Kerstin Lehnert Leslie Hsu

!! The International Geo Sample Number IGSN

!! What is it?

!! Why do we need it?

!! How does it work?

!! International Governance: IGSN e.V.

!! The System for Earth Sample Registration

!! Services

!! How to register samples (demo)

!! Fundamental Application and long-term

utility for science is critically dependent on

!! availability of information (metadata) about the

samples such as location and time of collection,

sampling method, etc.

!! links between the different data types available

for a sample that are distributed across the

literature and digital data repositories

!! access to the samples themselves

!! Lack of unique & persistent identification

!! Lack of central or federated sample catalogs

!! Lack of relevant sample metadata in

publications

Search for sample name D3-1 in ScienceDirect:

Search for sample name D3-1 in GoogleScholar:

Kai Lin (SDSC): !Ontology Based Resource Registration

and Integration in GEON", Lecture July 2005 Name Location Publication Cruise

D3-1 SEIR ANDERSON, 1980 VM3301 (Vema)

D3-1 North Fiji Basin EISSEN 1994 Starmer 1 (Nadir)

D3-1 Shimada Smt GRAHAM 1988 S1-79 (Sea Sounder)

D3-1 Gorda Ridge CLAGUE 1984 KK2-83NP (Kana Keoki)

3-1 Lamont Smts BATIZA 1982 RISE III (New Horizon)

D3 Engel 1964

D-3 Scheidegger 1981, Schilling 1971

PD3 Tatsumoto 1965, 1966

PD-3 Hedge 1970, Muehlenbach 1972

PV D-3 Engel 1965

AMPH3D Pineau 1976

AMPH-D3 MacDougall 1986

AMPH D-3 Sun 1980, Schilling 1975

AMPH 3-PD-3 Hart 1971

S-10 Subbarao 1972

Dredge sample 3, Amphitrite Cruise 1963/4

Sample names are duplicated.

Sample names are not persistent.

Examples from the PetDB database

!! provide identifiers that are guaranteed to be

unique via a centralized control mechanism

“In a dynamic and distributed information environment, the effective management of both metadata records and the

resources they describe requires a systematic way of generating

and assigning unique identifiers.”

(N. Friesen 2002: Recommendations for Globally Unique, Location-Independent, Persistent Identifiers)

!! catalog and preserve IGSN metadata

through user-based registration

“As the world grows more connected and more complicated, we all need

ways of defining, identifying and keeping track of things and cross-

referencing them with their owners. The simplest way to do that is with

registries – everything from the Domesday Book, a medieval registry of

land, property and people; to current-day auto registries on the one

hand and the worldwide Domain Name System …”

(E. Dyson: On-line Registries: The DNS and Beyond… White paper, 2003. doi:10.1340/309registries)

!! Unique identifier for physical objects in the

Earth Sciences

!! developed in 2004 by SESAR (System for

Earth Sample Registration)

!! to unambiguously locate, identify, and cite

physical samples

IGSN International Geo Sample Number

SESAR System for Earth Sample Registration: www.geosamples.org

!! String of 9 characters (alphanumeric)

!! 3-digit NAME SPACE: ensures uniqueness

!! 6-digit NAME SPECIFIC STRING: allows

2,176,782,336 sample identifiers per registrant

!! Fits labels and data tables in publications

Unique user code [name space]

String of random characters [name specific string]

IGSN:ODP000234!

!! persistent

!! resolvable (under development)

!! mostly unintelligent (no encoded information)

!! does not replace your personal or institutional

sample identifier

Example: IGSN:HRV003M16!

!! advances sharing & re-use of samples

!! facilitates tracking of the analytical history of a

sample

!! through different labs, literature, & digital data systems

!! geneology samples and sub-samples

!! facilitates interoperability among sample-based

data systems

!! advances linkages between samples, data, and

publications

AGU Fall Meeting, Dec 15, 2006

Publication GUID (DOI)

Dataset GUID (DOI)

Sample GUID (IGSN)

16

209

Petrology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 209–220. Translated from Petrologiya, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 228–239.Original Russian Text Copyright © 1996 by Sobolev.English Translation Copyright © 1996 by

åÄàä ç‡Û͇

/Interperiodica Publishing (Russia).

INTRODUCTION

A unique feature of magmatic inclusions in mineralsis their ability to preserve information on the instanta-neous composition and evolutionary conditions ofmagmatic systems (e.g., Roedder, 1984), which is com-pletely or partially obliterated from the rock or glasschemistries by the processes of mixing, crystal frac-tionation, degassing, and contamination of naturalmagmas (Sobolev, 1994). This property of inclusionsresults from their isolation after entrapment from theinfluence of the external system. The efficiency of suchisolation is a function of the rate of volume diffusionthrough the host mineral, which in turn depends on thegradients and concentrations of an element in the min-eral and its diffusion coefficients (Qin

et al

., 1992). Forthose elements which are incompatible with respect tothe host mineral, the capability of diffusion transport islimited and the isolation of melt inclusions from theexternal media is much more efficient compared to thatof elements with high concentrations in the host min-eral (Qin

et al

., 1992). Thus, the most favorable aspectfor inclusion studies appears to be a container phasethat possesses minimum concentrations of the elementsunder investigation and contains major componentsindicating it to be nonequilibrium with the externalmedia. Such a phase in the magmas of mantle origin ismagnesian olivine, which in most cases is not equili-brated with the transporting melt with respect to Fe–Mg

distribution (Sobolev and Chaussidon, 1996), and con-tains trace amounts of most of the elements that charac-terize the melt composition. Glassy melt inclusions inthese olivines are safely isolated from the externalmedia and represent the composition of primary meltsat the early stage of system crystallization for most ele-ments, except for those which compose olivine: Mg, Si,and the elements of the Fe group (e.g., Green, 1994).The abundances of the latter in inclusions could bemodified by olivine crystallization on the walls orexchange with the host mineral, but calculation orhomogenization methods allow these effects to be easilycorrected (Sobolev and Danyushevsky, 1994).

The goal of this work is to demonstrate how theapplication of the methods of melt inclusion investiga-tions of minerals, more specifically, of olivine, enablesus to obtain petrological and geochemical informationwhich could not be gained by other methods. Twoexamples are considered: the reconstruction of primarymelt compositions for the typical basalts of mid-oce-anic ridges (MORB), and the determination of primaryH

2

O contents in mantle melts. The results of this inves-tigation show that melt inclusions in olivine from a par-ticular typical MORB sample bear information on theconsiderable ranges of compositions and formationconditions of primary melts, whereas the abundances ofH

2

O in melt inclusions trapped in the magnesian oliv-ines of mantle magmas from various geodynamic set-

Melt Inclusions in Minerals

as a Source of Principle Petrological Information

A. V. Sobolev

Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 19, Moscow, 117975 Russia

Received December 20, 1995

Abstract

—Secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microprobe studies demonstrated that melt inclu-sions in magnesian olivine bear evidence of the composition and formation conditions of the primary melts andtheir mixing products, including the initial water contents of the mantle melts. This information is partially orcompletely obliterated in the compositions of rocks and glasses by later processes of mixing, contamination,degassing, and crystal fractionation. The typical oceanic basalt of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is shown to haveformed through the mixing of primary melts that were derived by the critical melting of a mantle column, morethan 50 km thick. The melting began in the presence of garnet and proceeded in an open system which couldretain no more than 2–3 wt % melt. The mixing of the primary melts took place both in magma chambers,simultaneously with crystallization and, probably, during melt transport through the mantle. The initial concen-trations of H

2

O in the mantle magmas of suprasubduction zones were as high as 2–3 wt %, which is significantlyhigher than was estimated previously. No correlation was found between the concentrations of H

2

O in the pri-mary MORB magmas and those of elements with a similar incompatibility degree (La, Ce, K). This fact mayindicate the continuous interaction of the melts with H

2

O-bearing CO

2

-rich fluid.

209

Petrology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 209–220. Translated from Petrologiya, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 228–239.Original Russian Text Copyright © 1996 by Sobolev.English Translation Copyright © 1996 by

åÄàä ç‡Û͇

/Interperiodica Publishing (Russia).

INTRODUCTION

A unique feature of magmatic inclusions in mineralsis their ability to preserve information on the instanta-neous composition and evolutionary conditions ofmagmatic systems (e.g., Roedder, 1984), which is com-pletely or partially obliterated from the rock or glasschemistries by the processes of mixing, crystal frac-tionation, degassing, and contamination of naturalmagmas (Sobolev, 1994). This property of inclusionsresults from their isolation after entrapment from theinfluence of the external system. The efficiency of suchisolation is a function of the rate of volume diffusionthrough the host mineral, which in turn depends on thegradients and concentrations of an element in the min-eral and its diffusion coefficients (Qin

et al

., 1992). Forthose elements which are incompatible with respect tothe host mineral, the capability of diffusion transport islimited and the isolation of melt inclusions from theexternal media is much more efficient compared to thatof elements with high concentrations in the host min-eral (Qin

et al

., 1992). Thus, the most favorable aspectfor inclusion studies appears to be a container phasethat possesses minimum concentrations of the elementsunder investigation and contains major componentsindicating it to be nonequilibrium with the externalmedia. Such a phase in the magmas of mantle origin ismagnesian olivine, which in most cases is not equili-brated with the transporting melt with respect to Fe–Mg

distribution (Sobolev and Chaussidon, 1996), and con-tains trace amounts of most of the elements that charac-terize the melt composition. Glassy melt inclusions inthese olivines are safely isolated from the externalmedia and represent the composition of primary meltsat the early stage of system crystallization for most ele-ments, except for those which compose olivine: Mg, Si,and the elements of the Fe group (e.g., Green, 1994).The abundances of the latter in inclusions could bemodified by olivine crystallization on the walls orexchange with the host mineral, but calculation orhomogenization methods allow these effects to be easilycorrected (Sobolev and Danyushevsky, 1994).

The goal of this work is to demonstrate how theapplication of the methods of melt inclusion investiga-tions of minerals, more specifically, of olivine, enablesus to obtain petrological and geochemical informationwhich could not be gained by other methods. Twoexamples are considered: the reconstruction of primarymelt compositions for the typical basalts of mid-oce-anic ridges (MORB), and the determination of primaryH

2

O contents in mantle melts. The results of this inves-tigation show that melt inclusions in olivine from a par-ticular typical MORB sample bear information on theconsiderable ranges of compositions and formationconditions of primary melts, whereas the abundances ofH

2

O in melt inclusions trapped in the magnesian oliv-ines of mantle magmas from various geodynamic set-

Melt Inclusions in Minerals

as a Source of Principle Petrological Information

A. V. Sobolev

Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 19, Moscow, 117975 Russia

Received December 20, 1995

Abstract

—Secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microprobe studies demonstrated that melt inclu-sions in magnesian olivine bear evidence of the composition and formation conditions of the primary melts andtheir mixing products, including the initial water contents of the mantle melts. This information is partially orcompletely obliterated in the compositions of rocks and glasses by later processes of mixing, contamination,degassing, and crystal fractionation. The typical oceanic basalt of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is shown to haveformed through the mixing of primary melts that were derived by the critical melting of a mantle column, morethan 50 km thick. The melting began in the presence of garnet and proceeded in an open system which couldretain no more than 2–3 wt % melt. The mixing of the primary melts took place both in magma chambers,simultaneously with crystallization and, probably, during melt transport through the mantle. The initial concen-trations of H

2

O in the mantle magmas of suprasubduction zones were as high as 2–3 wt %, which is significantlyhigher than was estimated previously. No correlation was found between the concentrations of H

2

O in the pri-mary MORB magmas and those of elements with a similar incompatibility degree (La, Ce, K). This fact mayindicate the continuous interaction of the melts with H

2

O-bearing CO

2

-rich fluid.

Publication

Data System

Sample Repository

Sub-sample (child)

Publication sub-sample

IGSN:KAL07H9Y8

IGSN:KAL07H9Y8

IGSN:KAL07H9Y8

IGSN:KAL07H9Y8

IGSN:KAL99JK49

IGSN:KAL99JK49

SESAR

Objects, metadata, registration

!! ‘Sampling features’

!! Locations such as drill-holes, wells, soil pits,

sections

!! ‘Parent objects’ such as cores, dredges, CTDs

!! Individual specimens

!! Categorized by material (rock, mineral, fluid, etc.)

!! Sub-divided by physical appearance: hand

specimen, rock powder, thin section

!! Identification !! Sample name(s), registrant

!! Description !! Material, classification, age, size, comments

!! Geospatial information !! Geographical names, coordinates

!! Collection !! Expedition/cruise, platform, date, collector,

technique

!! Archiving/access !! Physical location of sample (repository),

contact

Core

Core

Section 1

!

Core

Section 3

!

Core

Section 2

!

Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 3

Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 3

Rock powder

Mineral concentrate

Leachate

Fossil separate

Microprobe mount

Parent!Parent!Child!

Child!

Child!Parent!

IGSN:ODP000120

IGSN:ODP000121

IGSN:ODP000123

IGSN:ODP000122

IGSN:ODP000124

IGSN:ODP000125

!! Images

!! Documents (.pdf, .xls, .doc)

!! References

!! Links to online data resources

!! User defined metadata fields (under development)

!! Need to have an account with SESAR

!! Register your name space

!! Assign IGSNs to Your samples

A.! Generate IGSNs within your name space, then

register IGSNs & pertinent metadata with

SESAR (SESAR will ensure uniqueness)

B.! Let SESAR generate the IGSN when you submit

sample metadata

Table 1: Shipboard ICP-AES major and trace element analyses for basement basalts from ODP Site 1201D

Core & section: 45R-5 46R-1 46R-1 46R-1 46R-2 46R-4 46R-4 46R-5 47R-2 47R-2 47R-3 47R-3 48R-1 48R-2 48R-2

cm interval: (104!107) (108!110) (134!136) (138!140) (108!110) (24!27) (31!33) (58!60) (85!87) (124!126) (83!86) (121!124) (48!50) (74!76) (135!138)

Piece no.: 1 8 10 10 5B 6A 7 4B 10 16 7 13 2C 1D 5C

Depth (mbsf): 509.9 513.98 514.24 514.28 515.48 517.5 517.57 519.34 524.45 524.84 525.91 526.29 532.18 533.18 533.79

wt %

SiO2 51.38 47.66 51.76 50.74 50.42 50.76 49.70 49.38 49.78 49.60 49.20 49.45 49.37 49.85 49.35

TiO2 0.90 0.97 1.02 0.90 0.91 1.01 0.77 0.89 0.91 0.89 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92

Al2O3 16.27 17.17 16.23 16.19 16.80 17.02 17.29 17.18 16.03 16.36 16.28 16.07 15.62 15.96 15.70

Fe2O3T 9.15 9.51 9.76 8.83 8.80 10.08 10.53 8.72 9.16 9.10 9.29 10.48 8.99 9.92 10.65

MnO 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.20 0.22

MgO 6.08 7.38 6.76 7.18 7.68 7.39 5.22 7.87 8.40 8.64 8.08 8.23 8.18 8.52 8.38

CaO 14.05 12.13 7.35 9.69 11.86 7.92 6.67 11.27 9.05 11.01 12.03 13.16 13.15 13.70 13.26

Na2O 2.83 2.98 5.48 4.00 2.77 4.75 4.73 2.83 3.68 3.15 2.06 2.13 2.09 2.13 2.08

K2O 0.65 0.89 1.25 1.11 1.13 1.18 2.84 1.14 1.31 1.26 0.48 0.57 0.24 0.26 0.35

P2O5 0.19 0.21 0.13 0.20 0.04 0.12 0.06 0.15 0.16 0.22 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.09

Total 101.65 99.07 99.90 99.00 100.56 100.39 97.95 99.58 98.61 100.37 98.70 101.34 98.82 101.54 100.99

LOI 3.3 5.9 6.5 5.0 5.9 6.6 11.9 5.1 4.9 6.2 1.76 1.83 1 1.4 0.97

Mg-no. 59.89 63.55 60.91 64.62 66.23 62.23 52.71 66.96 67.33 68.09 66.15 63.84 67.18 65.89 63.88

ppm

Sc 41.9 47.6 48.3 42.6 45.7 46.1 36.0 43.7 46.9 46.4 46.4 42.0 45.1 42.5 41.6

V 237.6 293.9 234.0 242.2 252.9 263.8 98.3 239.9 283.5 279.9 303.6 260.2 277.4 249.6 259.4

Cr 342.4 348.1 359.7 330.2 397.8 363.9 165.0 360.4 351.2 324.2 414.4 409.9 379.5 397.2 407.4

Ni 71.2 —— 72.2 73.0 142.4 88.8 —— 106.3 —— —— —— —— —— —— ——

Sr 109.4 145.7 26.6 64.7 223.3 51.9 41.1 134.4 86.8 103.0 80.9 80.8 77.7 80.1 80.0

Y 26.6 25.8 28.4 23.8 22.7 28.1 9.0 22.9 26.8 24.2 25.7 24.9 23.9 23.2 24.6

Ba 14.5 21.3 26.2 19.7 22.3 24.5 16.7 23.5 26.0 26.0 14.9 12.5 11.5 10.9 10.4

Zr 50.5 50.7 56.7 51.9 52.2 56.4 46.8 48.8 50.6 47.1 47.2 48.2 44.6 46.0 47.1

282

JOURNALOFPETROLOGY

VOLUME47

NUMBER

2FEBRUARY2006

Field Publication Lab Archive

Collector Curator Analyst Researcher

!! When storing/archiving samples

!! When sharing samples

!! During analysis

!! In data publication

!! Journal articles

!! Databases

SESAR

Repository Analytical Lab Investigator "

Handle services at

GFZ Potsdam

•! Defines IGSN syntax •! Registers name spaces •! Validates identifiers

•! Validates metadata content for specimen registration

•! Maintains clearinghouse portal for accessing specimen metadata

•! Handles interaction with specimen

collectors and curators to register specimens

•! Makes decisions about what specimens merit registration

•! Maintains physical collections

•! Initiates registration of specimens •! Registers samples through one of the

higher level namespaces

IGSN eV

SESAR Near Space Observatory

(invented example)

ExoPlanet (invented example)

CZO Geoscience

Australia USGS IEDA ICDP

Repository Analytical Lab Investigator

Metadata

Clearinghouse

Allocating Agent

Registrant

IGSN

Implementation

Board

"

"

IGSN eV

SESAR Near Space Observatory

(invented example)

ExoPlanet (invented example)

CZO Geoscience

Australia USGS IEDA ICDP

Repository Analytical Lab Investigator

Metadata

Clearinghouse

Allocating Agent

Registrant

IGSN

Implementation

Board

"

"

•! Establish detailed specimen description schema

•! Validate metadata content for specimens

•! Handle interaction with specimen collectors and curators to register

specimens

•! Make decisions about what specimens merit registration

•! Maintain physical collections

•! Initiate registration of specimens •! Registers samples through one of the

higher level namespaces

•! Define IGSN scope •! Register top-level registrars •! Define IGSN syntax

•! Maintain IGSN handle system •! Validate identifier registration

•! Register name spaces, aggregate metadata for namespaces

•! Validate metadata content for specimen

registration •! Maintain clearinghouse portal for

accessing specimen metadata in their registered name spaces

30

-! IGSN

-! ResourceURI

-! Registrant ID

-! timeStamp

-! status

IGSN Registry

-! IGSN

-! Registrant

-! MetadataTimeStamp

-! Title

-! Description

-! SamplingLocation

-! SamplingTime

-! Distributor

-! Originator

-! SpecimenType

-! MaterialClass

-! SamplingMethod

SESAR Clearinghouse

-! IGSN

-! SampleEvent

-! SamplePhysicalSize

-! RelatedResource

-! SamplingMethodDetails

-! ProcessingHistory

-! CurationHistory

-! More local detail…

Allocating Agent Catalog ISO & OGC O&M compliant

31

•! Arizona State Geological Survey, USA

•! Boise State University, USA

•! City College of New York, USA

•! Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel

(GEOMAR), Germany

•! GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany

•! Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia

University, USA

•! Oregon State University, USA

•! Scripps Institution of Oceanography / UC San

Diego, USA

•! University of Minnesota, USA

present, will join as soon as legal procedure

completed

•! USGS

•! Geoscience Australia

•! CSIRO

!! Elected the Executive Board "! President: K. Lehnert (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory)

"! Vice-President: J. Klump (GFZ Potsdam)

"! Treasurer: C. Constable (Scripps/UC San Diego)

"! Manager: L. Hsu (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory)

!! Agreed on membership fee "! 500 Euro annually

!! Agreed on Managing Agent "! LDEO (pending university approval)

32

Services of the System for Earth Sample Registration

www.geosamples.org

!! IGSN Registry !! Manage name spaces

!! Manage user information

!! Issue and/or register IGSNs

!! Ensure uniqueness

!! Administer IGSN metadata (manage ownership, track changes)

!! Global Sample Search !! Access to object metadata profiles

!! Link to physical samples & data

!! MySESAR !! User interface for sample registration

!! User interface for metadata management

!! Registered users can log in and obtain unique IDs for their samples by entering limited metadata to identify the

samples.

!! Registered users can upload spreadsheets with sample

metadata to receive unique IDs for batches of samples.

!! Registered users can obtain QR codes for sample labeling

SESAR

Metadata

IGSN