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--ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTUREORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE

Konse Or anisasi danKonse Or anisasi danArsitektur KomputerArsitektur Komputer

EndroAriyanto(END) Februari2011

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en a u uan

Fungsi komputer Struktur komputer

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apan ma er mu erasa erman aa(berguna) ?

Bila anda bekerja di suatu perusahaan dan andadiminta untuk:

Memilih spesifikasi komputer yang akan digunakan

dengan spesifikasi sesuai kebutuhan dan harga kompetitifMembuat program yang akan ditanam di embedded

system

e a u an e ug er a ap program yang e a er ns apada embedded system(sensor mesin, sistem pengapianelektronik EFI dll

Bila anda mempelajari pengetahuan yang

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?

A a an kauA a an kauketahui tentangketahui tentang

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Ba aimana ro ramBa aimana ro ram di bawah inidi bawah ini

dieksekusi ?dieksekusi ?

readln(a);readln(a);

b := round(pi * sqr(a/4.5));b := round(pi * sqr(a/4.5));

c :=c := --232232

elseelsewriteln hai!writeln hai!

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Pertan aan berikut harus bisa di awabPertan aan berikut harus bisa di awab

sesudah kuliah COAsesudah kuliah COA-tingkat tinggi (high level) disimpan secara internaldi dalam kom uter dan ba aimana notasi tersebutdieksekusi ?

Bagaimana input/output diimplementasikan ?

Bagaimana variable dipresentasikan dan disimpan di

dalam komputer ? Bagaimana konstanta numerikdipresentasikan

dan disimpan di dalam komputer ?

aga mana ompu er meng mp emen as anoperator aritmatika, logika, dan relasional ?

control (sequential, branching, iteration) ?

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Di mana Arsitektur Kom uterDi mana Arsitektur Kom uter

berada ?berada ? (1)(1)

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Di mana Arsitektur Kom uterDi mana Arsitektur Kom uter

berada ?berada ? (2)(2) er e a an ara mu ompu er compu er sc ence an e nkomputer (engineering)

Menghubungkan matematika dan fisika melalui pengembangan

peralatan praktis Di atasnya adalah perancangan sistem komputer dan sistem operasi Sebagian besar konsep arsitektur komputer telah dikembangkan

sejak lama r r ru ru Sebagian besar pengembangan hardware jauh lebih cepat daripada

pengembangan software atau konsep arsitektur komputer

Hukum Moore menyatakan bahwa: Jumlah transistor di dalam sebuah chip (IC) bertambah 2x lipat setiap18 bulan

Harga per bit memori turun secara eksponensial Power per bit turun secara eksponensial, semakin cepat, dan semakin

handal reliable

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#8COA/Endro Ariyanto/20100208

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Arsitektur Kom uter vsArsitektur Kom uter vs. O. Or anisasir anisasi

KomputerKomputer (1)(1)enyusun ur- ur yang a a agar apa man aa anoleh programmer

Set instruksi a akah set instruksi itu ?

Jumlah bit yang digunakan untuk representasi data Representasi tipe data (integer, character, floating point, dll)

dengan dunia ?)

Teknik-teknik pengalamatan memory Apakah instruksi perkalian sudah ada ? Contoh: Komputer IBM 360

,

Arsitektur logikanya sama, tetapi organisasinya telah berubah secaradrastis

- Software yang dikompile untuk 386 masih dapat dijalankan pada

prosesor yang lebih baru

#10

, ,

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KomputerKomputer(2)(2)

>Mengorganisir implementasi fitur-fitur;

antarmuka, teknologi memori) Operasi perkalian

, Dengan operasi penjumlahan berkali-kali

Jumlah register yang akan digunakan Apakah register itu? Berapa jumlah register di dalam suatu CPU ?

Floating point unit (FPU) Apakah Floating point unit itu ?

Mengeksekusi perhitungan floating point di dalam hardware CPU komputer desktop apakah yang pertama kali menggunakan

FPU ?

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Motorola 68040 Intel 486

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CPU, bus, dan memori ?

G4: 1-1.25 GHzAthlon Pentium: 1.5-3 GHz

Organisasi Memory

A akah suatu rosesor mem un ai cache memor ? Berapakah kecepatan suatu memori dalam

mentransfer data ? G4: 4 instruksi tiap siklus, 4 byte/instruksi, 1 GHz

clock

per detik dari memori (teknologi saat ini: 5.3

GB/s)

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komponen lain

-sebagai bagian dari struktur

Data processing

Pen umlahan en uran an konversi terhada data dll

Data storage Penyimpanan data hasil pemrosesan

Pengam i an ata yang te a isimpan

Data movement(I/O, komunikasi data, ...)

Pergerakan data eksternal (komputer dengan peralatan lain)

Control

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Pengendalian ke-3 proses di atas

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Perpindahan data

ar ev ce uar edevice luar lainnyaMisal:Copy data dari harddisk ke


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Penyimpanan data

memori komputer

Misal:

Harddisk ke RAM atausebaliknya


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Pemrosesan datadari memori dan

disimpan lagi ke

Misal:

Eksekusi ro ram: ambil dariRAM diproses taruh lagi diRAM


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Pemrosesan ata

I/O atause a nya

Misal:Membuka fileMS Word, Excel, dll dariharddisk atau flashdisk


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--

ompu er a se aga ev ce yang apaberkomunikasi dengan dunia luar, dapat

meman pu as a a an meny mpannya Sebuah kotak yang dapat terhubung dengan jaringan

omun as an per p era

Software: sistem operasi dan program aplikasi Sistem operasi mengontrol pengoperasian programaplikasi


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--

Peri herals Com uter

Input/

u pu en ra

Processing

UnitSystems

Interconnection

Main

Memory

Communication

lines


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--

en ra rocess ng n : Mengendalikan kerja komputer, dan pemrosesan

a a Main memory:

Menyimpan data yang akan atau baru saja

diproses System interconnection (bus):

Mekanisme komunikasi internal antara CPU

memori, dan I/O I O:

Memindahkan data antara komputer dengan

lin kun an luar


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--

CPU

ComputerArithmetic

and Logic Unit

InternalControlCPU

I/O

System

Bus FloatingCPU

Intercon-

nection

MemoryPoint

Unit

Registers


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--

r me c og c n :

Melakukan fungsi pemrosesan data

Control Unit:

Register: Menyimpan data internal CPU (Data, Instruksi,Stack, Integer, Floating Point)

Floating Point Unit (FPU)

Mengatur mekanisme komunikasi antara ALU,

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Control Unit, dan Register

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--

equenc ng

Logic

Control

ALU

Internal

Bus

Control Unit

Registers and

DecodersRegisters

Memory


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--

on ro un er r ar omponen n erna :

Sequencing logic

Sequencing logic dan control memory menentukan keluarandari control unit

Control unit registers dan decoders

Control memor

e a- eve

Pemrosesan parallel dan multi-komputer

Pengontrolan proses dilakukan secara tersebar atauterpusat, tergantung modelnya


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[STA03] Stalling, William. 2003. Computer Organizationand Architecture: Designing for Performance.

6th edition. Prentice Hall.HTT02 htt : en.wiki edia.or wiki Moores law


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--ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTUREORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE

Chapter 2

Evolution of Computers

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Mechanical Computers 1672 - Leibniz added multiplication and division (First 4-function

ca cu a or

LeibnizLeibniz

Kalkulator LeibnizKalkulator Leibniz12022008 #35COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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a un emu an... s Charles Babbage built the difference engine and then

. The analytical engine had a memory, a computation

unit and in ut reader unched cards and an out utunit (punched and printed output).

The analytical engine was the First general purposecompu er. Ada Lovelace worked for him, and was the worlds

Ada, the computer language, is named in her honor

technology at that time could not manufacture theprecision gears needed to make it work

An analytical engine based on Babbages design hasbeen built and it works!

36

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Babbage's DifferenceBabbage's Difference EngineEngineAda Lovelace


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Babbage'sBabbage'sAnalytical Engine12022008 #38COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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Babbage'sBabbage'sAnalytical Engine12022008 #39COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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...

John Atanasoff (Iowa State College) and GeorgeJohn Atanasoff

Aiken built an electronic relay version of Babbages

By the time he built the Mark II, relays were obsolete

. Alan Turing, famous British mathemetician,

,

Since the British government didnt unclassify COLOSSUS for30 years, none of its science influenced later computereve opment

en ngs s ar e o move...


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Atanasoff-Berry_Computer12022008 #41COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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42Colossus Computer


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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) Designed at UPenn by Mauchley and Eckert (Mauchley saw Stibbitz

Purpose was to do calculations for the Army Ballistics Laboratory 5000 calculations per second (much faster than mechanical

Programs were entered by connecting jumper cables and setting

switches (6000 of them) The computer weighed 30 tons and used 140kW of power (equivalentof 233 60W bulbs)

Basic element was the vacuum tube Numbers were represented digitally by clusters of 10 vacuum tubes

(one for each digit 0-9), ,

1955 Its first major task was to help design the H-bomb

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Tube lamp


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ENIAC12022008 #45COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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ENIAC12022008 #46COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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The von Neumann Machine John von Neumann thought he could improve the

programming aspect o computers Put the program in the same place as the data (some

Stored-program concept

-modifiable code)

Permits more flexibilit in how the memor is used(data v. program)

Creates a bottleneck between the CPU and memoryur ng execu on

Turing had the same idea at about the same time

,at Univ. of Cambridge (Wilkes)12022008 #47COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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EDSAC computer12022008 #48COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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e von eumann ac ne IAS computer was developed at Princeton and

s ar e unc on ng n . IAS computer was the basis for all futurecomputers

Main memory, which stores both data andinstructions ALU for processing data

Control unit which fetches and executesinstructions I/O devices to handle input and output.


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IAS computer12022008 #50COA/Endro Ariyanto/

Evolution ofC t

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Computers

Struktur IAS computer12022008 #51COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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each

instructions (20 bits each)

way

Instructions consist of an 8-bit opcode and a 12-bita ress oca ons Instruction size limits accessible memory

and executing them one at a time Since there are two instructions er word, it actuall fetches twoinstructions at once

The second instruction is held in the IBR: instruction bufferre ister

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The control unit and the ALU both contains registers thatcan hold data temporarily

emory u er reg s er - use o s ore or rece vea word from memory

-memory to store or receive a word

Instruction Re ister IR - contains the currentinstruction Instruction Buffer Register [IBR] - holds the right-hand

Program Counter [PC] - Indicates the memory address

Accumulator [AC] - holds the result of ALU operatorsusuall the most si nificant bits

Multiplier Quotient [MQ] - holds the least significant bitsof ALU operators

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unc on o e compu er Instruction cycle:

Fetch cycle - the op-code of the next instruction is loaded into the theIR, and the address from the instruction is loaded into the MAR. In the

IAS computer this instruction can come from the IBR, or it can beobtained by loading the PC value into the MAR, loading the word from

, , ,MAR.

Execute cycle - the op-code in the IR now sets particular control signals

the ALU. There are 21 instructions, which fall into 5 groups: Data transfer - move data between memory and the ALU registers, or

between two ALU registers.

Unconditional Branch - modify the PC to jump within a program - ,

last ALU action Arithmetic Instructions - ALU operations on data -

inserted into instructions stored in memory. This allows you to do thingslike indexed arrays

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e e c -execu e cyc e orms e as s o edesign

The computer itself does nothing except fetch thenext instruction and modify some control signals.

executes the program.

running tells it to do.

Modern computers still follow many of these basices gn e emen s, u are muc more comp ex

because they try to use parallelism and execute

.12022008 #55

-

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Sperry (went on to

Formed by Eckert

1947

- perry-Rand Corporation,t e rst success u

commercialcomputer ear y50s)

Used for the 1950census

-


-

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UNIVAC II

greater memoryca acit & hi herperformance

First u wardcompatible machine

-12022008 #57COA/Endro Ariyanto/

-

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UNIVAC 1100-

successful,

mostly designed

applications


-

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IBM 701 - 1952 (it sold nineteen 701 computers)-

Commercial Computers (Post-transistor) Transistors were develo ed at Bell labs in 1947 NCR & RCA had small transistor computers before IBM (MIT first in

1954 with TX-0)

Multiplexor bus design, I/O Channel concept

Transistors allowed for greater speed, larger memory capacity, and

Second generation of computers began: High-level programming languages (FORTRAN), and system software More complex ALUs and control units

DEC began building minicomputers (first PDP-1 sold for $120kin1959 Large screen led to the rst video game at MIT: SpaceWar

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-

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PDP-112022008 #60COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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r enera on ompu ers 1958: Integrated circuit: you could put transistors and other circuit

devices on a single chip. Old technology:

each transistor was the size of a pin head, , , .

individually up to a several 100,000 components to the more advanced computers


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Third Generation Computers Integrated circuits

ne wa er usua y a ou n ame er, a oug ey re ge ng

bigger) One pattern: i.e. a CPU, or a quad NAND gate, etc.. Repeat the pattern in 2D across the chip Saw the chip into the little blocks

As feature size gets smaller, a linear decrease in feature size in x

and y is a squared increase in the number of components perw r w r r v

Current achievements are greater than 60 million

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Inte rated

circuits12022008 #63COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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IBM System 360 (introduced in 1964) First non-upward compatible line, but they wanted

to improve t e arc itecture o t e 7 series,and it turned out to be the success of the decade,

. This was IBMs major move to computers based on

integrated circuits

e arc ec ure s s e as s or mos oIBMs large computers.

machines, with different capabilities for differentprices. 360 was the first multi-tasking architecture with

multiple programs stored in memory

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IBM System 36012022008 #65COA/Endro Ariyanto/

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DEC PDP-8 Small enough to sit on a lab bench or be built into

ot er equipment It was cheap enough for a lab to purchase ($18k).

- , o owe y e - , were s g ory years.

PDP series was the first to use a bus

.

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PDP-812022008 #68COA/Endro Ariyanto/

Com uter Histor

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emory -

rings (cores) that could each hold one bit-

decent size (256 bits)

- sem con uctor memory ecamecheaper than core memory (magnetic circles)

Since 1970 - 11 generations: 256, 1K, 4K,

1 Gbit memories are close to production

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Com uter Histor

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Core

memory


Com uter Histor

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em con uc or memory


Com uter Histor

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Microprocessors First microprocessor

was t e 4 4, w icwas built by an Intel

run a calculator for aJapanese firm (he did

more efficient than the12 re uested . Intel bought back the

rights to the chip and

a few months later Interest in the chip


Com uter Histor

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Microprocessors 1974 - Intel 8080, the rst general purpose microprocessor, followed by

n e

8086

Intel738080 Intel 8088


Com uter Histor

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Microprocessors 1975 - Wozniak and Jobs desi n the A le I usin the

Morotola 6502 microprocessor 1977 - Apple II with all the trimmings 1985 - Intel 80386, their rst 32-bit processor (HP, Bell

Labs, and Motorola already had one)

- -board float point units [FPU]

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Current Technology in Microprocessors Pentium, PowerPC, Sparc

Branch prediction - figuring out where to getinstructions from next a a ow na ys s - ge ng a a n o e e ore

it needs it

-may be needed later On-chi floatin oint units ver com lex control

units

Pipline architectures - dividing the F-E cycle into smallpar s an execu ng e par s npara e

Superscalar design - having multiple functional units

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e o e-nec s memory: e processors are an or er omagnitude (or more) faster than the

Increase the amount of memory grabbed at any onetime

Use cache and buffering systems Increase bandwidth between rocessors and memor

and use higher-speed buses P4 uses a 400 MHz memory bus technology called

RAMBUS has strict requirements about how close

a nanosecond to travel 1 foot)

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ecen eve opmen s n Copper wire (IBM development): up to an order of

Parallel pipelines (Itanium)

II/MMX, Athlon 3DNow, Pentium 4) 64-bit architectures Itanium PowerPC 620 UltraS arc

G3/G4) Speculative execution on a global scale 2-level cache on the processor (PowerPC G3/G4, Pentium

III, Itanium)

Magnetic memory (MRAM) that is as fast as DRAM.

into production12022008 #77

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axwe , ruce . r nc p es o ompu erArchitecture. edition. Swarthmore College.

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