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Latin America in the Age of Revolution, Independence,
and Imperialism
An Anthology
Latin American Revolutions
LA Revolution: Causes
• Anger of laboring class at oppressors– Haiti: Slave Rebellion– Mexico: Grito de Delores (Hidalgo’s mestizo revolution)
• Creole resentment of political power of Peninsulares– South America: Bolivar and San Martin– Mexico: Iturbide
• Republican ideas inspired by American Revolution– South America: Bolivar and San Martin
• Liberal ideas inspired by Enlightenment, French Rev– South America: Bolivar and San Martin
• Tumult caused by the wake of the Napoleonic Wars– Brazil: Dom Pedro
LA Revolution: Events
• Haiti– Toussaint L’Overture– Napoleon’s Failed
Expedition
• Mexico– “Grito de Delores”– Iturbide’s Creole
Revolution
LA Revolution: Events
• Spanish South America– Bolivar and San
Martin
• Brazil– Napoleonic Wars– Dom Pedro
LA Revolution: Effects
• Haiti– 1st and only black slave Republic
• Mexico– Conservative government
• Spanish America– Importance of liberal ideals
• Brazil– Conservative monarchy
• Observation– Haiti is the lone example of major social change - All
other groups preserve the racial caste system
Latin America
Mini-SEPTIC
Social and Economic• Class Divisions
– Creole vs. Mestizo– Urban Elite vs. Gauchos
• Gender Roles– Persistence of Patriarchy– Public Education of women
• Agriculture– Persistence of the hacienda: patron and peonage
• Trade– Development of the export economy
Political
• Conservative v. Liberal– Conservative: Defender of Catholic Church,
military, landed elites, and oligarchy– Liberal: Separation of church and state, educated
urban elite, and republican government
• Centralism v. Federalism– Centralists: Tended to be liberals wanting to
promote reforms or prevent local abuses– Federalists: Tended to be conservatives who
wanted to promote stability by tolerating local control of everything except the military
Political
• Caudillos– Military dictators demonstrate the power of
armies to intervene in Latin American politics
• Economic Imperialism– British domination of Latin American trade– Spanish-American War– Panama Revolution and Canal
Technology, Intellectual, Cultural
• Transportation– Railroads and steamships: the
development of the export economy
• Literature
• Cultural Blending– Music– Football (Soccer to you American dopes)
Case Study: Mexico
Mexico
• “Grito de Delores”– Native and mestizo
revolution
• Iturbide– Creole revolution
Mexico
• Santa Anna– Rise of the Caudillo
• Mexican-American War– U.S. imperialism
Mexico
• Benito Juarez– La Reforma
• French Intervention– Cinco de Mayo
• Porfirio Diaz– “Order and Progress”
Case Study: Brazil
Brazil
• Dom Pedro– Establishment
of conservative monarchy
Brazil• Coffee Boom
– Slave labor unable to cover the demand for workers
• Foreign Immigration– Especially Italians migrate to Brazil
• Abolition– Eventually, enough internal and external pressure is put on Brazil that
ends slavery
Brazil
• Republic– Disenfranchised
groups unite to overthrow the monarchy and establish a new government
Case Study: Argentina
Argentina
• San Martin– Idealistic Creole
Revolutionary
Argentina
• Juan Manuel de Rosas– Conservative,
federalist, gaucho caudillo
Argentina
• Domingo Sarmiento– Liberal reformer,
centralist, defender of culture, promoter of foreign trade