15
.. . .: , 1984. 272.
III. |105]. , (). , , , . [106].
, , - . , - , - - , . : ( ) ; () , . , , , .
. , , . , -, , ; : ( , . .); , , , , ..; .
-, , : ; (, ); ; ; , .
, . . . .
III. 1. . II - () . .
, . .
() [107]: ... , . , . , -, - , -, - , ; -, - : - , - , - . .
11, 48 J: , .
[12, 48] , . . , , .
- - . , . (, ) - . . , - , , - .
- . . () - . , - , ().
, , . .
, - , . , (, , ), . , , , , , .
. , , . - . - .
, . . . , , , , .
[108] :
, [ - ) .
, , , ' .
, - . (. . V).
[70] , , , ( ), , , .
, , : -, -, - . , , , , . . , , . . , , , - . , .
, , . .
.
, , . . .
, . , .
. - , , . .). , - ( ). .
. . (, HgCI2, HCN) , , : - , . . (, - , , ) , , , . , , l,
Hg2SO4 ., -. , . . 2, 3, ..., i- , . .
, ( ), ( ) - ( ). . , . . , . , . - , . , . ( ) .
, . (). , () . , . .
, .
, . . [109], [110] . () . () . : [111], [112], [113] . . 1'181,
.
, [4, 114]. - , . , () : , , , . . () , .
- b - . [109]. , . . , , ; 4 (-1. , , .
IV.1. . , . - . .
, - . . , - . , - . .
.
, . , , . , . , . . , . , , , . , , , . . , , , . , . , , . , ,
, .
. , -- [188]. , . , , , .
, . [189] . , , , , . 11151. . . . , ( - , , , . .). , . , , ,
[190].
, . , , , . (). . . [191].
, ; : . , , , .. y .
, , ( 1013 , ). .
, :
( ) -- , , . , . .
, . , . ( ).
, , . . -, - . ( ). -, , . -, , .
70- . - . : - () [192] () [193]. , , , .
. , , . , exp (U/kT), . . .
- , . . , ( ) . (). . .
. . (), , . , ( ) (), , - . . .
. . . [194]. .
, ( , , , .). , , , , . . , .
, . [100, 195].
[196]. , .
[197]. , . , , . . , , . , . . .
. , (, ), , . . , . . - . , , , .
, . . , . , , , ... . .
, , . . . , - , , , - . [108, ;
198].
, . .
. , , [199]. . , [200. 201].
, , . , . . -- 105 03', 0,09568 0,154 [200, 201]. . , , , [143,
W. Wood ]. [12, 202], . , . .
, , . sp 3-opax. 109. 40 . sp3-pa , . , .
, .
[116]. [200, 203 ] .
. . [204] . [205] () .
, [206] . [207] .
, , : , . . , .
, , , . [12, 48, 200-202, 208].
- . , . .
, . -- , . . , .
. , , (. III.1). . .
.
[200, 209 ] :
, I-
( ( ( -, V- -
( ( ( ( (
-, D-
( ( (IV.I. (), (), () ().
10 -10 V-. V- , , . V- , , , V-. , -, D-. . D- (10-8 ), . , D-
V- , .
, , . D- . , , . . , , . , 4,4, . ( 373 ), .
[210, 211], [212]. , . D- V-, V- , . [243] , , .
, ( , ; , .).
. - [36, 214]. . IV.1.
, . IV.1, , , , , . sp3-, .
[215] , , , , - -. , 120. IV. 1.
-2
,
O-0,09370,09560,0937
C-H0,109.30,10900,10960,1090
C-O0,14340,1480,14340,1400
C2-C1OJ540,15260,1550
3-20,15260,1550
COH105 56'109 56'105
10932'106 6'
10928'112 24'
()
HCH109030'--109 16'
()
108 19'
CCH.110 36'
(e)
11036'
, . [216].
IV.2. - (a) () :I ; II ; III, V ; IV, VI .
1217 ]. [218] , , (. IV.2). [219]. : 2 ; 3, 2 ; 3, 5 5, 3 [220].
.
[215, . . ; 221 1 , , : (. IV.2). , . , . . 14, 48]. , . , , . ,
. [222]. ( ). , , [221, . Singh]. .
. [223], .
[224] . , .
. [225], . . . . , .
. [9], 18,8, 25,9 --1. , , , .
- .
. . . IV.2 [2261. () , - [227]. - [228]. .
- : - . [227231]. [229] , : 1,4- >1,3- >1,2- 2,3-, ... . ,
. 1,4- , 1,3- , 1,2- 2,3- . [229].
IV. 2. C
,
0,0970,096-107109
0,1080.108310930'109 18'
0,1430,143109 18'
0,1540,152
[230] - [ (2)n , ==2-6] , 1,4-. [230, 231], 298,15 . .
, , , , [232].
, (. . IV.2). , [28, 233, 234]. , [48]. [233] , , , .
, , , [48]. [2341, 293-423 , . 323,15 , .
. , [235] , . . , .
, , , . [236] . , ; ; .
, -- [223] .
, , : - [237]; [238]; [239]; [194], [240], , [241 ] . ., . , : ,
, . .
. : ; ; ; ; , . : , , , , . , . [194, 242, 243]. , .
IV.3. (I), (II), (III) (IV) , (V) (VI) ( ).
, - . , , - . . IV.3; [243]. - - [194] . , 283,15 [194, 244].
[194].
, . (. . IV.3); [245]. -, - [246] , . - [247]. , . 3,6 293,15 .
-, - .
[248]. , , [249].
1,4- . . IV.3; [250]. 1,4- . [251 ] , , , . . [2521.
, , . () ().
, . . , [253] (. . IV.3). S, 0,0706 . , [253]. S . - , [254].
[255]. [256]. [257]. [258]; [259]. . [260] , .
. . , ==0, , . -N 0,134 ) , - - N (0,1376 , 0,147 ) [261]. =
.
IV. 3. -
( = 1,01325 105 ; =298,15 ), . ., n, , /3De(, (
218,0160373,15273,15997,071,3330 (293 )78,251,860,801 (303 )
332,042337,66175,66786,751,3286 (293 )32,701,7060,5445
2546,069351,39158,6785,221,3613 (293 )32,701,7061,078
3760,096370,30146,0799,501,38556 (293 )20,331,6572,004
-2 (3)260,096355,55183,7785,1 (293 )1,3776 (293 )18,31,652,43
(293 )
49074,123390,6193,3809,9 (293 )1,3993 (293 )17,71,66
-2 (3)274,123380,7165,6802,7 (293 )1,3878 (293 )17,24
(2)262,068470,9261,61106,61,431837,72,8817,3
222106,120691,22651117,01,447230,830
22292.094563291,212581,474442,42,5694,5
1,2- 22376,0954612231032,41,431329,022,2545,66
1,3- HOCH2CH2CH2OH76,095487,1241,11048,91,439635,02,50
1,4- 2(2)2290,1245032931012,91,442030.72,5575,6
(3)258,080329,39177,80785,081,3560920,70,2954
46,025373,9281,401219,61 (293 )1,37140 (293 )56,11,966
360,052291,2289,901055,0 (288 )1,3720 (293 )6,19
1,4- (2)2(2)288,114374,47284,951033,75 (293 )1,42241 (293
)2,2090,451,31 (293 )
(3)2S78,133462291,701095,751,4783 (273 46,42,000
(3)2NCO173,094451237944,51,426936,73,82
(, )(CH2)4SO2120,170558301,601261,5 (303 )1,48181 (303 )43,3
(303 )9,87 (303 )
() (2)288,066511309,61320,8 (313 )1,4199 (313 )89,61 (313 )1,85
(313 )
(, ) [(CH3)2N]3PO179,204508280,41020,261,457029,6-3,247
. . IV.3; [259, 261 ]. [2621 [261] , , : , . N . [263] 29,3
108,9 --1.
; , .
, .
- (), (), (), (), () . .
, . - , . IV.3, , . ; . , (, >NH, SH .), . . l263] . - , .
[163, 255, 264].
, .
, , ( ) - , , - , . , |48]. . , , . () . . , , , . . , .
, , , , , .
. , . , , : .
. , . , . , , - .
[4, 48, 242, 265, 266]. , - , , , .
, , : , - . : . , -, , , , .
[267], , . , , [4, 48, 265-268]. , .
, .
, . , , ( , .) [48]. , , , , -, . ( .) . . , [269].
( ), , .
, [205]. , ( ).
[205, 270 ] : -. , . [271].
, , . , , , , [272].
, , ( ) , , , . . [272]. . .
, , - .
, [48, 266]. , , . , - - - [48, 273].
, , . . ( ). , [48]. , .
. .
. , , , . . .
, .
. IV.4.
, , , , . , . , , - (K+, Cs+, Br-, I-, ReO4-, IO4- .), . -
(Al3+, Mg2+, Li+, O43-, SO42- .), . .
[4, 48, 109].
, , [110] : , , . , , [4, 48]. [48, 287].
, . (IV.2). . , .
, . , . . , () III-III (. . IV.4).
, , ( ). [48, 288] .
. . (). . II-II (. . IV.4).
, , . [70, 289]. , , . (IV.2) = n, Rp+t Rk . - , ( , ).
() I-I II-II (. . IV.4). , () , () [7]. , . , , . , . , , , . ,
, . . , - , , . [46, . 52]. , , .
, , , , . , [116] , , , , . , .
, . [4; 46, . 64; 48, 100], (). ( ) . , , .
. [290 ] . ; , , , , . , - . , . [291] , , .
[292] , .
.
. , : [293]; - [294]; - [295]; [296]; - [297 1 . , . - .
, + - , 4, 6 8. [296] , , , 6, + N3, 1, KI , . . . , [293].
7-9. , - . - , . - - - [298]. - .
[296, 299]. I-I- 30. (III) 30, 60, 90.
. - , [300]. , ( ) , , ( ) [182, . 43].
- . , .
- - ( ) ( ). , . , . - , , , , , .
. , ( , ). - ( ), , . , - ( ) (( ( ). , , [1].
, - , . . [163, ; 264, . ; 301].
[4, 48], , .
, , .
VI.3.
. , (, , .). , .
, , . III (, , 1973), (H0pc , . , : [331, 341, 342]; . . . -. .
. [341-3431; [343]; [343] . , - .
(, ) [321, 331, 341-342 ] , , . - (Hmpc. , , , .
[343] , (. VI.5). , , .
. VI.5, [343]. , . .
VI.6. (, ).
(Gmpc , , . . VI.6 , , (. V.5). .
. [321, 341 ] , (Hmpc , , . .
, [344], . VI.7. , NaI . 0,1% 273 ; 1,2%.
, , . . , , . .
, , . , .
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