Lead Acid Battery Consumption 31 Dec 2014

Lead Acid Battery Consumption in Hong Kong

Report prepared by:

Ir. Dr. James W. H. Wong Allied Environmental Consultants Limited 19th Floor, Kwan Chart Tower, 6, Tonnochy Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong 31st December, 2014

AEC Limited, December, 2014


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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ iii Lead Acid Battery Consumption in Hong Kong .............................................. 1

Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 Hong Kong Regulations ................................................................................................... 3 Penalties .......................................................................................................................... 5 Basel Convention Regulations .......................................................................................... 5 The Generating Sources and Estimated Quantities of Used Lead Acid Batteries in Hong Kong ............................................................................................................................... 5 UPS Batteries for Data Centre Facilitation Unit .............................................................. 16 Beyond Silicon: the processors of the future .................................................................... 18 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 24

This document has been prepared with care. However, the author makes no warrant of any kind in regard to the contents and shall not be liable for incidental or consequential damages, financial or otherwise, arising out of the use of this document. The contents of this report are for the sole use of the recipient and may not be transmitted in any form whatsoever without prior permission.

AEC Limited, December, 2014


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Executive Summary

Contrary to the general conception of declining importance of worlds usage of lead in the lead acid battery, statistics compiled by International Lead and Zinc Group (ILZG) show that the consumption of lead (predominantly in lead acid battery) has doubled from 4.5 million ton in 2004 to an annualized 11 million tons in 2014. (ILZG is one of the oldest intergovernmental commodity organization formed by United Nation.)1

Environmentally friendly lead waste recycling has never been more critical as lead acid battery demand is increasing exponentially in transport and IT sectors, so the periodic disposal of the lead waste is becoming more ubiquitous than ever in our society.

The basic components of a lead acid battery have not changed since its invention: lead, acid and plastic casing. However if they are disposed improperly, the catastrophic consequence on the environment is irreversible. In most countries, nowadays, formal recycling process has become an indispensable integral of a societys infrastructure in treating its chemical waste.

The goal of this study is an attempt to assess the full extent of the lead waste issue in Hong Kong SAR by focusing on the identification of generating sources and corresponding estimates of quantity of lead-acid batteries.

The potential of replacement ULAB for recycling in Hong Kong in year 2020 is 13,073 tons for Transportation, 216 tons, for buildings and tunnels, and 49,507 tons for Data Centers respectively, totaling 62,796 tons per annum by 2020.

Application 2020 ULAB Tonnes per year

SLI 13073 Buildings, Road and Railway Tunnels 216

Data Centers 49,507 Total 62,796

Replacement ULAB Projection for Year 2020

1 http://www.ilzsg.org/static/home.aspx

AEC Limited, December, 2014 Report Lead Acid Battery Consumption in Hong Kong

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Lead Acid Battery Consumption

in Hong Kong

Background

In most countries, nowadays, used lead-acid batteries are returned for lead recycling. However, considering that a normal battery also contains sulfuric acid and several kinds of plastics, the recycling process may be a potentially dangerous process if not properly controlled. Technical guidelines are, therefore, meant to provide guidance to countries, which are planning to improve their capacity in order to manage the used lead-acid battery wastes. A comprehensive approach is adopted and clear information is provided on several issues related to these wastes and it is expected that by using these guidelines a country will be able to improve its actions in relation to the following aspects:

(a) protection and improvement of its environmental quality; (b) protection of its population health; (c) adoption of clean technologies in order to minimize waste generation; (d) adoption of reuse and recycle as means to protect no-renewable natural resources and

reduce energy consumption; (e) adoption of environmentally sound management of used lead-acid batteries; (f) creation of a sustainable and regulated system of lead utilization; (g) adoption of management plans for lead wastes; (h) generation of social, economic and environmental benefits through the environmentally

sound management of lead wastes.


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Why Recycle?

1. The recycling process is an essential element in sustainable development and provides rational uses for scarce, natural resources such as lead. There are strong advantages in the recycling process: (a) extension of natural resources lifetime although there are undiscovered ore deposits

all over the world, they are ultimately finite and this limit is linked to its usage rate. Therefore, recycling processes extend the lifetime of these deposits;

(b) reduced monetary costs secondary materials provide means of monetary economy by: (1) being cheaper processes than primary minerals recovery; (2) reducing the dependence on imported materials; (3) reducing the investment cost of equipment; and (4) reducing waste production, especially the primary extraction waste;

(c) energy conservation since few metals occur in nature as readily usable forms, the recycling processes allow the production of metals with about 25% or less2 of the energy used in intensive procedures which usually depend on fossil fuels, as in furnaces for example, the recycling processes provide a means of pollution reduction.

2. Besides these aspects which are applied for all metal recycling processes, lead itself has some other important factors that make its recycling even more environmentally sound:

(1) Toxicity toward the environment and human health Toxicity exposure to human, animals, vegetation and environment through soil contamination, streams and drainage systems are well known to be devastating with long lasting effects. Thus, it is reasonable to think that lack of a lead recycling system would increase dramatically the risk of exposure since the lead waste would have to have environmentally unsound destinations;

(2) Large recyclability the fact that lead has a low melting point and it is easily refined from scrap increases its recyclability, i.e. the relatively technical ease or feasibility of lead isolation from scrap and reintroduction into the raw material stream;

(3) Large market lead enjoys a large market and, depending on the country, a reasonably well-organized collection system of up to 96% from one predominant product which has a short and predictable lifetime: the starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) battery.

3. From the above, it becomes clear that destinations such as landfilling, incineration and others cannot be considered as an environmentally sound management of wastes, not only for economic reasons but also for health and environmental reasons.

2 Heinstock, ICME study


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4. Once this is recognized, recycling processes become a technologically viable answer to the problem since, when properly applied and controlled, recycling can prove an economically viable and environmentally sound solution. Therefore, lead recycling should be pursued as an optimal solution to the environmentally sound management of waste lead-acid batteries3.

Hong Kong Regulations

Under the Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste)(General) Regulation within the Waste Disposal Ordinance (Laws of Hong Kong Chapter 354), Waste producer, waste collector and end-point disposal facility are all being regulated EPD. All chemical waste movements are monitored by EPD, and have to comply with the "Cradle to Grave" chemical waste control scheme4.

Used Lead Acid Battery (ULAB) is classified as chemical waste and therefore waste producers must register with Environmental Protection Department (EPD) and should only engage the services of a licensed waste collector to arrange for the collection and removal of chemical waste. The licensed collectors must within 48 hours of collection transfer the waste to the final disposal point licensed by EPD.

Waste producers should only engage the services of a "licensed collector" (LC) to arrange for the collection and removal of chemical waste. Waste collectors are persons licensed by EPD to provide such services. A waste producer can discharge his duty to arrange for the proper disposal of his waste by consigning his waste to such a waste collector. All movements of chemical waste will be monitored. A waste producer needs to complete in triplicate a form, known as a "trip-ticket", before the waste will be accepted for collection from his premises. The waste producer has to keep one copy as a record of consignment, and the waste collector will retain a further copy of the form upon delivery of the waste to a reception point. The original copy will be retained by the reception point manager. At each stage, the receipt of a properly completed trip-ticket is a condition for acceptance of the waste. Figure 1 illustrates the "trip-ticket" system.

3 Basel Convention, Technical Guidelines for the Environmentally Sound Management of Waste Lead Acid Batteries, 2003

4http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/897C4EC786B2EA10482575EE006F1BEA/$FILE/CAP_354C_e_b5.pdf


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The steps to be taken by a chemical waste producer are set out below:

1. Record on a trip ticket and its copies all the necessary particulars and information required.

2. Ensure that the waste to be delivered is correctly classified, described, quantified and labelled.

3. Certify on the trip ticket that all the information provided by him is correct.5 4. Retain a copy of the trip ticket for at least 12 months following consignment of the

waste.

A waste collector should deliver collected wastes to a reception point within 48 hours of collection. Any subsequent transfer of waste from a reception point would also need to follow the same trip-ticket requirements. Waste producers, waste collectors and reception point managers are obliged to provide EPD with any extra information requested within a specified time.6

Figure 1. Illustrates the "trip-ticket" system.




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Penalties A summary of the key offences and their maximum penalties related to the duties of chemical waste producers is show below -

Section of the Regulation

Offence

Maximum Penalty

6 Failing to register as a waste producer $200,000 plus 6 months imprisonment

7 Failing to notify change in particulars of registration $10,000 8 Failing to arrange for proper disposal of waste $200,000 plus 6 months

imprisonment 8 Failing to produce information records etc. $100,000 plus 6 months

imprisonment 9 to 11 13 to 15

Failing to comply with waste packaging storage requirements

$100,000 plus 6 months imprisonment

12, 18 Failing to comply with labelling and warning sign requirements

$50,000 plus 6 months imprisonment

21 Failing to engage licensed waste collector $200,000 plus 6 months imprisonment

Figure 2. Penalties of Chemical Waste Producers

Basel Convention Regulations

The Basel Convention of the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal7 is one of the most important steps taken in recent times towards the international regulation of hazardous waste. This ban will eliminate hazardous waste exports to developing countries. Hong Kong, under the Convention, is forbidden to export such waste.

In response to Basel Convention, Environmental Bureau is committed to enforce End-Point Disposal Facility for such waste to be treated within Hong Kong EcoPark.8

The Generating Sources and Estimated Quantities of Used Lead Acid Batteries in Hong Kong

The quantity of ULAB used for Starting/Lighting/Ignition (SLI) in Hong Kong is estimated based on the following sources:

7 http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf

8 http://dunwellgroupblog.blogspot.hk/2013/06/cradle-to-grave-tip-ticket-chemical.html


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1. Starting/Lighting/Ignition (SLI) Starting/Lighting/Ignition (SLI) batteries from 699,540 licensed vehicles (at 31 December 2014)9 are usually collected at 1,000 registered garages in the SAR. There were a total of 134,180 licensed diesel commercial vehicles. They include light, medium and heavy goods vehicles, public and private light buses, non-franchised and franchised buses. Franchise, Non-franchise and Private Buses and Mini Buses There are 12,843 Double and Single deck buses in Hong Kong managed by 6 major operators and 582 private buses for a total of 13,425 buses. With a reference battery10 of 12V, 95Ah, 35 kg, two batteries per vehicle. The estimated number of batteries is 26,850 (939 tonnes). There are a total of 7,340 registered Red, Green and Private Mini Buses operating in Hong Kong. With a reference battery11 of 12V, 95Ah, 20 kg, two batteries per vehicle. The estimated number of batteries is 14,680 (294 tonnes). Light, Medium and Heavy Goods Vehicles12 - There are 71,712 Light Goods Vehicles Licenced by the Transport Department. With a reference battery13 of 12V, 60Ah, 12 kg, two batteries per vehicle. The estimated number of batteries is 143,424 (1,721 tonnes). There are 36,630 Medium Goods Vehicles Licenced by the Transport Department. With a reference battery14 of 12V, 95Ah, 35 kg, two batteries per vehicle. The estimated number of batteries is 73,260 (2,564 tonnes). There are 5,073 Heavy Goods Vehicles Licenced by the Transport Department. With a reference battery15 of 12V, 95Ah, 35 kg, two batteries per vehicle. The estimated number of batteries is 10,146 (355 tonnes).

9 http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_281/table41a.pdf

10 Varta Battery ETN: 640103080 (http://www.varta-automotive.com/en-gb/products/commercial-vehicles/promotive-blue/)

11 Varta Battery ETN: 545157033 (http://www.varta-automotive.com/en-gb/products/automotive/blue-dynamic/)

12 http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_281/table41a.pdf




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Motorcycles There are a total of 45,199 motorcycles (including 762 Government motorcycles) licenced by the Transport Department, with a reference battery16 of 12V, 95Ah, 3.2 kg. The estimated number of batteries is 45,199 (145 tonnes). Taxis There are a total of 18,066 of red, green, and blue licensed taxis operating in Hong Kong, with a reference battery17 of 12V, 60Ah,14 kg. The estimated number of batteries is 18,066 (253 tonnes). Private Transport - There are 495,038 licensed private cars and 1,530 special purpose vehicles totalling 496,568 accounting for 70 per cent of all vehicles, with a reference battery18 of 12V, 60Ah, 14 kg. The estimated number of batteries is 496,568 (6,952 tonnes). Government Vehicles - There are 5,527 government vehicles reported by the Transport Department as of October 2014, with a reference battery19 of 12V, 60Ah, 14 kg. The estimated number of batteries is 5,527 (77 tonnes). Number and Gross Tonnage of Ships Registered in Hong Kong According to the Hong Kong Marine Department, there are 2,165 number of Ocean-going ships (92,657,572 Gross tonnage); 77 River Trade ships (46,781 Gross tonnage) and 158 Local Services Ships (78,009 Gross tonnage) registered at December, 2014. Estimate for the weight of batteries per vessel (kg) totals 1,397 tonnes for this study are based on the following:


16 Yuasa YB12C-A 12Ah Conventional PowerSports Battery - No Acid Pack (http://www.atbatt.com/yuasa-yb12c-a-12ah-conventional-powersports-battery-no-acid-pack.asp)





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Number and Ship Type Weight of batteries per vessel (kg)

Total (kg)

2,165 Ocean Going 6x 56kg 4x 45kg

1,349,340

77 River Trade 2x 56kg 2x 45kg

47,470 158 Local Services

The replacement of battery in vessels are estimated to be every 5 years.

Commercial and Industrial Building Emergency Generators According to the Building Department 2010 figures20, there are 2,327 and 1,928 Commercial and Industrial Buildings in Hong Kong. With the Fire Prevention Regulations, emergency generators sets usually are installed and maintained in these buildings. For the estimation, two 56 kg lead acid batteries per building are assigned and their replacement are estimated to be every 5 years.

To summarise for the SLI section: Type of SLI Replacement Period

(year) Averaged Annual ULAB for recycling (tonnes)

Ships 5 279 Private Transport and Government Vehicles

2 6240

Buses 1.3 949 Goods Vehicles 1.3 3569 Taxi 1.3 195 Motorcycles 1.3 111 Commercial and Industrial Building Emergency Gensets

5 95

Total 11,438

The Averaged Annual ULAB from the SLI section is estimated at 12,885 tonnes. Therefore, based on the number of registered vehicles from the Transport Department and Marine Department, and number of commercial and industrial buildings, we estimate the total number of ULAB from all the categories to be 11,438 tonnes as of 31 December 2014.

20 http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr09-10/english/hc/sub_leg/sc05/papers/sc050209cb1-1163-1-e.pdf


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Battery Life Battery life is defined as the period of time in which a battery is capable of being recharged and retains the charge applied. Once the battery is no longer capable of being recharged or cannot retain its charge properly, its lifetime reaches its end and it becomes a used battery for the application it was designed for. The main cause of this death is the sulfatation process. This begins when lead sulfate (PbSO4) precipitates over the battery plates eventually reaching a point where the ions can no longer migrate from or to the plates or electrolyte due to lead sulfate coating, and the reactions which produce the electric energy cease. Most batteries are designed for 500 charging cycles which if use daily, it is about 1.3 years. Under ideal conditions, an automobile battery can last up to six years, but several factors contribute to decrease this optimal lifetime:

a) incomplete charging process; b) battery remains too long without use or stands a long time between two charges; c) hot weather: it increases the sulfatation process rate; d) deep discharging process, the deeper the discharge the less life time the battery will

have; e) low electrolyte level: air exposed plates becomes sulfated immediately.

When all this factors are considered together, the battery life span ranges from 6 to 48 months, yet only 30% of all batteries actually reach the 48-month mark. At the end of its life the battery is classified as a hazardous waste under the Basel Convention and should be handled accordingly in order to prevent damage to human health or to the environment. The projection of SLI to the year 2020 is carried out, as the building sectors and marine sectors are not expected to have great changes, we project the growth based on the Licensed Vehicles growth only, as follows:


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Replacement SLI Batteries 2009-2020

Year

Total Licensed Vehicles

Estimated Tonnage of

Replacement Used Lead Acid Batteries (tonnes)

1 2009 584,070 8,444

2 2010 607,796 8,754

3 2011 630,281 9,093

4 2012 653,010 9,452

5 2013 680,914 9,760

6 2014 699,540 11,438

7* 2015 728,221 11,684

8* 2016 758,078 11,940

9* 2017 789,160 12,206

10* 2018 821,516 12,484

11* 2019 855,198 12,772

12* 2020 890,261 13,073

Table 1 - Projected SLI Battery Replacements (2009 -2020) (*Quantity estimated using 4.1% growth from 2015.)

2. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) for Emergency Lighting and Fire Alarm Systems Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) batteries for emergency lighting and fire alarm systems are mandated in all public and non-domestic area.

Office Buildings - The total stock of private office at the end of 2013 amounted to 10 983 200 m, which included 63% Grade A, 23% Grade B and 14% Grade C office. Office space in the core districts comprising Sheung Wan, Central, Wan Chai, Causeway Bay and Tsim Sha Tsui accounted for 57% of the total stock at the end of 201321.

For estimation of ULAB, there is an emergency lighting unit assigned to every 60 m, for an estimate of 183,053 batteries installed in these buildings.

21 Hong Kong Property Review 2014. http://www.rvd.gov.hk/en/publications/hkpr.html


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Private Commercial Buildings - This sector comprises retail premises and other premises designed or adapted for commercial use, with the exception of purpose-built offices. Stock in this sector at the end of 2013 was 10 882 700 m, with 30% of the total space on Hong Kong Island, 40% in Kowloon and 30% in the New Territories. For estimation of ULAB, there is an emergency lighting unit assigned to every 60 m, for an estimate of 181,378 batteries installed in these buildings.

Private Flatted Factories, Private Industrial Office, Private Specialized Factories and Private Storage Buildings - This category comprises flatted factories and ancillary office accommodation. At the end of 2013, stock in this sector was 17 160 200 m, which was evenly distributed between the urban areas and the New Territories. For estimation of ULAB, there is an emergency lighting unit assigned to every 230 m, for an estimate of 74,610 batteries installed in these buildings.

There was 593,000 m of Private Industrial Office categorised by the Rating and Valuation Department of the Hong Kong Government at the end of 2013. For estimation of ULAB, there is an emergency lighting unit assigned to every 230 m, for an estimate of 2,578 batteries installed in these buildings. There was 2 996 600 m at the end of Private Specialised Factories categorised by the Rating and Valuation Department of the Hong Kong Government by the end of 2013. This category comprises all other factory premises, primarily purpose-built for specialised manufacturing processes, and usually for occupation by a single operator. For estimation of ULAB, there is an emergency lighting unit assigned to every 230 m, for an estimate of 13,029 batteries installed in these buildings. There was 3 561 700 m of Private Storage at the end of 2013. This category comprises premises designed or adapted for use as godowns, or cold stores, and includes ancillary offices. Premises located within container terminals are included. For estimation of ULAB, there is an emergency lighting unit assigned to every 230 m, for an estimate of 15,486 batteries installed in these buildings.

Private Developments - UPS batteries for Emergency Lighting Requirement from private developments22. This sector comprises independent domestic units with an exclusive cooking area, bathroom and toilet, but does not include village houses, quarters held by the People's Liberation Army, quarters attached to premises of utility companies, dormitories (including student dormitories in educational institutes), quarters held by the Hospital Authority, hotels and

22 Fire Services Department, Emergency Lighting Requirements. (http://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/eng/source/licensing/ppa_104.pdf)


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hostels. At the end of 2013, the overall stock was 1 123 600 units. (approximately 60-70 million m)

Small/Medium domestic units - This sub-sector comprises units with a saleable area of less than 100 m. Stock at the end of 2013 was 1 037 200 units which accounted for 92% of the total private domestic stock. Under the Code of Practice issued by the Fire Department23, all high-rise buildings in Hong Kong have to be designed with protected escape route with emergency lighting provisions. High-rise buildings are defined in local regulations as: A building of which the floor of the uppermost storey exceeds 30 m above the point of staircase discharge at ground floor level24. For estimation of UPS, we assume two emergency lighting units assigned to every 8 units for an estimate of 259,300 batteries installed in these buildings.

Large domestic units - This sub-sector comprises units with a saleable area of 100 m or above. Stock at the end of 2013 was 86,400 units, representing 8% of the total private domestic stock. For an estimation of UPS, there are two emergency lighting units assigned to every 4 units for an estimate of 43,200 batteries in these buildings.

Therefore, the estimated UPS in the domestic buildings, offices, commercial buildings and private industrial buildings in Hong Kong is approximately 772,634 batteries, with a reference battery25 of 6V, 4.5Ah, 0.82 kg.

23 Codes of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment (http://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/eng/source/safety/installation_2005.pdf)

24 Codes of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment and Inspection and Testing of Installations and Equipment, Fire Services Department, Hong Kong (1998).

25 Zeus Battery Products data Sheet, (http://batteries.zeusbatteryproducts.com/Asset/PC4.5-6.pdf)


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UPS Battery Installations 2009-2020

Year Total Floor Area M Estimated Tonnage of Lead Acid Batteries

1 2009 105,443,400 634 2 2010 105,576,900 662 3 2011 105,481,600 692 4 2012 105,927,800 723 5 2013 106,177,400 756 6 2014 106,326,000 790 7 2015 106,474,900 825 8 2016 106,624,000 862 9 2017 106,773,200 901

10 2018 106,922,700 942 11 2019 107,072,400 984 12 2020 107,222,300 1028

Table 2. Projected UPS Battery Installations 2009-202026 (Quantity estimated using 0.45% growth. Estimated average weight per unit is 0.82 kg.)

Emergency Lighting for Road and Rail Tunnels in Hong Kong

Based on CATALOGUE OF HONG KONG TUNNELS (Up to August 2012)27 Estimation based on 230m per Lead Acid Battery Emergency Lighting System. Replacement 3 kg battery - 10 year life expectancy. Total Road Tunnels Floor Areas in Hong Kong (2012) = 2530708 m No. of 3 kg battery = 11,003 units.

No. of Emergency Lighting in Railway Tunnels: Total Railway Tunnels Floor Areas in Hong Kong (2012) = 1371623 m No. of 3 kg battery = 5964 units.

26 Source: (Source: http://www.rvd.gov.hk/tc/property_market_statistics/completions.html)

27 Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department, http://www.cedd.gov.hk/tc/publications/geo/doc/hktunnel_cat.pdf


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3. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) for Data Centers

Digital Age

As the world is rapidly evolving from post-industrial into digital age, the Information and Communication Technology sector is contributing an exponential income growth to the economy. Hong Kong has made great strides over the years in Information Communication Technology (ICT) applications which serve to increase our competitiveness and efficiency, and at the same time bring more convenient and user-friendly services to the community.

Today, Hong Kong offers the world's most affordable Internet connection and mobile phone service with penetration rates among the highest in the world.

Being an international trading and financial center with the unique advantage of having the Mainland as our hinterland, Hong Kong is well placed to serve as a hub for technological cooperation and trade in high-tech products and services. The presence of a technology cluster of companies from different origins allows Hong Kong to contribute to cross-border technological cooperation worldwide.28

Demand for Data Centers

This creates an insatiable demand for data centers right here in Hong Kong in order to process and store the tsunami of information from all sectors of the society. It is interesting to note, according to a well informed source, that there are at least 20 international data center operators eyeing Hong Kong as a potential candidate for their expansion plans at any time.

Fuelled by the Governments Optimisation Scheme29 with a package of measures to optimise the use of existing industrial buildings through encouraging redevelopment of industrial buildings situated in non-industrial zones and conversion of entire existing industrial buildings; as well as the formation of the Office of the Government Chief Information Officer (OGCIO)30 which has set up the Data Centre Facilitation Unit to provide one-stop helpdesk service to assist data center operators interested in setting up data centers in Hong Kong. The development of data centers has been remarkable by any standard.

28 Digital 21 Strategy, http://www.digital21.gov.hk/eng/index.htm

29 http://datacentre,gov.hk/en/availablelands_ib.html

30Data Centre Facilitation Unit, Office of the Government Chief Information Officer The Government of the Hong Kong SAR; Email: [email protected]; Tel: (852) 2582 4574


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According to 2009 Hong Kong Government survey, the total floor area of data centers in Hong Kong was 2.3 million square feet. At the time, the estimated number of data center operators in Hong Kong was about 53.

In 2012, Colliers International published a booklet31, in which they estimated the growth of data centers in Hong Kong will reach 4.1 million square feet (380,902 m) by 2015. However, at the time of preparing this report in December, 2014, our survey indicates the total floor area of data centers from services providers in Hong Kong has already reached 7.3 million square feet (729,666 m).

This is in line with the vision set out in its Digital 21 Strategy32 in developing Hong Kong into a hub for technological cooperation and trade.

In House Data Centers

However, the surveyed area of 7.3 million square feet does not include the in-house Data Centers within small and medium private enterprises (SME) and major institutions and sectors such as the Airport Authority, MTRC, Broadcasting, Energy and Utilities etc. According to the Digital Realtys Survey of 2012, about 22% of Hong Kong companies have their own data facilities and would expand themselves in 2012-2013. Based on this we can say the in-house data center in Hong Kong is at least 22%. As the survey did not included education establishments, we would estimate the overall is slightly higher at 25%.33 Therefore, we estimate the total data center floor area in Hong Kong for 2014 to be 10 million square feet (972,888 m2) and growing at a steady rate of 7% p.a.

31 Data Centre in Hong Kong - Colliers International Information Booklet, 2012

32 Digital 21 Strategy, http://www.digital21.gov.hk/eng/index.htm

33Source: Digital Reality https://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.digitalrealty.com%2Fsfc%2Fservlet.shepherd%2Fversion%2Fdownload%2F06880000000jePD&ei=aD2iVI-aCMXs8AW4tIGoCw&usg=AFQjCNGhsxrDbTPvVUu6Yl_9LGimCoE2nQ


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The following is the technical determination of the total power consumption and back up UPS of data centers, based on the starting floor area of Data Center of 10 million square feet.

Internet Users in Hong Kong In December 2014, at the time of preparing this report, the internet users in Hong Kong reached 5.8 million. This represents 79% penetration of the population34. BroadGroup estimates that around 85-90% of Asian data center space is in-house (owned by corporates, government, SMEs), and this varies from around 75% in Singapore to 9.1% in Indonesia35. It shows Hong Kong leads in internet penetration in S.E Asian countries.

UPS Batteries for Data Centre Facilitation Unit

Below are the four specific tiers of datacenters:

Tier 1 99.671% uptime: Tier 1 providers do not pay IP transit, meaning they have a global presence and don't pay other providers for any portion of their connectivity. These datacenters are basic computer rooms that require a full shutdown for preventative maintenance. Annual downtime is 28.8 hours.

Tier 2 99.741% uptime: Tier 2 networks have a national or international footprint, but still pay IP transit to reach some portions of the Internet. These facilities have some redundancy but still have a single path for power, requiring a shutdown for preventative maintenance. Annual downtime is 22 hours.

Tier 3 99.982% uptime: Tier 3 networks are regional providers. Larger datacenters are typically tier 3 networks and build redundancy through redundant POPs (points of presence) outside of their facilities. Past the POPs, these providers pay for IP transit. These datacenters have sufficient redundancy in place to allow for planned maintenance without downtime (N+1 redundancy.) Tier 3 datacenters are required to have at least 13.2 KV (kilo volts) of power. Annual downtime is 1.6 hours.

Tier 4 99.995% uptime: Most data centers are tier 4 networks. They have their own internal network but they pay other networks for IP transit outside of the facility. Tier 4 DCs are the top tier. They are built with multiple paths to power and AC and are designed to cope with a

34 Internet Users By Country 2014, http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/

35 Source: https://www.bicsi.org/uploadedFiles/BICSI_Website/Global_Community/Presentations_and_Photos/Southeast_Asia/2012_SEA/2.1%20ASEAN%20Data%20Centre%20Market.pdf


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worst-case scenario with no critical impact. These datacenters are required to have at least 26.2 KV of power.36 Annual downtime is 0.4 hours.

Figure 3. Typical Power Supplies Schematic for a Data Center

Figure 4. Tier Category of Data Centers


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Figure 5. Redundancy Design Capacity for Different Tier Category.

In the past, many data centers were designed with reference to the Design Guideline with a provision of electrical power between 50W to 100W per square foot. From 2009 to 2015 there is an annual growth rate of 9.8 per cent in data centers, in particular, with popularity and data volume, the exponential increase of smart phone data processing that is not considered as HD high density processing. In Hong Kong, the industry observed an 18 percent growth in 2011 alone. According to the power equipment suppliers, the current design provision of UPS for data centers is 150W per square foot, which has been accepted as todays standard. However, the industry is growing at a very rapid speed and the processing power and technology in servers have been increased at a breakneck rate. In a number of international surveys, the power density of data centers around the world is most likely going in the direction of 36kW/rack.

Beyond Silicon: the processors of the future

In 2007, Spiros Liolis, a forward thinker in Cloud Computing Initiatives and Converged DC Lead at HP EMEA, projected that the power consumption in all data centers be would increasing to 4000-12000 w/m and 32kW per rack by 2015, with more heat to be absorbed by CRACs37. This is because the CPU power has continued to rise in an amazing speed. Currently, the multicores CPU processing

37 Spiros Liolis, HP Data Center Transformation for Better Business Outcomes http://www.osp.ru/data/313/942/1238/06.pdf


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power spills trillions of data quantity in TB per seconds, and these data signals need to be physically converted in SDD chipsets and hard discs.

What might replace silicon chips when the technology reaches its limits? We investigate the options. The worlds first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was launched in 1971. It was a 4-bit design with a clock speed of 740kHz, and contained a single core. Today we have 64-bit chips, clock speeds of 4.4GHz, and up to a dozen cores. This phenomenal rate of change would be awe-inspiring had we not come to expect constant improvements as the norm in the world of computing38.

It does not matter whether we move ahead to an Optical CPU or the outrageous DNA CPU in the future. The data spilling out from this equipment still needs power for storage and retrievals. As long as the scale of data bank is increasing with the CPU processing power, the storage and back-up system will stay within the market in an upward trend. If we look at the slope of the Transistors Count in a CPU as shown in the graph, we can see the trend for required power and UPS for data centers growth in the near future on same slope.

Figure 6. Microprocessor count, the trend of data processing technology between 1971 2011.

38 By Mike Bedford | PC Advisor | 26 June 13http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/features/tech-industry/3454672/processor-tech-of-future/


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In 2014, new online data centers such as NTT Data Centre in Tseung Kwang O are offering 15kW/rack power density to users39. In this report, it is strategically necessary to know what is coming in the near future in this industry. An industry-wide initiative, spearheaded by Emerson Network Power, to create a visionor multiple visionsof the future of the data centre. As part of Data Center 2025, Emerson conducted interviews with key industry influencers, solicited feedback from the industry at the Data Center 2025 online portal: EmersonNetworkPower.com/DataCenter2025, and conducted an online survey that generated more than 800 responses40. The online survey was conducted among data center and telecommunications professionals in the U.S., Latin America, Western Europe and Asia Pacific. The survey included open-ended questions to collect unbiased expectations about the future of the data center along with close-ended questions to collect quantifiable expectations about changes in technology, business needs, ownership and required skills related to data centers.

Their survey indicated most people believe the power density in data centers will continue to rise to 53kW per rack by the year 2025.

Figure 7. Projected Power Density in Data Centers 2025

Data Center 2025 is a global, industry-wide research initiative designed to engage the thought leaders from all corners of the data centre industry in order to explore potential visions for the data centre of the future. Emerson Network Power invited those who work with data centres directly and indirectly to participate by taking a survey or by sharing their thoughts in freeform. More than 800 professionals from around the world took the survey and dozens more participated via

39 Source: http://www.ntt.com/aboutus_e/news/data/20101007.html

40 Data Center 2025: Exploring the Possibilities http://www.emersonnetworkpower.com/en-US/Latest-Thinking/Data-Center-2025/Documents/002401_DataCenter2025Report_HR_INTERACTIVE.PDF


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email, interviews and videos. The results of the initiative are detailed in a report, Data Center 2025: Exploring the Possibilities41.

Year Fairly Likely Most Likely

Less Likely

2014 15.00 15 15

2015 21.00 19 16

2016 27.00 22 16

2017 33.00 26 17

2018 38.50 29 17

2019 44.50 33 17

2020 50.00 36 18

2021 56.00 39 18

2022 62.00 43 19

2023 68.00 46 19

2024 73.50 49 20

2025 80.00 53 20

Figure 8. Projected Global Power Density Trend in Data Centers 2014 2025

To ensure sufficient protection and account for growth, it is recommended to use a UPS that has a VA capacity rating that is greater than the total power needed for the protected equipment, by at least 15%. To account for the growth of existing data centers, we will need a UPS with greater VA capacity than the total VA requirement. Most UPS data center planners recommend assuming at least 15% growth over a five year period, though some actual plans for growth may require a larger allowance. With a typical UPS battery module, the electrical capacity of the referenced

41 Source: http://www.emersonnetworkpower.com/en-US/Latest-Thinking/Data-Center-2025/Pages/default.aspx


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product is 57.6 Ah, 12 V, 23.05 kg. With a 30 minute provision, the estimated total number of ULAB for Data Centres in Hong Kong for 2014 is 34,638 tonnes. Generally, data centres replace their servers every 3 to 4 years. Therefore, we have estimated the replacement ULAB quantity based on 3.5 year replacement. However, we have estimated the Data Centre growth rate in Hong Kong at 7% year-on-year up to 2020 only, lower than the estimated 8.9% in the Region, as there are limited land and facilities in Hong Kong42.

China now accounts for 30% of data centre white space in the Asia Pacific region (excluding Japan), according to the latest research from DatacenterDynamics Intelligence (DCDi). The report, Asia Pacific Key Trends received responses from 521 organizations across the region, which were then used to collect key data on data centre growth, trends in space, power, investment and new technologies. More than 70% of these respondents were working in a senior management position.

In total, Census respondents for APAC represented 5,090,000 m of white space - a figure which in itself grew by 7% in 2013.

It found China has continued to show the highest rate of growth in terms of white space in the region at 24% in 2014, however, the rate of growth overall across the region has slowed in comparison to the previous year.43

42 Source: Grand View Research, Data Center UPS Market Analysis By Product (Small Data Centers, Medium Data Centers, Large Data Centers) And Segment Forecasts To 2020

43 Source: http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2013/12/china-leads-asia-pacific-data-center-growth


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Year Floor Area (000 m2)

Most Likely Power Density (kW/rack)

UPS provisions (MW)

2014 973 15 1571 2015 1041 21 2353 2016 1114 27 3237 2017 1192 33 4233 2018 1275 39 5285 2019 1365 45 6536 2020 1460 50 7858

Figure 9. Estimated data centre floor space growth in Hong Kong 2014 2020.

Figure 10. Estimated quantity of UPS Lead Acid Batteries in Data Centers in Hong Kong 2014 2020.

Year Total UPS (T) Recycle ULAB (TPA)

2014 34,638 9,897 2015 51,888 14,825 2016 71,383 20,395 2017 93,354 26,672 2018 116,536 33,296 2019 144,127 41,179 2020 173,276 49,507


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Conclusion

Based on the existing/available information, we have estimated the number of Lead Acid Battery installations in Hong Kong in the year 2020 from Transportation, Buildings and Tunnels, and Data Centers would be 33,852 tons, 1,079 tons and, 173,276 tons respectively. Total Lead Acid Battery installations would be 208,207 tons with the reference replacement periods at 2 years for Transportation, 10 years for Buildings and Tunnels, and 3.5 years for Data Centers. The potential of replacement ULAB for recycling in Hong Kong in year 2020 is 16,926 tons, 216 tons, 49,507 tons respectively, totaling 62,796 tonnes per annum by 2020.

Application 2020 ULAB Tonnes per year

SLI 13073 Buildings, Road and Railway Tunnels 216

Data Centers 49,507 Total 62,796

Figure 11. Estimated quantity of ULAB in Hong Kong in 2020.

References:

1. Hong Kong Transport Department http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_281/table41a.pdf 2. Hong Kong Rating and Valuation Department http://www.rvd.gov.hk/tc/property_market_statistics/completions.html) 3. Data Centre Facilitation Unit, Office of the Government Chief Information Officer The Government

of the Hong Kong SAR; Email: [email protected]; Tel: (852) 2582 4574; 4. Hong Kong Industry https://www.industryhk.org/english/fp/fp_hki/files/common/HKI_1210_Focus_e.pdf 5. Collier Internationals Study (2012) on Data Processing Centres 6. Source: China Industrial Association of Power Sources CIAPS 7. Anatomy of Datacenters www.websitemagazine.com 8. Hong Kong Waste Disposal Ordinance Chapter 354 c

http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/897C4EC786B2EA10482575EE006F1BEA/$FILE/CAP_354C_e_b5.pdf