeTAelITUkGUsGYnFM² EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarensaTeRcInhYskMNt; bNþaleGayhinehacBUCRtI k¾b:uEnþGñkensaTtUc tachak;dUcCakMBugbg;éføensaT. TUkGUsGYnFM² GacbnþkarensaT)and¾rabNaBYkeKbg;éføensaT dl;m®nþIEdlTTYlbnÞúkkic©karenH.

enABak;kNþalénGgÁRbCMu mankarPJak; ep¥IlmYy)anekIteLIg. bgRbusrbs; Basrabai

RtUv)aneKaCl;cMmux kñúgxN³EdlKat;kMBugEt BüayambMEbkeKaBIrEdlkMBugCulKña. ebIKµankar Büa)albnÞan;muxrbYsenaHmuxCanwgkøay. k¾b:uEnþ vayb;eRCANas;eTAehIy ehIyevC¢bNÐitEdlenA CitCageKbMputsßitenAkñúgtMbn;FMmYyEdlmancM gay 10 KILÚEm:RtBIPUmienH. tamFmµtakarBüa )albnÞan;minGaceFVIeTA)aneT. k¾b:uEnþenAeBl EdleRKaHfñak;enaH)anekIteLIg rfynþhSúIbrbs; eyIgk¾enATIenaHEdr ehIyGacdwkbgRbusrbs; Basrabai eTArkevC¢bNÐitenaH. kñúgkMLúgeBlsñak;enArbs;eyIg eyIgk¾)an eXIjkargarsib,kmµ EdlRsþIkñúgPUmi)ankMBugeFVI

sMrab;CMnan;rbs;BYkeK. tMrUvkarsMrab;plitpl )a:k;nigRClk;BN’EbbburaNrbs;BYkeK mankMrit x<s; sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHkarcab;GarmµN_BI GnþrCaticMeBaHplitplrbs;RbeTs\NÐa nigrbb KMehIjmþgeTottamry³karegáItkarelIkTwkcitþ fñak;kNþalrbs;\NÐa. b:uEnþQµÜjCaeRcInrYcputBI karbg;éføTab edaysarEtPaBÉekarbs;RsþI. rdæaPi)almanKMerageRcInrab;minGs;edIm,I KaMRTdl;sib,kmµburaN. dUecñaH SEWA kMBugEt cUlrYmedIm,IerobcM sib,krenAtampÞHnigpþl;»kas pÞal;kñúgkarQancUlTIpSarGnþrCati. plitpl )a:k;mYypÞaMgEdleyIg)anemIlmantMél 150 rUbBI enAkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati 60rUbBIenAkñúgTIpSarrbs; rdæaPi)al nig 20rUbBI BIQµÜj. enAéf¶cugeRkayénkarsñak;enArbs;eyIg eyIg)aneTAkan;valERsrbs;GñkRsI Basrabai EdledIrecjBIpÞHrbs;Kat;eTA RtUveRbIry³eBl Gs;mYyem:ag. hniP½yénksikmµRtUv)anemIl eXIjy:agc,as;. kgVHxatTwkePøóg)aneFVIeGaydI s¶ÜtehIyrwg. RbsinebIvaminePøógenAkñúgry³eBl BIr rW bIéf¶xagmuxenaHeT RsUvmIeyrbs;Kat;nwgRtUv xUcxat ehIyKat;RtUvcMNayeTAelIéføQñÜlGñk ebIkbrRtak;T½redIm,IeGayP¢ÜrvalERsrbs;Kat; kareFVIvinieyaKTunmYyGaceFVIeTA)anedaysarkar lk;plitplsib,kmµrbs;Kat;. enAeBlEdl eyIg)anCYbKat;enAÉ Ahmedabad b:unµanéf¶ eRkayvaenAEtminePøóg.

GnþrkmµrvagGñkRsI Basrabai CamYynig RbCaCnRkIRkCaeRcInBan;nak;EdlRtUv)anBieRKaH KñakñúgkarerobcMr)aykarN_enH naMeTAdl;kar begáIteGaymanCaRbFanbTCaeRcInCabnþbnÞab; ehIynigGacTTYlsÁal;)an. RbCaCnRkIRk niyayGMBIkgVHxat»kaskñúgkarrkR)ak;cMNUl GMBITMnak;TMngminl¥CamYyTIpSar ehIynigkarbra C½yrbs;sßabnürdækñúgkareqøIytbeTAnigtMrUvrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk. BYkeKniyayGMBIGsnþisuxdUcCa eRKaHfñak;énsuxPaB eRKaHfñak;énkarGt;kargareFVI ehIynigeRKaHfñak;énksikmµEdlEtgEteFVIeGaymankarxatbg;. enARKb;TIkEnøg ¬BIPUminanaenA kñúgRbeTs\NÐarhUtdl;tMbn; Favelas énTIRkug Rio de Janeiro tMbn;énTIRkugEdlmanxÞmeRcIn enAxageRkATIRkug Johanesburg ehIynigcMkar enAkñúgtMbn; Uzbekistan¦ erOgTaMgenHbgðaj eGayeXIjnUvbBaðaRsedogKñaCaeRcIn. k_b:uénþkarCECkKñaCamYyGñkRsI BasrabainigRbCaCnRkIRkdéTepSgeTotk_)an bgðajeGayeXIjBIGVIEdlnigGaceFVIeTA)anpg Edr. eTaHbICam®nþIenAtammUldæan nigrcnasm<½n§ rbs;rdæenAminTan;GacTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGñkRsI Basrabai nigPUmirbs;Kat;k_eday k_eKalneya )ayTb;sáat;karerIseGIgb¤Rbkan;Catisasn_kñúg kargarCak;Esþg)anGnuBaØatieGaymankare)aH eqñateRCIserIsGñkRsI Basrabai eGayeFVICaRb FanRkumRbwkSamUldæanEdr enHbgðajeGayeXIj BIGVIEdlGaceFVIeTA)antamry³karGnuvtþrbs;

rdæ. ehIy SEWA )anbgðajBIrebobEdlRbCa CnRkIRkGacbegáItnUvPaBxusKñamYyRbsinebIBYk eKerobcMxøÜnÉgedIm,IkarBarsiT§irbs;xøÜn edIm,ITaj ykplRbeyaCn_én»kasTIpSar ehIynigedIm,I karBarxøÜneKpÞal; eGayputBIeRKaHfñak;epSg².

RbGb; 1 sMelgrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk

karsikSaGMBIsMelgrbs;GñkRkIRkEdlBwgEp¥kCa mUldæaneTAelIkarBitnanaTTYl)anBIbursnigRsþI cMnYneRcInCag 60.000 nak; enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 60 RtUv)aneFVIeLIgCasavtarsMrab;r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelakqñaM 2000/2001. karsikSaenHEckecj CaBIrEpñk³karRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijelIkarsikSa fµI²EdlTamTareGaymankarcUlrYm sþIGMBIPaBRkI Rk enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 50 EdlmanRbCaCnRkIRk RbEhl 40.000 nak; ehIynigkarsikSaeRbob eFobfµImYyenAkñúgqñaM 1999 enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 23

EdlmanRbCaCnRbEhl 20.000 nak;. karsikSa enHbgðajfaRbCaCnRkIRkKWCaPñak;garskmµenAkñúgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK k¾b:uEnþCajwkjab;BMuman \T§iBleTAktþaesdækic©nigsgÁm EdlkMNt;GMBI suxmalPaBrbs;BYkeKeT. sMdIdkRsg;xageRkamenHKWCakarbk RsaymYyfaetIkarrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRkmann½y y:agdUcemþ:c. kMusYrxJúMfaetIGVIeTACaPaBRkIRk BIeRBaHGñk)anCYbva enAxageRkApÞHrbs;xJúMrYceTAehIy. cUrRkeLk

emIlpÞHehIyrab;cMnYnrn§FøúHFøay. cUrRkeLkemIl eRKOgRbdab;kñúgpÞH)aynigsMelokbMBak;EdlxJúM kMBugesøókBak;. cUrRkeLkemIlGVI² ehIysresr nUvGVIEdlGñk)aneXIj. GVIEdlGñk)aneXIjenaHKW CaPaBRkIRkehIy.

___bursRkIRk/RbeTs Kenya

BitR)akdNas; kareFVIERscMkarrbs;BYkeyIgman cMnYntictYc. RKb;plitplTaMgGs; rbs;rbr Edl)anTijBIhagTMnijmantMéléfø. vamankar lM)akkñúgkarrs;enA eyIgeFVIkarnigcMeNj)an R)ak;bnþicbnþÜcTijrbs;rbrb¤plitplbnþicbnþÜc. plitplTaMgenaHkRm KµanluyehIyeyIgman GarmµN_fa Rk. RbsinebImanluy>>> __BIRkumBiPakSaGMBIbursnigRsþIRkIRk/ Ecuador

eyIgCYbRbTHkarlM)akenAeBlEdlsVamIrbs;xJúM Føak;xøÜnQW. CIvitrbs;eyIgElgedIreTAmuxrhUt Tal;EtKat;CasHes,IyehIyRtLb;eTAeFVIkarvij.

__RsþIRkIRk, Zawyet, Egypt

PaBRkIRkKWCaPaBGam:as; GarmµN_énkarBwgEp¥k eTAelIeKnigGarmµN_énkarRtUveKbgçMeGayTTYl ykGVInUvPaBRTeKaH PaBeFVIeGayGam:as;mux ehIynigPaBRBegIykenþIy enAeBlEdleyIg esñIsuMeGayeKCYy.

__RsþIRkIRk, Latvia

CadMbUg xJúMxøaceKral;KñanigxøacGVI²TaMg ³ sVamIrbs; xJúM RbFanPUmi b:Ulis. éf¶enHxJúMminxøacnrNaTaMg Gs;. xJúMmankugFnaKarpÞal;xøÜnrbs;xJúM xJúMKWCa RbFanRkumsBa¢½yrbs;PUmixJúM>>> xJúMR)ab;bgb¥ÚnRsI rbs;xJúMGMBIninñakarrbs;xJúM. ehIyeyIgmanshKm mYyEdlmansmaCik 40.000 nak; enAkñúgRsuk.

__BIRkumBiPakSaGMBIRsþInigbursRkIRk, India

RbPB³ Narayan, Chambers, Shah and Petesch 2000; Narayan, Patel, Schafft, Rademacher, and Koch-Schulte 2000.

lT§plénPaBRkIRkk¾RtUvTTYlplb:HBal;y:ag xøaMgBIbTdæansgÁm tMél nigkarRbtibtþitamTM lab; Edl¬enAkñúgRKYsar shKm rW TIpSar¦ naMeTAdl;karerIseGIgRsþI RkumRbkan;Catisasn_ nigCatiBn§ rWk_naMeTAdl;kareFVIeGayxUcGtßRb eyaCn_dl;sgÁm. GaRs½yehtuenHehIykar sMrYldl;karpþl;GMNaydl;RbCaCnRkIRk ¬eday eFVIeGaysßabnüsgÁmnigrdæ ykcitþTukdak;dl;BYk eKbEnßmeTot¦k_mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkEdr. PaBgayeFVIeGayQWcab; cMeBaHRBwtþ karN_xageRkAnigEdlminGacRKb;RKg)an ¬dUcCa CMgW GMeBIhigSa plb:HBal;esdækik© GakasFatumin l¥ eRKaHmhnþrayFmµCati¦ begáInnUvGarmµN_Kµan suPmgÁlrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk eFVIeGayPaBRkIRk EpñksMPar³rbs;BYkeKkan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgehIynig eFVIeGaytYnaTIcrcarbs;BYkeKcuHexSay. GaRs½y ehtuenHehIy karelIkkMBs;snþisux ¬tamry³

karkat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;énRBwtþkarN_epSg²dUcCa s®gÁam CMgW vibtþiesdækic© nigeRKaHmhnþray FmµCati¦ KWmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkI Rk. ehIyvak¾dUcKñaEdrcMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaBQW cab;rbs;RbCaCnRkIRkEdlbNþalmkBIeRKaHfñak; epSg² nigerobcMynþkarnanaeGay)anRtwmRtUv edIm,ICYyBYkeKTb;Tl;nigplb:HBal;minl¥. PaBRkIRkenAkñúgBiPBelakmYyEdlminesµIPaB BiPBelakmanPaBRkIRkeRcIn. kñúgcMeNamRbCaCn 6 ekadinak;enAelIBiPBelak manRbCaCn 2,8 ekadinak; KWesÞIrEtBak;kNþalénRbCaCnTaMgGs; enAelIBiPBelak rs;enAGaRs½yelIR)ak;cMNUl ticCag 2 duløakñúgmYyéf¶ nigRbCaCncMnYn 1,2

ekadinak; ¬esµInwgmYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCnTUTaMg BiPBelak¦ rs;enAGaRs½yelIR)ak;cMNUlticCag 1 duløakñúgmYyéf¶ EdlkñúgenaHman 44 PaKryrs; enAkñúgtMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg ¬rUb1¦. enAkñúgRbeTs GñkmanCaeRcIn ekµgticCagmñak;kñúgcMeNam 100

nak; søab;eRkamGayu 5qñaM. cMENkÉenARbeTs RkIRkbMputman ekµgmYyPaKR)aM søab;eRkamGayu 5qñaM. ehIyenAxN³EdlRbeTsGñkman manekµg ticCag 5PaKrykñúgcMeNamekµgTaMgGs;Edlman GayueRkam 5qñaM TTYlGaharminRKb;RKan; enAkñúg RbeTsRkIRkmaneTAdl; 50 PaKry. PaBRkxSt;enAEtekItman eTaHbICasßan PaBrs;enArbs;mnusS)anEklMGenAkñúgstvtS

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RbPB³ FnaKarBiPBelakTsvtSr_qñaM2000

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RbPB³ FnaKarBiPBelakTsvtSr_qñaM2000

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RbPB³ FnaKarBiPBelak TsvtSr_qñaM2000

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enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1990 GPi)alkic© nig sßab½n)anQaneTAdl;dMNak;kalkNþalehIy dUcCa karedaHRsaybBaðaQWcab;nanaenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæan. r)aykarN_enHeFVIeLIgeday Ep¥kelIyuT§saRsþmun² EdlTak;TgeTAnwgPsþú tagnigbTBiesaFn_bEnßmelIKñaBITsvtSr_knøgmk ehIyEdlTak;TgeTAnwgbribTsklelakEdl mankarpøas;bþÚr. eKesñIsMueGaymanyuT§saRsþ mYysMrab;RbyuT§nwgPaBRkIRktamviFIsaRsþbIy:ag CMrujkalanuvtþPaB CYysMrYlkarpþl;GMNac nig elIkkMBs;snþisux.

karCMruj[mankalanuvtþPaB. CnRkIRkyk citþTukdak; RBmKñaeTAelIsar³sMxan;én»kas CasMPar³. RbkarenH mann½yfa kargar \NTan pøÚvfñl; GKÁsnI TIpSarsMrab; plitplrbs;Kat; nigsalaeron Twk Gnam½y nigesvasuxPaB nigCMnajcaM)ac; sMrab;eFVIkargar. kMeNInesdækic©©©CarYmman sar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;begáIt[man»kas. dUcKñanwgTMrg; b¤ KuNPaBén kMeNInEdr. kMENTMrg;TIpSar GacCakarsMxan;pgEdrkñúg karBRgIkTIpSarsMrab;CnRkIRk b:uEnþ kMENTMrg; enaH RtUvqøúHbBa©aMgBIl½kçx½NÐsßab½n nig rcnasm<½n§enAmUldæan. RtUvmanynþkar sMrab;begáIt»kasfµI nig sgkarxUcxatdl; Gñk)at;bg;enAkñúgeBlGnþrkal.enAkñúgsgÁm EdlmanvismPaBx<s; smFm’kan;EtTUlM TUlay mansar³sMxan;CaBiesssMrab;[man karrIkcMerIny:agrh½senAkñúgkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk . RbkarenH TamTar[manskmµ- PaBrbs;rdæ edIm,IKaMRTkarksagmnusS dI nig RTBüsm,tþiehdæarcnasm<½n§EdlCnRkIRk eFVI Cam©as;)an b¤ CnRkIRk GaceRbIR)as)an . sMrbsMrYl[mankarpþl;GMNac . CMerIs nig

karGnuvtþskmµPaBsaFarN³ EdleqøIytb eTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;CnRkIRk GaRs½yeTAelI TMnak;TMngneya)ay sgÁm nig dMeNIrkar sßab½nepSgeTot . lT§PaBTTYl)an»kasTI pSar nig esvasaFarN³ Cajwkjab; RtUv

TTYlrg\T§iBly:agxøaMgkøaedayrdæ nigsßab½n sgÁm EdlRtUvEtmankareqøIytb nig man karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHCnRkIRk . karTTYl )ankareRbIR)as; nig karTTYlxusRtUv Ca smasFatuneya)ayy:agsMxan; ehIyTam Tar[mankarshkarenAkñúgcMeNamCnRkIRk mnusSfñak;kNþal nig RkumepSgeTotenAkñúg sgÁm . karshkary:agskmµ GacRtUv)an sMrbsMrYly:agFMeFgtamry³karEkERbGPi- )alkic© EdleFVI[rdæ)alsaFarN³ sßab½n c,ab; nig karpþl;esvasaFarN³ kan;Etman RbsiT§iPaB nig mankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; nig tamry³karBRgwg karcUlrYmrbs;CnRkIRkenAkñúgdMeNIrkarneya )ay nig kareFVIesckþIsMerccitþenAmUldæan . GVIEdlsMxan;pgEdrenaH KWkarlubbM)at;rnaMg sgÁm nig sßab½nEdlbNþalmkBIPaBxusKña edaysarePT Cati sasn_ nig zan³enAkñúg sgÁm. sßab½nsmRsb nig EdlmankareqøIy tb minRKan;Etmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarpþl; plRbeyaCn_ dl;CnRkIRkb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ EfmTaMgmansar³sMxan;Casarv½nþcMeBaHdMeNIr karrIkcMerInCarYm. karelIkkMBs;snþisux . karkat;bnßyPaB

gayrgeRKaHEpñkesdækic© eRKaHFmµCati sux-PaBminl¥ BikarPaB nig GMeBIhigSapÞal;xøÜn KW CaEpñkmYyy:agsMxan;enAkñúgkarelIkkMBs; suxumalPaB nig CMrujkarvinieyaKelITun

mnusS nig skmµPaBkarRbfuynwgeRKaHfñak; x<s; naM[TTYl)anpleRcIn . RbkarenHTam Tar[manskmµPaBy:agmanRbsiT§iPaBrbs; Cati edIm,IRKb;RKgeRKaHfñak;Epñkesdækic©TaMg mUl nig ynþkary:agmanRbsiT§iPaBedIm,Ikat; bnßyeRKaHfñak;EdlCnRkIRkCYbRbTH rYmman eRKaHfñak;Tak;TgeTAnwgsuxPaB nig Gakas Fatu . vak¾TamTar[manpgEdrnUvkarksag RTBüsm,tþirbs;CnRkIRk skmµPaBcMruHenA tamRKYsar nigkarpþl;ynþkarFanar:ab;rgmYy cMnYn edIm,ITb;Tl;nwg\T§iBlGviC¢man dUcCa kmµviFIkargarsaFarN³ karsñak;enAkñúgsala eron nig karFanar:ab;rgsuxPaB .

cMNucTaMgbIxagelIenH KµancMNucNa sMxan; CagcMNucNaeT . smasFatuTaMgbIenH bMeBj bEnßm[KñaeTAvijeTAmky:agRCaleRCA . Epñk nImYy ² ényuT§sa®sþenH mankarb:H Bal;eTAelIbuBVehtuénPaBRkIRk EdlRtUvedaH Rsayeday cMNucBIreTot . ]TahrN_ karCMruj[man»kas tamry³kareRbIR)as;RTBü sm,tþi nig TIpSar begáInÉkraCüPaBrbs;CnRkIRk dUecñH pþl;GMNac [Kat; tamry³karBRgwgCMhr tv:a rbs;Kat;enAkñúg rdæ nig sgÁm. vak¾elIk kMBs;snþisuxpgEdr edayehtufa RTBüsm,tþi RKb;RKan; CYysMral \T§iBlGviC¢man . dUcKñaenH Edr karBRgwgsßab½n RbCaFibetyü nig karpþl;GM Nacdl;®sþI nig RkumCatisasn_Edl)at;bg;

»kas tamry³kar lubbM)at;karerIseGIgtampøÚv c,ab;mkelIGñkTaMgenaH BRgIknUv»kasEpñk esdækic©©©sMrab;CnRkIRk nig CnenAeRkAsgÁm . karBRgwgGgÁkarrbs;CnRkIRk GacCYyFanadl; karpþl;esva nig CMerIsEpñk eKalneya)ayEdl eqøIytbcMeBaHesckþIRtUvkar rbs;CnRkIRk nig Gackat;bnßyGMeBIBukrlYy nig kareFVIskmµPaB eTAtamGMeBIcitþrbs;rdæpgEdr . ehIyRbsin ebICnRkIRk eFVIkargarkan;EteRcInenA kñúgkarBinitü tamdan nig RtYtBinitükarpþl;esva sgÁmenA mUldæan enaHkarcMNaysaFarN³ hak;dUcCa CYyCnRkIRk)ankan;EteRcInenAkñúgGMLúg eBlmanvibtþi . CacugbBa©b; karCYyCnRkIRk[ Tb;Tl;nwgvibtþi nig RKb;RKgeRKaHfñak; eFVI[ Kat;sßitenAkñúgTItaMgkan;EtRbesIr edIm,ITTYl)an plRbeyaCn_BI»kasTIpSarEdlekIteLIgfµI . ehtuenHehIyeTIbr)aykarN_enH KaMRTviFIsa®sþ d¾TUlMTUlayedIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgPaBRkIRk .

BIyuT§sa®sþeTACaskmµPaB

KµanBum<KMrUsamBaØ Bum<KMrUCasklsMrab; GnuvtþyuT§sa®sþenHeT . RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ RtUverobcMeKalneya)ay cMruHrbs;xøÜnpÞal;edIm,I kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlqøúHbBa©aMgGaTiPaBCati nigtfPaBenAmUldæan . CMerIs nwgGaRs½yelIbri bTesdækic© neya)aysgÁm rcnasm<½n§ nig vb,Fm’rbs; RbeTs nig shKmn_nImYy² .

kñúgeBlEdlr)aykarN_enH elIkeLIg BIviFIsa®sþkan;EtTUlMTUlay GaTiPaBnwgRtUvkM Nt;enA kñúgkrNInImYy ² edayEp¥keTAelIFnFan nig GIVEdlGaceFVIeTA)anenAkñúgsßab½n . karrIk cMerInenAkñúgkarkat;bnßyTidæPaBmYycMnYnénkar )at;bg; siT§iGMNac GacRbRBwtþieTA)an eTaHbICa TidæPaBepSgeTotenAEtKµankarERbRbYlkþI . ]TahrN_ yuT§nakarlubbM)at;karexSaHTwkkñúgxøÜn Edlman tMélefak Gackat;bnßymrNPaBTark eTaHbICa R)ak;cMNUlrbs;CnRkIRk minmankar ERbRbYlkþI8. b:uEnþCaTUeTAcaM)ac;RtUvmanskmµPaB enAkñúgktþabI y:agKW »kas karpþl;siT§iGMNac nig snþisuxedaysarktþaTaMgbIenH mankarbMeBj bEnßm[KñaeTAvijeTAmk .

skmµPaBrbs;RbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigGgÁ karBhuPaKImansar³sMxan;Nas;. kMlaMgCaeRcIn Edlb:HBal;mkelICIvitrbs;CnRkI RksßitenAhYs BI\T§iBl b¤ karRtYtRtarbs;va . RbeTskMBug GPivDÆn_minGacbegáIt[manesßrPaBhirBaØvtßú GnþrCati karrIkcMerInCaxøaMgenAkñúgkarRsavRCav EpñksuxPaB nig ksikmµµµ nig »kasBaNiC¢kmµ GnþrCatiedayxøÜnÉg)aneT . skmµPaBrbs; sh Kmn_GnþrCati nig kic©shRbtibtþikarGPivDÆn_ enAEtCakar9 sMxan; .

xageRkamenH KWCavis½yEdlTamTar[ manskmµPaBedayCati nig GnþrCati . »kas

eKalneya)ay nig sßab½nsñÚl sMrab; begáIt[man»kaseRcInEfmeTot Bak;B½n§eTAnwg skmµPaBEdlbMeBjbEnßm[KñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,ICMrujkarrIkcMerInCarYm eFVI[TIpSardMeNIrkar sMrab;CnRkIRk nigksagRTBüsm,tþirbs;Kat; rYmmankaredaHRsayvismPaBF¶n;F¶renAkñúgkarEbgEck CMnYy dUcCaenAkñúgkarGb;rM .

karCMrujkarvinieyaKÉkCny:agmanRbsiT§i- PaB . karvinieyaK nig bec©kviTüafµI KWCakMlaMg clkry:agsMxan;cMeBaHkarrIkcMerInenAkñúgkargar nig R)ak;cMNUlBIkMlaMgBlkmµ . karCMrujkar vinieyaKÉkCn TamTar[mankarkat;bnßyeRKaH fñak;cMeBaHGñkvinieyaKÉnCn tamry³eKalneya )ayhirBaØvtßú nig rUbiyvtßú EdlmanesßrPaB rbb vinieyaKEdlmanesßrPaB RbB½n§hirBaØvtßúsmRsb nig briyakaseFVIGaCIvkmµc,as;las; nig man tmøaPaB . b:uEnþvak¾Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkarFana[man karRKb;RKgedayc,ab; nigkarcat;viFankarRbyuT§ RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy KWkaredaHRsaybriyakas GaCIvkmµEdlEp¥keTAelIR)ak;cMNUl kar]btßmÖ Fndl;GñkvinieyaKRTg;RTayFM karcuHkic©snüa Biess nig kareFVIGaCIvkmµpþac;muxEdl)anGnu - eRKaH .

enAeBlxøH viFankarBiess mansar³sMxan; CasarvnþedIm,IFana[)anfa shRKasFuntUc nig GaCIvkmµtUctac EdlgayTTYlrgeRKaHedaysar BYkrdæGMNac nig karTijGP½yÉksiT§iedayBYk GñkEdlmanExSbNþajrwgmaM GaccUlrYmenAkñúgTI

pSar)any:agmanRbsiT§iPaB . viFankarTaMgenH rYmmankarFana[mankareRbIR)as;\NTan tamry³karCMruj[manPaBsIuCMerAEpñkhirBaØvtßú nig karkat;bnßyRbPBénbraC½yEpñkTIpSar kar kat;bnßykarcMNayenAkñúgkareFVICMnYjsMrab;TI pSarnaMecj tamry³karBRgIklT§PaBeRbIR)as; bec©kviTüaGiuneFIeNt karerobcMkartaMgBiBN’ plitplnaMecj nig karpþl;karbNþúHbNþalkñúg karGnuvtþeFVIGaCIvkmµTMenIb nig karkksagpøÚv KmnaKmn_edIm,Ikat;bnßyrnaMgrUbv½nþ . karbegáIt briyakaseFVIGaCIvkmµsmRsbsMrab;RKYsarRkIRk nig Rkumh‘untUctac k¾GacBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarEkERb bTbBaØtþi nig karEkTMrg;sßab½nEdlmankarbMeBj bEnßm[KñaeTAvijeTAmk ]TahrN_ karkat;bnßy karrwtt,wtmkelIvis½yeRkApøÚvkar CaBiessvis½y Edlmankarb:HBal;mkelI®sþI nig karedaHRsay karkan;kab;dIFøI b¤ karcuHeQµaHminRKb;RKan;Edl raraMgdl;karvinieyaKtUctac .

karvinieyaKÉkCn nwgRtUvbMeBjbEnßmeday karvinieyaKsaFarN³ edIm,IelIkkMBs;karRbkYt RbECg nig begáIt»kasTIpSarfµI . GVIEdlsMxan;Ca BiessenaH KWkarvinieyaKsaFarN³bMeBjbEnßm enAkñúgkarBRgIkehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig karR)aRs½y Tak;Tg nig EklMGCMnajrbs;kMlaMgBlkmµ .

karBRgIkeTAkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati . TIpSarGnþr Cati pþl;»kasy:agFMeFgdl;karrIkcMerIkelIkar- gar nig R)ak;cMNUl KWenAkñúgksikmµ ]sSahkmµ nig esva . RbeTsTaMgGs;Edl)ankat;bnßy

y:ageRcInelIPaBRkIRkEpñkR)ak;cMNUl )aneRbI R)as;BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati . b:uEnþkarebIk[man BaNiC¢kmµ GacbegáIt[manGñkcaj; nig GñkQñH ehIyvapþl;plRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInEtenAkñúgRb- eTsNaEdlmanehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig sßab½nedIm,I KaMRTkareqøIytbeTAnwgkarpÁt;pÁg;xøaMgkøa . dUecñH karebIkcMhenH RtUvrcna[)anl¥ edaymankar ykcitþTukdak;CaBiesseTAelIsßanPaBCak;lak; rbs;RbeTs nig ]bsKÁEpñksßab½n nig ]bsKÁ epSgeTot . eKalneya)ay KYrCMruj[man kar begáItkargar nig RKb;RKgkarbMpøajkargar . esrIPaBEdlkan;EtKaMRTCnRkIRk minEmnkan;Et mankaryWty:aveT . karvivtþy:agelOn Gac begáIt»kaskan;EteRcInsMrab;CnRkIRk . ehIy eKalneya)ayc,as;las; KYrEtCYydl;CnRkIRk enAkñúgdMNak;kalGnþrkal dUcEdlFøab;Gnuvtþkñúg karpþl;CMnYydl;GñkpliteBattUctacenARbeTs miucsIukUenAeBlmankic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµeday esrIenAGaemrikxageCIg ¬NAFTA¦ .

karebIkKNenyüTun RtUvEtmankarRKb;RKg RbkbedayPaBévqøat KWCaCMhanCamYynwgkar GPivDÆEpñkhirBaØvtßúenAkñúgRsuk edIm,Ikat;bnßy eRKaHfñak;énbMErbMrYlx<s;enAkñúgcracrTun . kar vinieyaKedaypÞal;ry³eBlEvg GacnaMmknUv \T§iBlBIxageRkACaviC¢man dUcCa karepÞrcMeNH dwg b:uEnþcracrry³eBlEvgGacnaMmknUv\T§iBlBI xageRkACaGviC¢man CaBiess gaynwgmankar

ERbRbYl . eKalneya)ayRtUvedaHRsaybBaða TaMgenH edayELkBIKña .

karksagRTBüsm,tþirbs;CnRkIRk . kar begáItRTBüCamnusS sMPar³ FmµCati nig hirBaØvtßú EdlCnRkIRkeFVICam©as; b¤ GaceRbIR)as;)an Tam Tar[manskmµPaBelIvis½ycMnYnbI. TImYy begáIn karykcitþTukdak;énkarcMNaysaFarN³mkelI CnRkIRk karBRgIkkarpþl;esvasgÁm nig esdækic© CamUldæan nig kat;bnßykarrwtt,itmkelItMrUvkar ¬]TahrN_ tamry³karpþl;GaharUbkrN_dl; kumarRkIRk¦ . TIBIr Fanakarpþl;esvaEdlman KuNPaBl¥ tamry³ skmµPaBenAkñúgsßab½nEdl Bak;B½n§eTAnwgGPi)alkic©RtwmRtUv nig kareRbI R)as;TIpSar nig TIPñak;garcMruH . RbkarenH Gac sMedAeTAelIkarEkTMrg;karesvasaFarN³ dUcCa karGb;rM b¤ ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµEdlFanadl;kar BRgIkesvadl;CnRkIRk dUcCa Twk nig Gnam½yenA TIRbCMuCn . TIbI Fana[mankarcUlrYmrbs; shKmn_ nig RKYsarRkIRkenAkñúgkareRCIserIs nig karGnuvtþesva nig karBinitütamdanelIesvaenaH edIm,I[Gñkpþl;mankarTTYlxusRtUv. kargarenH RtUv)ansakl,genAkñúgKMeragenARbeTsEGlsa- v:aD½r TuyensIu nig yUhÁg;da . kmµviFIksagRTBü sm,tþirbs;CnRkIRk rYmman karBRgIky:agTUlM TUlayelIkarsikSaenAsalaeron edaymankar cUlrYmrbs;«Bukmþay nig shKmn_ kmµviFIsñak; enAkñúgsalaeron ¬dUcCa kmµviFIenARbeTsbg;køa eds eRbsIul miucsIukU nig b:ULÚj¦ kmµviFIGaharU-

btßmÖ kmµviFIEfTaMsuxPaBmata nig Tark karcak; fñaMbgáar nig kareFVIGnþraKmn_epSgeTotEpñksuxa- Pi)al nig EpnkarenAshKmn_edIm,IkarBar FnFanTwk nig smasFatuepSgeToténbrisßan FmµCati.

mankarbMeBjbEnßm[Kñay:agxøaMgkøarvag skmµPaBenAkñúgtMbn;xus²Kña. edaysarEt TMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§irvagRTBüsm,tþimnusS nig RTBüsm,tþirUbI Ca]TarhrN_ karEklMGkarTTYl )an»kaseRbIR)as;famBl b¤RbB½n§KmnaKmn_ rbs;RbCaCnRkIRk GacbegáIn»kasnigkarRtlb; cUlsikSavijrbs;BYkeK. ehIykarEklMGbrisßan GacmanRbsiT§iPaBy:agxøaMg cMeBaHkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk. bBaðaenHRtUv)ankt;RtaTuky:agl¥ edayeyageTAelIkarTTYl)annUvplcMeNju ya:geRcIncMeBaHsuxPaBBIkarkat;bnßykar bMBul briyakas nigTwk EdlCa\T§iBld¾FMmYyelI CMgWeRKaHfañk;epSg²EdlekItelIRbCaCnRkIRk rab; bBa©ÚlTaMg CMgWraKruHcMeBaHkumar nigkarb:HBal;dl; RbB½n§dkdegðIm .

k

C

aredaHRsayvismPaBénRTBüFncMeBaHkarEbgEckeynD½r CnCatiPaKtic Catisasn_ nigsgÁm. eKtMrUveGaymanviFankarBiessnana enAkñúgsgÁmCaeRcIn edIm,IedaHRsayvismPaB RTBüsm,tþiEdlmanenAkñúgsgÁm. eTaHbICa karlM)akEpñkneya)ay nigsgÁmCa jwkjab; raraMgdl;karpøas;bþÚrk¾eday k¾enAmanKMrUénynþkar CaeRcIneTotGacdMeNIrkar)anEdr edayeRbIR)as;

karcMNaysaFarN³cMruHmYy karpøas;bÚþÚÚÚrsßab½n nigkarcUlrYm. bBaðaTImYy KWRtUvBiPakSaGMBIkMEN TMrg;dIFøI EdlKaMRTCasaFarN³ edIm,ICYyksikr tUctac Ca]TahrN_ dUcCa enAtMbn;|sanén RbeTseRbsIul nigRbeTshVúIlIBIn. bBaðamYy eTot KWkarnaMekµgRsI[cUleron dUcCakarpþl; luykak; b¤mðÚbGahardl;kareronsURtrbs;eK dUcenARbeTsbg;køaeds eRbsIul nigmiuksIukU RBmTaMgCYlGñkRKUbEnßmeTot dUcenARbeTs)a:- hÁIsßan. bBaðaTI3 KWpþl;karKaMRTcMeBaHKMerag \NTanxñattUcsMrab;®sþIRkIRk.

pþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigcMeNHdwgdl;tMbn; RkIRk TaMgenA nbT nigTIRkug. eKk¾RtUvkarnUv viFankarBiesspgEdrenAkñúgtMbn;RkIRk EdlbnSM énPaBxVHxatRTBüFnnana ¬rYmTaMgenAfñak;sh- Kmnigfñak;tMbn;¦GaceFVIeGaykþIsgÇwmrbs;GñkRkI RkfycuH. karedaHRsaybBaðaenHtMrUveGayman karKaMRTCasaFarN³BIsßab½n nigRtUvkarreboedaH RsaynanaCalkçN³sßab½nnigEdlTamTar[mankarcUlrYm. vak¾TamTar[pþl;nUvehdæarcnasm<½n§ sgÁmnigesdækic© enAtMbn;RkIRkdac;Rsyalnana edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgpøÚvKmnaKmn_ TUrKmnaKmn_ salaeron esvasuxPaB nigGKÁisnI dUcmanenA kñúgkmµviFIGPivDÄn_tMbn;RkIRkrbs;RbeTscin. vak¾tRmUveGaymankarpþl;pgEdr nUvesvakmµEdl caM)ac;kñúgTIRkug EdlmantMbn;mnusSRkIRkrs;enA edayRsbeTAnwgyuT§sa®sþTUeTAmYyrbs;TIRkug. karbegáIn»kaskñúgkareRbIR)as;B’tmansMrab;PUmi

RkIRknana k¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdr edIm,IeGay BYkKat;cUlrYmkñúgTIpSar nigRtYtBinitürdæaPi)al mUldæan. karpþl;GMNac ³

skþanuBlsMrab;kMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk RtUv)anTTYlg\T§iBly:agxøaMgBI sßab½nrdæ nigsgÁm. skmµPaBEklMGmuxgar rbs;sßab½nrdæ nigsgÁm KWEklMGTaMgkMeNIn nigsmFm’ tamry³karkat;bnßybBaðalM)akén kariyal½yFibetyünigsgÁm Edlb:HBal;dl; skmµPaBesdækic© nigcl½tPaBEdlmankMritx<s;. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday karbegIát nigkarGnuvtþkar pøas;bþÚrTaMgenH KWTamTareGaymanqnÞ³neya)ay x<s; CaBiessenAeBlEdlkarpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH RbQmmuxy:ag xøaMgcMeBaHtMélsgÁm b¤pl RbeyaCn_cak;RKwH. rdæaPi)alGaceFVI)aneRcInkñúg karbBa¢ÚlkarBiPakSaCasaFarN³ edIm,IbegáInkar yl;dwgGMBIplRbeyaCn_sgÁmelIskmµPaBsaFarN³EdlKaMRTGñkRkIRk nigbegáItkarKaMRTEpñk neya)ayelIskmµPaBTaMgenH.

dak;mUldæanneya)ay nigc,ab;sMrab;kar GPivDÆn_rYm. sßab½nrdænanaRtUvkarebIkTUTay nigTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkic©karTaMgGs;. enHman n½yfa KWmansßab½ntmøaPaB edaymanynþkar RbCaFibetyü nigkarcUlrYm sMrab;kareFVIkar sMercnana nigkartamdankarGnuvtþn_rbs;BYkeK KaMRTedayRbB½n§c,ab; EdlCMrujkMeNInesdækic©

nigelIkkMBs;smFm’énc,ab;. cab;taMgBIGñkRk xVHFnFan nigBt’man edIm,ITTYl)anRbB½n§c,ab; viFankarnana dUcCaCMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigkarpSBV pSayBt’mansþIGMBInitiviFIc,ab; Ca]TahrN_ GgÁkar Ain-OSalish Kendra (ASK) enAkñúg RbeTsbg;køaedsd_ KWCameFüa)ayd¾manGMNac sMrab;begáItRbB½n§c,ab;rYm nigEdlmankarTTYl xusRtUv.

begáItrdæ)alsaFarN³EdlCMrujkMeNInnigsmFm’. rdæ)alsaFarN³EdlGnuvtþRbsiT§iPaB eKalneya)ay nigBMumanGMeBIBukrlYy b¤rukKYn KW)aneFVIeGayRbesIrnUvkarpþl;esvapþl;eGay edayvis½ysaFarN³ nigsMrab;sMrbsMrYlkMeNIn vis½yÉkCn. karelIkTwkcitþénkarGnuvtþd¾ smrmü KWRtUvkaredIm,IeFVIeGayrdæ)alsaFarN manPaBTTYlxusRtUv nigeqøIytbcMeBaHGñkeRbI R)as;. karTTYlBt’man dUcCa fvikacMNay ynþkarfvikacMNayEdlmankarcUlrYm nigkar Gnuvtþn_énesvasaFarN³ KWeFVIeGayRbesIr lT§PaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ edIm,ICYynigBinitüemIl karRbtibtþivis½ysaFarN³ EdlGackat;bnßy »kassMrab;RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy. karEkTMrg; rdæ)alsaFarN³ nigPñak;garÉeTot²dUcCab:UlIs edIm,IbegáItkarTTYlxusRtUv nigkareqøIytbrbs; eKcMeBaHGñkRk eRBaHvaGacCYyeGayCIvitrbs;BYk eKRbesIreLIg.

elIkkMBs;vimCÄkarnigkarGPivDÆshKmn_. vimCÄkarGacnaMykPñak;garesvakmµeGaycUlkan;EtCitshKmn_RkIRk nigGñkRk edayelIkkMBs; karRtYtBinitüemIlesvakmµrbs;RbCaCn EdlBYk eKmansiT§iTTYl)an. TaMgenH tMrUveGaymankar BRgwgsmtßPaBmUldæannigkarRbKl;FnFanhirBaØvtßú. vak¾tMrUvcaM)ac;eGaymanviFankar edIm,IeCos vagkarrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþiBICnmanGMNacenAkñúgmUldæan. vimCÄkarRtUvkarrYmbBa¢ÚlTaMg ynþkarRbsiT§iPaBsMrab;karcUlrYmy:agskmµ nig kartamdanrbs;RbCaBlrdæelIPñak;garrbs;rdæa- Pi)al. KMrUCaeRcInrYmmanvimCÄkar EdlCMrujkar eRCIserIsrbs;shKmkñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFan nig karGnuvtþKMerag. vak¾manCMerIsCaeRcInEdr sMrab;shKmn_ nigRkumRKYsarEdlkMBugCab;Bak; B½n§enAkñúgskmµPaBelIvis½ynana dUcCakarcUl rYmrbs;GaNaBüa)alsisSenAtamsala nig smaKmn_GñkeRbIR)as;Twk nigRbB½n§eRsacRsBV.

elIkkMBs;smFm’EynD½r.

TMnak;TMngéneynD½rEdlmanlkçNminesµIPaBKña KWCabBaðad¾FMeFgmYycMeBaHvismPaBsgÁm eday GaRs½yelItMélnigbTdæansgÁm. b:uEnþ smPaB EynD½r KWmansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas; EdlvaKYrnwg TTYl)annUvkarsgát;F¶n;;bEnßmeTot. enAxN³ EdlKMrUénvismPaBEynD½rmankarpøas;bþÚry:ag xøaMgenAkñúgsgÁmCaeRcIn PaKeRcInén®sþInigekµg RsIenAesÞIrEtRKb;RbeTsTaMgGs;)an)at;bg;

»kaskñúgGMNacnana nigkarRKb;RKgFnFan ¬enAkñúgRbeTsPaKeRcIn bøg;kmµsiT§idIenAkñúg kNþab;édmnusSRbus¦ ehIyBYkeKCYbRbTHnUv GsnþisuxF¶n;F¶r ¬]TahrN_ bnÞab;BIbþIrbs;xøÜn )ansøab;¦. dUecñH ®sþIRkIRk)an)at;bg;»kasenH eTVrdg. elIsBIenH karxVHxatnUvÉkraCüPaB rbs;RsIþ vamanplb:HBal;CaGviC¢mancMeBaHkar Gb;rM k¾dUcCaEfTaMsuxPaBekµg²Edr.

smFm’EynD½r mansarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsiT§i pÞal;xøÜn nigmansarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHesdækic©nig sgÁmkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. ]TahrN_ mankarrIkcMerInxøHenAkñúgvis½yGb;rMnigsuxaPi)al k¾b:uEnþ enAmanvis½yCaeRcIneTotEdlcaM)ac;RtUv EtsMerceGay)an. bTBiesaFn_)anbgðajfa KWRtUveGaymankarrYbrYmKñaTaMgneya)ay c,ab; nigskmµPaBsaFarN³edaypÞal;. RbeTs 32 edayrab;cab;BIRbeTsGasg;TInmkdl;\NÐa man viFankarCaeRcIn edIm,IelIkkMBs;tMNagrbs;®sþI enAkñúgCuMnMumUldæannigfñak;Cati ehIyviFankarenH kMBugEt)an[®sþImanlT§PaBcUlrYmkñúgCIvitsaFa rN³ nigkarsMerccitþnana. RbeTsxøHkMBugEk tMrUvPaBlMeGogénEynD½renAkñúgc,ab; dUcCaman karEktMrUvenAkñúgc,ab;EdlTak;TgnwgdIFøIqñaM 1994 rbs;RbeTskULMb‘Í. kareRbIR)as;FnFansaFa- rN³sMrab;CYyTMnukbMrugdl;karsikSarbs;ekµgRsI RtUv)aneKbgðajeGayeXIjfa )anTTYleCaK C½yenARbeTsbg;køaedsd_ nig)a:hÁIsßan. viFan karCaeRcInenAkñúgskmµPaBplitkmµ CaBiess

enAkñúgmIRkUhirBaØvtßú nigFatucUlrbs;ksikmµ )an pþl;nUvGtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcInEdlmanbgðajkñúgÉksar edayeyagtamTinñplEdl)anekIneLIg ¬Ca ]TahrN_enARbeTsekny:a¦ nigedayeyagtam ÉkraCüPaBrbs;®sþIEdl)anekIneLIg nigeday eyagtamsßanPaBEdlkan;EtRbesIreLIgén GaharUbtßmÖsMrab;kUnekµg ¬enAkñúgRbeTsbg;- køaedsd_ nigenAesÞIrEtRKb;RbeTs EdlbBaðaenH RtUv)aneKRtYtBintü¦.

edaHRsay]bsKÁsgÁm. sßab½n nigrcna- sm<½n§sgÁm begáItCaRkbx½NÐsMrab;TMnak;TMng esdækic©nigneya)ay nigeFVIeGaymankMlaMg DINamiucCaeRcInEdlbegáIt nigKaMRTkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk. rcnasm<½nsgÁm EdlminRtUv)aneK rab;bBa©Úl nigvismPaB dUcCacMNat;fñak;vNѳ b¤karEbgEckEynD½r KWCa]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaH cl½tPaBEdlkMBugekIneLIgrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk. rdæaPi)alGacCYyedayCMrujkarBiPakSaelIkar RbtibtþiEdlminRtUv)aneKrab;bBa©Úl b¤Epñknana EdlmanPaBminRbRktI nigedayKaMRTcMeBaHkar snüa nigkarcUlrYmBItMNagRkum EdleKminrab; bBa©ÚleTAkñúgsgÁm. RkumEdlRbQmmuxeTAnwg karerIseGIgskmµ GacCYy)antamry³eKal neya)ayTb;sáat;karerIseGIgb¤Rbkan;Catisasn_kñúgkargar. PaBEbk)ak;sgÁmGackat;bnßy )anedaykarnaMRkumTaMgGs;[mkCYbCuMKñaenAkñúg evTikapøÚvkarnigeRkApøÚvkar ehIynigbBa¢ÚnfamBl rbs;BYkeKeTAkñúgdMeNIrkarneya)ayCaCagbegáIt

eGaymanCMelaH. skmµPaBepSg²eTotrYm mankarlb;bM)at;ecalPaBlMeGogelICatiPaKtic Catisasn_ nigEynD½renAkñúgGgÁnItibBaØtþi nigkar RbtibtþiRbB½n§c,ab; nigkarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaH tMNag nigsMelgrbs;®sþI nigRkumCnCatiPaKtic nigCatisasn_EdlKµan»kasenAkñúgshKmn_ nig GgÁkarCati .

karKaMRTFnFansgÁmrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk. bTdæan nigbNþajsgÁm KWCaRbePTénFnFan d¾sMxan;mYy EdlRbCaCnGaceRbIR)as; edIm,Iecj eGayputBIPaBRkIRk. dUecñH FnFanenHmansar sMxan;;Nas;kñúgkarrYmcMENk nigKaMRTbNþajén RbCaCnRkIRk nigelIkkMBs;skþanuBlPaBrbs; BYkeK edaypSaP¢ab;BYkeKeTAnwgGgÁkarGnþrkarI nana TIpSarTUlMTUlay nigsßab½nsaFarN³. kareFVIdUecñHk¾TamTarpgEdrnUvkarEklMGbrisßan c,ab; niytkmµ nigsßab½nsMrab;RkumEdlCatMNag eGayRbCaCnRkIRk. enAeBlEdlRbCaCnRkIRk )anerobcMenAfñak;mUldæan skmµPaBenHk¾nwgRtUv karcaM)ac;edIm,IBRgwgsmtßPaBBYkeK edIm,IeGay man\T§iBleTAelIeKalneya)ayfñak;rdæ nigfñak; Cati dUcCa karpSaP¢ab;GgÁkarmUldæaneTAnwg GgÁkarFM²nana . snþisux ³

karTTYl)ansnþisuxeBjelj TamTareGay mankarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eGaykan;Etx<s;

EfmeTot eTAelIfaetIGsnþisuxb:HBal;karrs;enA nigesckþIsgÄwmrbs;RbCaCnRkIRky:agNa. eKk¾ RtUvkareRbIR)as;viFankarcMruHmYy edIm,IedaHRsay haniP½yesdækic©TUeTA b¤TUTaMgtMbn; nigedIm,ICYy RbCaCnRkIRkéllkedaHRsayplb:HBal;GviC¢- mannana.

erobcM[)anCak;lak;nUvrebobedaHRsaymYy EdlmanrcnabTRtwmRtUvedIm,ICYyRbCaCnRkIRkRKb;RKghaniP½ynana. karGnþraKmn_xus²Kña enA Éfñak;shKmn_ TIpSar nigfñak;rdæ KWRtUvkarcaM )ac;edIm,IedaHRsayhaniP½yepSg²Kña nigkar Tas;ETgKñaepSg²rbs;RbCaCn. GnþraKmn_cMruH mYyRbEhlCaRtUvkaredIm,IKaMRTdl;karRKb;RKg hanIP½ysMrab;shKmn_ nigRkumRKYsarnana edayGaRs½yeTAnwgRbePTénhanIP½y nig smtßPaBsßab½nrbs;RbeTsenaH. kmµviFIFana rab;rgxñattUc GacCYybMeBjdl;kmµviFImIRkU\N- TansMrab;RsþIRkIRk begáItGgÁkarsMrab;RsþI dUcCa KMeragmYyeQµaHfa SEWA EdldMeNIrkarenA RbeTs\NÐasMrab;RsþIkñúgvis½yminpøÚvkar. KMerag saFarNkar GacBRgIk)ankñúgkareqøIytbcMeBaH plb:HBal;EdlekItmanenAfñak;mUldæan b¤fñak; Cati. kmµviFIepÞres,ógGahar nigmUlniFisgÁm sMrab;CYypþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;KMeragnana Edlman karcUlrYmBak;B½n§y:agCitsñiT§BIshKmn_TaMg Lay k¾GacmanRbsiTæPaBkñúgkaredaHRsay eRKaHmhnþraynanapgEdr.

GPivDÆkmµviFICatiedIm,ITb;sáat; erobcM nig eqøIytbeTAnwgplb:HBal;FM² dUcCa plb:HBal; elIhirBaØvtßú nigFmµCati. plb:HBal;esdækic© KWCabBaðaEdllM)akbMputsMrab;shKmn_ nigRkum RKYsarRkIRk kñúgkaredaHRsay CaBiessenA eBlEdlplb:HBal;TaMgenaHekIteLIgmþgehIy mþgeTot manPaBF¶n;F¶r b¤ruaMér:. eKalneya)ay m:aRkUesdæækic©EdlmanesßrPaB nigRbBn§½hirBaØ vtßúrwgmaM KWCamUldæanRKwH sMrab;RKb;RKghaniP½y énplb:HBal;dl;hirBØaavtßú nigplb:HBal;dl; BaNiC¢kmµ. b:uEnþ eKalneya)aynigRbB½n§TaMg enHRtUvEt)anbMeBjbEnßmedaykarRKb;RKgEdlmanlkçNRbugRbytñ½ kñúgkarebIkKNnITun edIm,I kat;bnßyhanIP½yénlMhUrry³eBlxøIEdlmin sßitesßr. viFankarBiess²CaeRcIn KWRtUvkarcaM )ac;pgEdr edIm,IFanafakarcMNayeTAelIkmµviFI nanaEdlmansarsMxan;cMeBaHRbCaCnRkIRk ¬dUc Ca kmµvIFIsgÁm nigkmµviFIepÞres,ógGahareKal edA¦ minmankarFøak;cuHeT kúñgkMLúgeBlEdl esdækic©Føak;cuH CaBiessTak; TgenAnwgtMrUvkar ekIneLIg. sar³sMxan;dUcKñaenHEdr bNþaj karBarRbqaMgnwgbBaðaEdlekIteLIgdEdl² KYrEt manCaGciéRnþy_ nigeRtomrYceRscsMrab;dak; BRgay enAeBlEdlRbeTsTaMgLayNaTTYl rgnUvplb:HBal;. skmµPaBTaMgenH nigskmµ PaBepSg²eTot k¾GacCYykñúgkaredaHRsaypl b:HBal;FmµCatiEdr. "mUlniFi Calamity" Gac pþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;KMeragseRgÁaHbnÞan; bnÞab;BI

maneRKaHmhnþrayFmµCatinana nigKaMRTkar bNþúHbNþalnigbec©kviTüafµIsMrab;vaytMéleGay )anRbesIrcMeBaHhanIPy½enaH. karerobcMeGay manvinieyaKTun nigkarFanara:b;rgenAkñúgeBl evlaFmµta Gackat;bnßytMélcMNaypÞal;xøÜn enAeBlEdlmaneRKaHmhnþrayekIteLIg.

begáItRbBn§½CatisMrab;RKb;RKghnIP½ysgÁm vak¾CYyeGaymankMeNInEdr. mantMrUvkarenA TUTaMgBiPBelak sMrab;RbBn§½CatiRKb;RKghnIP½y sgÁm. bBaðaRbQmcMeBaHmux KWRtUvbegáIt RbB½n§CatienHeLIg edIm,IkMueGayeKkat;bnßyPaB RbkYtRbECg nigedIm,IeGayRbCaCnRkIRkTTYl )anplRbeyaCn_. sUmelIkyk]TahrN_xøH² mkbgðaj³ RbBn§½nanaEdlpþl;TaMgkarFanara:b;rg sMrab;RbCaCnminEmnRkIRk nigrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbB½n§ esaFn_sgÁmsMrab;GñkRk dUcenARbeTsQIlI. karFanara:b;rgcMeBaHsuxPaB EdlkarBarRbqaMg nwgCMgWEdlbgáeRKaHmhnþray EdlGaceFVI[)at; bg;RTBüFnkñúgRKYsar dUcCaenARbeTskUsþarika. karFanara:b;rgcMeBaHkarGt;kargareFVI nigCMnYy nana Edlmin)ansMrbsMrYlpþl;karelIkTwkcitþ kñúgkarbMeBjkargar. k¾b:uEnþ edIm,ITTYl)anpl RbeyaCn_eBjeljBIKMeragenH esdækic©RtUvkar caM)ac;nUvsmtßPaBsßab½n edIm,IRKb;RKgKMeragTaMg enHeGaymanRbsiT§PaB. edaHRsayCMelaHsuIvil. CMelaHsuIvil kMBugEtbgáeRKaHmhnþraydl;GñkRk³ TMhMén CMelaHCaeRcInekIteLIgkñúgRbeTsRkIRk ehIy

PaKeRcInKWCasRgÁamsuIvil EdleKsegáteXIjfa eRcInCag 85PaKryénCMelaHTaMgenaH)anekIt maneLIgenAtamRBMEdnénRbeTs kñúgcenøaHBIqñaM 1987 dl; 1997. bEnßmBIelIkar)at;bg; CivitmnusSedaypÞal; s®gÁam)aneFVIeGaysgÁm nigesdækic©TTYlrgkarbMpøicbMpøaj nigbegáIteGay manplGaRkk;Edlb:HTgÁicy:agxøaMgdl;citþsa®sþ nigsgÁm. ekµg²RtUv)aneKbgçMeGayeFVICaTahan kan;kaMePøIgRbyuT§Kña dUcCa enARbeTsesraelGUn nigmanekµg²CaeRcIneTot TTYlrgkarRBat;R)as; nirasþRKYsar bnÞúcbg¥ak;karsikSa nigmanGarmµN_ P½yxøacdk;Cab;kñúgxøÜn EdlbBaðaenH)ankat;bnßy kþIsgÇwmrbs;eKeTAGnaKt.

vamansar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;karepþateTAelI karksagsgÁmeRkaysRgÁam dUcCaenARbeTs km<úCa nigRbeTsrU:van;da ehIytMrUv[manviFan CabnÞan;edIm,ITb;sáat;CMelaHenH. manPsþútagCa eRcInfa karBRgwgsßab½ncMruH ¬dUcCakarKaMRTsiTæi esrIPaB nigpþl;mUldæanRKwHsMrab;sßab½nsMrab; dMeNaHRsayCMelaHedaysnþiviFI¦ Kwman\T§iBl xøaMgNas;. kic©RbwgERbgnanaedIm,ITb;sáat; CMelaHk¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdr edIm,IeFIVeGayRkum epSg²KañmanGnþrkmµelIKñaeTAvijeTAmktamry³ sßab½nneya)ayEdlcUlrYm nigtamry³sßab½n sIuvil. dUcEdl)ankt;RtaxageRkamenH sk- mµPaBCaGnþrCatiedIm,Ikat;bnßykarcMNayluy kñúgCMelaH nigkat;bnßykarCYjdUrsBVavuFCaGnþr Cati k¾mansar³sMxan;Nas;Edr. RbsinebI

RbeTsnanaGacedIrelIKnøgmYyénkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic©EdlmanlkçNTUlMTUlay enaHBYkeK manskþanuBlPaBedIm,Ipøas;bþÚrBImCÇdæankacsa- havmYyeTAmCÇdæanEdlRbkbedayKuNFm’vij. CMelaHhwgSaCaEpñkmYy EdlRtUvedaHRsayCa bnÞan;sMrab;kat;bnßykarb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnRkIRkCageK Edlrs;enAelIBiPBelak .

edaHRsaykarqøgraldalCMgWGIuv¼eGds_. CMgWGIuv¼eGds_KWCaRbPBénGsnþisuxmYyEdl sMxan;CageKbMputkñúgcMeNamRbPBGsnþisuxCa eRcInenAkñúgRbeTsEdlTTYlrgeRKaHnanakñúgTVIbGaRhVik. enAeBlEdl\Ti§BlénkarbMpøajekIt manelIbuKÁlnigRKYsar plvi)akepSg²k¾kan;Et ekIneLIg KWekItecjBIkarlM)akEdlminGacRTaM RT)anelIynþkarpÁt;pÁg;kumartamEbbburaNeTACakarKabsgát;F¶n;F¶relIRbB½næsuxPaB nig)at;bg; kMlaMgplitkmµEdlCH\Ti§Bldl;shKmn_ nig sgÁmCatiTaMgmUl. RbCaCneRcInCag 34lan nak; enAelIBiPBelakenH TTYlrgCMgWGIuv ¬90PaK ry enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPiDƦ ehIyeRcInCag 5lannak; b:³Bal;edayCMgWenHerogral;qñaM. mnusSeRcInCag 18lan;nak; )ansøab;edayCMgW eGds_enH. skmµPaBenAfñak;GnþrCati edIm,I begáItvak;saMgsMrab;karBarCMgWeGds_ KWCakic©kar sMxan;sMrab;;GnaKt b:uEnþtamry³bTBiesaFn_ xus²Kña )anbgðaj[eXIjfa GIVEdlnwgeFIV[man PaBxusKñamYynaeBlenH Kwmankaryl;RCYtRCab énPaBCaGñkdwknaM nigkarpøas;bþÚrsgÁmmYy

edIm,ITb;sáat;karraldalénCMgWGIuv nigkaremIl EfrkSaGñkEdl)anekItCMgWenH. kic©karenHrYm bBa¢ÚlTaMgkarRbyuTætTl;nwgkarhamR)amkarrk sIupøÚvePT pþl;Bt’mandl;CnEdlCaeKaedA nigKaM RTdl;RkumEdlgayrgeRKaHxøaMg dUcCaRsþIrksIupøÚv ePT nigpþl;kþIemtþadl;GñkrgeRKaHedayCMgW eGds_. RbeTseRbsIul esenhÁal éf nig G‘uyhÁg;da )anbgðajeGayeXIjBIGVIEdlGaceFIV eTA)anenAeBlEdlmanqnÞHdac;xatkñúgkareFVIkic©karenaH. skmµPaBGnþrCati ³

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