INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

FOR SUSTAINABLE COCOA PRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Cocoa is affected by range of pests and diseases with estimates putting losses as high as 30% - 40% of global production.

In 2000, the cocoa pod borer in Indonesia had infested 60,000 hectares inflicting losses of US $40 million per year.

Pod rot or black pod (P.palmivora) causes global yield loss of 20% - 30% and tree deaths of 10% annually.

Therefore, an Integrated Pest and Disease Management approach is a must to combat these factors that limits cocoa production.

PRINCIPLES OF IPM 1. Grow a healthy crop 2. Conserve the natural enemies 3. Regular monitoring 4. Farmers as experts/managers (decision making)

What do farmers want and need? People remember : 20% of what they HEAR 40% of what they SEE 80% of what they DISCOVER FOR THEMSELVES

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF COCOA BEAN ON FARMERS’ LEVEL

1- Genetics

2- Environment

3- Farm Management

4- Pests and Diseases

5- Post Harvest Processing

Cocoa Pod Borer

EGG 3-7 DAYS LARVE 14-18 DAYS

PUPA 5-7 DAYS MOTH 3-7 DAYS

A B C D

COCOA POD BORER EVALUATION

CY 2008-09

PERCENT PODS A & B CATEGORY

MONTH T R E A T M E N T S

GAP 10 SPRAYS 4 SP 6 SL 10 SLEEVES CONTROL 22 SPRAYS

Jan 32.38 64.56 91.11 84.11 7.69 19.92

Feb 22.16 18.43 27.65 55.06 3.84 5.59

Mar 34.38 29.36 18.70 21.26 5.90 42.14

Apr 34.59 32.74 40.25 35.40 8.26 19.88

May 22.25 37.03 81.72 88.95 13.27 17.20

Jun 13.71 18.95 84.95 86.44 12.64 28.56

Jul 14.95 16.35 96.34 78.60 8.00 13.80

Aug 14.80 29.58 68.22 65.90 3.20 24.00

Sep 19.90 32.40 83.70 90.40 18.18 24.17

Oct 19.96 33.69 90.05 90.96 15.77 19.78

Nov 20.94 26.23 90.60 96.00 17.35 30.30

Dec 27.09 26.41 79.07 82.44 12.07 13.37

Total 277.11 365.73 852.36 875.52 126.17 258.70

Mean 23.09 30.48 71.03 72.96 10.51 21.56

Pruning

“I am the true vine, and my Father is the gardener. He cuts off every branch in me that bears no fruit, while every branch that does bear fruit he prunes so that it will be even more fruitful.”

John 15:1-2 (NIV)

CPB EVALUATION AT THE COCOA GERMPLASM

Date Evaluated P/D Category/Degree of Damage Percentage (%) A+B A B C D 03.10.2012 CPB 110 7 2 1 97.5 PPR 0 0 3 1 96.7 Cocoa Bean Recovery: 94.2 19.10.2012 CPB 130 11 5 4 94.0 PPR 146 2 2 0 98.7 Cocoa Bean Recovery: 92.7 31.10.2012 CPB 405 53 16 3 96.13 PPR 477 5 5 4 98.17 Cocoa Bean Recovery: 94.3

CPB EVALUATION AT THE CLONAL REHABILITATION

Date Evaluated P/D Category/Degree of Damage Percentage (%) A+B A B C D 19.10.2012 CPB 81 12 4 3 93.0 PPR 91 2 0 7 93.0 Cocoa Bean Recovery: 86.0

TABLE 1

PERCENTAGE OF BLACK PODS ASSIGNED TO SOURCE CATEGORIES IN MAPPING SITE OBSERVATIONS ON AMELONADO COCOA AT GAMBARI, 1974 - 75

SOURCE CATEGORIES % ASSIGNED

CONTACT WITH OR SPLASH FROM INFECTED POD 77.8

FROM SOIL OR LITTER BY SPLASH OR CONTACT 5.0

SPORULATING CANKERS OR INFECTED FLOWER CUSHIONS 1.6

ANT TENTS 5.8

INSECT OR RODENT DAMAGE 4.9

NO OBVIOUS SOURCE 10.9

(SOURCE: MADDISON, 1981a)

POLLINATOR - POPULATION BEFORE AND AFTER INSECTICIDE + FOLIAR SPRAYING USING A

MOTORIZED SPRAYER

Date of Collection Pollinator - Population

August 29, 1989 220

Day of Spraying -

August 31 0

September 1 6

September 2 13

Sunday -

September 4 43

September 5 247

Integrated Pest and Disease

Management

“Many times I struck your gardens and vineyards, I struck them with blight and mildew. Locusts devoured your fig and olive trees, yet you have not returned to me, declares the LORD.”

Amos 4:9 (NLT)

Integrated Pest and

Disease Management ‘’Bring all the tithes into the storehouse so there will be enough food in my Temple. If you do, says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘’I will open the windows of heaven for you. I will pour out a blessing so great you won’t have enough room to take it in! Try it! Put me to the test! Your crops will be abundant, for I will guard them from insects and disease. Your grapes will not fall from the vine before they are ripe, says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.”

Malachi 3:10 – 11 (NLT)

Tithing

“A tithe of everything from the land, whether grain from the soil or fruit from the trees, belongs t the Lord; it is holy to the LORD.”

Leviticus 27:30 (NIV)

5.459.02 12.2

6.47 6.29 8.73 11.08 10.78 9.01 6.862.61 2.76

75.74

35.3 36.2648.89

81.34

143.14

89.35

74.67

123.01

137.81

96.95

35.82

93.12

36.3836.04

63.6668.97

41.25

34.4

42.9941.36

161.38

177.87

215.26

1981-84 MEAN % INFESTATION OF POD BORER 1981-84 MEAN RAINFALL (mm) 1981-84 MEAN DRY YIELD PER HA. (kg)

Access Pruning Low Peak Harvest Access Pruning Sleeving /Spraying Access Pruning and Fertilization

Sleeving/Spraying Fertilization High Peak Harvesting

A COCOA GROWER WHO DOES NOT LOOK AFTER HIS FARM PROPERLY CANNOT HARVEST PLENTY OF BIG, CLEAN PODS AND WILL NOT EARN MUCH MONEY.

PEOPLE, IT HAS BEEN SAID, CAN BE PLACED IN THREE CLASSES: THE FEW WHO MAKE THINGS HAPPEN, THE MANY WHO WATCH THINGS HAPPEN, AND THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY WHO HAVE NO IDEA WHAT HAS HAPPENED. -NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER