LEADERSHIP & LEGACY

IN HISTORY

The Basics

THE BASICS

• Must discuss both leadership and legacy

• Look for a topic “in history”

LEADERSHIP

“Act of leading: providing motivation,

guidance or direction, usually

from a position of authority.”

LEADER VS. LEADERSHIP

Leader

• Person or group who provided motivation

and guidance

Leadership

• The actions of a person or group who

provided motivation or guidance

• Should focus from biography or timeline to

specific action or event

LEADERSHIP

Groups Individuals

Soviet PolitiburoHaviland Smith, University of North Carolina,

"CIA's World War II Legacy," 2008.

Vladimir LeninWladimir Iljitsch Lenin, 1946.

Library of Congress

LEADERSHIP

Initiate Voluntary – takes or seeks leadership role

Hoffmann, Heinrich. Portraits of Adolf Hitler.

Digital image. Library of Congress, 1935.

Raoul Wallenberg Passport Photo, Public Domain

ReactInvoluntary – responds to situation and finds

themselves in leadership decision

THE ROLE

• What was the

leader’s role?

• How did he or she

get there?

Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britain. Digital image.

Library of Congress, 1942.

FOLLOWERS

• Who were the

supporters or

followers?

• Were there people

that disagreed or

fought against

them?Vietnam Veterans Against the WarBay Area Day March, 1970. Vietnam Veterans Against the War

(vvaw.org)

ACTIONS OR DECISIONS

• What is the focus

of your project?

• How did the leader

act in an intentional

way that had a

significant impact?

FDR. Library of Congress.

LEGACY

“What is handed down to us

from our ancestors or predecessors,

What is left behind for future generations,

such as ideas or accomplishments.”

LEGACY

Could be “positive” or “negative”

"More than 140 Die as Flames Sweep through Three Stories," The New York Tribune (New York, NY), March 26, 1911, Page 1, Image

1, col. 2. Chronicling America, Library of Congress.

LEGACY

Address long-term significance

NAACP Members Marching to the Capitol during Legislative Session - Tallahassee,

Florida. Digital image. Florida Memory, 196-.

LEGACY

Global Local

F.W. De Klerk, Left, the Last President of Apartheid-era South

Africa, and Nelson Mandela, His Successor, Wait to Speak in

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Digital image. Library of Congress,

1993. Web.

LEGACY

Long ago Still impacts us

today

Thomas Jefferson/Louisiana PurchaseCornelius Tiebout, "Thomas Jefferson," 1801. Library of

Congress.

Frank Church/Church Committee

Used to investigate illegal activities by US

intelligence agencies, this committee brought

more publicity to government spying, which is

still an issue today- ex. Edward Snowden.Senator Frank Church in July 1975. New York Times.

SHORT TERM OR LEGACY?

• Distinguish

between short-term

impacts and legacy

– What happened

right away?

– What long-term

changes have

resulted from this

topic?Gandhi, Kanu. Mahatma Gandhi, head-and-shoulders portrait,

facing right and smiling. Digital image. Library of Congress, 194-.

Web.

TOPIC SELECTION

Picking the Best Topics for

History Day 2015

IN HISTORY

More than 25 years old, as a rule of thumb

Herline and Hensel, "Abraham Lincoln,"

1860. Library of Congress.

Souza, Pete. Official Portrait of President-

elect Barack Obama. Digital image. Library

of Congress, 13 Jan. 2009.

LOOK BEYOND POLITICS

Environment

Rachel Carson's, "Silent

Spring," 1962.

Music

Getty Images from the

New York Times.

Medicine

Daniel Hale Williams

Performed the first open

heart surgery.

Crawford Studio, "Daniel Hale

Williams," published in 1964.

Library of Congress.

Science

Leonardo da Vinci

Reproduction of page from

Leonardo daVinci's notebook,

showing the operation of a

mechanical wing, 1894-1904.

Library of Congress.

EVENTS AS HD TOPICS

• Go beyond the

event: Who was

involved?

– Seneca Falls

Convention

– Susan B. Anthony’s

role at the

convention

League of Women Voters. Digital

image. Iipdigital.usembassy.gov/. AP Images, 1915. Web.

Susan B. Anthony. Digital image. Library of Congress.

Bain News Service, n.d. Web.

INVENTIONS AS HD TOPICS

• Cannot just focus

on invention itself

• Inventions cannot

be leaders

– What was the

inventor’s purpose?

– How was it used

after its creation?

"Thomas Edison's patent for light bulb," 1880. Ourgovernments.gov

Steam Locomotive (Railroad) -- John Stevens

"Experimental Railway of John Stevens," 1825. Library of Congress.

LOCAL HISTORY

National Topic Local Connections

WEB DuBois"W.E.B. DuBois facing left," 1920-1930. Library of Congress.

Martin Luther King Jr. "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivering sermon at Atlanta

Church," 1967. Library of Congress.

SUCCESSES & FAILURES

Consider not just achievements in history,

but what failures have had an impact?

Cuban Missile CrisisPhil Stanziola, "800 Women Strikers for

Peace," 1962. Library of Congress.

REMEMBER!

Things to remember and things to avoid when

working with the 2015 theme

AVOID BIOGRAPHY

Augustus Weidenbach, "George

Washington," painted 1876. Library of

Congress.

"Napoleon Bonaparte," Artist and

Date Unknown. Library of Congress.

Margaret Sanger. Digital image. Library

of Congress, 1922.

Flashlight vs.

Floodlight

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS

Within a

Movement

Outside

Opinions

"Martin Luther King Jr.," December 3, 1963 at the White House.

Library of Congress.

George Wallace, 1963. Library of Congress

GO BEYOND GOOD/BAD

Legacy is more than good or bad

leadership. It’s about change.

1968-1972, "Richard Nixon." Library of Congress.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

• What was going on

at the time?

• What people,

events or ideas

influenced this

leader?

• How did the leader

influence things

that came after?

John D. Rockefeller. Digital image.

Library of Congress, 1885.

Ida M. Tarbell. Digital image.

Library of Congress, 1905.

Ida Tarbell

She was an American journalist and leading “muckracker”

whose investigative reporting during the Progressive Era led

to the breakup of the Standard Oil Company's monopoly.

“THROUGH THEIR EYES”

• Consider the event

“through the eyes”

of those involved.

– What was their

point of view on the

situation?

– Why did they make

certain decisions,

from their point of

view?

White Rose Resistance

A group of students who wrote against Hitler’s power and

were later arrested and beheaded.

Hans Scholl (left), Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst, leaders of the

White Rose resistance organization. Munich 1942. From Jacob

Hornberger article on Jewish Virtual Library

WHAT IS LEGACY?

Legacy is about more than

“bringing it up to today.”

"Ford Model T," artist unknown, 1915. Library of Congress.

Hartsook, photographer. Henry Ford, head-and-

shoulders portrait, facing slightly left, 1919 (?).

Prints and Photographs Division, Library of

Congress

AVOID “WHAT IF” HISTORY

Can’t prove what

didn’t happen.

How did it actually

change history?

United States Air Force, "Nagasaki, Japan

under atomic bomb attack," August 9,

1945. Library of Congress.

If President Truman hadn’t dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima

and Nagasaki, then World War II would not have ended.

Harry Truman, half-length portrait, facing

front. Digital image. Library of Congress, 27

June 1945.

DOING THE “RIGHT” THING

• Inaction is still

making a decision.

• Failure to “do the

right thing” is still a

decision.

• What impact did

non-action have on

history?"Voyage of the SS St. Louis May 13-June 17,

1939," shows the route and location of the boat

throughout the course of the journey. Taken

from the United States Holocaust Memorial

Museum.

SS St. Louis

Jewish refugee boat turned away by

multiple countries, including the United

States, before WWII.

Harris, and Ewing. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Digital

image. Library of Congress, 1936. Web.

DON’T OVERSIMPLIFY

• Many factors

contribute to an

event.

• Avoid monocausal

explanations.

– “The Treaty of

Versailles caused

World War II.”Taken from the US Department of State "Office of the

Historian." https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-

1920/paris-peace

CONNECT IN PROJECT

Leadership Legacy

•authority

•dictatorship

•in command of

•leading

•management

•supremacy

•ruling

•in charge of

•directing

•guidance

•lasting memory

•impact

•reminder

•setting the stage

•outcome

•consequence

•effect

•repercussion

•aftermath

•result

TEACHER NOTES

Other models of theme interpretation to consider!

COMPARATIVE LEADERS

Avoid False Comparisons:

9/11 and Pearl Harbor

"Martin Luther King Jr.," December 3, 1963 at the

White House. Library of Congress. “Malcom X.” 1964. Library of Congress.

APPROPRIATING LEGACY

“Abraham Lincoln” 1863. Library of Congress “Ronald Reagan.” Library of Congress

THEME REVERSAL

"Martin Luther King Jr.," December 3, 1963 at the

White House. Library of Congress.

Gandhi, Kanu. Mahatma Gandhi, head-and-shoulders portrait,

facing right and smiling. Digital image. Library of Congress, 194-.

Web.

WHO IS A LEADER?

“Henry David Thoreau.” Library of Congress.

SELECTING LEADERS

Rosa Parks. 1956. Library of Congress.

CASCADE OF DECISIONS