Key Results - European Commission · Key Results Overview Key Result 1: Guidelines on Solar Cooling and Best Practice •. Guidelines.on. ... Alexander Thür, AEE Institute for Sustainable

Key ResultsJanuary 2007 to December 2009

www.solair-project.eu

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Table of Contents

Introduction.............................................................................................4Project.Basics...........................................................................................5Key.Results.Overview...............................................................................6Statements.of.SOLAIR.Partners.................................................................7

The.technology......................................................................................10

Key.Result.1:.Guidelines.on.Solar.Cooling.and.Best.Practice...................12Key.Result.2:.Capacity.Building..............................................................30Key.Result.3:.Market.Structures.............................................................35Key.Result.4:.Awareness.Raising............................................................40Key.Result.5:.European.Exchange.and.Promotion...................................46

Main.lessons.learnt................................................................................51

SOLAIR.Consortium...............................................................................52Imprint...................................................................................................54

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Introduction

Using.the.energy.of.the.sun.to.produce.cool.air.and.water.is.not.yet.a.technological.possibility.that.many.people.have.heard.of..How.should.it.be.possible.that.the.heat.from.the.sun.can.be.used.to.cool.something?.But.solar.air-conditioning.technologies.(SAC).are.no.rocket.science;.they.exist,.have.been.tested.and.provide.an.increasingly.smart.and.sustainable.solution.for.the.growing.demand.for.air-conditioning.in..Europe..

In.most.European.countries.the.electricity.consumption.for.air-conditioning.is.ex-pected.to.increase.by.a.factor.of.4.in.2020..In.Germany.for.example.–.a.country.with.definitely.not.the.highest.demand.for.cooling.and.air-conditioning.–.the.overall.electricity.demand.for.building.air-conditioning.in.2006.was.estimated.to.be.approxi-mately.5.%.of.the.total.electricity.consumption..The.reasons.for.this.growing.demand.are.manifold,.such.as.improved.comfort.habits,.architectural.trends.like.an.increased.fraction.of.glazed.areas.in.buildings.and.last.but.not.least,.slowly.changing.climate.conditions..And.as.we.all.know,.the.need.to.act.against.climate.change.implies.using.renewable,.sustainable.and.new.forms.of.energy..

And.solar.thermally.assisted.cooling.and.air-conditioning.can.be.seen.to.be.sustain-able.for.the.following.reasons.and.advantages:•. They.can.induce.considerable.savings.in.primary.energy.consumption.and.reduc-

tions.of.CO2.emissions.•. They.contribute.to.load.relieving.of.the.public.electricity.grid.in.terms.of.both,.

peak.power.and.energy.and.thus.to.grid.stabilisation•. They.can.be.combined.to.use.of.solar.heat.for.heating,.cooling.and.domestic.hot.

water.preparation.and.create.an.all-season.high.utilisation.of.the.solar.thermal.system

•. They.have.less.noise.emissions.and.fewer.vibrations.than.vapour.compression.technologies.

The.SOLAIR.project.was.started.in.2007.for.the.purpose.to.promote.and.increase.knowledge.and.awareness.about.small.and.medium.sized.applications.of.solar.air-conditioning.technologies.in.commercial.as.well.as.residential.buildings..The.project.consortium.included.13.partners.from.southern.and.central.European.countries..

The.project.proofed.to.be.successful.in.creating.a.platform.for.the.exchange.on.the.SAC.technologies.and.managed.to.address.professionals.as.well.as.potential.users..We.are.proud.of.our.results,.which.we.want.to.present.to.you.within.this.publica-tion..Through.the.project,.we.have.been.encouraged.to.continue.working.in.the.field.of.promoting.and.supporting.SAC.technologies.and.hope.that.also.others.will.start.looking.into.this.topic..You.are.therefore.invited.to.use.SOLAIR.materials,.findings.and.publications.to.spread.not.only.our.results,.but.also.the.“cool”.news.that.SAC.are.promising.and.constitute.a.sound.alternative.to.fossil.fuelled.air-conditioning.in.Europe..

Andreas.Steege,.target.GmbHProject.Co-ordinator.–.Hannover,.Germany

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Project Basics

Acronym:. SOLAIRFull.title:. Increasing.the.market.implementation. of.Solar-air-conditioning.systems.for.small. and.medium.applications.in.residential.and. commercial.buildingsTopic:. Promoting.small.and.medium-sized. (up.to.105.kW.capacity).solar.air-conditioning. appliancesFinancing:. 50%.Intelligent.Energy.EuropeContract.number:. EIE/06/034/SI2.446612

Duration:. January.2007.–.December.2009Co-ordination:. target.GmbH,.HannoverCountries:. Austria,.France,.Germany,.Greece,.Italy,.Netherlands,.. Portugal,.Slovenia,.and.SpainNumber.of.partners:. 13Project.website:.. www.solair-project.eu

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Key Results Overview

Key Result 1: Guidelines on Solar Cooling and Best Practice•. Guidelines.on.Requirements on the design and configuration of SAC

appliances.were.developed.and.distributed.in.English;.translations.exist.in.French,.German,.Greek,.Italian,.Portuguese,.Slovenian.and.Spanish..PDF.versions.are.available.via.the.project.website.

•. An.Online Best Practice Database.was.compiled.with.28.case.studies.from.all.partner.regions.and.can.be.searched.on.the.project.website.

•. A.print.version.of.the.online.database.called.Best Practice Catalogue.is.available.presenting.additional.information.on.solar.cooling.technologies.and.components.on.the.market.and.published.in.English,.French,.German,.Greek,.Italian,.Portuguese,.Slovenian.and.Spanish..

Key Result 2: Capacity Building•. A.comprehensive.set.of.Training Materials.(about.380.slides).on.the.SAC.

technologies.was.developed.in.English,.French,.German,.Greek,.Italian,.Portuguese,.Slovenian.and.Spanish..The.English.PDF.version.is.available.via.the.project.website.

•. 16.trainings.for.engineers,.plant.designers.and.technical.personnel.with.more.than.340.participants.were.implemented.covering.all.partner.re-gions.

Key Result 3: Market Structures •. A.Survey of Available Technical Solutions.was.developed.and.is.avail-

able.in.English.as.PDF.via.the.project.website.•. An.Analysis on Market Potentials of Small and Medium-sized SAC

Appliances.including.a.cross-country.analysis.for.the.partner.regions.was.realised.and.is.available.as.PDF.in.English.via.the.project.website.

Key Result 4: Awareness Raising•. 40.Initial Consultation Packages.were.carried.out.to.stimulate.market.

activities.in.the.partner.regions..Reports.are.available.via.the.project.web-site.

•. 54.awareness.raising.events.like.national.workshops,.round.tables,.mo-tivation.and.information.events.involving.more.than.3,400.participants.were.organised.and.documented..Reports.are.available.via.the.project.website.

Key Result 5: European Exchange and Promotion•. A.European Thematic Workshop.was.organised.in.the.framework.of.

the.Sustainable.Energy.Week.in.Brussels.on.10th.February.2009.with.about.50.participants..Report.is.available.via.the.project.website.

•. An.Image Brochure on small and medium-sized SAC systems.was.compiled.and.published.in.English.in.print.and.online..It.addresses.policy,.industry,.multipliers.and.financing.institutes.

•. The.project.was.presented.at.5.European.conferences..Reports.are.avail-able.via.the.project.website.

•. The.project.website.(online.since.May.2007).presents.the.major.SOLAIR.results,.products.and.publications..Links.to.national.websites.are.available..The.English.online.platform.will.be.maintained.until.December.2011.

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Alexander Thür, AEE Institute for Sustainable Technologies, AustriaThe.SOLAIR.project.in.Austria.was.an.important.step.forward.in.increasing.the.general.knowledge.on.solar.cooling.technology.in.the.public.signifi-cantly..Before.the.SOLAIR.project,.discussions.with.people.typically.showed.that.for.a.majority.of.the.population.this.technology.was.like.a.miracle..One.part.did.not.believe.that.solar.cooling.is.working.and.the.other.part.thought.solar.cooling.is.a.total.new.and.genial.technology.producing.cold.without.any.additional.driving.power.besides.the.sun..Now.after.three.years.SOLAIR.project.based.on.the.quality.of.articles.in.media.and.also.during.discussions.with.people.it.can.be.observed.clearly.that.this.technol-ogy.is.increasingly.noticed.in.public.and.in.a.much.more.realistic.way.

Riccardo Battisti, Ambiente Italia, ItalySolar.thermal.is.very.often.regarded.as.a.“poor”.technology.with.a.quite.low.potential.for.research.and.technological.innovation.and.this.is.particu-larly.true.in.not.yet.developed.markets,.such.as.Italy.In.the.last.4–5.years,.solar.cooling.succeeded.in.changing.this.approach.and.showing,.on.the.one.hand,.the.large.potential.savings.that.solar.ther-mal.could.bring.even.to.electricity.consumption,.and,.on.the.other.hand,.that.also.this.technology.has.interesting.and.innovative.applications.In.this.framework,.the.SOLAIR.project.gave.a.relevant.contribution,.at.national.level,.to.the.process.of.awareness.raising.and.creating.interest.in.several.stakeholders’.groups,.also.helping.in.overcoming.major.barriers,.such.as.the.lack.of.technical.knowledge.and.practical.tools.

Rosie Christodoulaki, CRES Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, GreeceIn.the.case.of.Greece,.solar.thermal.systems.are.a.mass.produced.and.a.mainstream.heating.energy.solution..Solar.cooling.though.is.a.novelty.in.the.Greek.context..There.is.still.a.great.potential.of.exploiting.solar.energy.for.both.heating.and.cooling.purposes..The.need.for.technical.training.regarding.small.and.medium.scale.solar.cooling.systems.was.clearly.seen.during.the.SOLAIR.events..The.work.within.SOLAIR.provided.Greece.with.enough.training.material.and.technology.guidelines.to.overcome.the.bar-riers.of.implementing.solar.cooling.systems.and.to.further.approach.the.2020.national.goal.

Edo Wiemken, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, GermanyOur.daily.experience.is.that.insufficient.knowledge.distribution.on.possi-bilities.of.solar.air-conditioning.is.one.of.the.major.obstacles.in.the.market.development.of.this.technology..It.is.not.a.secret.that.the.slow.increase.in.the.number.of.installed.systems.so.far.has.not.clearly.accelerated.a.mass.production.of.thermally.driven.chillers,.which.is.a.pre-condition.for.any.cost.figure.improvement.However,.many.of.the.installed.systems.underline.the.technical.feasibility.of.this.technology.and.that.environmental.benefits.compared.to.conven-tional.air-conditioning.technologies.can.be.achieved..SOLAIR.plays.in.this.context.a.significant.role,.since.within.this.project,.the.most.comprising.set.on.solar.cooling.information.material.for.different.administrative.and.technical.oriented.target.groups.was.elaborated.and.disseminated..The.existence.of.this.material,.all.accessible.from.the.well-structured.public.project.website,.supports.the.daily.know-how.transfer.business.of.solar.cooling.in.an.enormous.way.

Statements of SOLAIR Partners

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Maria João Carvalho, INETI, PortugalThe.SOLAIR.project.has.been.a.very.important.tool.for.the.dissemination.of.the.knowledge.on.SAC.systems.for.technicians.(installers.and.designers.of.so-lar.thermal.and.air.conditioning.markets),.decision.and.policy.makers.at.local.and.national.level.and.also.the.general.public,.as.well.for.MScie.students..An.important.role.is.expected.in.future.from.the.qualified.experts.of.SCE.(Build-ing.Certification.Scheme).since.they.will.have.to.give.advise.on.opportunities.for.improvement.of.the.buildings.thermal.behaviour,.and.SAC.systems.may.be.one..The.possibility.to.use.solar.energy.for.heating.and.cooling.has.good.acceptance.but.lower.cost.of.main.equipment.is.needed.

Quintino Cavalera, Provincia di Lecce, ItalyThe.South.of.Italy.is.rich.of.solar.irradiation.but.the.utilisation.of.this.energy.is.poor.and.almost.exclusively.for.domestic.hot.water.production..And.still,.the.solar.energy.can.be.used.also.to.heat.the.building.largely.during.the.winter..The.SOLAIR.project.served.to.invite.and.indicate.the.uses.of.solar.thermal.pan-els.in.the.summer.in.the.solar.cooling.processes..I.hope,.in.the.near.future,.that.the.utilisation.of.solar.energy.will.be.increased.for.all.the.uses,.above.all.in.the.solar.cooling.processes..The.solar.cooling.is.the.best.reply.to.provide.the.cooling.demand.without.increase.the.electricity.demand,.a.green.reply.

Marco Calderoni, Politecnico di Milano, ItalyThe.Italian.SOLAIR.campaign.achieved.to.strongly.awakening.people’s.aware-ness.towards.solar.assisted.cooling.in.Italy..Many.different.categories.have.been.addressed.and.actively.participated.into.SOLAIR.events..One.of.the.main.results.was.the.involvement.of.several.Local.Authorities,.associations.and.events..This.will.guarantee.that.awareness.activities.towards.solar.cooling.will.be.continued.Dissemination.activities.reached.over.450.participants.to.events.and.about.65,000.readers.of.published.articles.Finally,.lobby.activities.have.been.carried.out.at.local.level.in.order.to.intro-duce.solar.assisted.cooling.into.subsidy.programmes.

Olatz Ajuria, EVE Ente Vasco de la Energía, SpainPartly.thanks.to.the.publicity.introduction.of.the.Technical.Building.Code.(Código.Técnico.de.la.Edificación.–.CTE).solar.hot.water.and.heating.instal-lations.are.now.familiar.concepts.in.the.Basque.Country..On.the.other.hand,.solar.cooling.is.less.known..In.order.to.address.this.knowledge.gap,.EVE.has.organized.various.events.and.training.courses.with.great.success..In.addi-tion,.to.encourage.the.installation.of.such.systems,.while.prices.remain.high,.solar.cooling.has.been.included.in.EVE’s.subsidy.programme..Before.SOLAIR.project,.there.was.only.one.facility.of.such.kind.in.the.Basque.Country.and.today,.two.more.have.been.installed..

Daniel Mugnier, TECSOL SA, FranceToday.in.France.the.solar.cooling.sector.is.still.in.a.very.early.emerging.stage..But.the.development.potential.is.huge..The.SOLAIR.Project.has.been.very.useful.in.France.through.the.different.communication.actions.like.half-day.workshops,.or.several.training.courses,.which.permit.to.widely.diffuse.the.knowledge.of.solar.cooling.technologies..Meanwhile,.SOLAIR.was.also.very.interesting.from.a.technical.point.of.view.because.of.the.creation.of.useful.tools..But.one.of.the.most.important.outcomes.of.this.European.project.was.the.development.of.a.French.high.quality.solar.heating.and.cooling.demo.projects.incentive.scheme.called.Emergence.which.is.expected.to.strongly.stimulate.the.French.solar.air-conditioning.market.

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Sašo Medved, Univerza v Ljubljani, SloveniaSlovenian.solar.thermal.market.grows.by.more.than.30%.per.year..In.last.years.large.solar.heating.systems.have.become.very.attractive.for.investors..This.increased.interest.for.solar.cooling.as.well..At.the.beginning.of.the.SOLAIR.project.we.learned.that.solar.cooling.is.not.developed.for.mass.pro-duction.yet.and.that.planning.and.especially.operational.experience.with.SAC.systems.are.not.well.known.among.the.experts..This.lack.of.knowledge.was.in.big.extent.overcome.in.the.frame.of.SOLAIR.project..As.a.result.of.experi-ence.exchange.between.SOLAIR.partners,.expert.workshops.and.integral.approach.between.EU.projects,.SOLAIR.played.an.active.role.in.the.ongoing.project.of.Energy.refurbishment.of.Slovenian.hospitals,.which.is.co-funded.by.the.European.Regional.Development.Fund.and.the.Cohesion.Fund..Majority.of.chosen.hospitals.will.be.equipped.with.solar.heating.systems.and.in.at.least.two.of.them.solar.cooling.system.will.be.installed..This.will.be.the.first.solar.cooling.systems.in.Slovenia..

Thierry van Steenberghe, REHVA Federation of European Heating and Air-Conditioning Associations, The NetherlandsAlthough.our.SOLAIR.project.was.maybe.ahead.of.the.technological.and.market.developments,.we.think.it.was.needed.to.prepare.for.the.future..If.we.want.the.European.objectives.for.reducing.energy.consumption.and.CO

2.emissions.to.be.met,.then.the.observed.increasing.demand.for.cooling.in.buildings.should.receive.adequate.and.timely.responses..Among.these,.SAC.is.a.clear.contender,.due.to.the.simultaneity.of.the.solar.resource.availability.and.and.the.need.for.cooling..Hence.the.interest.shown.by.our.Member.As-sociations.throughout.Europe.for.information.about.the.technologies.and.the.market,.and.for.material.for.training.the.final.members.who.are.researchers,.designers,.consultants,.and.installers.in.the.field..Obviously,.SAC.is.good.en-vironmentally.and.economically,.but.also.socially,.as.it.entails.new.manpower.needs.for.installation.and.maintenance.during.operation.of.SAC.systems.

Marie-Catherine Proville, AIGUASOL ENGINYERIA, SpainAiguasol.has.been.working.on.several.R+D.projects.on.solar.cooling.systems,.within.IEA.Tasks.and.European.Programs,.and.has.been.developing.the.de-sign,.optimization.and.implementation.of.solar.cooling.systems,.through.the.use.of.different.technologies.Aiguasol.has.the.will.to.spread.the.use.of.solar.cooling.systems.and.within.the.framework.of.the.SOLAIR.EU.project,.we.have.contributed.to.the.promotion.of.solar.air-conditioning.technologies.and.to.soften.the.barriers.for.market.penetration.through.research.and.analysis.of.the.market.situation,.several.workshops,.motivation.events,.and.the.diffusion.of.best.practice.reports.

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The.focus.of.the.SOLAIR.project.was.on.small.and.medium.applications.of.solar.air-conditioning.systems.in.commercial.and.residential.buildings..The.classification.into.small.and.medium.installations.aligns.with.available.chiller.products;.small.applications.are.in.this.sense.systems.with.a.nominal.chilling.capacity.below.20.kW,.and.medium.size.systems.may.range.up.to.approximately.100.kW.

The.demand.for.air-conditioning.has.been.increasing.through.the.last.decade.due.to.improved.comfort.and.occurring.higher.temperatures..And.with.the.higher.demand.come.several.problems:.the.extensive.use.of.elec-trically.driven.cooling.is.leading.to.capacity.straining.power.demand.peaks.in.the.summer.and.increase.of.green.house.emissions.–.either.through.leakage.of.cooling.fluids.or.use.of.non-sustainable.energy..Solar.cooling.is.an.eminently.smart.technology.because.demand.and.sup-ply.of.energy.coincide:.solar.radiation.is.abundantly.available.especially.in.the.summer.time,.where.the.need.for.air-conditioning.is.the.highest..And.solar.air-conditioning.technologies.have.proved,.some.during.more.than.ten.years,.their.efficiency.and.reliability..These.technologies.use.harmless.cooling.fluids.(water.generally),.and.much.less.primary.energy.than.the.conventional.systems..

To.those.not.acquainted.with.solar.air-conditioning.(SAC),.the.technology.might.seem.to.be.a.contradiction.in.terms..In.all.SAC.solar.heat.is.used.to.drive.a.cooling.process..Generally,.SAC.can.be.distinguished.into:

Closed cycle systems: Closed.cycle.systems.are.equipped.with.thermally.driven.chillers,.which.provide.chilled.water.that.is.either.used.in.air.han-dling.units.to.supply.cooled.and.dehumidified.air.or.that.is.distributed.via.a.chilled.network.to.decentralized.room.installations.such.as.fan.coils.or.chilled.ceilings..Thermally.driven.chillers.available.on.the.market.are.absorption.chillers,.which.are.most.common,.and.adsorption.chillers,.offered.currently.by.few.manufacturers.only..The.role.of.a.solar.collector.system.is.to.provide.driving.heat.at.appropriate.temperature.to.the.chiller..An.additional.component,.necessary.in.all.chilled.water.systems,.is.a.heat.rejection.system.Open cycle systems: Open.cycle.systems.allow.complete.air-conditioning.by.supplying.cooled.and.dehumidified.air..The.“refrigerant”.is.always.water,.which.is.brought.into.direct.contact.with.the.atmosphere..The.most.common.open.systems.are.desiccant.cooling.systems.(DEC).with.a.rotating.dehumidification.wheel.and.a.solid.sorbent..New.developments.use.liquid.sorption..The.role.of.the.solar.collector.is.to.provide.regeneration.heat.to.the.dehumidification.unit.

The technology

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Method Closed cycle Open cycle

Refrigerant.cycle Closed.refrigerant.cycleRefrigerant.(water).is.in.direct..contact.with.the.atmosphere

Principle. Chilled.waterDehumidification.of.air..and.evaporative.cooling

Phase of sorbent solid liquid solid liquid

Typical.material.pairs water.–.silica.gel.water.–.lithium.bromide.ammonia.–.water

water.–.silica.gel.water.–.lithium.chloride

water.–.calcium.chloride.water.–.lithium.chloride.

Available.technology. Adsorption.chiller Absorption.chiller Desiccant.cooling.Close.to.market.introduction

Typical.cooling.capacity. 50.–.430.kW. 15.kW.–.5.MW20.–.350.kW..(per.module).

–

Typical.coefficient.of.performance

0.5.–0.7.0.6.–.0.75..(single.effect)

0.5.–.>.1 >.1

Driving.temperature 60.–.90.°C. 80.–.110.°C 45.–.95.°C 45.–.70.°C

Solar.collectors.Vacuum.tubes,flat.plate.collectors

Vacuum.tubesFlat.plate.collectors,.solar.air.collectors.

Flat.plate.collectors,.solar.air.collectors

The.appropriate.type.of.collector.depends.on.the.selected.cooling.technol-ogy.and.on.the.site.conditions,.i.e.,.on.the.radiation.availability..In.almost.all.of.the.systems.a.hot.water.storage.is.installed,.but.the.spe-cific.storage.volume.(litre.per.m².collector.area).differs.in.a.wide.range..The.optimal.storage.size.is.subject.on.the.type.of.irradiation.availability,.collector.type,.preferred.driving.temperature,.control.strategy.and.of.the.cooling.load.pattern.

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•. Guidelines.on.Requirements on the design and configuration of SAC appliances.

•. An.Online Best Practice Database.•. A.Best Practice Catalogue.

Guidelines on Design and Configuration of SAC appliancesThe.SOLAIR.consortium.realised.that.there.was.an.information.gap.concern-ing.the.design.and.configuration.of.solar.thermally.assisted.cooling.and.air-conditioning.between.publications.available.for.purchase.(e.g..handbook.for.planners.‘Solar.Assisted.Air-Conditioning.in.Buildings’,.Hans-Martin.Henning.(Editor),.ISBN.978-3-211-73095-9).and.scattered.information.available.free.of.charge.The.proper.design.of.a.solar.cooling.and.air-conditioning.system.and.the.choice.of.the.components.interact.to.a.high.degree.with.the.site.conditions.(climatic.conditions).and.with.the.demand.for.cooling.(load.conditions)..The.intention.of.this.guideline.is.to.support.the.understanding.of.the.interactions.and.to.provide.in.parallel.a.picture.on.the.state.of.the.art.of.solar.cooling.and.air-conditioning..As.one.of.the.most.cost-effective.measures.in.the.planning.of.an.air-condi-tioning.system.is.the.reduction.of.cooling.loads.already.in.the.building.plan-ning.and.design.phase..Thus.the.first.chapter.deals.with.general.aspects.on.building.cooling.and.air-conditioning.and.prepares.the.reader.for.the.subse-quent.chapters,.focusing.on.the.technical.aspects.of.solar.thermally.driven.technologies..However,.some.aspects.of.solar.cooling.and.air-conditioning.may.not.yet.be.adequately.covered.in.these.guidelines,.such.as.e.g..more.details.on.system.control.or.on.detailed.site.oriented.installation.information..The.reason.for.this.lack.is.the.still.ongoing.process.in.the.development.and.preparation.of.such.information.The.thematic.structure.of.the.content.underlines.the.target.group.of.techni-cal.orientated.planners.in.the.building.services.and.utilities.management.area,.but.the.guidelines.should.be.useful.to.anyone.interested.in.this.subject..A.more.comprehensive.description.of.solar.cooling.and.air-conditioning.can.be.found.in.the.mentioned.handbook.for.planners.‘Solar.Assisted.Air-Conditioning.in.Buildings’..In.the.current.Task.38.‘Solar.Air-Conditioning.and.Refrigeration’.of.the.International.Energy.Agency.(IEA),.a.new.edition.of.this.handbook.will.be.launched.and.available.in.2010..In.the.context.with.the.existing.handbook,.these.guidelines.may.be.seen.in.both.ways:.as.a.straight-forward.introduction.into.solar.cooling.and.air-conditioning.on.the.one.hand,.and.as.a.market.and.practically.oriented.complement.to.the.handbook.on.the.other.hand..

The.following.topics.are.addressed.in.the.guidelines:•. Building.cooling.and.air-conditioning•. Technologies.applicable.for.solar.thermally.driven.cooling•. General.requirements.on.solar.air-conditioning.and.cooling.systems•. Selection.of.the.appropriate.technology•. Small.systems:.schemes.for.typical.applications•. Recommendations.on.monitoring.and.quality.assurance•. Planning.tools

Key Result 1:Guidelines on Solar Cooling and Best Practice

13

Requirements on the design and configuration of small and medium sized solar air‐conditioning applications

Guidelines

The.guidelines.are.available.in.English,.French,.German,.Greek,.Italian,..Portuguese,.Slovenian.and.Spanish.and.can.be.downloaded.from.the.project.website.

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Guidelines Requirements on the design and configuration of small and medium sized solar air‐conditioning applications

18

1.3 Energy conservation principles The energy demand for cooling of buildings can be reduced by implementation of five principles presented on Figure 1.10: solar radiation controlling, reduction of heat gains thought opaque building envelope, intensive night ventilation, reduction of internal gains and implementation of free cooling techniques.

Figure 1.10 Principles of energy conservation for buildings cooling. Source [McQuiston et al., 2005]

Shading devices must be external, high reflective for solar radiation and mounted in such a way that enables convective cooling as well as daylighting of the interior. Figure 1.11 shows the temperature profile in an office without shadings and mechanical cooling and in the neighbouring office with external shadings; shading devices are installed in such a way that convective cooling is enabled on both sides of shadings and they are movable to improve shading factor Sf all day long and enable optimal daylighting in offices.

18

23

28

33

38

43

48

3984 4152 4320 4488 4656 4824 4992 5160

Dan v letu

Tem

pera

tura

pro

stor

a v

tret

jem

nad

stro

pju

(oC

)

Brez senčil in haljenja

Zunanja lamelna senčila, nehlajen prostorWithout shadings

With shadings

Hour starting 1st of January

Room

tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Figure 1.11 Only external, high reflective and movable shading devices controls successfully solar radiation heat gains; temperature in an office without shadings and cooling (gray line), and temperatures in office equipped with external shadings as presented on photo (orange line).

Extract from the Guidelines

15

Requirements on the design and configuration of small and medium sized solar air‐conditioning applications Guidelines

19

Shading devices could be multi purpose. For example PV modules can be used as external shading device. Following example shows such a case. PV modules are mounted on the part of glass roof of atrium in office building. The result is the reduction of the peak cooling load from 150 kW to 75 kW, meanwhile the heating load remains practically unchanged. In this particular case PV shadings have little influence on daylighting as well.

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Maj Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Okt. Nov. Dec.

[kW

]

heating loadcooling load

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Maj Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Okt. Nov. Dec.

[kW

]

heating loadcooling load

Figure 1.12 PV modules as external shading devices on the glass roof of an atrium in office buildings reduce peak cooling load by 50% meanwhile heating demand and daylighting remain practically unchanged (left heating and cooling loads without PV modules, right after PV modules were installed)

Heat gains through the opaque envelope could be reduced with light surface colours and quality thermal insulation in combination with a high building construction thermal mass. As a consequence, a significant decrease of temperature amplitude swing at the inner side of the construction and a time lag of several hours can be attained. Modern architecture often requires dark surface colours of walls and roofs. Selective paints can be used in this case to reduce both, surface temperature and resulting cooling loads. Such colours have equal reflectivity of light as ordinary colours, but enlarged near IR reflectivity. This causes a reduction of dark surface temperature during solar noon by 20°C. Even more effective are green roofs and walls. Evapotranspiration by grass and plants reduce cooling loads for 5 to 10 times regarding to dark roofs.

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Figure 4.2 General scheme of a complete system including desiccant technique and thermally driven water chiller. To provide cooling in the conditioned areas, several solutions are possible: a fan‐coil system which may be used in summer and winter, a radiative cooling system such as chilled ceilings, or a ventilation system providing fresh cooled and dehumidified air. Source: Fraunhofer ISE.

4.1 All air systems It is considered that the installation of a centralised supply/return air system is feasible and the required air change rate is sufficient to cover all sensible and latent coolings loads. In this case, an all air system is possible; no other cooling equipment is required. A pre‐condition is a tight and very well designed building with measures to reduce the cooling demand, such as use of energy saving equipment, efficient shading, minimising artificial lighting through dayligthing concepts, night ventilation (e.g., in combination with phase change materials), etc. Another example is a seminar room with a high occupation rate; in such room the required fresh air amount may be high enough to purge the sensible loads completely. The installation site is considered in a moderate, continental climate with temperate outdoor humidity and temperature conditions. Thus, a standard cycle of a desiccant evaporative cooling (DEC) system is applicable. The respective decision path and a scheme of the standard DEC application is shown in figure 4.3. The solar thermal collector system provides heat for the regeneration of the dehumidification unit as well as for supply air heating support in winter. Additionally, not shown in the figure, room heating with radiative heating systems may be supported in winter as well. A backup heat may be necessary for room heating in winter and to provide additionally regeneration heat to the dehumidification unit, in case the collector power is low but de‐humidification is still necessary.

17

Requirements on the design and configuration of small and medium sized solar air‐conditioning applications Guidelines

63

yes

DISTRIBUTIONMEDIUM

TECHNOLOGYBUILDING

yes

temperate

DEC system,standard

configuration

yes

START

Cooling load calculation (building parameters, e.g., materials,

geometry, orientation; internal loads, meterological conditions)

⇒ cooling load, required hygienic air change

START

Cooling load calculation (building parameters, e.g., materials,

geometry, orientation; internal loads, meterological conditions)

⇒ cooling load, required hygienic air change

Installation of centralized air handling unit feasible and

desired?

Installation of centralized air handling unit feasible and

desired?

Building construction appropriate for supply / return air system

(building tight enough)?

Building construction appropriate for supply / return air system

(building tight enough)?

Hygienic air change able to cover cooling load?

Hygienic air change able to cover cooling load?

Climate Climate

All air system: Full air system

(supply and exhaust air)

All air system: Full air system

(supply and exhaust air)

supply air

return air

coolingloads

backupcollector storage

heating

humidifier

dehumidifierwheel

heat recoverywheel

regenerationheat

ambientair

exhaustair

Figure 4.3 Decision path of a standard DEC system configuration for temperate climates and the corresponding general system scheme. The system configuration shown reflects the standard scheme of a solid DEC system with rotating sorption wheel, but a liquid desiccant cooling system may be considered as well. Source: Fraunhofer ISE.

In principle, two different system operation strategies are possible: • solar autonomous air‐conditioning mode during summer. In this case, only solar thermal

produced heat is used for regeneration of the sorption unit. This operation mode is applicable, when the cooling loads are mainly caused through external solar gains and the load pattern thus are quite well in coincidence with the solar radiation. However, a perfect coincidence will be never achieved. Consequently, the probability of deviations between the actual room air states and the desired air states has to be accepted. Storages may overcome gaps in solar thermal power availability to a certain extent. The storage can be implemented either as a hot water storage as shown in figure 4.3, or, in case a liquid desiccant cooling system is implemented, as chemical storages for concentrated and diluted solution;

• solar‐assisted air conditioning. This operation mode is required, when the building load corresponds not well to the solar thermal power availability pattern, or in case the the room air states have to comply with the set values. In this case, a backup system (e.g., gas heater, connection to district heating network, etc.) provides heat to guarantee a continuous operation even at low solar radiation periods. The use of the backup system may be minimised through storages, either a hot water storage or chemical storages as mentioned above in liquid DEC systems.

For this technology, glazed flat‐plate collectors of good quality may in general provide the required driving temperatures in the range of 55°C to 70°C. In applications without necessity of a hot water storage (e.g., liquid DEC with internal solution storages, or with a high coincidence of

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This pre‐design software tool: + Takes into account the hourly data for climatic conditions as well as hourly load files (heating

and cooling) + Performs hourly calculations of energy demand of the main components and determines

yearly values + Considers part load behaviour of thermally driven cooling equipment + Also includes and economical analysis – Only considers pre‐defined systems – No full primary energy analysis possible, since the electricity demand of some components is

not considered

7.3.4 ODIRSOL – Solar Assisted cooling Software The ODIRSOL software has been developed in partnership between CSTB and TECSOL. It aims at being a decision tool for designers and planners. The tool is based on dynamic simulations with TRNSYS, in order to provide a technical and economical assessment of a detailed solar cooling project using single effect absorption chillers. Simulations are covering simple configurations with hot and/or cold back up and/or hot and/or cold storage. An online “help” is available for most of the steps, as well as examples of projects of several sizes. The hourly results of a yearly load simulation of the building to be cooled have to be provided by the user. All the data used in the program are presented in a data base included in the software, in the directory ODIRSOL\ Interface\ Data. The data are French data on 2005‐2007 period. Content and method

The first step consists in selecting the hydraulic configuration; 4 choices are available, with or without storage. Then the user has to feed up hourly meteo and cooling load data under the required format from a TRNSYS PREBID study, or coming from selected thermal hourly simulation software. The user also provides other geographical simple data. From those data, the software will automatically pre‐size all components of the installation. The pre‐sizing method is based on simple ratios, rules of thumb and on a database of commercially available products. In the main screen, the user has the possibility to modify each component, to fill his own feature or to choose other compo‐nents in the database.

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Online Best Practice Database and Best Practice Catalogue

The.database.is.accessible.to.the.public.at.www.solair-project.eu.

A.key.task.of.SOLAIR.was.the.com-pilation.and.presentation.of.Euro-pean.best.practice.examples.for.in-creasing.the.share.of.solar.cooling.appliances.throughout.Europe;.and.for.this.purpose.an.online.database.was.created..At.present.it.consists.of.28.case.studies,.including.office.and.residential.buildings,.public.buildings,.homes.for.old.people,.production.sites,.research.centres,.hospitals,.and.hotels.

Many.systems.in.the.SOLAIR.data-base.have.been.installed.recently.and.long-term.experience.is.thus.not.yet.available..Consequently,.the.presented.best.practice.exam-ples.are.associated.with.well.sized.and.successful.running.small.and.medium-sized.SAC.appliances,.advanced.technical.solutions,.successful.policy,.legislative.and.communication.instruments.as.well.as.ambitious.and.inspiring.case.studies..The.data.sheets.present.a.general.description.of.the.applica-tion,.technical.data.on.the.central.air-conditioning.unit,.solar.thermal.components.and.configuration.as.well.as.considerations.on.the.system.performance.and.reliability..The.comprehensive.data.set.col-lected.by.means.of.a.standardised.questionnaire.can.be.also.down-loaded.as.PDF.files.The.collected.successful.running.small.and.medium-sized.SAC.ap-pliances.and.advanced.technical.solutions.can.be.browsed.by.three.categories:.country,.type.of.tech-nology.and.size.of.the.application.System.owners.or.installers.inter-ested.in.having.their.applications.added.to.this.database.can.down-load.and.fill.in.the.data.question-naire.and.these.systems.can.be.integrated.in.the.existing.database.after.examination.by.the.project.consortium.

The.findings.are.not.only.made.available.online,.but.are.also.showcased.in.print.in.the.Best Practice Catalogue on Successful Running Solar Air-Conditioning Appliances.available.in.English,.French,.German,.Greek,.Italian,.Portuguese,.Slovenian.and.Spanish..This.publication.collects.the.fact.sheets.of.the.online.database.and.aims.at.presenting.the.applicabil-ity.of.solar.cooling.technologies.within.different.building.environ-ments,.at.different.locations.and.with.different.technical.solutions..In.the.beginning,.a.brief.review.on.solar.cooling.technologies.is.pre-sented.

The.most.noteworthy.and.sig-nificant.examples.have.been.also.published.in.the.image.brochure;.an.extract.is.presented.in.the.fol-lowing.

20

Ηλιακός ΚλιματισμόςΚατάλογος Βέλτιστης Πρακτικής

Cover of the Greek “Best Practice Catalogue”

21

Increasing the Market Implementation of Solar Air-Conditioning Systems for Small and Medium Applicationsin Residential and Commercial Buildings

SOLAIR

Solarair-conditioning

SOLAR COOLING (original):Layout 2 1/3/10 09:25 Página 1

Extract from the image brochure

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8

Residence du Lac, Maclas,France

Description of the applicationThe targeted building welcoming the solar cooling applica-tion is the Résidence du Lac, a building dedicated to re-tired people. This building is sitted in the village of Maclasin the Rhône Alpes area, close to Lyon. The village is in al-titude, nearly 450 m high.

The building was created in the seventies and is of an average quality level for the energy efficiency. Only onesmall part of the building is cooled, the leisurespace/restaurant which is compulsory since summer 2003in retired buildings. This area is of 210 m² and includes averanda oriented in the Southern direction. Efforts weremade to increase the solar protection level in the verandaby adding dark thin protection films. Till 2007, the buildingowner used electric compression chillers (3 monosplits).Two of them were out of order in 2007 and the manage-ment took the decision with the help of the SIEL (SyndicatIntercommunal d’Energie de la Loire) to go for a solar cool-ing system. The owner of the system is the SIEL itself.

General description of the systemThe system is based on an absorption chiller of 10 kW cou-pled with evacuated tube collectors. The system is in con-figuration of a quasi solar autonomous cooling systembecause only a small electric compression chiller (splite type)is used in case of failure of the solar system. The load of apart of the entire building is based on the following scenario:cooling demand from June to *mid September and heatingdemand from *mid October to end of May. The solar systemis using fan coils for the cooling and heating modes butthanks to a buffer storage, it can be valorized as well in theheating mode through the central heating network of theRésidence du Lac. The heat rejection system is done by adrycooler sitted in the Northern facade of the building.

Europe fosters European citizens’ interest in their com-munity by highlighting examples of positive involve-ment, initiative and innovation.

A “Best Practice Catalogue” exists with additional in-stallations which are noteworthy:(www.solair-project.eu)

Sucess Stories


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9

Solar thermal

Collector type: Evacuated tube

Brand of collector: Thermomax Mazdon 20

Collector area: 24 m2 absorber area

Tilt angle, orientation: Tilt 30°, 15° west

Collector fluid: Water-glycol

Typical operation temperature: 75°C

Configuration

Heat storage: 0,5 m3 water

Cold storage: Buffer water (80 liters)

Auxiliary heating support: None

Use of auxiliary heating system:

Auxiliary chiller: Yes

– Type: el. compression chiller

– Capacity: 3 kWcold

General informationType of building:Retired people residence

Location:Maclas

Auxiliary heating support:Fuel (central heating net)

In operation since:2007 (July)

System operated by:SIEL

Air conditioned area:210 m²

– Capacity: 10 kW

System performanceEnergy production expectations:– Cooling: 4,300 kWh/year (4 months)– Heating: 8,300 kWh/year (8 months)TOTAL = 12,600 kWh/year

Energy savings: – Cooling: 5 ç€/kWh (EER = 2; bad quality split)– Heating: 6 ç€/kWh (fuel burner; 85%)– Electricity consumption: 845 kWh = 42 €/yearTOTAL = 1,150 €/year (on the basis of an average increase of energy price of 5%/year)

Central air conditioning unit

Technology: Closed cycle

Nominal capacity: 10 kWcold

Type of closed system: Absorption

Brand of chiller unit: Sonnenklima

Chilled water application: Fan coils

Dehumidification: No

Heat rejection system: Dry


24

10

CNRS PROMES ResearchCenter Office in Perpignan,France

Description of the application

The targeted building welcoming the solar cooling applica-tion is the CNRS PROMES research center office. It is de-dicated to research works and offices in the technical areaTECNOSUD of Perpignan located in Languedoc Roussillonarea (South of France). The building is a large building ofmore than 5000 m² made of 3 levels and the solar coolingsystem is located on the ground floor and producing energyonly for a small proportion of the building. The generalorientation of the building is North/South (45° tilt) and thecollector field is oriented in the same direction on the roof.The building was created in 2000 and is of good qualitylevel for the energy efficiency.

General description of the system

The system is based on an adsorption chiller of 7,5 kWcoupled with 24 m² double glazed flate plate collectors. Thesystem is producing independantely energy in parallel of ageneral multi split compression chiller system.

The distribution system for the solar cooling system is anindependent chilled/hot water network using fan coils wor-king at 14/18°C temperature level.

The heat rejection system is done by a drycooler assistedby a spring water spraying device, only used in case of veryhot days.

Technical information


Nominal capacity: 7.5 kWcold

Type of closed system: Adsorption

Brand of chiller unit: SORTECH

Chilled water application: Fan coils


Heat rejection system: Dry cooling tower with adiabatic spraying


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11

Solar thermal

Collector type: Double Glazed Flat Plate collectors

Brand of collector: Schüco

Collector area: 25 m² absorber area

Tilt angle, orientation: 30°, 45° East

Collector fluid: Water

Typical operation temperature: 75°C

Configuration

Heat storage: 0,3 m3 water

Cold storage: 0,3 m3 water

Auxiliary heating support: None

Use of auxiliary heating system: No

Auxiliary chiller: Yes

– Type: el. compression chiller

General informationType of building:Office building

Location:Perpignan

Auxiliary heating support:None

In operation since:2008 (July)

System operated by:Neotec

Air conditioned area: 180 m²– Capacity: 7.5 kW

System performance

Energy production monitored (2008-2009):

– Cooling: 2 500 kWh/year (5 months on 12)

– Heating: 4 000 kWh/year (6 months on 12)

Energy savings:

– Cooling & heating : 10 ç€/kWh (ESEER = 2; average quality multisplit split)

– Electricity consumption: 580 kWh = 58 €/year

TOTAL= 540 €/year (on the basis of an average increase of energy price of 5%/year)

System reliability and overall success of the installation

The system has been working properly for more than 1.5 years on cooling and heatingmode. The avera overall electrical COP (electrical efficiency of the solar system) hasreached an average of 10 on a yearly monitoring duration. The building owner issatisfied by the solar cooling and heating system. However, nearly 10% of the annualsolar ressource cannot be valorised because the targeted building has no need ofheating nor cooling in April (example in 2009) even if the drainback system on thecollectors’ field is protecting the system from overheating risks.


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12

Fraunhofer ISE, Freiburg,Germany


The Building or Fraunhofer Institute for Solar EnergySystems (ISE) is an energy efficient building with passivecooling measures. An exception is the canteen kitchenarea, where due to high internal loads active cooling of thesupply air is appropriate. This is done by means of a smallsize thermally driven chiller.


The system technology is a closed cycle chilled water sys-tem with an adsorption chiller. Heat is provided by a solarthermal system and by the heat network of the institute.During summer, the system runs in cooling mode. The me-dium temperature heat of the chiller is rejected by threeground tubes of 80 m each. In winter, the heat pump func-tion of the machine is activated and the ground tubes actas low-temperature energy source. The system thus coolsand heats the supply air into the kitchen.

Central air conditioning unit


Nominal capacity: 5.5 x 10 kWcold

Type of closed system: Adsorption

Brand of chiller unit: SorTech ACS 05

Chilled water application: Supply air cooling

Dehumidification: Occasionally

Heat rejection system: Dry, ground tubes


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13

General informationType of building:Kitchen area of institute

Location:Freiburg, Germany

In operation since:2007

System operated by:Fraunhofer ISE

Air conditioned area: 42 m²

System performance

For one year of operation (August 2008 until July 2009) an average seasonal Coefficientof Performance of COP = 0.43 was observed. The solar thermal coverage of the totalheat input for cooling and heating was 30%. The chiller was newly evacuated beforethe monitoring period. During winter, the machine runs in heat pump mode; the resul-ting COP in this operation mode for the whole heating season was 1.25.


After a decrease in performance during the first operation months (inert gasses), thechiller was newly evacuated in August 2009. Apart from this, the operation was veryreliable. The system concept is promising: no cooling tower is required, and a fractionof the rejected heat in summer in the borehole may be available in the low-tempera-ture heat source during the heat pump operation mode in winter. Another advantageis the noiseless operation of the chiller.

Solar thermal

Collector type: Flat-plate

Brand of collector: Solvis FF 35s 3/2 FKY

Collector area: 22 m2 aperture

Tilt angle, orientation: 30°, south

Collector fluid: Water-glycol

Typical operation temperature: 75°C driving temperature for chiller operation

Configuration

Heat storage: 2 m3 water

Cold storage: None

Auxiliary heating support: Institute heat network, operated by CHP and gas boiler

Use of auxiliary heating system: Auxiliary driving source for chiller, auxiliary driving source for heat pump operation in winter.

Auxiliary chiller: No


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14

Residential building in Derio,Bizkaia, Spain


Solar cooling and heating system with absorption chillerin a residential building in Derio, Bizkaia. 200 m² of condi-tioned area are cooled and heated with a radiant floorsystem. The chiller allows heat pump operation during theheating season. During summer operation, heat rejectionis done via the large rain water storage for irrigation.


The system technology for cooling is an absorption clo-sed cycle with lithium-chloride solution. Heat is providedby a solar thermal system of heat pipe vacuum tubes pa-nels (and an auxiliary system of oil when needed for hea-ting and DHW) that is used for DHW, heating and cooling.The chilling capacity of the system is 10 kW with 50 kWhinternal energy storage capacity, with a nominal drivingheat temperature of 70-75 °C. The heat rejection systemconsists of a large storage of 30 m3 volume with naturalwater exchange through use for irrigation and refilled withrain water. No wet cooling tower exist. During summer(mainly in June, July and August) the system runs in coo-ling mode and in heat demand mode in winter (December,January, February and March). Hot water is required allyear round.


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15

General informationType of building:Residential

Location:Derio

Auxiliary heating support:Yes

In operation since:2007

System operated by:Lansolar

Air conditioned area: 200 m²– Capacity: 10 kW

System performance

The monitoring data collected has not been jet analyzed or evaluated.


Although quantitative data are missing for reliability analysis, the owner of the systemis satisfied with the performance.

Central air conditioning unitTechnology: Closed cycle

Nominal capacity: 10 kWcold

Type of closed system: Absorption

Brand of chiller unit: ClimateWell

Chilled water application: Radiant floor


Heat rejection system: Irrigation storage tank

Solar thermalCollector type: Vacuum tube (heat pipe)

Brand of collector: Wolss Sunrain

Collector area: 21.6 m2 aperture

Tilt angle, orientation: 45º south

Collector fluid: Water

Typical operation temperature: 75ºC

Configuration

Heat storage: 0.6 m3 water

Cold storage: None

Auxiliary heating support: Oil

Use of auxiliary heating system: Space heating, space cooling and hot water

Auxiliary chiller: No


30

•. A.comprehensive.set.of.Training Materials.on.the.SAC.technologies.•. 16.trainings.for.engineers,.plant.designers.and.technical.personnel.

The.lack.of.information.on.the.solar.air-conditioning.issues.has.been.recognised.as.one.of.the.main.barriers.for.the.market.penetration.of.this.technology..Thus,.capacity.building.on.the.supply.side.was.an.important.aspect.of.SOLAIR..This.means.strengthening.and.informing.manufactur-ers,.installers.and.planners.of.the.potentials.and.application.possibilities.of.solar.air-conditioning.technologies.

A.training.concept.and.a.detailed.training.programme.were.developed.by.the.consortium.to.integrate.the.comprehensive.set.of.training.materi-als.(about.380.slides)..The.slides.are.structured.in.six.thematic.sections.and.are.available.in.English,.French,.German,.Greek,.Italian,.Portuguese,.Slovenian.and.Spanish.

The.training.activities.were.especially.targeted.to.the.supply.side.such.as.plant.designers,.engineers,.technicians.and.installers..The.training.concept.foresees.one.and.a.half.days.course,.but.the.modular.set-up.of.the.materi-als.allows.shortening.and.customising.according.to.the.different.needs.

During.the.project.duration.(from.January.2007.to.December.2009).the.following.training.courses.were.carried.out:

Austria:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.50.participantsand.200.cumulated.hours

France:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.30.participantsand.405.cumulated.hours

Germany:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.32.participantsand.267.cumulated.hours

Greece:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.45.participantsand.320.cumulated.hours

Italy:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.48.participantsand.305.cumulated.hours

Portugal:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.33.participants.and.462.cumulated.hours

Slovenia:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.62.participants.and.670.cumulated.hours

Spain:.2.courses.with.a.total.of.40.participants.and.384.cumulated.hours

Key Result 2: Capacity Building

31

32

Section 1: Introduction

Section 2: Basics

Section 3: Predesign

10.slides.with.the.presentation.of.the.project,.its.objectives,.and.target.groups

Chapter A : Introduction 3

Chapter B : Basics - Principles 10

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Janu

ar

Februa

rMär

zAp

rilMai

Juni Ju

li

Augu

st

Septe

mber

Oktobe

r

Novem

ber

Dezem

ber

10

30

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

IrradiationIrradiationIrradiation

Jan Feb March April May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

W/m

²

kW

Cooling loadCooling loadCooling load

Heating loadHeating loadHeating load

on the yearAdequation between needs and ressources….

Why solar cooling

Source : TECSOL

Chapter C : Predesign - schematics 2

General configuration

heat storage cold production

sola

r col

lect

or fi

eld

air handling unit

hot w

ater

cold distr. building, loadheat cold storage

chill

ed w

ater

cond

. air

othe

r hea

t sou

rces

heat distr.

chilledceiling

fancoils

heating

Ab(d)sorption chiller

DEC

Source : Fraunhofer ISE

90.slides.presenting.the.situation.and.perspectives.of.the.technol-ogy,.the.thermal.comfort.concept,.principles.as.well.as.cooling.and.collector.technologies

71.slides.presenting.the.schemat-ics.of.sorption.chiller.systems.and.desiccant.systems,.as.well.as.system.sizing

33

Section 4: Design

Section 5: Economics & Environment

Section 6: Realised systems and success stories

83.slides.presenting.the.solar.cool-ing.state.of.the.art.in.the.world.but.especially.in.Europe,.the.technical.planning.as.well.as.operation.&.maintenance.procedures

Chapter D : Design – State of the art 3

State of the art

One hundred of systems in the world in 2006…

m²

installations …whose 77 in Europe

Last minute : 2 installations in Luxembourg and 1 in Belgium!!

kW

Sources : AIE Task 25, european projects (CLIMASOL, SACE, ROCOCO), internal

Chapter E : Economics & environment – Economical data 38

End user profitability analysis – Cash flow

∆ Investment 10.700 € Monthly cost 67 €– 20 years of instalment time and an interest rate of 5%

Monthly energy savings = 123 €– 1470€ /12 months

Monthly net savings = (123 – 67) = 56 €

Climatewell Business concept

Source: Climatewell

Chapter F : Realised systems & success stories – realised systems (part1) 21Source : Fraunhofer ISE

Laboratory (Academic hospital of Freiburg)

Examples of completed installations

57.slides.presenting.the.economi-cal.and.environmental.aspects.of.solar.cooling.systems.as.well.as.the.prospects.on.solar.cooling.tech-nologies

80.slides.presenting.some.bench-mark.realized.installations.and.best.practices.examples

34

Survey of Available Technical Solutions and Successful Running Systems

Cross-Country Analysis

35

Key Result 3: Market Structures

•. A.Survey of Available Technical Solutions •. An.Analysis on Market Potentials of Small and Medium-sized

SAC Appliances.

Survey of Available Technical SolutionsTo.follow.the.success.of.solar.thermally.driven.air-conditioning.and.to.assess.the.future.demand.in.R&D.in.this.technology.field,.a.survey.of.realised.sys-tems.is.essential.A.review.of.applications,.using.solar.thermal.heat.for.air-conditioning.and.cooling,.was.performed.in.other.projects.before.SOLAIR..These.surveys.were.focusing.on.different.system.attributes,.some.included.research.activities.as.well,.others.requested.for.very.detailed.technical.system.description..Mostly,.they.covered.all.sizes.of.solar.cooling.systems..However,.there.are.obstacles.in.the.process.of.sampling.the.sets.of.desired.system.information..In.most.cases,.the.review.organisation.is.not.involved.in.the.operation.or.monitoring.of.the.applications,.thus.a.contact.to.the.respon-sible.operator.has.to.be.provided..The.majority.of.the.realised.systems.are.em-bedded.into.a.comprehensive.heat.and.cold.supply.system,.either.commercial.or.public,.and.the.responsible.operators.are.involved.in.many.other.tasks.than.focussing.on.the.solar.assisted.cooling.system.alone..On.the.one.hand,.this.is.a.favourable.position,.since.solar.air-conditioning.has.to.prove.its.applicabil-ity.already.in.continuously.working.systems..On.the.other.hand,.this.situation.constrains.the.access.of.reliable.data,.as.the.operators.often.do.not.see.any.financial.benefit.in.publishing.their.system.operation.results..

The.target.of.the.survey.in.SOLAIR.differs.from.the.targets.in.the.previous.surveys..SOLAIR.addresses.systems.in.the.small.and.medium.capacity.range.only.and.focuses.on.successful.running.systems.in.the.partner.countries..Ad-ditionally,.building.specific.data.were.requested.in.order.to.obtain.an.overview.on.the.usage.of.the.solar.cooling.system..A.questionnaire.was.developed.for.this.survey,.requesting.for:.•. building.data.(type.of.building,.cooled.area,.cooling.period)•. system.data.(heat.supply,.cold.supply,.technologies,.experience/monitoring.

data)•. financial.data.(investment,.operation.and.maintenance)•. qualitative.assessment.(user.reactions,.quality.of.system.operation).

Many.systems.in.the.SOLAIR.database.have.been.installed.recently.and.thus,.no.long-term.experience.is.available.so.far..The.database.of.SOLAIR.contains.28.selected.small.and.medium.size.installations;.approx..50.%.of.them.went.into.operation.in.2006.or.later..The.term.‘successful.running.systems’.there-fore.indicates.promising.system.concepts.and.configurations,.but.not.neces-sarily.available.medium.or.long.term.experiences..The.SOLAIR.database.is.not.yet.appropriate.to.allow.for.the.conclusion.of.country.specific.trends.on.solar.cooling,.since.the.number.of.systems.in.the.database.is.too.small.and.the.majority.of.the.systems.are.rather.demonstra-tion.systems.than.market.ready.products..However,.it.can.be.stated.that.solar.cooling.in.commercial.offices.plays.a.role.in.all.partner.countries.

36

As.a.general.overview,.the.graphs.below.show.the.range.of.applications.by.the.installed.capacity.of.thermally.driven.cooling.equipment.versus.the.condi-tioned.building.area..The.presentation.as.specific.cooling.capacity.reveals.that.in.some.applications.high.capacities.per.unit.conditioned.area.are.installed..This.is.mainly.the.case.in.installations.with.high.air.change.rates.due.to.venti-lation.systems.(DEC,.supply.air.systems);.whereas.most.pure.chilled.water.in-stallations.show.specific.capacity.values.below.50.W.per.m².conditioned.area..

The.survey.of.Available.Technical.Solutions.is.available.in.English.from.the.project.website.

Graphs Top:.overall.capacity.range.of.the.thermally.driven.cooling.equipment.versus.the.conditioned.area.is.shown.(SOLAIR.database.of.small.and.medium.sized.systems)..Bottom:.specific.capacity,.expressed.as.thermally.driven.cool-ing.capacity.per.conditioned.area..The.grey.marked.bars.represent.systems.equipped.with.central.ventilation.systems.(either.DEC.systems.or.chilled.water.systems.with.air.handling.units)..In.general,.those.systems.show.high.specific.capacities..The.dark.red.bars.represent.systems.with.pure.chilled.water.distri-bution.(application.of.fan.coils,.chilled.ceilings,.etc.)..The.two.bars.right.hand.side.give.the.average.values,.calculated.from.cumulated.numbers.of.capacity.and.area.for.air.based.systems.(orange).and.pure.chilled.water.systems.(red).

148

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10 100 1000 10000

conditioned area [m ]

ther

mal

ly d

riven

coo

ling

capa

city

[kW

]

Specific capacity[thermally driven cooling capacity / conditioned area; W/m ]

20

0

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50

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100

125

150

175

200

148

0

10

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30

40

50

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conditioned area [m ]

ther

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ly d

riven

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capa

city

[kW

]

Specific capacity[thermally driven cooling capacity / conditioned area; W/m ]

20

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

37

Market Report for Small and Medium-SizedSolar Air-Conditioning Appliances

Analysis of Market Potential

Analysis on Market Potentialsof Small and Medium-sized SAC AppliancesIn.the.framework.of.SOLAIR,.one.of.the.main.basic.activities.planned.was.to.carry.out.a.market.review.and.analysis.of.small.and.medium-sized.SAC.appliances..For.this.purpose,.national.market.surveys.were.first.conducted.

38

by.the.partners.in.their.8.countries..A.market.analysis.report.was.produced.for.each.country.under.an.agreed.standard.form,.compiling.the.data.of.different.nature.(climatic,.technical,.economic,.social,.legal,.etc.).that.had.been.deemed.most.relevant.for.the.work..The.next.step.was.to.extract.from.these.very.rich.data.collections.the.most.relevant.indicators.that.would.allow.for.a.meaningful.inter-comparison.of.the.widely.diverse.situations.in.the.individual.countries..Finally,.these.indicators.were.used.to.produce.the.present.analysis..Although.some.data.could.not.be.obtained.for.all.countries,.the.results.should.be.nevertheless.of.interest.in.showing.how.much.the.national.situations.vary.and.what.factors.create.different.boundary.conditions.that.prove.more.or.less.favourable.to.the.deployment.of.SAC.systems.in.a.given.European.country..This.information.could.then.be.used.as.an.inspiration.source.for.designing.policies.and.regulations.that.would.allow.fostering.the.increase.of.penetration.of.SAC.where.necessary,.which.in.turn.would.help.limiting.the.consumption.of.energy.and.the.emission.of.GHG.and.reaching.the.goals.set.at.the.EU.level.This.work.is.to.be.considered.as.a.snapshot,.illustrating.the.situation.in.these.8.countries.at.a.certain.time.(most.statistics.are.dated.2005–2006),.whereas.the.markets.are.obviously.changing,.sometimes.even.fast..Indeed,.if.some.of.the.boundary.conditions.can.only.be.evolving.slowly,.others.like.the.legal/regulatory.framework,.the.energy.prices.or.the.availability.of.new.equip-ments.can.trigger.sudden.changes..Monitoring.these.changes.thus.remains.an.important.task.

On.the.basis.of.the.figures.researched,.the.SOLAIR.consortium.made.con-clusions.on.the.situation.and.possible.future.market.development.for.SAC.systems.in.the.project.partner.countries.

Conclusion for AustriaDespite.an.ever.growing.mature.solar.thermal.market,.the.focus.has.been.so.far.mainly.on.residential.systems.for.DHW.and.space.heating..However,.sub-sidy.schemes.are.already.including.special.applications,.such.as.solar.cooling..Solar.cooling.systems.with.small.capacities.are.mainly.applied.in.the.commer-cial.and.non-residential.building.sector.in.Austria.

Conclusion for FranceThe.building.market.looks.quite.dynamic,.for.both.new.construction.and.refurbishment.activities..The.solar.thermal.market.has.been.booming.in.the.last.years,.also.showing.a.good.share.of.“special”.plants.(collective.DHW.or.combi.systems).France.has.already.made.some.practical.experiences.in.solar.cooling,.especially.for.commercial.buildings.

Conclusion for GermanyWith.13%.district.heating.and.72%.central.heating.systems,.the.majority.of.buildings.provide.a.technically.good.framework.for.integration.of.solar.cool-ing.plants..A.significant.growth.of.small.capacity.chillers.may.be.expected.for.applications.in.small.office.buildings.or.residential.solar.cooling.systems.National.programmes.are.currently.supporting.pilot.and.demonstration.solar.thermal.plants.

Conclusion for GreeceThere.is.a.high.rate.of.new.buildings.in.the.residential.sector..Even.though.Greece.is.one.of.the.most.relevant.solar.thermal.markets.worldwide,.specific.incentives.are.needed.to.promote.application.beyond.thermosiphonic.DHW,.e.g..large.scale.solar.thermal.installations,.solar.combi.(several.buildings.are.suitable.for.this.solution,.but.since.they.were.built.before.1980,.they.should.first.reduce.their.heating.demand).and.solar.cooling.

39

Conclusion for ItalyItaly.is.the.largest.cooling.market.in.Europe.(about.25.%.of.the.total.cooled.floor.area.in.the.EU)..The.market.of.room.air-conditioning.(RAC).has.boomed.after.2000,.with.average.sales.of.about.1,300,000.units.per.year..It.is.estimat-ed.that.the.stock.of.RAC.below.7.kW.will.reach.14,000,000.units.by.2011..Concerning.central.air.conditioners,.trade.and.offices.are.the.most.growing.sector..In.the.trade.and.offices.sector,.about.50.%.of.the.cooling.demand.is.covered.by.chillers..Considering.an.average.of.75.kW.cooling.capacity.per.unit.and.specific.capacity.of.200.W/m2,.it.is.estimated.that.about.11,000.units.are.sold.every.year.Due.to.this.situation.and.to.the.relevant.amount.of.solar.radiation.available,.Italy.is.a.high.potential.country.for.the.development.of.solar.cooling..Also,.some.solar.thermal.companies.started.to.offer.turn-key.solutions.for.small.and.medium-sized.solar.cooling.plants.in.the.residential.and.commercial.sectors.

Conclusion for PortugalIn.Portugal.the.building.stock.is.growing.quite.slowly.and.also.the.refurbish-ment.rate.is.very.low.and.it.is.related.more.to.façade.maintenance.than.to.energy.efficiency.renovation..In.order.to.spread.solar.cooling.systems,.small.capacity.machines.are.needed,.since.the.existing.building.stock.is.composed.mainly.of.single.family.houses.

Conclusion for SloveniaIn.the.residential.sector,.the.number.of.new.buildings.is.definitely.higher.than.the.refurbishment,.while,.in.hotels.and.retail.trade.buildings,.a.huge.increase.of.refurbishment.and.construction.activities.is.currently.taking.place..Due.to.the.spread.ownership.of.dwellings.in.multi.family.houses,.there.is.an.urgent.need.for.small.capacity.cooling.machines.in.order.to.introduce.solar.cool-ing.in.the.residential.sector..The.tariffs.for.electricity.will.increase.in.a.short.time.since,.until.now,.they.were.regulated.by.the.government.and.they.have.always.been.very.low..Solar.cooling.has.been.recently.declared.as.one.of.the.key.fields.of.renewable.energy.sources.

Conclusion for SpainSpain.shows.a.quite.dynamic.market.for.new.construction.and.also.the..“social.buildings”.promoted.by.the.Government.play.a.key.role.in.the.build-ing.market.The.Government.has.ambitious.goals.for.solar.energy.and.a.large.potential.for.solar.cooling.is.expected,.due.to.the.likely.increase.in.air-cooled.area.for.residential.buildings.by.2020..Moreover,.solar.thermal.companies.are.already.offering.turn-key.solutions.for.solar.cooling..The.fact.that.electricity.tariffs.have.been.constantly.growing.in.the.last.years.could.be.considered.as.an.ad-ditional.incentive.for.solar.cooling.plants.

The.market.report.for.small.and.medium-sized.solar.air-conditioning.appli-ances.and.the.analysis.on.market.potential.can.be.downloaded.in.English.from.www.solair-project.eu.

40

•. 40.Initial Consultation Packages.•. 54.awareness.raising.events.involving.more.than.3,400.participants

Initial Consultation PackagesTo.stimulate.market.activities,.the.implementation.of.five.initial.consultation.packages.addressing.potential.investors.in.each.partner.country.were.foreseen..In.total,.40.such.pre-feasibility.studies.were.carried.out..In.general.this.service.revealed.itself.to.be.very.effective.and.well-accepted.by.the.commit-ments;.as.results.following.systems.were.realised.or.are.in.the.planning.phase:•. 5.realised.plants.(two.in.France,.

one.in.Germany.and.two.in.Austria)

•. 2.planned.systems.in.spring.2010.

•. 6.plants.could.be.realised.in.the.future

Part.of.the.data.collected.by.means.of.the.SOLAIR.questionnaire.for.the.consultation.package.carried.out.by.TECSOL.for.the.University.of.Bordeaux.(with.the.support.of.ADEME.and.University.of.Bordeaux.1).are.presented.as.an.example.The.complete.document.as.well.as.other.consultation.packages.can.be.downloaded.from.the.project.website.

Key Result 4: Awareness Raising

41

Questionnaire on Solar Cooling of Buildings 2

1 Building 1.1 Type of building to be air conditioned (office building, production hall, hospital, school,

museum, hotel,...). Please specify: office building 1.2 Age of building: to be built 1.3 Total floor area to be air conditioned: 2,700 m² 1.4 Design conditions for air conditioning system. Please insert values.

parameter unit value

indoor air temperature °C 25

humidity % rel. humidity 60

volume flow (fresh air) m3/h -

ambient air temperature °C 30

humidity % rel. humidity 70

static cooling lighting kW

load computers kW

persons kW (sensible)

solar gains through windows

kW

TOTAL load kW 250 1.5 Occupancy profile: Occupancy : Annual closing period : no

yes -> dates:........................................... Weekly occupancy : 7 days

week-end closing

others: (please specify).................................................... 1.6 Heating load under design conditions: ......200 kW at ........0 °C of ambient air

temperature (heating case). 1.7 Required hot water demand: ..........0 liters/day at a temperature of ........60 °C. 1.8 Type of building: heavy weight

medium weight

light weight


Questionnaire on SOLAR COOLING OF BUILDINGS Objective of this questionnaire is, to achieve some fundamental information that allows to decide on the principle feasibility of a solar cooling system in your building. Please give as much information as possible. In case, the required information is not available, please give less detailed representative information if possible. 0 Personal data 0.1 This questionnaire was filled by:

Name Mugnier

Function Engineer

Company TECSOL SA

Address BP 90434 – 66000 PERPIGNAN

Country FRANCE

Telephone +33468681640

Telefax +33468681641

e-mail [email protected] 0.2 Please describe your interest for filling this questionnaire:

Preparation for a feasibility study for a solar cooling system

Interview achieved with M. Jean Dubourg (Univ. Bordeaux 1), planner of the project

Date of interview : 19/12/2007

42

43


4 Areas for solar converters Please specify available areas for the installation of solar converters.

area tilt angle (° )

orientation (east-south-west-north)

available area (m2)

flat roof 0 300

tilted roof

tilted facades 30 South 40

(solar protections)

5 Areas for technical premises Please specify available areas for the installation of cold production machines area available in the actual technical premice

* area : m² (L x w)

* height of the ceiling : m

* average distance from the roof (solar converters) : m

area available for the creation of technical premises : under the roof

* area : 20 m² (4m L x 5 mw)

* average distance from the roof (solar converters) : 15 m


1.9 Further informations on the building and its energy consumption (present energy costs/-month or per year; primary energy rates, distribution of these costs on different services, i.e. heating, cooling, hot water, others):

Cooling needs : 266 500 kWh/year

Heating needs : 230 000 kWh/year

Hot water needs :

2 Meteorological data (2.1 mandatory, 2.2 – 2.3 voluntary) 2.1 Site of the installation. Name of the city: Bordeaux......................................................

Country: France.........................................................

Longitude: .......................°, Latitude: 44.83°

2.2 Ambient temperatures (°C).

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Year

Average 5.4 6.2 9.5 11.7 14.7 18 19.5 19.6 17.5 13.1 8.7 5.9

12.5

2.3 Incident solar radiation daily average on a horizontal surface (kWh/d)

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D

global 1.3 2.1 3.5 4.7 5.5 6.2 6.4 5.1 4.1 2.9 1.5 1.0

3 Air conditioning system (AC system) 3.1 Is any AC system installed in the building? If yes, please specify (central unit, window

units, air/water based system, installed chiller capacity etc.):

Building in planning phase 3.2 Please specify the desired AC system: air based system

if yes conventional ventilation

displacement ventilation water based system

if yes cooling coils (fan-coils)

chilled ceilings

others, please specify: ........................................................................ combined system (air and water). If yes, please specify details above.

44

Awareness Raising EventsThe.capacity.and.potential.of.solar.thermal.energy.has.been.greatly.underestimated.for.a.long.time..And.what.is.true.for.the.most.dominant.applications.for.hot.wa-ter.and.space.heating.is.even.truer.for.emerging.applications.such.as.solar.air-conditioning.(SAC)..Policy.has.been.slow.to.react.to.the.“sleeping.giant”.of.solar.thermal.energy.and.it.has.been.more.or.less.ignorant.of.SAC.Very.low.awareness.amongst.decision.makers.and.profession-als.is.one.of.the.key.obstacles.for.a.wider.diffusion.of.SAC..SOLAIR.therefore.was.dedicated.to.increas-ing.the.knowledge.and.informa-tion.on.SAC.by.organising.national.workshops,.round.tables.as.well.as.motivation.and.information.events,.addressing.decision.makers.and.private.investors,.and.focusing.on.housing.associations.and.SME`s.Within.the.course.of.SOLAIR,.more.than.50.events.in.various.settings.were.organised.directly.reaching.more.than.3,400.market.actors.from.the.demand,.supply.and.boundary.sides.

All.in.all,.ten.local.campaigns.took.place.in.the.framework.of.the.SOLAIR.project:.Austria,.France,.Lower.Saxony.(Germany),.Greece,.Italy,.Province.of.Lecce,.Portugal,.Slovenia,.Basque.Countries.and.Catalonia.National.SOLAIR.campaigns.were.shaped.according.to.a.common.approach,.which.can.be.summa-rized.as.follows:•. Networking:.set-up.of.regional.

actors.networks.for.co-opera-tion.and.to.realise.synergies.

•. Attention:.creating.interest.among.stakeholders.

•. Information:.providing.specific.information.and.training.for.multipliers,.demand,.and.sup-ply.side.

•. Service:.offering.specific.sup-port.

45

National.partners.basically.adopted.the.above.mentioned.approach,.customizing.the.local.campaigns.according.to.country-specific.con-ditions,.such.as.the.local.cooling.and.solar.thermal.markets,.eco-nomic.conditions,.cultural.habits.affecting.the.addressed.categories..Partnerships.played.a.crucial.role.in.local.SOLAIR.campaigns..Almost.every.country.established.one.or.more.partnerships.with.strategic.institutions,.companies,.associa-tions.or.events..The.most.frequent.partners.were.private.and.public.research.centres.(e.g..universities)..The.solar.thermal.industry.has.been.also.very.active.in.supporting.the.SOLAIR.campaign..In.one.case.a.national.HVAC.association.sup-ported.the.project..Further.strate-gic.partners.were.energy.agencies.and.environmental.agencies,.as.well.as.planners/consultants..Local.authorities,.exhibitions.and.techni-cian.chambers.were.also.addressed.quite.often.

In.Austria,.France.and.Basque.Countries.dedicated.subsidy pro-grammes for solar cooling.have.been.introduced.in.the.last.years..SOLAIR.played.an.important.role.in.starting.these.schemes..What.is.more,.interesting.results.have.been.achieved.in.Italy:.lobby.activities.of.Politecnico.di.Milano.towards.a.regional.authority.will.most.prob-ably.lead.to.the.publication.of.a.subsidy.programme.for.solar.ther-mal.systems,.where.solar.cooling.is.explicitly.mentioned.and.specific.subsidies.for.the.cooling.machines.are.available.

The.SOLAIR.consortium.drew.the.following.conclusions.on.the.im-plemented.campaign.activities.

In.Austria.the.SOLAIR.campaign.was.one.among.lots.of.solar.cool-ing.initiatives.(national.campaigns,.European.projects)..For.this.reason.integration.and.cooperation.of.

SOLAIR.events.with.other.events.was.implemented.and.was.quite.successful.

In.France.the.success.of.the.cam-paign.can.be.measured.considering.that.2.consultation.packages.were.successful.and.led.to.installations.(Bordeaux.and.Sainte-Maxime);.moreover,.the.involvement.of.the.main.strategic.actors.of.the.solar.heating.and.cooling.field.allowed.to.elaborate.a.development.pro-gramme.for.the.solar.cooling/heating.branch.for.the.period.2009/2012,.called.Emergence.and.aimed.at.building.a.high.quality.solar.heating.and.cooling.demo.projects.incentive.scheme..

German.partners.suggest.that.future.campaigns.should.be.ex-tended.to.other.federal.states.in.order.to.boost.the.market.for.SAC.systems..What.is.more,.involving.local.organisations.or.umbrella.associations.would.allow.a.better.dissemination.and.involvement.of.regional.market.actors.

The.Greek.partner.thinks.that.a.replication.of.this.project.would.be.of.great.assistance.and.impact.mainly.in.Southern.Europe,.as.these.markets.have.a.strong.poten-tial.due.to.the.high.solar.irradiance.and.have.not.been.fully.exploited.yet..If.this.project.was.repeated,.the.number.of.training.courses.and.motivation.events.should.definitely.remain.unchanged.

The.Italian.experience.shows.that.investors’.direct.participation.rate.was.not.as.high..This.is.explained.by.the.fact.that.energy.supply.is.quite.a.difficult.and.technical.issue..For.this.reason.lots.of.investors.do.not.go.deeply.into.it.and.rather.leave.it.up.to.planners.(or,.in.some.cases,.installers).to.advise.them.about.the.best.available.options..For.this.reason.planners.represent,.in.this.case,.the.demand.side.

The.Portuguese.partner.wishes.that.future.campaigns.should.be.constructed.with.the.support.of.National.Authorities.that.have.the.capacity.to.implement.incentive.policies.

For.the.Slovenian.partner.it.is.important.that.the.awareness.and.information.campaign.remains.ac-tive.also.after.project.end:.experi-ence.with.past.projects.shows.that.time.is.needed.(1–3.years).for.more.visible.results.

The.Spanish.partners.stress.the.importance.of.optimising.the.cam-paign.according.to.specific.skills.of.the.promoters,.taking.as.much.advantage.as.possible.from.them.

The.local.context,.specific.cam-paign’s.objectives.and.the.chosen.process.for.each.campaign.as.well.as.information.about.available.fi-nancial.resources,.partnerships.and.campaign.results.are.provided.in.the.country.reports.on.the.website.

Reports.on.the.organised.events.can.be.found.at.www.solair-project.eu.

46

•. A.European Thematic Workshop.•. An.Image Brochure on small and medium-sized

SAC systems.•. Project.presentation.at.5.European.conferences•. Project.website.

The.European Thematic Workshop.formed.part.of.the.strategy.for.disseminating.the.results.of.SOLAIR.at.European.level,.contrib-uting.to.the.elimination.of.non-technological.barriers.and.promo-tion.of.cooling.systems.powered.by.solar.thermal.energy..The.European.level.workshop.“Solar-air-conditioning.systems.for.small.and.medium.applications.in.residential.and.commercial.buildings”.took.place.in.Brussels.on.10th.February.2009.in.the.framework.of.the.third.Sustainable.Energy.Week.–.EUSEW.2009,.organised.by.the.Directorate.General.of.Transport.and.Energy.of.the.European.Commission..The.workshop.intended.first.to.be.a.forum.for.encouraging.an.exchange.of.views.and.discussion.on.issues.related.to.solar.thermal.energy.for.cold.production..Secondly,.it.aimed.at.disseminating.the.knowledge.generated.within.the.SOLAIR.project.in.particular.and.the.industry.in.general.amongst.a.public.that.does.not.specialise.in.this.type.of.technology.but.has.a.very.important.role.in.the.future.development.of.the.market.(such.as.regulatory.and.political.decision-makers.at.European,.national.and.regional.levels,.poten-tial.investors.and.promoters.and.representatives.of.the.industries.associated.with.development.of.this.technology).

Key Result 5: European Exchange and Promotion

Meeting.in.Perpignan

Meeting.in.Lisbon

47

A.high quality image brochure.was.produced.especially.for.policy,.in-dustry,.multipliers,.financing.institutes.and.industrial.associations.aiming.at.sparking.the.non-technical.decision.makers’.interest.in.SAC..It.presents.in-formation.on.the.technology,.some.success.stories,.market.developments.and.economical.considerations..Finally,.interviews.to.different.market.actors.and.recommendations.for.SAC.acceptance.are.presented.

The.image.brochure.is.available.in.English.and.can.be.downloaded.from.the.project.website.

Meeting.in.Hannover

Workshop.in.Brussels

48

In between, especially in southern European countries(e.g., Spain) an increase in small size solar cooling systemsfor residential application is observed. However, the totalnumber of systems currently in operation in Europe is notvery well known, but may be estimated to 200 – 300 ins-tallations.

4

It is true that SAC installations have proven their effective-ness in recent years but small and medium size plants arenot still widespread into the market.

The latest survey on solar cooling systems, executed in2007 within the Task 38 ‘Solar air-conditioning and refri-geration’ in the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme ofthe International Energy Agency (IEA), comprises 81plants. The installed chilling capacity amounts to 9 MW,with approx. 24,000 m² of installed solar collectors. 81%of the plants in this survey are producing chilled water forbuilding air-conditioning; in the remaining 19% solar heatis used for direct conditioning of fresh air in plants withsorptive supply air dehumidification. The share of applica-tions is shown in figure 2. In more than 50% of the insta-llations, flat-plate solar collectors are used.

SAC TechnologyToday and Tomorrow

Figure 2Application sectors ofsolar cooling. Source:Survey carried out byEURAC within IEA-SHC Task 38.

European Solar Thermal TechnologyPlatform (ESTTP) describes the researchefforts and infrastructure needed toreach the goal of supplying 50% of theenergy needed for heating and coolingwith solar thermal energy.Among the top priorities are compact heatstorages, solar thermal for industrialprocesses, and solar cooling.

The classification into ‘small’ and ‘medium’installations aligns with available chillerproducts; small applications are in this sense,systems with a nominal chilling capacitybelow 20 kW, and medium size systems mayrange up to approx. 100 kW.


Extract from the image brochure

49

5

Systems in the small capacity range are usuallyconsisting of thermally driven chilled water systems,whereas medium sized systems may be open cycledesiccant evaporative cooling (DEC) systems (directconditioning of fresh air regarding humidity andtemperature) as well.

Chilling methods

In all SAC solar heat is used to drive a cooling process. Generally, SAC can be distin-guished into:

Closed cycle systems

Closed cycle systems are equipped withthermally driven chillers, which providechilled water that is either used in air han-dling units to supply cooled and dehumid-ified air or that is distributed via a chillednetwork to decentralized room installa-tions such as fan coils or chilled ceilings.Available thermally driven chillers on themarket are absorption chillers, which aremost common, and adsorption chillers, of-fered currently by few manufacturers only.The role of a solar collector system is toprovide driving heat at appropriate tem-perature to the chiller. An additional com-ponent, necessary in all chilled watersystems, is a heat rejection system.

Open cycle systems

Open cycle systems allow complete air-conditioning by supplying cooled and de-humidified air. The “refrigerant” is alwayswater, which is brought into direct contactwith the atmosphere. Chilled water is notproduced. The most common open sys-tems are desiccant cooling systems(DEC) with a rotating dehumidificationwheel and a solid sorbent. New develop-ments use liquid sorption. The role of thesolar collector is to provide regenerationheat to the dehumidification unit.

Figure 3General types ofthermally driven coolingand air-conditioningtechnologies. In thefigure above, chilledwater is produced in aclosed loop for differentdecentral applicationsor for supply air cooling.In the figure below,supply air is directlycooled anddehumidified in an opencycle process. Source: Fraunhofer ISE.


50

The.project.was.also.presented.at.five international conferences.A.short.overview.is.given.in.the.following,.more.detailed.information.can.be.found.in.the.reports.available.on.the.project.website:•. 9. International Symposium Gleisdorf Solar,.Gleisdorf.(September.

2008),.by.Fraunhofer.Institute.for.Solar.Energy.Systems•. EuroSun 2008.–.1st.international.conference.on.solar.heating,.cooling.

and.buildings,.Lisbon.(October.2008),.by.INETI•. RES BOAT,.Danube.River.(March.2009),.by.CRES.•. Climamed 09,.Lisbon.(April.2009),.by.INETI•. ESTEC 09,.Munich.(May.2009),.by.CRES

All.in.all.SOLAIR.could.reach.more.than.1,500.experts.and.interested.market.actors.

51

Main lessons learnt

The.different.participating.partner.organisations.within.SOLAIR.are.positive.about.the.development.potential.of.SAC.technologies..Though.local.condi-tions.and.requirements.differ,.similar.problems.as.well.as.positive.considera-tions.were.experienced.

1. Barriers have to be overcome – reducing costs, increasing subsidies, visibility and experiencesSmall.and.medium-sized.systems.are.not.still.widespread.into.the.market.(even.if,.despite.the.relatively.small.number.of.SAC.systems.already.installed,.a.trend.toward.the.increase.of.the.SAC.market.has.been.registered)..In.this.regard.some.barriers.for.the.development.and.diffusion.of.the.technology.have.been.identified,.such.as:•. systems’.costs,.which.are.extremely.high.compared.to.standard.cooling.

appliances•. lack.of.adequate.financial.and.technical.support.•. few.experiences.and.realised.applications.•. insufficient.monitoring.of.data.and.follow.up.activities.

To.overcome.these.obstacles.the.SOLAIR.consortium.has.recognised.that.fostering.strategies.should.be.developed.considering:•. simplified.simulation.tools.to.help.investors.in.the.decision.process•. demonstration.plants.and.documented.success.stories•. monitoring.of.realised.systems•. tailored.subsidy.and.support.schemes.for.SAC.appliances.(guarantee..

of.solar.results.and./.or.production.based.incentive.schemes)

2. Information and knowledge gaps have to be reducedA.strong.interest.in.the.SAC.technology.among.technicians,.investors.and.market.actors.in.general.was.recognised.during.the.several.project.activities..However,.at.the.same.time.their.lack.of.knowledge.has.been.registered.as.well..This.underlines.the.importance.of.developing.tailored.training.activities.and.disseminating.information.materials.for.these.target.groups..In.particular,.the.involvement.of.technicians.of.local.authorities.seems.to.be.a.decisive.is-sue.for.the.further.increasing.of.the.SAC.market;.in.fact,.local.authorities.are.considered.key.investors.for.their.exemplary.role.within.communities.Moreover,.a.continuous.exchange.with.stakeholders.through.the.organisation.of.different.motivation.events.and.technical.visits.has.been.recognised.as.fruit-ful.and.efficient.

3. Systems’ reliability has to be improvedReliable.and.efficient.solar.cooling.systems.have.a.significant.potential.for.load.relieving.of.public.electricity.grids.and.for.decreasing.the.demand.on.primary.energy.for.building.services,.compared.to.conventional.techniques..However,.the.experiences.in.the.past.have.not.always.contributed.positively.to.the.image.of.SAC.installations..SOLAIR.partners.recognised.that.for.the.mar-ket.success.of.such.systems.an.improved.reliability.is.necessary,.to.be.achieved.mainly.through.standardisation.and.quality.procedures.and.the.development.of.plug-and-play.kits.Quality.procedures.should.define.the.steps.towards.a.uniform.and.consistent.planning,.providing.information,.recommendations.and.minimum.require-ments.for.each.of.its.steps..This.in.turn.will.contribute.to.an.increased.aware-ness.and.acceptance.of.this.technology.with.positive.impacts.on.the.systems’.costs.and.the.number.of.installed.applications.

52

SOLAIR Consortium

Project Co-ordinator

target GmbHWalderseestraße.730163.HannoverGermanyContact:.Erika.Villa,[email protected]

Project Partners

AustriaAEE – Institute for Sustainable TechnologiesFeldgasse.195200.GleisdorfContact:.Alexander.Thür,[email protected]

BelgiumREHVA – Federation of European Heating and Air-Conditioning AssociationsRue.Washington.401050.BruxellesContact.person:.Thierry.van.Steenberghe

FranceTECSOL SA105.Avenue.Alfred.Kastler,.Tecnosud66004.Perpignan.CEDEXContact:.Daniel.Mugnier,[email protected]

GermanyFraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISEHeidenhofstraße.279110.FreiburgContact:.Edo.Wiemken,[email protected]

GreeceCRES – Centre for Renewable Energy Sources19.klm.Marathonos.av.19009.Pikermi,.AthensContact:.Vassiliki.Drosou,[email protected].

53

ItalyAmbiente ItaliaVia.Carlo.Poerio.3920129.MilanContact:.Chiara.Wolter,[email protected]

Politecnico di MilanoVia.Lambruschini.420156.MilanContact:.Mario.Motta,[email protected]

Provincia di LecceVia.Umberto.I.1373100.LecceContact:.Dario.Corsini,[email protected]

PortugalIstituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e InovaçãoCampus.do.Lumiar,.Edifício.HEstrada.do.Paço.do.Lumiar.221649-038.LisbonContact:.Maria.João.Carvalho,[email protected]

SloveniaUniverza v LjubljaniAskerceva.61000.LjubljanaContact:.Sašo.Medved,[email protected]

SpainAIGUASOL ENGINYERIAC/Roger.de.Lllúria,.29.3r.2a8009.BarcelonaContact:.Laura.Sisó,[email protected]

EVE – Ente Vasco de la EnergíaAlameda.de.Urquijo.36,.1°48011.BilbaoContact:.José.Ramón.López,[email protected]

54

Imprint

Conception and Contentstarget.GmbHSOLAIR.consortium

EditorErika.Villa,.target.GmbHMarion.Elle,.target.GmbH

ProofreadingHermann.Sievers,.target.GmbH

Photographs / SourcesSOLAIR.consortium

Designset-up.design.print.media

Print Run50

©.SOLAIR,.December.2009

Supported.by

The.sole.responsibility.for.the.content.of.this.publication.lies.with.the.authors..It.does.not.necessarily.reflect.the.opinion.of.the.European.Communities..The.European.Commission.is.not.responsible.for.any.use.that.may.be.made.of.the.information.contained.therein.

Documents

Key Results - European Commission · Key Results Overview Key Result 1: Guidelines on Solar Cooling and Best Practice •. Guidelines.on. ... Alexander Thür, AEE Institute for Sustainable