Launch of the Draft 2013 Household

Survey: A story of rapid

change but often in both LIFT and

Control villagesMandalay Room

26 May 2014Simon Baker (ICF)

Summary of the talk• Methodological issues• Awareness of LIFT• Household income• Food• Land ownership and usage• Crop yields and constraints• Credit• Assets• Training• Water supply• Nutrition survey• Expenditure/Consumption survey

Data tools and number of cases

Tool LIFT Villages

LIFT Households per village

Control Villages

ControlHouseholds per village

Total  

Round 1

Village Profile 150 NA 50 NA 200*

Household questionnaire 150 16 50 16 3,200

FGD 12 4 NA NA 48

Round 2

Village Profile 150 NA 50 NA 200

Household questionnaire 150 16 50 16 3,200

FGD 9 4 NA NA 36

Nutrition and anthropometry Survey

150 32 50 32 6,400

Expenditure survey 150 5 50 5 1,000

Methodology issues• It was planned that 150 LIFT and 50 Control

villages would be visited in rounds 1 and 2• Due to problems, in both rounds only:

o 68 LIFT and 36 Control villages were visitedo 17 LIFT villages in the Hilly zoneo 16 LIFT villages in Dry zoneo 36 LIFT villages in the Coastal/Delta zoneo Only in the Coastal/Delta zone was the sample size large enough to

demonstrate significant statistical differences between the zones – 385 households

• Can not make comparisons between zones with any certaintyo Two exceptions – awareness of LIFT and drinking-water

Difference in Differences

• Estimates difference between outcome at two time points for Intervention and control households

• Then comparing difference between the groups  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in differences

Sale of rice 1.4 .5 -.9* 2.4 .3 -2.1** 1.2Sale of paddy 16.8 23.3 6.5*** 11.6 16.8 5.2* 1.3Sale of other cereals 13.2 15.3 2.1 16.8 18.8 2 .1

Sale of beans, pulses and peanuts

17.1 17 -.1 23.1 17.7 -5.4* 5.3

Sale of tubers and root crops

2.8 1.7 -1.1 4.7 7.5 2.8* -3.9**

Cash for work 0 2.4 2.4*** 0 .2 .2 2.2**

Indicators of significance

• *p-value < 0.05• **p-value <0.005• ***p-value <0.001

Awareness of LIFT#

Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT0

20

40

60

80

100

79.4

97.692.8 89.9

Participation in trainings# (%)

  Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT

Training related to crops and crop production 11.7***

5.1*** 19.5*** 12

Training in livestock 7.9* 4* 5.4* 5.6

Training in skills for small business management 13.2***

5.4*** 11.2*** 9.7

Provision of inputs for agriculture 6.9* 4* 7.4* 6

Savings and credit groups and provision of credit 24.1***

14.5*** 20.2*** 19.3

Formation/strengthening of groups in the village 5.4*** 12.4*** 14.2*** 10.9

Cash for work activities 1.3*** 31.9*** 4.7*** 13.5

Villagers’ perceptions (FGDs)

• Improvement in village unity:o The village has become more united. Before that, the head of

the villager made all the decisions. Since the last one or two years, people have worked together for social affairs and they have come to understand teamwork. Nowadays the villagers can support the monastery and the teachers from the school by collecting the money from the villagers (Hilly zone).

o … there was no teamwork before. Now the villagers work together. The villagers listen to the leaders and then get involved in activities together such as digging the canals and clearing the road (Hilly zone).

o … the villagers are becoming united as they gather so often to attend meetings. Everyone gets involved in activities such as repairing of roads, community social occasions of joy and grief, etc. (Dry zone).

Source of household income

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in differences

Sale of tubers and root crops

2.8 1.7 -1.1 4.7 7.5 2.8* -3.9**

Sale of toddy products 1.1 1.1 0 3.6 .2 -3.4*** 3.4***

Sale of fresh wild fish, prawns, crabs, shellfish

8.4 24.4 16*** 6.3 17 10.7*** 5.3*

Sale of livestock or livestock products

12.2 22.2 10*** 11.6 16.1 4.5* 5.5*

Casual labour – fishery

21.6 3.4 -18.2*** 16.7 3.6 -13.1*** -5.1*

Casual labour – Other 8.4 7.2 -1.2 12.7 6.1 -6.6*** 5.4*

Cash for work 0 2.4 2.4*** 0 .2 .2 2.2**

Comparison of household’s income

during these past 12 months, with the

previous year

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Increased 17.6 24.7 7.1*** 15.6 16.1 .5 6.6*

Same as previous year

41.8 44.7 2.9 42.2 54.2 12*** -9.1*

Decreased 40.2 30.3 -9.9*** 42 29.2 -12.8***

2.9

Food consumed by households

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Any beef, pork, lamb, goat, rabbit, chicken, duck, other birds, other meats or organs such as liver, heart, kidney etc.?

11 26.4 15.4*** 12.2 21.2 9*** 6.4*

Any eggs from chickens, quails, ducks or other birds?

9.8 23.7 13.9*** 14.4 21 6.6** 7.3*

Household Dietary Diversity Score

(HDDS) • HDDS measures household food access based on

the number of different food groups consumed over the previous 24 hours

LIFT n=2,176Control n=1,152

LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Mean 5.3 6 .7*** 5.4 6 .6*** .1

Months of adequate household food provision

(MAHFP)  LIFT

2011LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control

2011

Control 2013

Change in Control villages

Difference in

differences

Had months in the past 12 months with not enough food

75 10.1 -64.9***

71.7 12 -59.7*** -5.2*

How many months0 months 25 89.9 63.3**

*28.3 88 56.6*** 6.7*

1 month 3.8 1.8 -1.9* 5.4 1.2 -4.5*** 2.6

2 months 26.1 5.8 -20.2***

27.8 7.3 -19.7*** -.5

Household Hunger Scale

LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Little to no hunger in the household

92.6 99.1 6.5*** 94.2 99.3 5.1*** 1.4

Moderate hunger in the household

6.3 .7 -5.6*** 4.6 .7 -3.9*** -1.7

Severe hunger in the household

1.1 .2 -.9* 1.2 0 -1.2* .3

Coping strategies by changing the diet

In the past 4 weeks LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Did your family reduce the size and/or number of meals eaten in a day because there was not enough food to eat?

Never 74.4 94.2 19.8*** 81.6 93.9 12.3*** 7.5*

Did your family change the family diet to cheaper or less-preferred foods, in order to have enough food to eat?

Never 38.2 66.1 27.9*** 52.3 66.1 13.8*** 14.1***

Comparison of household food availability

from all sources in the past 12 months with

the previous year

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Increased 13.6 23 9.4*** 12.2 13.5 1.3 8.1**

Same as previous year

52.3 53 -.7 59.9 60.4 -.5 .2

Decreased 33.4 23.3 -10.1***

27.6 25.9 1.7 -8.4**

Land ownership and usage

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Own land 48.9 52.5 3.6 58.2 55.9 -2.3 5.9

Average size of land owned

4.3 4.1 -.2 3.3 3.2 -.1 -.1

Proportion of households irrigated their land

7.1 11.3 4.2** 8.5 8.7 .2 4*

Crop yield comparisons

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Crop yield compared with your average monsoon season (n=1,634)

Better 21.9 24 2.1 17.5 20.6 3.1 -1Same 40.9 34.9 -6* 42.3 28.5 -13.8** 7.8Worse 37.2 41 3.8 40.2 50.9 10.7* -6.9*

Constraints to crop production

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT

villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Lack of money to buy the necessary inputs (or lack of credit)

27 12.1 -14.9***

26.6 13.9 -12.7***

-2.2

Lack of land 5.3 9.2 3.9*** 8.3 7.6 -.7 4.6*Lack of household labour

8.1 9.4 1.3 5.9 11.6 5.7** -4.4*

Lack of pesticides in the village

6.3 .6 -5.7*** 8.5 1 -7.5*** 1.8

Low prices for the agricultural crops grown

1.5 4.2 2.7*** 2.3 2.8 -.5 2.2**

Bad/unreliable weather

16.7 26.3 9.6*** 19.4 26 6.6* 3

Soil acidity 0 .2 .2 0 1.2 1.2* -1*

Credit  LIFT

2011LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Proportion of households that took out a loan in the last 12 months

85 84.4 -.6 83.3 79 -4.3 3.7

The money came from

Micro-credit provider (interest, 2.5% or less)

19.6 35.3 15.7***

18.3 20.7 2.4 13.3***

Village Savings and Loans Association

8.4 3.4 -5*** 7.9 4.8 -3.1 -1.9*

Farmers Association/Cooperative

1.5 2.5 1 2.7 .9 -1.8* 2.8*

Government 14.7 26.3 11.6***

16.5 22 5.5* 6.1*

Household assets - Proportion of

households with the following source of

lighting  LIFT

2011LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Electricity from the grid

3.7 5.1 1.4 4.7 4.7 0 1.4

Village generator 10.6 4.8 -5.8*** 7.5 5.9 -1.6* -4.2Lamp (kerosene/oil) 37.9 16.8 -

21.1***32.6 13 -

19.6***-1.5

Candle 17.6 13.8 -3.8* 21 18.9 -2.1 -1.7Table lamp with dry battery

3.7 14 10.3*** 3.8 13.7 9.9*** .4

Solar with battery 11.9 28.7 16.8*** 16.7 33.2 16.5*** .3Hydro generator 0 8.6 8.6*** 0 4.9 4.9*** 3.7*

Proportion of households being trained

  LIFT 2011

LIFT 2013

Change in LIFT villages

Control 2011

Control 2013

Change in

Control villages

Difference in

differences

Crop production 8.9 15.6 6.7*** 3 .5 -2.5** 9.2***

Livestock 6.5 7.4 .9 4.5 .7 -3.8*** 4.7*

Fisheries .7 .7 0 1.6 .2 -1.4* 1.4*

Other vocational/livelihood skill

4.3 6.7 2.4* 2.8 .2 -2.6*** 5**

Household water supply rainy season#

  Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total

Piped water into dwelling 10.9***

.5*** .1*** 4.4* 2.3* 3.8

Piped water to yard/plot 9.7*** 1.9*** 0*** 3.4* 5.3* 3.9

Tube well/borehole 4.7*** 42.4***

0*** 17.2***

11.5*** 15.8

Protected dug well 20.6***

13.6***

7.2*** 13.4 15.1 13.8

Unprotected dug well 5.2*** 2.1*** .5*** 2.3* 3.6* 2.6

Protected spring 25.7***

2.6*** .3*** 9.3 10.5 9.6

Unprotected spring 9*** .6*** .2*** 4*** 1.3*** 3.3

Rainwater collection 6.2*** 8.1*** 82.5*** 31.8 32.8 32

Surface water 2.8*** 25.9***

9.3*** 11.8* 15.5* 12.7

Cleaning the water#  Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total

Proportion of households treating water to make it drinkable (n=3,200)

74*** 97.9***

99.1*** 91.3** 87.5** 90.3

How they clean the water (n=2,890)

Boil 76.9***

75.5***

47.9*** 65.5 67 65.9

Add bleach/chlorine/iodine .1*** .3*** 1.5*** .9* .1* .7

Strain it through a cloth 33.2***

71.2***

88.1*** 64.1***

75.6*** 66.9

Use a water filter 1.3*** 22.9***

6.8*** 12.6***

6.4*** 11.1

Let it stand and settle 23.2***

4.3*** 24.5*** 17.1 15.7 16.8

Aluminium 0*** .8*** 3.9*** 2.1** .3** 1.7

Proportion of villages by zone facing water

shortages by month

Jan Feb March Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0

20

40

60

80

100

6

14.9

59.7

77.6

65.7

28.4

4.5 3 1.5 0 0 1.5

9

23.9

41.8

50.7

44.8

26.9

6 4.50 0 0

30

6.1

47

56.1

36.4

4.50 0 0 0 0 0

Hilly

Dry

Coastal/Delta

Prevalence of underweight children aged 0-60 months by age

groups (22% were moderately or severely underweight)

(0-5) (6-11) (12-23) (24-35) (36-47) (48-60)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

7.9

14.5

25.527.1

21.8

24

5

11.4

19.9

24.5

27.5

33.3

6.5

13.1

22.7

25.824.6

28.3

Males

Females

Total

Age in months

%

Prevalence of stunted children aged 0-60

months by age (32% were moderately or

severely stunted

(0-5) (6-11) (12-23) (24-35) (36-47) (48-60)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

10.8

13.3

35.2 36

41.7

36.9

8.39.8

28

36.4

42.440.5

9.511.7

31.6

36.2

42

38.5

Males

Females

Total

Age in months

%

Prevalence of wasted children (weight for

height)• 7 per cent of children under 5 years of age

showed signs of moderate and severe wasting• Defined as less than 2 SDs below the median

Children 6 months and under being breastfed

(n=489)  Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total

Is being breast fed 98.5 100 97.2 99.4* 96.2* 98.6

Breastfeeding with no solids

0 months 95.7 100 100 97.4 100 97.9

1 month 88 90.9 92 96* 77.3* 90.3

2 months 89.5 78.3 82.6 86.7 75 83.1

3 months 80 76 88.9 78.9 85.7 80.8

4 months 54.1 54.2 78.6 64.2 45.5 58.7

5 months 52.8 42.9 63.6 55.4 42.9 53.2

6 months 40 30.4 20.8 32 27.3 30.6

Total proportion of babies 0-6 months being breastfed without solids

68.7 64.6 73.2 71.1 62.6 68.8

Proportion of children with

diarrhoea in the last two weeks

(n=4,067)

  Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total

Children with diarrhoea in the last two weeks

19.8*** 12*** 11.9*** 15.1 15.2 15.1

Children with diarrhoea in households which did clean their water

19.6 11.8 11.9 14.6** 14.5 14.5**

Children in households which did NOT clean their water

20.4 16.3 12.5 19.8** 19.4 19.7**

Individual dietary diversity, minimum dietary diversity

score for 6-23 month children

Number of food groups Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total

Poor (3 or less) 73.6*** 63.7*** 57.1*** 66.9* 61.8* 65.6

Acceptable (greater than 4) 26.4*** 36.3*** 42.9*** 33.1* 38.2* 34.4

Prevalence of poverty• Based on US$1.25• Converted into Myanmar Kyat at 2010 Purchasing

Power Parity• Creating a poverty line of 862.97 Kyat per person

per day• Proportion of households with a daily per capita

consumption of more than Kyats 862.97

  Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total

More than 862.97 per day 75.8* 64.2* 73.6* 71.7 69.6 71.2

  LIFT Control Hilly Dry Coastal Total

Total (Kyat) 1379.93 1340.37 1500.82 1157.4 1453.13 1370.04

Pulses, beans, nuts and seeds 3.2 3.1 3.4 4.8 1.7 3.2Meat, dairy, eggs 7.5 6.8 7.4 6.4 7.9 7.3Fish and other seafood 5.6 7.3 2.7 4.7 10.5 6.0Roots and tubers 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.6 0.9 1.0Vegetables 6.8 6.5 7.9 7.9 4.5 6.7Fruits 1.9 2.0 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.0Spices and condiments 4.7 5.3 4.4 5.1 5.1 4.8Other food products 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.1 2.1 1.7Alcoholic beverages 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.0 0.7 1.2Food and beverages 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.4 2.4 1.3Rice and cereals 14.5 16.0 14.8 16.5 13.6 14.9Oil and fats 3.4 3.1 2.9 5.0 2.3 3.3Milk products 0.8 0.2 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.6Other food items 2.2 2.3 1.6 1.5 3.5 2.2Energy for household use 5.5 4.9 5.7 3.1 6.7 5.3Water 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.6Personal apparel 2.9 2.8 2.6 3.2 2.9 2.9Medicines 3.5 3.4 1.9 3.9 4.8 3.5Local transport 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.3 2.3 1.8Other non-food items 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.6 3.0 2.0Clothing and other apparel 3.7 2.4 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.3Home equipment 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4Housing 7.7 8.4 10.3 9.2 4.2 7.9Health 2.6 3.0 2.0 3.7 2.7 2.7Education 1.9 2.1 2.5 1.5 1.7 1.9Travel/trips 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.5Other 1.3 1.5 0.4 2.8 1.1 1.3Assets 9.9 8.8 13.6 7.4 7.3 9.7