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Modern
Research
Studies
pp. 35–49.
Editor-in-Chief
Gyanabati Khuraijam
An International
Journal of
Humanities and Social
Sciences
www.modernresearch.in
Volume 1, Issue 1
June 2014
ISSN: 2349-2147
Email: [email protected]
[email protected] Managing Editor: Yumnam Oken Singh
Title: Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in
English from North-East India: A Brief
Survey
Author/s: Kh. Kunjo Singh
ISSN: 2349-2147
Modern Research Studies:
An International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
35
Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from
North-East India: A Brief Survey
Prof. KH. KUNJO SINGH
Head, Department of English
Manipur University, India
Abstract: The term ‘ecopolitics’ refers to the various aspects of
ecology, biodiversity, ecomysticism, ecofeminism and ecosophy.
‘Ecopolitics’ also known as ‘Green Politics’ will be used as the basic
tool for analyzing the writings of the chosen authors from different
states of Northeast India. Prose writing in English from Northeast India
is a powerful one dealing with the themes of nationhood, identity,
insurgency, ethnic violence, corruption in the bureaucracy, home,
migration, exile, memory, etc. A regional ecological concern is inherent
in most of the writing. The ecological and acoustical world is explored
in the plays written in Manipuri and Assamese and translated into
English. These plays deal with ecology, myths and legends, tradition,
mysticism, etc. There is the enactment of the very idea of ecomysticism
– the idea of living together peacefully and maintaining a balance in the
entire ecosystem.
Contemporary poetry in English from India’s Northeast has
multifaceted voices. It presents a vista of images of the mountains, hills,
rivers, myths and legends, tradition and culture, and multi-ethnic people
of the region. Identity crisis, a sense of alienation and migrancy are
some of the dominant features of contemporary politics in the
Northeast. The poets of this region strongly advocate preservation of
the ecology of their region to preserve their land, native tradition and
culture, and above all, their identity amidst cultural and political
hegemony.
Keywords: Ecopolitics, ecosophy, green politics, ecofeminism,
affinity, polemics, degeneration, indigenous, prophetic.
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
36
The term ‘ecopolitics’ refers to the various aspects of ecology,
biodiversity, ecomysticism, ecofeminism and ecosophy. Ecopolitics
covers subjects like checking destruction and degeneration of ecology,
mystifying its existence and providing its role in upholding the peace
and prosperity of humanity. The present ecological crisis is leading to
political, economic and social crisis for human civilization. Discussion
on ‘Ecopolitics’ also known as ‘Green Politics’ will be used as the basic
tool for analyzing the writings of the chosen authors from different
states of Northeast India.
Of the many genres, prose writing in English from Northeast
India is a powerful one. The dominant themes in both fiction and non-
fiction are: nationhood, identity, insurgency, ethnic violence, corruption
in the bureaucracy, home, migration, exile, memory etc. A regional
ecological concern is inherent in most of the writing.
To name some of the representative prose writers of the region,
we may mention Mamang Dai, Yeshe Dorji Thongchi (Arunachal
Pradesh); Birendra Kumar Bhattacharyya, Hem Barua, Indira Goswami,
Arup Kumar Dutta, Mitra Phukan, Dhruba Hazarika, Arupa Patangia
Kalita, Sanjoy Hazarika, Sanjib Baruah (Assam); Arambam Ongbi
Memchoubi, Thingnam Kishan Singh, Tayenjam Bijoykumar Singh,
Pradip Phanjoubam, Yumlembam Ibomcha (Manipur); Patricia
Mukhim, Siddartha Deb, Anjum Hasan (Meghalaya); Margaret
Chalthantluangi Zama, Margaret Lalmuanpuii Pachuau, Mona Zote
(Mizoram); Temsula Ao, Easterine Iralu, Charles Chasie, Anungla Aier
(Nagaland); etc. Eco-consciousness is a significant feature in the
writings of these writers.
Arunachal Pradesh writer Mamang Dai’s novel, The Legends of
Pensam deals with the ecology of Arunachal Pradesh by merging
history, myth, tradition, memory and fiction together. The story
revolves around the myths, legends, tradition and culture of the ‘Adis’,
one of the major tribes, and re-invents that part of history which is yet
unexposed. A world with ecofeministic ideals is vividly seen through
the clash between tradition and modernity in the novel.
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
37
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharyya, a Jnanpith Awardee and a
prominent writer from Assam, in his novel Love in the Time of
Insurgency, tells ‘a story that had never been told.’ Set in Nagaland
during the World War II, the novel talks about war, love and life in a
large dimension. The landscape and the ecology of Nagaland as well as
the Northeast India and the environmental degradation due to the war
are much talked about in the novel.
The novel A Bowstring Winter by Dhruba Hazarika portrays life
in Shillong, Meghalaya’s capital city in the 1970s. Shillong with all its
ecological features has been projected as the main character of the
novel, which is divided into three parts named after three months of the
year – “U Naiwieng” (November), “U Nohprah” (December), and “U
Kyllalyngkot” (January). The affinity of the tribal people with nature
and sharing a deep ecological relationship with it is celebrated in many
occasions. In many places in the novel ecomystical sentiments are
heard.
Another Jnanpith Awardee Indira Goswami, popularly known as
Momoni Raisom Goswami, from Assam expresses a strong ecological
concern in her novels like Pages Stained with Blood or The Man from
Chinnamasta or The Shadow of Kamakhya. The major themes of
Goswami’s writings are insurgency in the region, the complexities of
modern life and an all pervading love. The plight of women and their
trauma in a patriarchal society are touchingly portrayed in most of her
writing. The biodiversity of the region, with a rich flora and fauna has
been a recurrent presentation in her writings. The peaceful coexistence
of man and animal in Northeast India is the dominant feature of her
writings. There is ecomystical ideal in her writings.
Mitra Phukan, another celebrated Assamese novelist writing in
English narrates a touching story of a young lady called Rukmini in her
novel A Collector’s Wife. With the probing into the inner life of the
protagonist, the story also deals with the atmosphere of terror, violence
and insurgency prevailing in Assam during the last three decades. The
agitation of the 1970s and 1980s and the growth of full blown
insurgency are vividly presented. Moreover, she speaks of the threat
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
38
and the sense of insecurity among the indigenous people posed by the
illegal migration from Bangladesh and ecological issues are also dealt
with in this work.
Siddartha Deb from Meghalaya in his debut novel The Point of
Return develops the story of father-son relationship. Adjudged a New
York Times Notable Book of the year in 2002, the novel is set in an
unnamed town, presumably Shillong, the capital city of Meghalaya.
This partly autobiographical novel also delves deep into the world of
corruption in the bureaucracy, communal violence and ethnic clashes
rampant in Meghalaya. One may also have an idea of ecology from a
few passages in the novel. His novel Surface is also set in one of the
regions in Northeast India. This unnamed remote part of India is
referred to as ‘the region’ which might be Manipur, one of the states in
India’s northeast. There are a number of references presenting the
unique ecology of the land as well as the peaceful co-existence of the
local tribes with nature.
A Meghalayan poet, novelist and chronicler Anjum Hasan has
published two novels Lunatic in My Head (2007) and Neti, Neti (2009),
a collection of poems entitled Street on the Hill (2006) and a number of
short fictions, reviews and essays in many books and journals. Her
debut novel Lunatic in My Head was shortlisted for the Crossword
Book Award 2007 and her second novel Neti, Neti was on the long list
for the 2008 Man Asian Prize and was shortlisted for the Hindu Best
Fiction Award in 2010 and the 2011 DSC Prize for South Asian
Literature. In Lunatic in My Head, she talks about roots, identity, clash
of culture, home, etc. There are voices in the novel raised on the issue
of identity born out of the outsider – insider conflict. The outsider also
has an identity crisis, a fear of losing its originality. The outsider –
insider conflict has been predominantly a burning issue of politics in the
Northeast India since 1947. Politics of displacement, migration, and
ever raising voices for new homelands have been ravaging the entire
region. An atmosphere of doubt and distrust is created by the polemics
of power between the ‘insider’ and the ‘outsider’. The divide between
them may also be seen as the postcolonial distance between the ‘self’
and the ‘other’.
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
39
Biakliana, the writer of the first ever Mizo novel Hawilopari
also wrote the first ever Mizo short story, ‘Lali’ (Zama 2004: 9). This
story of a girl called Lali portrays the hopes and aspirations, pain and
pleasure, the agony and conflicts of human life. Along with the
presentation of some of the traditions of the Mizo society, it also
delineates the predicament of women in a male-dominated society.
‘Thunderbird’ by Vanneihtluanga of Mizoram is a short story
celebrating the invincible human spirit that has been inspiring human
beings, all through the ages to stand against all odds of life. The story
can also be studied with a Deep Ecological perspective as it seems to
portray the age-old bond between the human world and the world of
nature and the peaceful co-existence of the two worlds. There are also
references to traditional Mizo rites and rituals as well as Mizo myths
and legends.
Kaphleia’s Mizo short story ‘Chhingpuii’ presents a good
number of Mizo traditional songs. The story also has references to the
wonderful landscape of Mizoram. These Hills Called Home by Temsula
Ao, a collection of short stories, is the saga of ordinary people in an
atmosphere of violence and bloodshed. Naga people’s struggle for an
independent Nagaland and their continuing search for identity provide
the background to these stories. The predicament of children,
housewives, older people, or even the militant in a violent atmosphere
of insurgency are some of the important themes of these stories.
Easterine Eralu, a Naga writer from Nagaland wrote the first
novel in English from Nagaland entitled A Naga Village Remembered.
The novel gives an account of the great battle of Khonoma (1879 –
1880) and of the advent of the Christian Missionaries to Nagaland. The
novel abounds in references to tribal faiths, festivals, myths and
legends, hills, rivers and forests of Nagaland, the entire ecology of the
region. The novel reflects the writer’s concern for the degeneration of
ecology. In fact, the novel reflects the degradation of pristine ecology
(N. Das 2011, 288). A Terrible Matriarchy, another novel by Easterine
Eralu, talks about gender inequality. She raises this issue from a new
perspective, showing how women exploit women in a setup of
matriarchal hegemony.
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
40
Apart from all those writers mentioned above, there have been
quite a good number of non-fictional writers discussing some of the
core issues of the Northeastern region of India. Sanjoy Hazarika, the
international journalist, in his book Strangers of the Mist delves deeper
into the history of insurgency in Northeast India.
In his book The Brahmaputra, Arup Kumar Dutta makes a
historical and anatomical survey of the Brahmaputra, discusses the
myths and legends associated with the river. Going back to the pages of
remote history, he finds out scriptural references to this river. The book
also talks about the ethics and values of the indigenous people
regarding Brahmaputra. The traditional ecomystical ideals of the people
of this region are reflected in these discussions.
Sanjib Baruah’s book Durable Disorder: Understanding the
Politics of Northeast India addresses the issues of search for identity,
ethnicity, aspirations for new homelands, and crisis of displacement.
The book also talks about the geopolitics of the region as well as the
tradition and culture of the tribal communities of the region. Thus the
political life of the region and the cultural aspects along with ecological
greatness constituting the ecopolitics are vividly discussed in both the
fictional and non-fictional prose writings in English of the Northeast.
The ecological and acoustical world is explored in the plays
written in Manipuri and Assamese and translated into English.
Exhibiting local colours, local sense and sentiment, these plays deal
with some of the core issues of the region: ecology, myths and legends,
tradition, mysticism, etc. and have a universal appeal.
A major Manipuri playwright G.C. Tongbra tries to expose the
anomalous conditions in the society and envisions a better life through
his plays and ecofeministic ideas can be marked in his plays. To him
sustaining of life is the fundamental question of human beings and so he
challenges the issues of morality, law or justice as impediments to the
life of the exploited class of the society.
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
41
Another Manipuri playwright Ratan Thiyam seems to be very
much concerned about the erosion of human values resulting in the
degradation of ecology. His plays have a prophetic voice and spiritual
yearnings amidst the chaotic socio-political atmosphere of the present
world. Ratan is not only a sensible theatre personality and an artist of
high caliber, but also an activist very much aware of and sensitive to
various contemporary issues. Ecological concerns are strongly voiced in
his plays. He also rediscovers the folklores, myths and legends of
Manipur and bestows upon them contemporary meaning.
Bus Stop is a play written by another important playwright from
Manipur Athokpam Tomchou Singh. The play depicts the ecological
crisis posed by the changing values in the name of modernization. As
the play reiterates the need to develop a new environmental ethics, that
can restore peace and harmony, a sense of ecomysticism can be heard in
the play. A notable Manipuri playwright of the post-war era, Arambam
Somorendra Singh wrote Leipaklei (A Tender Earth Flower, 1988). He
attacks the hollow pretensions of the middle class and envisages a better
society where human beings can live an unburdened life. The play has
presented myriad views of ecology.
Another forceful playwright of Manipur, Wairokpam Kamini
Singh (1948 –) wrote Hing-ning-liba Thawai (A Soul, Still Wishing to
Stay Alive). The play presents the playwright’s serious concern for the
loss of human values in the modern society. Suggestions for ending the
overall degeneration in modern living and for a revival of the good old
days of the past by going back to nature as a solace are hinted in the
play. Human beings can peacefully survive on this earth only by
identifying themselves with nature. And this fact is exposed in the play.
And so echoes of ecomysticism are recurrently heard in this play.
An eminent Assamese poet and playwright Ganesh Gogoi
(1907-1937) wrote Saikunir Protisodh (Revenge of Sakuni). A
remarkable play in the history of Assamese drama, the play centres
round the character of Sakuni, the maternal uncle of the ‘Kauravas’ in
the great Indian epic the Mahabharata. The play can be studied from
ecofeminist ideologies. It is also interesting to note that recent concept
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
42
of ecofeminism dates back even to the age of the epics. The
ecofeminists opine that the notion of womanhood is a social construct
and women have been without a ‘space’ in all ages of human history.
Ecofeminism believes that nature as a woman/mother has been
exploited and treated as a passive object by the patriarchal society. The
play Revenge of Sakuni opens up many such issues, strengthening the
claim of the ecofeminists.
Another outstanding Assamese playwright is Arun Sarma (1931
–). He wrote The Wolf Man that expresses the agony of the rootless
people, and Robes of Destiny (2009), The Fortress of Fire) and Aditir
Atmakatha (Aditi’s Autography). Ecocritical principles may be adopted
in studying these plays. Thus, ecology, ecofeminism and ecomysticism
are in a matrix in the plays from the Northeast. There is the enactment
of the very idea of ecomysticism – the idea of living together peacefully
and maintaining a balance in the entire ecosystem.
Contemporary poetry in English from India’s Northeast has
multifaceted voices. It is an expression of an individual poetic self as
well as the saga of the people of the region in general. It presents a vista
of images of the mountains, hills, rivers, myths and legends, tradition
and culture, and multi-ethnic people of the region. Identity crisis, a
sense of alienation and migrancy are some of the dominant features of
contemporary politics in the Northeast. There has been a conscious use
of ecology as a means for an assertion of identity in the works of the
poets of this region.
Some of the representative poets of this region whose works
have been enriching the multi-ethnic Indian poetry in English from
Northeast either in original writing or through translations are listed
below. Mamang Dai, Yumlam Tana (Arunachal Pradesh); Navakanta
Baruah, Nilamani Phookan, Hiren Bhattacharya, Harekrishna Deka,
Bhupati Das. Lakshahira Das, Dayananda Pathak, Umakanta Sarma,
Rupanjali Baruah (Assam); Robin S Ngangom, R.K. Madhurbir, R.K.
Bhubonsana, Kunjarani Longjam Chanu, Yumlembam Ibomcha,
Thangjam Ibopishak, Raghu Leishangthem, Arambam Ongbi
Memchoubi, Saratchand Thiyam, Ilabanta Yumnam, Gambhini Devi
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
43
(Manipur); Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih, Desmond L. Kharmawphlang,
Tarun Bhartiya, Pijush Dhar, Ananya S Guha, Anjum Hasan, Paul
Lyngdoh, Donboklang Ryntathiang, Almond D Syiem, Esther Syiem,
Bevan L. Swer, Indari Siyem Warjri (Meghalaya); Mona Zote, Cherrie
L. Chhangte, Lalrinmawii Khiangte, L. Biakliana, H. Ramdinthari
(Mizoram); Temsula Ao, Monalisa Changkija, Easterine Eralu, Nini
Lungalang (Nagaland); Rajendra Bhandari, Guru T. Ladakhi (Sikkim);
Bhaskar Roy Barman, Niranjan Chakma, Jagamaya Chakma, Bijoy
Kumar Debbarma, Narendra Debbarma, Nandakumar Debbarma,
Kalyanbrata Chakraborti, Krittibas Chakraborty, Swapan Sengupta,
Sudhanya Tripura, Sefali Debbarma, Chandra Kanta Murasingh, Pijush
Routh and Gambhini Sorokkhaibam (Tripura).
In the poetry of these poets there is a continuous urge of going
back to the native tradition in search of roots. These writers strongly
advocate preservation of their own culture and tradition, which they
seem to believe as a powerful way of asserting their own identity amidst
cultural and political hegemony. In doing so, they also emphasize on
preservation of the ecology of their region, which is synonymous with
their self-identity in their perception. Contemporary poetry from the
Northeast seems to play a pivotal role in the search for identity, root,
traditional values, culture, etc. which are lost in the humdrum of
modernization and urbanization. The poets of this region strongly
advocate preservation of the ecology of their region to preserve their
land, native tradition and culture, and above all, their identity amidst
cultural and political hegemony.
Kh. Kunjo Singh – Contemporary Ecopolitical Writings in English from North-East India: A Brief Survey
Modern Research Studies: ISSN 2349-2147
http://www.modernresearch.in Vol.I. Issue 1 / June 2014
44
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