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Art of Problem SolvingLaTeX:Symbols

From AoPSWikiLaTeX

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This article will provide a short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols.

Contents1 Operators

2 Relations

3 Greek Letters

4 Headline text

5 Arrows

6 Dots

7 Accents

8 Others

9 Command Symbols

10 European Language Symbols

11 Bracketing Symbols

12 Multi-Size Symbols

13 Examples

14 See Also

OperatorsSymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand

\pm \mp \times\div \cdot \ast\star \dagger \ddagger\amalg \cap \cup\uplus \sqcap \sqcup\vee \wedge \oplus\ominus \otimes \circ\bullet \diamond \lhd\rhd \unlhd \unrhd\oslash \odot \bigcirc\triangleleft \Diamond \bigtriangleup\bigtriangledown \Box \triangleright\setminus \wr \sqrt{x}

RelationsSymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand

\le \ge \neq\sim \ll \gg\doteq \simeq \subset\supset \approx \asymp\subseteq \supseteq \cong\smile \sqsubset \sqsupset\equiv \frown \sqsubseteq\sqsupseteq \propto \bowtie\in \ni \prec\succ \vdash \dashv\preceq \succeq \models\perp \parallel \|\mid

Negations of many of these relations can be formed by just putting \not before the symbol, or by slipping an nbetween the \ and the word. Here are a few examples, plus a few other negations; it works for many of theothers as well.

SymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand\nmid \nleq \ngeq\nsim \ncong \nparallel\not< \not> \not=\not\le \not\ge \not\sim\not\approx \not\cong \not\equiv\not\parallel \nless \ngtr\lneq \gneq \lnsim\lneqq \gneqq

To use other relations not listed here, such as =, >, and <, in LaTeX, you may just use the symbols on yourkeyboard.

LaTeX:Symbols - AoPSWiki http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki/index.php/LaTeX:Symbols

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Greek LettersLowercase LettersSymbolCommandSymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand

\alpha \beta \gamma \delta\epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta\theta \vartheta \iota \kappa\lambda \mu \nu \xi\pi \varpi \rho \varrho\sigma \varsigma \tau \upsilon\phi \varphi \chi \psi\omega

Capital LettersSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand

\Gamma \Delta \Theta \Lambda\Xi \Pi \Sigma \Upsilon\Phi \Psi \Omega

Headline text

ArrowsSymbolCommand SymbolCommand

\gets \to\leftarrow \Leftarrow\rightarrow \Rightarrow\leftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow\mapsto \hookleftarrow\leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown\rightleftharpoons \longleftarrow\Longleftarrow \longrightarrow\Longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow\Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto\hookrightarrow \rightharpoonup\rightharpoondown \leadsto\uparrow \Uparrow\downarrow \Downarrow\updownarrow \Updownarrow\nearrow \searrow\swarrow \nwarrow

(For those of you who hate typing long strings of letters, \iff and \implies can be used in place of\Longleftrightarrow and \Longrightarrow respectively.)

DotsSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand

\ldots 2 \vdots \cdots 2 \ddots

(The '2's after \ldots and \cdots are only present to make the distinction between the two clear.)

AccentsSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand

\hat{x} \check{x} \dot{x}\breve{x} \acute{x} \ddot{x}\grave{x} \tilde{x} \mathring{x}\bar{x} \vec{x}

When applying accents to i and j, you can use \imath and \jmath to keep the dots from interfering with theaccents:

SymbolCommand SymbolCommand\vec{\jmath} \tilde{\imath}

\tilde and \hat have wide versions that allow you to accent an expression:

SymbolCommand SymbolCommand\widehat{3+x} \widetilde{abc}

OthersSymbolCommand SymbolCommand SymbolCommand

\infty \triangle \angle\aleph \hbar \imath\jmath \ell \wp\Re \Im \mho\prime \emptyset \nabla\surd \partial \top\bot \vdash \dashv


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\forall \exists \neg\flat \natural \sharp\backslash \Box \Diamond\clubsuit \diamondsuit \heartsuit\spadesuit \Join \blacksquare\S \P \copyright\pounds

Command SymbolsSome symbols are used in commands so they need to be treated in a special way.

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand\textdollar \& \% \#\_ \{ \} \backslash

(Warning: Using \$ for will result in . This is a bug as far as we know.)

European Language SymbolsSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand

{\oe} {\ae} {\aa} {\o}{\OE} {\AE} {\AA} {\O}{\l} {\ss} !`{\L} {\SS} ?`

Bracketing SymbolsIn mathematics, sometimes we need to enclose expressions in brackets or braces or parentheses. Some ofthese work just as you'd imagine in LaTeX; type ( and ) for parentheses, [ and ] for brackets, and | and | forabsolute value. However, other symbols have special commands:

SymbolCommand SymbolCommandSymbolCommand\{ \} \|\backslash \lfloor \rfloor\lceil \rceil \langle\rangle

You might notice that if you use any of these to typeset an expression that is vertically large, like

(\frac{a}{x} )^2

the parentheses don't come out the right size:

If we put \left and \right before the relevant parentheses, we get a prettier expression:

\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2

gives

\left and \right can also be used to resize the following symbols:

SymbolCommandSymbolCommand SymbolCommand\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow\Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow

Multi-Size SymbolsSome symbols render differently in inline math mode and in display mode. Display mode occurs when you use\[...\] or $$...$$, or environments like \begin{equation}...\end{equation}, \begin{align}...\end{align}. Readmore in the commands section of the guide about how symbols which take arguments above and below thesymbols, such as a summation symbol, behave in the two modes.

In each of the following, the two images show the symbol in display mode, then in inline mode.

SymbolCommandSymbolCommandSymbolCommand\sum \int \oint

\prod \coprod \bigcap

\bigcup \bigsqcup \bigvee

\bigwedge \bigodot \bigotimes

\bigoplus \biguplus

Examplesx^y is the same as x^{y}, producing .

x_y is the same as x_{y}, producing .

However, x^10 is not the same as x^{10}. The former produces instead of .

See Also


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