Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine

Keyvan Nouri(Editor)

Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine

EditorKeyvan Nouri, MDProfessor of Dermatology and OtolaryngologyDirector of Mohs, Dermatologic and Laser SurgeryDirector of Surgical TrainingChief of Dermatology at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/University of Miami Hospital andClinics, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine 1475 N.W. 12th AvenueMiami, Florida-33136USA

ISBN 978-0-85729-280-3 e-ISBN 978-0-85729-281-0DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-281-0Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922528

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof con-tained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharma-ceutical literature.

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Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

I dedicate this book to my family and friends who have been there for me in every instance of my life.

I would especially dedicate this book to my wife Dr. Firouzeh Miremadi, and my son Kian Nouri.

I would also like to make a dedication to my mother Mrs. Zohreh Khajavi-Noori, my father Dr. Ali Nouri, my sister Dr. Mahnaz Nouri, my uncle Dr. Farrokh Khajavi, my Grandparents and the rest of my dear family.

I love you all.

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A refreshing trait of this book about lasers in dermatology is that it is the first in years, to place this topic within the broader perspective of other medical specialties. Almost immediately after the first laser was created in 1960, a handful of visionary physicians recognized that this extremely powerful source of light might have surgical applications. Those pioneers practiced in three organ systems openly accessible for light exposure – ophthalmology, dermatology, laryngology. These are still the specialties that rely heavily on surgical lasers (with the addition of urology, thanks to laser lithotripsy and prostatectomy). By far, dermatologists have a greater variety of therapeutic lasers than any other medical group, while lagging behind in other aspects of laser medicine.

How did we get such a wide, almost dazzling, variety of treatment lasers in dermatology? (Because, we need them for different uses in various practice settings; lasers are the most tissue-specific surgical tools in existence.) Do we really need so many? (Well, we need most all of them. Only a few are interchangeable.) Are the mechanistic, clinical, safety, ethical and practice-related chapters of this book worthy of study? (Yes.) Can’t we just learn which buttons to push, in courses provided by the more reputable device manufacturers just after a laser is purchased? (This approach is foolish beyond words, yet such fools exist. You may encounter them, and some of the patients they have harmed. Even more foolish are those who purchase a used laser and start using it without any training whatsoever.)

Another asset of this text is its practicality, whether you use lasers or not. If you get hooked on laser dermatology please talk to your colleagues, and attend bona fide laser medical confer-ences that include your particular clinical interests, in which you are free to ask questions of faculty who are not trying to sell something. Pay close attention to the quality and source of clinical evidence regarding safety and efficacy of a particular laser device. There is no substi-tute for hands-on training, which cannot be obtained in this book or sitting in a lecture hall. Yet another asset of this book is the breadth of its clinical discussions. Some of the best uses for dermatological lasers are not FDA-labeled indications, and probably never will be. Almost half of my practice with lasers (and with many drugs as well) involves such “off-label” uses. Despite excellent effort by the dedicated people of FDA, clearance of a device for a particular labeled indication, cannot be taken as any assurance that it will work safely and effectively enough to satisfy you and your patients, while lack of FDA clearance for a specific indication cannot be taken as any assurance that it will not work safely and effectively. Many companies and the FDA itself, do not have the resources to keep labeled indications accurately up to date based on clinical evidence. Fortunately, the actual practice of medicine is not part of their mandate. Laser companies are restricted from discussing off-label indications even when these may be a major medical interest. Reading this book is a peer-to-peer event entirely free of such encumbrances!

It is remarkable what lasers can do for our patients. But, we still have a long way to go before the promise of lasers is even close to fulfilled. Diagnostic lasers are heavily used in ophthalmol-ogy, yet almost never used in dermatology. The ease and diagnostic confidence of skin biopsies tends to postpone that development, while the difficulty or impossibility of eye biopsies has

Foreword

viii Foreword

driven strong development of diagnostic ophthalmic lasers. Ironically, dermatology will end up adopting some amazing laser microscopies from internal organ imaging, e.g. of coronary arte-ries. In another 50 years, I expect that all medical specialties will rely heavily on laser tech-nologies for both diagnosis and treatments, and that these will in turn become well integrated. Our peculiar use of Mohs surgery is not because skin cancer is the only tumor best removed with microscopic margin control – indeed, skin cancer may be least in need of it. Why, then, are we the only specialty that removes cancer with detailed, microscopic margin control? Because our patients are happily awake during surgery! The glacial pace of Mohs surgery is not tolerable in most operating rooms, and that pace is set by reliance on conventional micros-copy. When laser microscopy and laser tissue ablation are finally married, every part of surgi-cal oncology may be affected.

I have been fortunate to play a role in launching several eras of laser dermatology, including some fundamental understanding of skin optics, the concept of selective photothermolysis, lasers specifically designed for dermatological use, permanent laser hair removal, scanning confocal laser microscopy, and more recently, “fractional” laser treatments. We have become fairly good at using lasers to create precise injury, a benevolent form of tissue destruction on the scale that tissue itself is constructed. However, we have barely begun to understand some equally promising therapeutic strategies that may help our patients. Fractional ablative lasers appear to offer a new way for delivery of topical agents, including very high molecular weight macromolecules, and particles. Due to the artificial separation of devices from drugs, of proce-dural from medical dermatology, we know very little about how to combine lasers with drug treatment. Light-activated drug therapy is one of the oldest known treatments (PUVA arose from treatments dating back about 3500 years), and yet light-activated drugs have never been developed with the high-throughput and targeted approaches routinely used for new drug dis-covery. Visible and near-infrared light at certain “biostimulating” wavelengths have subtle, poorly understood, but potent effects on cell metabolism. This is particularly the case in set-tings of hypoxic, ischemic, or oxidative stress. We have just begun to harness the power of light, particularly laser light, in medicine.

Thank you, Dr. Nouri and the many authors involved in this text, for this excellent contribution.

R. Rox Anderson, MD

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Preface

Laser technology is quickly evolving with the presence of newer lasers, along with new indications, that are constantly being introduced. The use of lasers has become a major disci-pline and is currently practiced in Dermatology, Plastic Surgery, Ophthalmology, Cardiology, Gynecology, Otolaryngology, Neurology/Neurosurgery etc. This book offers comprehensive literature covering all the major disciplines in medicine in which lasers are being used.

The authors of Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine are well known in their respective fields and have attempted to cover each topic in the most comprehensive, readable, and under-standable format. Each chapter consists of an introduction and summary boxes in bulleted formats with up-to-date information highlighting the importance of each respective section, enabling the reader to have an easy approach towards reading and understanding the various topics on lasers. This book has been written with the sincere hope of the editors and the authors to serve as a cornerstone of laser usage in Dermatology and medicine ultimately leading to better patient care and treatments.

Lasers in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery have clearly expanded. The areas or laser treat-ments include port wine stains, vascular anomalies and lesions, pigmented lesions and tattoos, hair removal and hair re-growth, acne, facial rejuvenation, psoriasis, hypopigmented lesions and vitiligo, and treatment of fat and cellulites, among others. The lasers are also being used for treatment and diagnosis of skin cancers.

Lasers in other fields of medicine have also significantly evolved and expanded significantly. For instance, in Ophthalmology, there are chapters for treatment of anterior segment (i.e. laser vision correction), posterior segments of the eye and control of intraocular pressure.

Furthermore, this book incorporates chapters on the use of lasers in the fields of Cardiology, Gynecology, General Surgery, Anesthesiology, Urology, Neurology and many other special-ized branches of medicine making it a unique laser textbook. The expanding knowledge and growing expertise in lasers and light devices makes it necessary for physicians to be up-to-date about the advancements in this field.

We anticipate that this book will be of interest to all the physicians who use or are interested in using lasers in their practice. We are extremely grateful to our contributing authors. This book will serve as a potential study source for dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and laser specialists in different specialties of medicine and surgery.

Miami, Florida Keyvan Nouri

xi

I would like to sincerely thank my family for their support and encouragement throughout my life.

Special thanks to Dr. Lawrence A. Schachner, Chairman of the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. He has given me great support and has served as a mentor throughout my professional career. His guidance and encouragement over the years have influenced my efforts.

Dr. William H. Eaglestein, former Chairman of Dermatology at the University of Miami School of Medicine, for helping and guiding me since my start in dermatology. I appreciate all of his guidance and support.

Dr. Perry Robins, Dr. Robin Ashinoff, Dr. Vicki Levine, Dr. Seth Orlow, the late Dr. Irvin Freedberg, Dr. Hideko Kamino, and the entire faculty and staff at New York University School of Medicine Department of Dermatology. Thank you all for the wonderful learning and friend-ship during my surgery fellowship.

I would like to thank the faculty and Dermatology residents, and staff of the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller school of Medicine, for their teaching, expertise, and friendship. Special acknowledgements to the Mohs and Laser Center staff at the Sylvester Cancer Center for their hard work and support on a daily basis. I would also like to thank Maria D. Garcia, my administrative assistant, for her diligence and hard work and the rest of the Mohs staff, including Cathy Mamas, Juana Alonso, Tania Garcia, Veronica Sanchez, Liseth Velasquez, Tatania Carmouze and Lisbeth Napoles, for making my job a pleasure.

Special thanks to my clinical research fellows in Dermatologic Surgery, Dr. Sonal Choudhary, Dr. Mohamed Elsaie and Dr. Voraphol Vejjabhinanta for all their hard work and contributions to this book. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Angela Martins, Dr. Michael Shiman, Angel Leiva and Michael Patrick McLeod for their help in putting this book together.

I would also like to acknowledge the publishing staff Mr. Grant Weston, Ms. Cate Rogers, Ms. Katy Stevens, Ms. Hannah Wilson and the entire Springer Publishing team for having done a superb job with the publication. It has been a pleasure working with them and this excellent project to compile the textbook.

Lastly, I would like to sincerely thank all the authors of this textbook. These individuals are world-renowned in their respective specialties and without their time and energy, writing this book would have not been possible. These individuals have made this a comprehensive, up-to-date, and reliable source on Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine. I truly appreciate their hard work and thank them for their contributions.

Keyvan Nouri, MD

Acknowledgements

xiii

1 Laser-Tissue Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1E. Victor Ross and Nathan Uebelhoer

2 Laser Safety: Regulations, Standards and Practice Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Ashley Keyes and Murad Alam

3 Lasers for Treatment of Vascular Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Daniel Michael and Suzanne Kilmer

4 Laser for Scars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Voraphol Vejjabhinanta, Shalu S. Patel, and Keyvan Nouri

5 Laser Treatment of Leg Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Robert A. Weiss, Girish S. Munavalli, Sonal Choudhary, Angel Leiva, and Keyvan Nouri

6 Lasers and Lights for Treating Pigmented Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Emmy M. Graber and Jeffrey S. Dover

7 Laser Treatment of Tattoos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Voraphol Vejjabhinanta, Caroline V. Caperton, Christopher Wong, Rawat Charoensawad, and Keyvan Nouri

8 Laser for Hair Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Voraphol Vejjabhinanta, Keyvan Nouri, Anita Singh, Ran Huo, and Rawat Charoensawad

9 Lasers for Resurfacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Rungsima Wanitphakdeedecha and Tina S. Alster

10 Fractional Photothermolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Dieter Manstein and Hans-Joachim Laubach

11 Plasma Resurfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149K. Wade Foster, Edgar F. Fincher, and Ronald L. Moy

12 Sub-Surfacing Lasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Michael H. Gold

Contents

xiv Contents

13 Non-invasive Rejuvenation/Skin Tightening: Light-Based Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Javier Ruiz-Esparza

14 Laser and Light Therapies for Acne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Voraphol Vejjabhinanta, Anita Singh, Rawat Charoensawad, and Keyvan Nouri

15 Lasers for Psoriasis and Hypopigmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Aaron M. Bruce and James M. Spencer

16 Lasers and Lights for Adipose Tissue and Cellulite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Molly Wanner and Mathew Avram

17 Intense Pulse Light (IPL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Robert A. Weiss, Girish S. Munavalli, Sonal Choudhary, Angel Leiva, and Keyvan Nouri

18 Photodynamic Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Robert Bissonnette

19 Light-Emitting Diode Phototherapy in Dermatological Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . 231R. Glen Calderhead

20 Laser and Light for Wound Healing Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Navid Bouzari, Mohamed L. Elsaie, and Keyvan Nouri

21 Lasers in Hair Growth and Hair Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Nicole E. Rogers, Joseph Stuto, and Marc R. Avram

22 Reflectance-Mode Confocal Microscopy in Dermatological Oncology . . . . . . . . 285Juan Luis Santiago Sánchez-Mateos, Carmen Moreno García del Real, Pedro Jaén Olasolo, and Salvador González

23 Laser Clinical and Practice Pearls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Lori A. Brightman and Roy Geronemus

24 The Selection and Education of Laser Patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Murad Alam and Natalie Kim

25 Anesthesia for Laser Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Voraphol Vejjabhinanta, Angela Martins, Ran Huo, and Keyvan Nouri

26 Laser Application for Ethnic Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Heather Woolery-Lloyd and Mohamed L. Elsaie

27 Laser Applications in Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Mercedes E. Gonzalez, Michael Shelling, and Elizabeth Alvarez Connelly

28 Dressings/Wound Care for Laser Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Stephen C. Davis and Robert Perez

Contents xv

29 Prevention and Treatment of Laser Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Rachael L. Moore, Juan-Carlos Martinez, and Ken K. Lee

30 Ethical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Abel Torres, Tejas Desai, Alpesh Desai, and William Kirby

31 Medicolegal Issues (Documentation/Informed Consent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Abel Torres, Tejas Desai, Alpesh Desai, and William Kirby

32 Psychological Aspects to Consider Within Laser Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Dee Anna Glaser

33 Photography of Dermatological Laser Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Ashish C. Bhatia, Shraddha Desai, and Doug Roach

34 Online Resources for Dermatologic Laser Therapies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409Elizabeth E. Uhlenhake, Shraddha Desai, and Ashish C. Bhatia

35 Starting a Laser Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Vic A. Narurkar

36 Research and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Fernanda Hidemi Sakamoto and Richard Rox Anderson

37 Laser/Light Applications in Ophthalmology: Visual Refraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Mahnaz Nouri, Amit Todani, and Roberto Pineda

38 Laser/Light Applications in Ophthalmology:Posterior Segment Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Amy C. Schefler, Charles C. Wykoff, and Timothy G. Murray

39 Laser/Light Application in Ophthalmology:Control of Intraocular Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Ramez I. Haddadin and Douglas J. Rhee

40 Laser/Light Application in Dental Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Steven P.A. Parker

41 Laser/Light Applications in Otolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Vanessa S. Rothholtz and Brian J.F. Wong

42 Laser/Light Applications in Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Cornelia de Riese and Roger Yandell

43 Laser/Light Applications in General Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Raymond J. Lanzafame

44 Laser/Light Applications in Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561Nathaniel M. Fried and Brian R. Matlaga

xvi Contents

45 Lasers in Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573Pritam R. Polkampally, Allyne Topaz, and On Topaz

46 Laser/Light Applications in Neurology and Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Marlon S. Mathews, David Abookasis, and Mark E. Linskey

47 Laser/Light Applications in Anesthesiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597Julie A. Gayle, Elizabeth A.M. Frost, Clifford Gevirtz, Sajay B. Churi, and Alan D. Kaye

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

xvii

David Abookasis, PhD Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Murad Alam, MD, MSCI Department of Dermatology, Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Tina S. Alster, MD Washington Institute of Dermatologic Laser Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

Richard Rox Anderson, MD Professor of Dermatology, Director of the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Marc R. Avram, MD Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Mathew Avram, MD, JD Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Ashish C. Bhatia, MD, FAAD Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA and The Dermatology Institute of DuPage Medical Group, Naperville, IL, USA

Robert Bissonnette, MD Innovaderm Research Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Navid Bouzari, MD Department of Dermatology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Lori A. Brightman, MD Department of Dermatology/Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, USA

Aaron M. Bruce, DO Center for Surgical Dermatology, Westerville, OH, USA

R. Glen Calderhead, MSc PhD(MedSci) FRSM Japan Phototherapy Laboratory, Tsugamachi, Tochigi-ken, Japan

Caroline V. Caperton MSPH University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Rawat Charoensawad, MD Rawat Clinic and Clinical Consultant, Biophile Training Center, Bangkok, Thailand

Sonal Choudhary, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Sajay B. Churi, MD, MS Department of Anesthesiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

Elizabeth Alvarez Connelly, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Contributors

xviii Contributors

Stephen C. Davis, BS Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Shraddha Desai, MD The Dermatology Institute of DuPage Medical Group, Naperville, IL, USA and Loyola University - Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA

Jeffrey S. Dover, MD, FRCPC Department of Dermatology, SkinCare Physicians, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

Mohamed L. Elsaie, MD, MBA Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Edgar F. Fincher, MD, PhD Fincher Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery, Beverly-Hills, CA, USA

K. Wade Foster, MD, PhD Moy-Fincher Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Nathaniel M. Fried, PhD Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA

Elizabeth A. M. Frost, MD Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Carmen Moreno García del Real Patology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcala University, Madrid, Spain

Julie A. Gayle, MD Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

Roy Geronemus, MD Laser and Skin Surgery Center of NY, New York, NY, USA

Clifford Gevirtz, MD, MPH Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

Dee Anna Glaser, MD Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA

Michael H. Gold, MD Gold Skin Care Center, Tennessee Clinical Research Center, The Laser Rejuvenation Center, Advanced Aesthetics Medi-Spa, Nashville, TN, USA and Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN, USA

Mercedes E. Gonzalez, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Salvador González, MD, PhD Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA and Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain

Emmy M. Graber, MD Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Director Cosmetic and Laser Center, Boston University, Associate Director, Residency Training Program, Boston, MA, USA

Ramez I. Haddadin Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA

Ran Huo, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Alan D. Kaye, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

Ashley Keyes, BA Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

Suzanne Kilmer, MD Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Laser and Skin Surgery Center of Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA

Contributors xix

Natalie Kim, MD Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Raymond J. Lanzafame, MD, PLLC

Hans-Joachim Laubach, MD Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Ken K. Lee, MD Dermatologic and Laser Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

Angel Leiva Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Mark E. Linskey, MD Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Dieter Manstein, MD, PhD Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Juan-Carlos Martinez, MD Dermatologic and Laser Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

Angela Martins, MD University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA

Marlon S. Mathews, MB, BS Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Brian R. Matlaga, MD, MPH Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Daniel Michael, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Laser and Skin Surgery Center of Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA

Rachael L. Moore, MD Dermatologic and Laser Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

Ronald L. Moy, MD Moy-Fincher Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Girish S. Munavalli, MD, MHS Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Charlotte, NC, USA

Timothy G. Murray, MD, FACS, MBA Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA

Vic A. Narurkar, MD, FAAD Department of Dermatology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA

Keyvan Nouri, MD Professor of Dermatology and Otolaryngology, Director of Mohs, Dermatologic and Laser Surgery, Director of Surgical Training, Chief of Dermatology at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/University of Miami Hospital and Clinics Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Mahnaz Nouri, MD Boston Eye Group, Beacon Street, Brookline, MA, USA

Pedro Jaén Olasolo Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Steven P. A. Parker, BDS, LDS, RCS, MFGDP Private Dental Practice, Harrogate, United Kingdom and A.C. Faculty of Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy

xx Contributors

Shalu S. Patel, BS Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Robert Perez, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Roberto Pineda, MD Department of Opthalmology, Massachusetts Ear and Eye Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Pritam R. Polkampally, MD Department of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Douglas J. Rhee, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA

Cornelia de Riese, MD, PhD Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

Doug Roach, BS University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Nicole E. Rogers, MD Department of Dermatology, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, NY, USA

E. Victor Ross, MD Laser and Cosmetic Dermatology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA, USA

Vanessa S. Rothholtz, MD, MSc Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Javier Ruiz-Esparza, MD Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

Fernanda Hidemi Sakamoto, MD Instructor in Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Juan Luis Santiago Sánchez-Mateos Dermatology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcala University, Madrid, Spain

Amy C. Schefler, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA

Michael Shelling, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Michael Shiman, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Anita Singh, MD Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY

James M. Spencer, MD, MS Spencer Dermatology & Skin Surgery, St. Petersburgh, FL, USA

Joseph Stuto, BA Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Amit Todani, MD Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA

Allyne Topaz, BS School of Medicine, St. George’s University, St. George, Grenada, West Indies

On Topaz, MD Duke University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Charles George Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Asheville, NC, USA

Contributors xxi

Abel Torres, MD, JD Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA

Nathan Uebelhoer, MD Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

Elizabeth E. Uhlenhake, BS Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA

Voraphol Vejjabhinanta, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL and Department of Dermatology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

Rungsima Wanitphakdeedecha, MD, MA, MSC Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

Molly Wanner, MD, MBA Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Robert A. Weiss, MD Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hunt Valley, MD, USA

Brian J. F. Wong, MD, PhD, FACS Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgery and The Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Christopher Wong, MD University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA

Heather Woolery-Lloyd, MD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Charles C. Wykoff, D. Phil., MD Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Roger Yandell, MD Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

Tejas Desai, DO Associate Professor Clinical Dermatology, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA and Associate Professor Clinical Dermatology, University of North Texas, Texas College of Osteopatic Medicine, Ft Worth, TX, USA

Alpesh Desai, DO Program Director for South Texas Dermatology Residency Program, University of North Texas/TCOM, Ft Worth, TX, USA

William Kirby, DO Clinical Assistant Professor, Division of Dermatology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA and Clinical Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona,CA, USA