Learning New Testament Greek

8/13/2019 Learning New Testament Greek

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Learning New Testament Greek (Index)Keating,Corey. Learning New Testament Greek.NewTestament

Greek.3February201 .! "tt#$%%www.ntgreek.org%&earn'nt'greek%grkin(e)."tm *.

I. Introductory Items and English Grammar 1. Introduction2. Inflection in the Greek Language 3. Essential Grammatical Terms (These are definitions that you need to know! )4. Translating Greek - English Translations

II. Greek Grammar horter Ex"lanations1. er!s 2. "ouns 3. #ronouns$ %d&ecti'es$ %d'er!s$ etc.4. ther iscellaneous Terms

III. #ore detailed Ex"lanation of Greek Grammar 1. #artici*les 2. +onditional ,entences3. %d'anced E *lanation of Greek Tenses - ind of %ction / Time of %ction.4. ,0ntactical +lassifications of "ouns$ er!s$ and #artici*les

. %d'anced iscussion of the ,u!&uncti'e ood - sed in +onte t

. %d'anced use of Greek %d&ecti'es. 5. Em*hasis sho6n !0 Greek 6ord order

I$. % list of all documents on this site. (If 0ou 6ant to *rint them out$ etc.)

$. earch for any to"ics discussed on NT Greek we& site.

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http://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/grkindex.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/intro.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/inflect.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/terms.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/meaning_vs_translation.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/verbs1.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/nouns1.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/grkmisc.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/more_terms.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/participles.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/conditional_sentences.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/inter-tense.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/classify-syntax-frame.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/classify-syntax-frame.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/subj-detail-frame.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/adjectiv.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/pdf/Word%20Order%20and%20Emphasis%20in%20Greek.pdfhttp://www.ntgreek.org/table_of_contents.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/search.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/grkindex.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/intro.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/inflect.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/terms.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/meaning_vs_translation.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/verbs1.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/nouns1.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/grkmisc.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/more_terms.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/participles.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/conditional_sentences.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/inter-tense.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/classify-syntax-frame.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/subj-detail-frame.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/adjectiv.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/pdf/Word%20Order%20and%20Emphasis%20in%20Greek.pdfhttp://www.ntgreek.org/table_of_contents.htmhttp://www.ntgreek.org/search.htm


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I. Introductory Items and English Grammar 1. Introduction2. Inflection in the Greek Language 3. Essential Grammatical Terms (These are definitions that you need to know! )

4. Translating Greek - English Translations

Introduction to our resentation of !e" Testament Greek

#lease note that until this site is com*leted (if e'er)$ the amount of information here6ill continue to increase. #lease email me if there are other items concerning Greekthat 0ou 6ant to kno6 6hich are not discussed here. %lso$ *lease feel free to &ointhe email list for "TGreek.org so 0ou can !e informed 6hen ma&or u*dates ha'e

occurred.

The *ur*ose of the material *resented here is to !etter e7ui* *eo*le 6ith the a!ilit0 todig out man0 of the hidden riches in the 8ord of God. an0 6ords$ *hrases$ and

*aragra*hs in the "e6 Testament cannot ade7uatel0 !e kno6n 6ithout somekno6ledge of oine (!i!lical) Greek and the a!ilit0 to use some of the man0 stud0aids a'aila!le toda0.

+ ten stu(ents o a -ib&i a& &anguage get bogge( (own wit" t"e memori/ationo many wor( orms an( &ong o abu&ary &ists. T"is site tries to use Greek

grammar an( synta) to gi e insig"t into New Testament #assages wit"out a#erson "a ing to memori/e a&& t"e (e &ensions, #ara(igms, an( o abu&aryre uire( or &earning Greek. owe er, a ter a number o years o tea "ingGreek an(, on erse&y, trying to e)#&ain #assages o s ri#ture to #eo#&e w"o(on t know Greek 4but w"o want a (ee#er un(erstan(ing o w"at t"e Greek ot"e New Testament a tua&&y says5, 6 am on in e( t"at t"e best way toun(erstan( t"e New Testament is to a tua&&y make t"e ommitment to &earnt"e Greek &anguage. 7&t"oug" 6 be&ie e t"e e)#&anations an( (e initions ont"is web site wi&& "e anyone wanting to un(erstan( t"e -ib&e 4an( "e a#erson in t"e #ro ess o &earning Greek5, in or(er to obtain t"e most bene it

rom t"is site 4an( t"e Greek New Testament5 6 (on t be&ie e t"ere is a s"ortut to a tua&&y &earning Greek.

7&& too o ten t"e beginning stu(ent o N.T. Greek gets (is ourage( an( &osesinterest 4or runs out o time5 be ore a uiring any substantia& bene it o

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stu(ying N.T. Greek. 47&t"oug" a &itt&e Greek an( some goo( re eren e booksan go a &ong way.5 T"is web site is meant to "e #ro i(e ot"er resour es

an( a enues in your uest or &earning Greek 4so you an better know Go(an( is &i ing 8or(5. 6 "a e "ear( it sai( t"at, 9Learning Greek is 10 #er ent

ins#iration an( :0 #er ent #ers#iration.9 T"is is true, but my ee&ing is &oserto, 9Learning Greek is 10 #er ent ins#iration an( :0 #er ent re#etition an(reiteration.9 6n ot"er wor(s, t"e &ong;term ommitment to &earn a &itt&e bit e ery(ay is w"at is riti a&. Greek is not t"at (i i u&t o a &anguage i you are#ersistent?ut the God of

*eace 6ill crush ,atan under 0our feet shortl0.> %s a reader of English$ one has no *ro!lem in 7uickl0 discerning 6ho is the su!&ect of the sentence (the one doing thecrushing) and 6hat is the direct o!&ect of the 'er! (the one !eing crushed).

?ecause the noun >God> comes !efore the 'er! >6ill crush>$ the English reader sees>God> as the su!&ect of the sentence$ the *erformer of the 'er!:s action. The noun>,atan> comes after the 'er! and is thus considered the reci*ient of the 'er!:s action.

=o6e'er$ consider the meaning of the sentence if the 6ords of this 'erse 6ere *ut inthe follo6ing orderA >?ut ,atan shortl0 under 0our feet 6ill crush the God of *eace.>+onsider the reason 6h0 one 6ould call this *er'ersion a !las*hem0. %ll the same6ords are in this sentence$ !ut their *ositions ha'e !een rearranged. ,incethe order of the 6ords ha'e changed$ the reader of English understands that

their role in the sentence has also changed. This e am*le clearl0 illustrates ho6im*ortant >6ord order> is in the English language.

The Greek language$ ho6e'er$ o*erates altogether differentl0. It is 6hat is called afull0 >inflected language.> Each Greek 6ord actuall0 changes form (inflection) !asedu*on the role that it *la0s in the sentence. er!s also inflect (change forms) toindicate things such as *erson $tense $mood $ etc. Begardless of the order of the 6ords
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in Bomans 1 A2C$ the reader of Greek 6ould still !e *erfectl0 clear as to the fate ofGod:s enem0 and 6ould not in the least !e concerned a!out the *ossi!le demise of theGod of *eace.

Thus it is im*ortant to understand 6hat the case of each Greek noun indicates and6hat the form of e'er0 Greek 'er! is im*l0ing.

Grammatical Terms Relating to English and Greek

Terms #elated to $entences in General

u&'ect The su!&ect of a sentence is a 6ord or a grou* of 6ords a!out 6hich something can !esaid or asserted. It must !e a noun or a grou* of 6ords functioning as a su!stanti'e .

redicate The *redicate of a sentence is the *art of the sentence that makes the assertion a!outthe su!&ect. The main *art of the *redicate is a finite 'er! (6hich must !e *resent).The *redicate can !e a 'er! alone$ or a 'er! and other 6ords related to it. %n0 *art ofthe sentence 6hich is not a *art of the su!&ect is *art of the *redicate. The 'er! ina sentence ma0 include an >une *ressed> su!&ect. In this kind of sentence$ a su!&ect isnot e *licitl0 stated !ut is im*lied !0 the 'er!. 9or e am*leA >Be*ent and !e !a*ti@edfor the kingdom of the hea'ens has dra6n near.> The su!&ect of the com*ound 'er!>re*ent> and >!e !a*ti@ed> is o!'iousl0 the ones to 6hom this sentenced is addressed.It im*lies$ >Dou re*ent and !e !a*ti@ed>.

entence % sentence is a grou* of 6ords e *ressing a com*lete thought. % com*lete sim*lesentence must include !oth a su!&ect and a *redicate (6hich is com*rised of orincludes a 'er! ). 9or e am*leA >;esus 6e*t.> (;ohn 11A3 ) :;esus:$ a name of a *erson$is a noun and is the su!&ect of this short sentence. (=e is o!'iousl0 the one a!out6hich something is !eing said or asserted.) :8e*t: is the 'er! and$ !0 itself$ com*risesthe *redicate of the sentence. %nother e am*leA >Those 6ho 6orshi* =im must6orshi* in s*irit and realit0.> (;ohn 4A24!) The su!&ect (a!out 6hich something is

!eing said) is :those 6ho 6orshi* =im:. The *redicate$ com*rising !oth the 'er! :must6orshi*: and its related 6ords$ is :must 6orshi* in s*irit and realit0.:

A
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Terms #elated to %er&s

$er& % 'er! is a 6ord e *ressing action$ occurrence$ e istence$ or state of !eing. It is usedto tell or assert something a!out a noun (or su!stanti'e ). In the !roadest sense$ a 'er!sho6s :action:.

inite $er& % finite 'er! is one 6hose form changes in order to match the form of the su!&ect. Itcan !e the main 'er! in the *redicate *art of a sentence (6hose form is go'erned !0the su!&ect of the sentence).9or e am*le >The &ust shall live !0 faith>.

Non inite $er& % 'er! 6hose form does not change !ased u*on an0 noun in the sentence and thuscannot function as the main 'er! in the *redicate of a sentence.9or e am*le >% so6er 6ent forth to sow > or >...looking u*on them$ ;esus said tothem...>.

arsing a $er& There are fi'e !asic *arts that are clearl0 defined !0 e'er0 Greek 'er! form. #arsing a'er! means to identif0 or descri!e these fi'e >*arts> that make u* that 'er!. (>#arse>is from the Latin 6ord >*ars> 6hich means >*art>). These fi'e *artsareA#erson $ "um!er $Tense $ oice $ and ood .

There are two main categories of *er&s+

,. Transiti*e $er&s % transiti'e 'er! is a 'er! that :transfers: the action to and affectsa noun (or su!stanti'e ). This noun that it transfers motion to is called the : directo!&ect:. Therefore !0 the 'er0 nature of a transiti'e 'er!$ it is a 'er! that re7uires adirect o!&ect. +on'ersel0$ if there is a 'er! that has a direct o!&ect$ it must !e atransiti'e 'er!. 8ithout a direct o!&ect$ the transiti'e 'er! 6ould cause the sentence to

!e left hanging and seem incom*lete. 9or e am*le > Do not quench the s*irit> (I Thess A1 ). The understood su!&ect ofthe sentence is :0ou: (re7uired !ecause of the im*erati'e mood). (The 'er!$ strictl0s*eaking$ is :do 7uench:< ho6e'er$ there is a 'er0 im*ortant ad'er! :not: inserted here).If the sentence ended 6ith > o not 7uench$> the 7uestion could not hel* !ut !e asked$> o not 7uench 6hatF> The 'er! :7uench: re7uires a direct o!&ect to com*lete the

B
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meaning of the sentence. Thus the noun :s*irit: is added as the direct o!&ect of the'er!.

-. Intransiti*e $er&s %n intransiti'e 'er! is a 'er! that does not transfer action to a noun (a direct o!&ect ).Therefore it is a 'er! that$ !0 nature$ does not ha'e a direct o!&ect. In essence$ theaction !egins and ends 6ith the su!&ect of the sentence . 9or e am*le> nceasingl0 pray > (I Thess A15). %gain the understood su!&ect of the sentence is:0ou:. There is no transfer of motion to a direct o!&ect. There are no further 6ordsnecessar0 to make the sentence com*lete.

Linking ( o"ulati*e) $er& % linking 'er! (sometimes referred to as a co*ulati'e 'er! !0 grammarians) is as*ecial class of intransiti'e 'er!s. It is a 'er! used to e7uate$ identif0$ or &oin togetherone interchangea!le su!stanti'e 6ith another. It connects the su!&ect ofthe sentence 6ith a coordinating (or com*lementar0) *redicate . %s 6ith otherintransiti'e 'er!s$ there is no direct o!&ect since there is no action transferred. %ne am*le of linking 'er!s 6ould !e an0 form of the 6ords :is: or :!ecome:.

9or e am*le >The 6ords 6hich I ha'e s*oken unto 0ou are s*irit and are life.>(;ohn A 3!). "otice here that the noun :6ords: is e7uated 6ith the nouns :s*irit: and:life: !0 the linking 'er! :are:. It could !e said that :6ords: are e7ual to :s*irit: and to:life:.

Terms #elated to !ouns

Noun % noun is a 6ord that denotes a *erson$ *lace$ thing$ or idea. % noun is also referred toas a su!stanti'e . ?esides all the common nouns$ such as >man>$ >son>$ >truth>$>6ord>$ etc.$ there are also *ro*er nouns$ 6hich are names of *articular *eo*le (e.g.;esus +hrist$ #aul)$ of *articular *laces (e.g. E*hesus$ Bome)$ or of *articular things(e.g. #asso'er$ ;e6s). #ro*er nouns are usuall0 ca*itali@ed.

u&stanti*e % su!stanti'e is a noun $ *ronoun $ or an0 6ord functioning like a noun. This couldinclude such items like an ad&ecti'e $ *artici*le $ or infiniti'e used as the su!&ect ora direct o!&ect of the sentence. % su!stanti'e ma0 !e one 6ord or a grou* of 6ords.

/irect 0&'ect The direct o!&ect in a sentence is the su!stanti'e that recei'es the action of a transiti'e'er! .

9or e am*leA >... recei'e 6ith meekness the engrafted word ...> (;ames 1A21). The
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6ord 6hich is directl0 recei'ing the action of the finite 'er! >recei'e>$ (ans6ering the7uestion >Becei'e 6hatF>) is the 6ord >6ord>$ and therefore it is the direct o!&ect ofthis sentence.

Indirect 0&'ect %n indirect o!&ect is the *erson or thing that is indirectl0 affected !0 the action ofthe 'er! . It is often translated in English !0 the *hrase >to some!od0> or >forsome!od0 (or something)>.

9or e am*leA >I 6ill gi'e to you the ke0s of the kingdom of the hea'ens> ( att1 A1 ). The 6ord >ke0s> is the direct o!&ect of the transiti'e 'er! >gi'e>$ and thusrecei'es the action of the 'er!. ?ut the action of the 'er! is also indirectl0 affecting>0ou> and therefore >to 0ou> is said to !e the indirect o!&ect of this sentence. >To 0ou>is ans6ering the 7uestion$ >gi'e to 6homF> or >for 6homF>

(=o6e'er$ it should !e noted that Greek 6ord order does make a difference in man0instances and is often used for the *ur*ose of *lacing em*hasis on certain elements6ithin a sentence. Greek 6ord order 6ill !e discussed at length later on.)

"Greek Meaning Versus English Translation"OR "What is the Best English Translation?"

7s #eo#&e start rea(ing t"e New Testament in Greek, t"ere is a&ways

t"e uestion about "ow to trans&ate ertain wor(s an( i(iomati Greekonstru tions into Dng&is". 6t is im#ortant w"en &earning Greek to un(erstan(t"at t"e 9meaning o a Greek senten e9 an( 9#ro(u ing a trans&ation intoDng&is"9 are two (istin t i(eas 4or #ro esses5. +n e t"e Greek meaning o aNew Testament #assage is un(erstoo(, t"en an a(e uate Dng&is" trans&ation

an be #ro(u e(. First year Greek stu(ents s"ou&( not be too on erne(about #ro(u ing a smoot" Dng&is" trans&ation to start wit". 6t is #robab&y bestto be too E&itera&E at irst to make sure you un(erstan( a&& t"e Greek nuan es.+n e t"e Greek is t"oroug"&y un(erstoo(, t"en you an work on #ro(u ing agoo( trans&ation.
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Greek 'eaning

8"at somet"ing means in Greek "as to (o wit" w"at t"e writer o t"eGreek is trying to on ey. 8"at is t"e Greek writer%s#eaker saying 6n trying

to (e i#"er w"at t"e Greek senten e means, ob ious&y you are re uire( insome sense to trans&ate it into t"e &anguage you s#eak%t"ink in. owe er, yous"ou&( not be o er&y on erne( about trying to reate a E#o&is"e(E trans&ationbe ore you "a e a om#&ete un(erstan(ing o w"at t"e Greek senten e4writing5 itse& is trying to on ey. T"ere are many i(ioms, nuan es, an(em#"ases in Greek t"at nee( to be onsi(ere( be ore t"e meaning o t"e

writer is u&&y un(erstoo(. >ou nee( to un(erstan( ea " erba& tense, t"e(i erent #ossibi&ities o meaning or ea " wor(, an( t"e re&ations"i#s o t"e

wor(s to ea " ot"er in t"is onstru tion.

+n e you "a e a t"oroug" un(erstan(ing o w"at you ee& t"e writer was trying to on ey, t"en you an go about trying to in( t"e best Dng&is"trans&ation to it t"at meaning. 7s mu " as #ossib&e, you want to on ey t"esame meaning in Dng&is" t"at was written in Greek.

Translating Into English

6 "a e a rea& res#e t or #eo#&e w"o are ab&e to #ro(u e an a urate,yet easi&y rea(ab&e, Dng&is" trans&ation rom t"e Greek. T"ere are many

"a&&enges in #ro(u ing an Dng&is" trans&ation. =ome "a e ommente( about wanting a Ewor( or wor(E trans&ation o t"e Greek New Testament. Kee# inmin( t"at one &anguage an ne er a(e uate&y trans&ate anot"er &anguage wit"t"e same ee&ing, em#"asis, r"yme, i(iom, et . Hue to t"ese an( ot"er a torsin"erent in &anguage, (oing a Ewor( or wor(E trans&ation is not rea&&y t"atmeaning u&. T"is wou&( on&y be a a&i( kin( o e)er ise i t"ere were two

&anguages t"at orres#on(e( so &ose in stru ture t"at t"e on&y (i eren e int"e two was t"eir o abu&ary. T"en t"ere wou&( a&so be t"e re uirement t"atea " wor( in one &anguage "a( one an( on&y one wor( t"at e)a t&y

orres#on(e( to it in t"e ot"er &anguage. T"ere are no two &anguages t"at 6know o t"at orres#on( to ea " ot"er in grammar, ru&es o synta), semantistru ture, et ., es#e ia&&y not mo(ern Dng&is" an( Koine 4-ib&i a&5 Greek.

:


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-e ause o t"ese (i eren es in &anguage, #ro(u ing a trans&ationin"erent&y means t"at t"ere must be some inter#retation on t"e #art o t"etrans&ator. T"ere is no su " t"ing as a om#&ete&y Eunbiase(E trans&ation.

owe er, as a trans&ator ons ious&y #uts asi(e a&& intention o on eying

ertain (o trina& notions an( #re on ei e( i(eas, t"en "an es are "e wi&ro(u e a &ess;biase( trans&ation.

The est English Translations

4For a more om#&ete answer an( s "o&ar&y o erage o t"is to#i , #&ease see an e)ten(e(answer by Hanie& -. 8a&&a e at "tt#$%%bib&e.org%arti &e%w"y;so;many; ersions. ; T"e w"o&e (o ument is

uite in ormati e, but i you want to rea( about merits o s#e i i trans&ations, s ro&& (own to t"e se tion

entit&e( 98"i " Trans&ation 6s -est 95

Iany ask t"e uestion, 98"at is t"e EbestE or most E orre tEtrans&ation 9 T"is kin( o uestion is not rea&&y a&i( wit"out asking ba k,98"at are you wanting to use t"e trans&ation or 9 Da " trans&ation was ma(e

wit" a s#e i i #ur#ose an( au(ien e in min(. =ome try to be more E&itera&E,trying not to a(( e)tra wor(s or more inter#retation t"an ne essary 4su " ast"e o&( 1:017meri an =tan(ar( ersion or Jot"er"amEs Dm#"asi/e( -ib&e5.T"ese kin(s o trans&ations ten( to be &ess rea(ab&e, but more a##ro#riate or

stu(y. +t"ers try to on ey t"e more subt&e meaning o t"e Greek by o usingon t"e tense an( as#e t o Greek erbs 4e.g. 8uest5. +t"ers use am#&i i ationan( #ara#"rase to on ey nuan es o Greek t"at are (i i u&t to bring out inDng&is" 4e.g. 7m#&i ie( or 8eymout"5. =ome trans&ations are more on erne(about being easi&y un(erstan(ab&e an( t"ere ore are or e( to a(( moreinter#retation 4e.g. N6 , .-.M"i&i#s, an( many o t"e re ent ontem#orarytrans&ations5. 6 own many kin(s o trans&ations an( try to rea( t"em a&&(e#en(ing on my nee( at t"e time. 47 ou#&e o my a orite -ib&es or a&&;aroun( use are t"e New 7meri an =tan(ar( an( t"e New King ames

ersion. T"ese ten( to be air&y rea(ab&e, yet (on t take too many E&ibertiesE ininter#retation.5

6 a #erson is trying to &earn Greek, t"en using a si(e;by;si(e Greek;Dng&is" #ara&&e& New Testament 4or #ossib&y a Greek;Dng&is" inter&inear 5 maybe a##ro#riate. 6t is sur#rising "ow mu " you an &earn o er time by being in

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meetings w"ere someone is rea(ing t"e Dng&is" -ib&e an( you o&&owing a&ongin t"e Greek.

7not"er interesting New Testament to use or stu(y is 9T"e Mre ise

Mara&&e& New Testament9 4by +) or( ni ersity Mress5. 6t in &u(es t"e Greekte)t an( se en (i erent -ib&e trans&ations on ea " #age$ Greek, King amesersion, J"eims -ib&e, 7m#&i ie( -ib&e, New 6nternationa& ersion, New

Je ise( =tan(ar( ersion, New 7meri an -ib&e, an( t"e New 7meri an=tan(ar( -ib&e.

II. Greek Grammar - Shorter Explanations

1. erbs 2. Nouns 3. Mronouns, 7(@e ti es, 7( erbs, et .

. +t"er Iis e&&aneous Terms

Greek Ver s ! horter #efinitions$

;ust like Greek nouns$ the Greek 'er! also changes form (the Greek :s*elling:$ so to

s*eak). The form changes !ased u*on the su!&ect of the 'er! and the kind of actionindicated . %s 6as mentioned earlier$ Greek is a full0 >inflected language.> Each Greek6ord actuall0 changes form (inflection) !ased u*on the role that it *la0s in thesentence. The stem of the 'er! sho6s the !asic meaning or action of the 6ord$ !ut theending (or suffi H) changes to sho6 'arious details. "ot onl0 the ending of the 'er!ma0 change$ !ut the 'er! form ma0 ha'e a *refi H added to the !eginning of the'er!al stem. ,ometimes the actual stem of the 'er! ma0 change or ma0 add an infi Hto indicate certain other details.

The *refi $ suffi $ and 'er!al stem all com!ine together to define a certain form of a

'er!. Each 'er! form indicates a s*ecific meaning. There are fi'e !asic *arts (oras*ects) that are clearl0 defined or indicated !0 e'er0 Greek 'er! form. These fi'e

*arts areA #erson $ "um!er $Tense $ oice $ and ood . ,ee !elo6 for details of thesefi'e as*ects of Greek 'er!s.

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Grammatical erson of $er&s

There are three main classes of grammatical *erson in !oth English and Greek. #ersonindicates the form of the 'er! (and also *ronouns) 6hich refer toA1) the *erson(s) s*eaking ( irst erson) 2) the *erson(s) !eing s*oken to ( econd erson) and3) the *erson(s) !eing s*oken of or a!out (Third erson) .

9or e am*leA >?ecause I live$ 0ou shall live also.> ;ohn 14A1 ! >=e lives !0 the *o6erof God.> II +or 13A49irst #ersonA :I li'e: - the *erson s*eaking (i.e. :I:) is the su!&ect of the 'er!.,econd #ersonA :0ou li'e: - the *erson !eing s*oken to (i.e. :0ou:) is the su!&ect of the'er!.Third #ersonA :=e li'es: - the *erson !eing s*oken a!out (i.e. :=e:) is the su!&ect of the'er!.

Grammatical Num&er of $er&s

The conce*t of grammatical num!er is 7uite straightfor6ard in !oth English andoine Greek. It is the *ro*ert0 of a 'er! (and nouns and *ronouns also) 6hich

indicates 6hether the reference is to one ( singular ) or to more than one ( "lural ).(+lassical Greek at one time had a :dual: num!er 6hich made a distinction for :t6o:$

!esides the customar0 singular and *lural.)

Each grammatical *erson (9irst$ ,econd$ and Third) can !e either singular or *lural innum!er.

9or e am*leA ,ingular "um!erA >9or I am persuaded that neither death$ norlife$...shall !e a!le to se*arate us from the lo'e of God$> (Bom. A3 -3 ).#lural "um!erA >9or 6e are =is 6orkmanshi*$> (E*h. 2A1Ca).

Grammatical $oice of $er&s

%cti*e $oice Grammatical 'oice indicates 6hether the su!&ect is the *erformer of the action ofthe 'er! (acti'e 'oice)$ or the su!&ect is the reci*ient of the action ( *assi'e 'oice ). If

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the su!&ect of the sentence is e ecuting the action$ then the 'er! is referred to as !eingin the acti'e 'oice.

9or e am*leA >;esus was baptizing the *eo*le> (*ara*hrase of ;ohn 3A22< 4A1$2).>;esus> is the su!&ect of the sentence and is the one that is *erforming the action of the'er!< therefore the 'er! is said to !e in the >%cti'e oice>.

assi*e $oice Grammatical 'oice indicates 6hether the su!&ect is the *erformer of the action ofthe 'er! (acti'e 'oice )$ or the su!&ect is the reci*ient of the action (*assi'e 'oice). Ifthe su!&ect of the sentence is !eing acted u*on$ then the 'er! is referred to as !eing inthe *assi'e 'oice.

9or e am*leA >;esus ... was baptized !0 ;ohn in the ;ordan> ( ark 1A ). >;esus> is thesu!&ect of the sentence$ !ut in this case =e is !eing acted u*on (i.e. =e is the reci*ientof the action)$ therefore the 'er! is said to !e in the >#assi'e oice>.

#iddle $oice The Greek middle 'oice sho6s the su!&ect acting in his o6n interest or on his o6n

!ehalf$ or *artici*ating in the results of the 'er!al action. In o'erl0 sim*listic terms$sometimes the middle form of the 'er! could !e translated as >the *erformer of theaction actuall0 acting u*on himself> (refle i'e action).

9or e am*leA >I am washing myself .> >I> is the su!&ect of the sentence (*erforming theaction of the 'er!) and 0et >I> am also recei'ing the action of the 'er!. This is said to

!e in the > iddle oice>. an0 instances in the Greek are not this o!'ious andcannot !e translated this literall0.

$er&al #oods

The as*ect of the grammatical >mood> of a 'er! has to do 6ith the statement:srelationshi* to realit0. In !road terms$ mood deals 6ith the fact of 6hether theasserted statement is actual or if there is onl0 the *ossi!ilit0 of its actual occurrence.>8hether the 'er!al idea is o!&ecti'el0 a fact or not is not the *ointA mood re*resentsthe 6a0 in 6hich the matter is concei'ed> ( ana / ante0). If the one assertingthe sentence states it as actual$ then the mood reflects this$ regardless of 6hether thestatement is true or false.The indicati'e mood is the onl0 mood concei'ed of as actual 6hile 6ith the other

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three moods ( im*erati'e $su!&uncti'e $ and o*tati'e ) the action is onl0 thought of as *ossi!le or *otential.

Indicati*e #ood The indicati'e mood is a statement of fact or an actual occurrence from the 6riter:s ors*eaker:s *ers*ecti'e. E'en if the 6riter is l0ing$ he ma0 state the action as if it is afact$ and thus the 'er! 6ould !e in the indicati'e mood. It ma0 !e action occurring in

*ast$ *resent$ or future time. This :statement of fact: can e'en !e made 6ith anegati'e ad'er! modif0ing the 'er! (see the second e am*le).This is in contrast to one of the other moods (see !elo6) in 6hich the 6riterJs*eakerma0 desire or ask for the action to take *lace.

9or e am*leA >%nd the0 overcame him !0 the !lood of the Lam!.>Be'. 12A11 >God is not mocked .> Gal. A5

Im"erati*e #ood The im*erati'e mood is a command or instruction gi'en to the hearer$ charging thehearer to carr0 out or *erform a certain action.

9or e am*leA > Flee 0outhful lusts.> 2 Tim. 2A22

u&'uncti*e #ood The su!&uncti'e mood indicates *ro!a!ilit0 or o!&ecti'e *ossi!ilit0. The action ofthe 'er! 6ill *ossi!l0 ha**en$ de*ending on certain o!&ecti'e factors orcircumstances. It is oftentimes used in conditional statements (i.e. :If...then...: clauses)or in *ur*ose clauses. =o6e'er if the su!&uncti'e mood is used in a *ur*ose or resultclause$ then the action should not !e thought of as a *ossi!le result$ !ut should !e'ie6ed as a definite outcome that 6ill ha**en as a result of another stated action.

9or e am*leA > Let us come forward to the =ol0 of =olies 6ith a true heart in fullassurance of faith.> =e! 1CA23>In order that no6 the manifold 6isdom of God might be made known through thechurch...> E*h 3A1C

0"tati*e #ood The o*tati'e is the mood of *ossi!ilit0$ remo'ed e'en further than the su!&uncti'emood from something concei'ed of as actual. ften it is used to con'e0 a 6ish orho*e for a certain action to occur.

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9or e am*leA >%nd the 'er0 God of *eace sanctify 0ou 6holl0< and I *ra0 God 0our6hole s*irit and soul and !od0 be preserved !lameless unto the coming of our Lord;esus +hrist.> I Thess A23

$er& Tenses

Time 1 23ind of %ction2 in Greek $er&s+ In English$ and in most other languages$ the tense of the 'er! mainl0 refers to the:time: of the action of the 'er! (*resent$ *ast$ or future time). In Greek$ ho6e'er$although time does !ear u*on the meaning of tense$ the *rimar0 consideration of thetense of the 'er! is not time$ !ut rather the :kind of action: that the 'er! *ortra0s. Themost im*ortant element in Greek tense is kind of action< time is regarded as asecondar0 element. 9or this reason$ man0 grammarians ha'e ado*ted the German6ord :aktionsart: (kind of action) to !e a!le to more easil0 refer to this *henomenon ofGreek 'er!s.

The kind of action (aktionsart) of a Greek 'er! 6ill generall0 fall into one of threecategoriesA1) ontinuous (or 4 rogressi*e4) kind of action.2) om"leted (or 4%ccom"lished) kind of action$ 6ith continuing results.3) im"le occurrence5 (or 4 ummary occurrence4) 6ithout reference to the 7uestionof *rogress. (This is sometimes referred to as :#unctiliar: kind of action $ !ut it is amisnomer to thus im*l0 that$ in e'er0 instance$ the action onl0 ha**ened at one *ointof time. This can !e true$ !ut it is often de*endent on other factors such as themeaning of the 'er!$ other 6ords in the conte t$ etc.).

It is an im*ortant distinction to understand (and it 6ill !e discussed more full0 later)that the onl0 *lace in 6hich :time: comes to !ear directl0 u*on the tense of a 'er! is6hen the 'er! is in the indicati'e mood . In all other moods and uses the aktionsart ofthe 'er! tense should !e seen as *rimar0.

resent Tense The *resent tense usuall0 denotes continuous kind of action . It sho6s :action in

*rogress: or :a state of *ersistence.: 8hen used in the indicati'e mood $ the *resenttense denotes action taking *lace or going on in the *resent time.

9or e am*leA >In 8hom 0ou also are being built together into a d6elling *lace of Godin s*irit.> E*h 2A22>"ot forsaking the assem!ling of oursel'es together.> =e! 1CA2

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%orist Tense The aorist is said to !e > sim*le occurrence > or >summar0 occurrence>$ 6ithout regardfor the amount of time taken to accom*lish the action. This tense is also often referredto as the :*unctiliar: tense. :#unctiliar: in this sense means :'ie6ed as a single$collecti'e 6hole$: a >one-*oint-in-time> action$ although it ma0 actuall0 take *laceo'er a *eriod of time. In the indicati'e mood the aorist tense denotes action thatoccurred in the *ast time$ often translated like the English sim*le *ast tense.

9or e am*leA >God... made us alive together 6ith +hrist.> E*h 2A>=e 6ho has begun a good 6ork in 0ou 6ill com*lete it until the da0 of +hrist ;esus.>#hil 1A

Im"erfect Tense The im*erfect tense sho6s continuous or linear t0*e of action &ust like the *resenttense . It al6a0s indicates an action continuall0 or re*eatedl0 ha**ening in *ast time. It

*ortra0s the action as going on for some e tended *eriod of time in the *ast.The idea of continual action in the *ast does not a**l0 6hen the 'er! >to !e> is in theim*erfect tense. There it should !e considered a sim*le action ha**ening in *ast time$6ithout regard to its >on-going> or >re*eated ha**ening> in the *ast.

9or e am*leA >9or 0ou were once darkness$ !ut no6 light in the Lord.> E*h A

erfect Tense The !asic thought of the *erfect tense is that the *rogress of an action has

!een com*leted and the results of the action are continuing on$ in full effect. In other6ords$ the *rogress of the action has reached its culmination and the finished resultsare no6 in e istence. nlike the English *erfect$ 6hich indicates a com*leted *astaction$ the Greek *erfect tense indicates the continuation and *resent state of acom*leted *ast action.

9or e am*le$ Galatians 2A2C should !e translated >I am in a present state of havingbeen crucified 6ith +hrist$> indicating that not onl0 6as I crucified 6ith +hrist in the

*ast$ !ut I am e isting no6 in that *resent condition.>...having been rooted and grounded in lo'e$> E*h 3A15

uture Tense ;ust like the English future tense$ the Greek future tells a!out an antici*ated action ora certain ha**ening that 6ill occur at some time in the future.

9or e am*leA >8e kno6 that if he is manifested$ 6e will be like =im$ for 6e will see =im e'en as =e is.> 1 ;ohn 3A2

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lu"erfect Tense The *lu*erfect (:*ast *erfect:) sho6s action that is com*lete and e isted at some timein the *ast$ (the *ast time !eing indicated !0 the conte t). This tense is onl0 found inthe indicati'e mood and is rarel0 used in the "e6 Testament.

9or e am*leA >...and the0 !eat against that house< and it did not fall$ for it was founded on the rock.> att 5A2

uture erfect TenseThere is also a future *erfect tense in Greek 6hich is 'er0 rare in the "e6 Testament.It is onl0 formed !0 *eri*hrasis in the "e6 Testament is much like the *ast *erfect $onl0 the com*leted state 6ill e ist at some time in the future rather than in the *ast.

Non inite $er& orms

artici"les % *artici*le is considered a >'er!al ad&ecti'e>. It is often a 6ord that ends 6ith an >-ing> in English (such as >s*eaking$> >ha'ing$> or >seeing>). It can !e used asan ad&ecti'e $ in that it can modif0 a noun (or su!stitute as a noun)$ or it can !e used asan ad'er! and further e *lain or define the action of a 'er! . (9or a more com*letee *lanation of *artici*les$ *lease go to the ad'anced section on *artici*les .)9or e am*leA%d&ecti'al useA >The coming One 6ill come and 6ill not dela0.> =e! 1CA35%d'er!ial useA >?ut speaking truth in lo'e$ 6e ma0 gro6 u* into =im in all things.>E*h 4A1(#lease !e sure to see the list of :Beference ,heets : 6here the *artici*le and other uses and classifications can !e

*rinted out for 7uick reference.)

Infiniti*es The Greek infiniti'e is the form of the 'er! that is usuall0 translated into English 6iththe 6ord >to> attached to it$ often used to com*lement another 'er!. It can !e used tofunction as a noun and is therefore referred to as a >'er!al noun>.9or instance$ >9or to me to live is +hrist> (#hil 1A21). In this sentence$ the 6ords >to

li'e> are an infiniti'e in Greek and are functioning as the su!&ect of the sentence (anoun).

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GREE% &O'& ! horter #efinitions$

% noun in the Greek language is 'ie6ed &ust like the English noun . ?ut !ecause Greekis a highl0 inflected language (i.e. the form of 6ords change to indicate the role each6ord *la0s in the sentence)$ a noun changes forms !ased u*on its relationshi* to other6ords and ho6 it functions in the sentence. The stem of the noun contains the !asicmeaning of the noun$ !ut a suffi is added to indicate the nounHs role in the sentence.The endings are changed according to certain *atterns$ or declensionsH$ that indicate6hat is the num!er$ case$ and gender of the noun form. To >decline> a noun means toanal0@e it and !reak it do6n into its !asic *arts according to num&er $gender $and case - see !elo6. (: eclension: is a su!set of the !roader term : inflection :$ in that itonl0 refers to nouns and *ronouns$ not to 'er!s. There are a num!er of different

*atterns in 6hich nouns decline< these *atterns are referred to as :*aradigms:.)

Grammatical Num&er of Nouns

"um!er can either !e singular or "lural . % noun that is in a singular form indicates>onl0 one>. % noun that is in the *lural form indicates >more than one.> In English$most nouns change forms de*ending on 6hether it is singular or *lural. =o6e'er$some nouns and *ronouns do not change form for singular or *lural< e.g. >0ou> -singular$ and >0ou> - *lural. The Greek language al6a0s makes a distinction !et6eensingular and *lural forms.

Grammatical Gender of Nouns

Gender$ as it relates to nouns and other su!stanti'es in the Greek language$ does notnecessaril0 refer to >male> and >female>. It refers to grammatical gender$ 6hich isdetermined *urel0 !0 grammatical usage and must !e learned !0 o!ser'ation.%lthough nouns referring to *eo*le or animals that are o!'iousl0 >male> or >female>6ould normall0 (!ut not al6a0s) !e classified as masculine or feminine accordingl0$the gender of most nouns seems to !e some6hat ar!itrar0. E'er0 noun must fall intoone of three categories of genderA masculine $feminine $ or neuter . The fact of gender$6hen considering a 6ord in isolation$ is of little im*ortance to the student of theGreek "e6 Testament. ?ut in anal0@ing a sentence as a 6hole$ gender ma0 *la0 a ke0role$ es*eciall0 6hen considered along 6ith the ad&ecti'es $ *ronouns $ and relati'eclauses that ma0 !e *resent. Taking note of the gender ma0 alter altogether 6hat asentence ma0 seem to !e sa0ing in English.9or e am*leA >%nd recei'e...the s6ord of the s*irit 6hich is the 6ord of God>( E*h

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A15). The 6ord >s6ord> in Greek is feminine gender and the 6ord >s*irit> is neutergender. ,o it is im*ortant in this sentence to find out 6hat is the antecedent of therelati'e *ronoun >6hich>. (i.e. 8hat is the >6hich> referring !ack toF) The 6ord>6hich> in this sentence is neuter$ therefore it is referring !ack to the 6ord >s*irit>and not >s6ord.> Thus this sentence meansA >%nd recei'e...the s6ord of the s*irit6hich (s*irit) is the 6ord of God.>

Noun ases

The term >case> relates to su!stanti'es (nouns and *ronouns )and ad&ecti'es (including *artici*les ). It classifies their relationshi* to other elementsin the sentence . "oun cases are formed !0 *utting the stemH of the noun 6ith an

endingH. The case form is sho6n !0 the ending of the 6ord. There are four differentcase forms in Greek. The four cases are "ominati'e $Geniti'e $ ati'e $and %ccusati'e . 9ollo6ing is a discussion of these four different cases. There isanother case not included in the four main noun cases !ecause it is so closel0 relatedto the nominati'eA the ocati'e . ("ote that in the follo6ing definition of each nouncase$ it onl0 refers to nouns 6hich are not in *re*ositional *hrases . 8hen a noun is theo!&ect of a *re*osition$ the *re*osition usuall0 dictates the case of the noun).

Nominati*e ase % noun or *ronoun that is the su!&ect of the sentence is al6a0s in the nominati'e case.Like6ise a noun that is in the *redicate *art of a sentence containing a linking'er! should also !e in the nominati'e case.9or e am*leA >+hrist lo'ed the church and ga'e =imself for her> (E*h A2 ). The6ord >+hrist> is in the nominati'e case in Greek and is therefore the su!&ect of thissentence.Galatians A22 sa0sA >?ut the fruit of the s*irit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering $ ...>%s the su!&ect of the sentence$ the Greek 6ord for >fruit> is in the nominati'e case.Like6ise the 6ords in the *redicate *art of the sentence$ that are e7uated to >fruit> !0the co*ulati'e 'er! >is>$ are also in the nominati'e case in Greek.

Geniti*e ase 9or the most *art$ the geniti'e is often 'ie6ed as the case of *ossession. In moretechnical terms one noun in the geniti'e case hel*s to 7ualif0 another noun !0 sho6ingits >class> or >kind>. The geniti'e case has more uses than most other cases$ !ut ingeneral a noun in the geniti'e case hel*s to limit the sco*e of another noun !0indicating its >kind> or >class>. It is generall0 translated into English 6itha *re*ositional *hrase starting 6ith the 6ord >of>. The most common use of thegeniti'e is to sho6 *ossession (although it does not necessaril0 indicate actual$ literal

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o6nershi*).9or instanceA >the ser'ant of the high priest > ( ark 14A45). The 6ords >of the high

*riest> are in the geniti'e case in Greek and modif0 the 6ord >ser'ant>. (In Greek the6ord >of> is not *resent$ !ut it is su**lied in English in the translation of the geniti'ecase). =ere the geniti'e hel*s to 7ualif0 >6hich> ser'ant the 6riter is referring to. It ishel*ing to limit the s*here of all ser'ants to a *articular one.%ndA >?ut 0ou ha'e recei'ed a s*irit of sonship ...> (Bom A1 ). %gain the 6ord>sonshi*> is in the geniti'e case$ telling 6hat kind of s*irit 6e ha'e recei'ed.(#lease !e sure to see the list of :Beference ,heets : 6here the geniti'e and other usesand classifications can !e *rinted out for 7uick reference.)

/ati*e ase The dati'e is the case of the indirect o!&ect $ or ma0 also indicate the means !0 6hichsomething is done. The dati'e case also has a 6ide 'ariet0 of uses$ 6ith the root idea

!eing that of >*ersonal interest> or >reference>. It is used most often in one of threegeneral categoriesA ndirect object $ nstrument (means)$ or Location . ost commonl0it is used as the indirect o!&ect of a sentence. It ma0 also indicate the means !0 6hichsomething is done or accom*lished. sed as a dati'e of location$ it can sho6 the>*lace>$ >time>$ or >s*here> in 6hich something ma0 ha**en.9or e am*leA ( ndirect object )A >;esus said to them >$ or >he 6ill gi'e the =ol0 ,*irit tothose 6ho ask> (Luke 11A13).( nstrument or !eans )A >?e an ious for nothing$ !ut in e'er0thing !0 ( by means of ) *ra0erand *etition$ 6ith thanksgi'ing$ let 0our re7uests !e made kno6n to God> (#hili**ians4A ). In this sentence$ there is a single Greek 6ord translated into the *hrase >!0

*ra0er> sho6ing the means !0 6hich to let our re7uests !e made kno6n to God.(Location)A >... and on the third day =e 6ill !e raised u*> ( att 2CA1 ). The *hrase>the third da0> is in the dati'e case$ sho6ing the time in 6hich ;esus 6ill !e raised. Inthis sentence$ there is no Greek 6ord *resent that is translated into the English 6ord>on>< it is added to sho6 the meaning of the dati'e of location.

%ccusati*e ase The accusati'e case is the case of the direct o!&ect $ recei'ing the action of the 'er! .Like the other cases$ the accusati'e has a 6ide 'ariet0 of uses$ !ut its main function isas the direct o!&ect of a transiti'e 'er! . The direct o!&ect 6ill most often !e in the

accusati'e case.9or e am*leA >%s ne6!orn !a!es$ long for the guiless milk of the 6ord> (1 #eter 2A2).The 6ord >milk> is in the accusati'e case and is functioning as the direct o!&ect of thetransiti'e 'er! >long for> (or >desire>).

$ocati*e ase The 'ocati'e is the case of direct address. It is used 6hen one *erson is s*eaking to

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another$ calling out or sa0ing their name$ or generall0 addressing them. 8ithman0 nouns $ the case form of the 'ocati'e is the same as the nominati'e$ !ut theconte t and function lea'e no 7uestion as to 6hether the *erson is !eing addressed or$contrari6ise$ s*oken a!out. ("ote that$ o!'iousl0$ the 'ocati'e is used most often incon&unction 6ith the > second *erson > form of the 'er!).9or e am*leA >... Lord "esus $ recei'e m0 s*irit> (%cts 5A ). =ere ,te*hen is directl0addressing the Lord$ so the form of >Lord ;esus> is in the 'ocati'e case. ("ote that the'er! >recei'e> is also in the second *erson$ as 6ould !e e *ected).

Miscellaneous Greek Items

*ronouns+ ,d ecti es+ ,d er&s+ /on unctions+*re ositions+ Inter ections+ and ,rticles

Greek ronouns #ronouns are 6ords that take the *lace of a noun in order to a'oid a6k6ardre*etitions. 9or e am*leA > he>$ > she >$ >myself >$ > yours >. Greek *ronouns are used 'er0much like English *ronouns. There are man0 different kinds of *ronouns that 6ill !edefined later. Greek *ronouns are declined &ust like the corres*onding noun that the0re*lace. That is$ the0 take on case $ num!er $ and gender de*ending on their role 6ithinthe sentence . "ote that e'er0 Greek 'er! im*lies an une *ressed su!&ect$ since the'er! form includes grammatical > num!er > and > *erson >. 9or e am*le$ if the 'er!

>lo'e> is used in the >first *erson$ singular>$ then it im*lies >I lo'e>$ 6hereas the>second *erson$ singular> 6ould im*l0 >0ou lo'e>$ and so on. If a su!&ect is note *licitl0 e *ressed in Greek$ then the a**ro*riate *ronoun should !e used to translatethe sentence into English$ (corres*onding to the correct >*erson> and >num!er>).

Greek %d'ecti*es %n ad&ecti'e is a 6ord that modifies or descri!es a noun or a *ronoun (or an0 t0*eof su!stanti'e ). It ma0 !e descri!ing the *h0sical attri!utes of the noun (e.g.>the glorious church>)$ an0 kind of general attri!ute (e.g. >the contrite heart>)$ or a

num!er of other descri*tions. %n ad&ecti'e in Greek is used &ust like an Englishad&ecti'e. =o6e'er it ma0 also take the *lace of and function as a noun. Like *ronouns$ Greek ad&ecti'es are treated &ust as Greek nouns in the sense that the0are declined . The form that the ad&ecti'e is in 6ill !e determined !0 the noun !eingmodified. That is$ each ad&ecti'e 6ill ha'e the form that matches the noun it ismodif0ing in num!er $case $ and gender .

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%d*er&s %n ad'er! is a 6ord that modifies a 'er! $ad&ecti'e $ or another ad'er!. It often limitsor descri!es the 'er! !0 indicating time$ *lace$ manner$ or degree. In English man0ad'er!s end in >-l0>. ,ome e am*les areA > very>$ >now>$ > faithfully >$ >worthily >$ etc..The Greek ad'er! is used 'er0 much like an ad'er! in English and is usuall0not declined (i.e. it does not change case form).

on'unctions % con&unction is a 6ord that &oins together t6o or more 6ords$ *hrases$ clauses$ orsentences. The0 can !e used to &oin together similar things or to contrast differentitems. 9or e am*leA >and>$ >!ut>$ >also>$ >ho6e'er>. Greek con&unctions are used 'er0much like English con&unctions and t0*icall0 do not change forms (i.e. the0 arenot declined ).

re"ositions #re*ositions are 6ords that are used to descri!e the relationshi* ofa noun (su!stanti'e ) to another 6ord or 6ords in a sentence . % *re*osition has !eeno'er-sim*l0 descri!ed as >an06here a mouse can go>$ such as$ >under>$ >in>$>around>$ >through>$ and so forth. In Greek$ as in English$ *re*ositions are most oftenfound in "re"ositional "hrases 6hich consist of a *re*osition and a noun. The nounis considered the o!&ect of the *re*osition. 9or instance$ > in 0our heart> or > from theLord.> #re*ositions are 6ords that de'elo*ed in order to hel* define a more *reciseand e *licit relationshi* of a noun to other 6ords in the sentence. 9or e am*le$ a nounin the geniti'e case ma0 carr0 the sense of >from> (6ithout an actual *re*osition !eingused in Greek). ?ut if the 6riter 6anted to make clear that it 6as >out from>something$ he 6ould include the *re*osition meaning >out from>. In this situation thenoun 6hich 6as the o!&ect of the *re*osition 6ould still !e in the geniti'e case. Infact$ e*ery Greek "re"osition re6uires that its o&'ect &e in a s"ecific ("redefined) grammatical case . Thus 6e can sa0 that the *re*osition go'erns the

*articular case of the noun it is modif0ing.

Inter'ections and articles Inter&ections are 6ords used in e clamations. The0 usuall0 ha'e no grammaticalconnection to the rest of the sentence. The0 are often ad'er!s used for e clamation.E am*les of inter&ections are the 6ords H in Bomans 11A33 and %hH in ark1 A2 . %n inter&ection is often classified under the classification of a "article H$6hich is a catch-all *hrase used for little 6ords that donHt reall0 fit into an0 other

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categor0.

%rticles (/efinite and Indefinite) In English the definite article is the 6ord >the>$ 6hich tends to *oint out one or more

*articular items of a grou* or class. It is like an ad&ecti'e in that it al6a0s modifiesa noun (su!stanti'e ). In Greek$ the definite article is declined (i.e. it changes form tomatch the case $num!er $ and gender of the noun 6hich it modifies). In man0 cases thedefinite article in Greek is used to dra6 attention to the noun it modifies in a 6a0 'er0much unlike the English definite article. =o6e'er$ 6ithout a thorough understandingand >feel> for the Greek definite article$ it is *ro!a!l0 !est to include the Englisharticle 6hen one is *resent in Greek (unless it creates an a6k6ard result in theEnglish translation) and to omit it in English if not *resent in the Greek.

English also has 6hat is called an indefinite article $ 6hich is the 6ord >a> or >an>.The indefinite article *oints out or denotes an0 one of the items in a grou* or class.Greek does not ha'e a 6ord e actl0 corres*onding to the English indefinite article$therefore sometimes a noun 6ithout a definite article can !e translated and treated inEnglish as if it had an indefinite article (ho6e'er$ this is not al6a0s the case andshould !e a**lied cautiousl0 since there are 6a0s to indicate the same idea as theEnglish indefinite article). (% more in-de*th e *lanation 6ill !e included insu!se7uent lessons).

% su!stanti'e that is !eing modified !0 a definite article is referred to as !eingarticular H$ 6hereas a su!stanti'e 6ithout a definite article is termed anarthrous H.

'ore Grammatical Terms #elated to Greek and English

$ome Terms #elated to Grammar

#or"hologyor*holog0 is the stud0 of 6ord formations. %s 6ords change form$ the0 con'e0

different meanings$ such as a certain 'er! tense$ *erson$ or noun case. 8hen a first0ear Greek student memori@es a noun declension or a 'er! *aradigm$ heJshe islearning the mor*holog0 of Greek 6ords. % :mor*heme: is considered the smallest

*art of a 6ord that con'e0s meaning$ such as the :s: in English that makes a 6ord *lural.

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Terms #elated to /lauses and *hrases

lause% clause is a grou* of 6ords including a su!&ect and a 'er! that form a thought. Itma0 stand alone as a com*lete sentence (an inde*endent clause) or ma0 !esu!ordinate to the main sentence and !e inca*a!le of standing alone as a com*letesentence (a su!ordinate clause). If the clause starts 6ith a su!ordinating con&unction(such as :although:$ :!ecause:$ :if:$ :that:$ etc.)$ an ad'er! (such as :6hen:$ :6hile:$:6here:$ etc.)$ or a relati'e *ronoun (such as :6ho:$ :6hose:$ :6hich:$ etc.)$ then it 6ill

!e a su!ordinate clause. %n e am*le of a su!ordinate clause 6ould !e$ >6hile he talked 6ith us>. "ote thatthis su!ordinate clause cannot form an inde*endent$ com*lete sentence !0 itself. Itneeds to !e connected to an inde*endent clause in order to form a com*lete sentenceA> id not our hearts !urn 6ithin us 6hile he talked 6ith us>. 8hen anal0@ing a sentence$ it is im*ortant to identif0 6hich 6ords make u* ande*endent (su!ordinate) clause and 6hich are a *art of the main sentence (theinde*endent clause).

hrase% *hrase is a grou* of 6ords that does not include !oth a su!&ect and a 'er!$ such asa *re*ositional *hrase . It cannot stand alone as a sentence !ut is de*endent u*on thesentence to 6hich it is attached.

7elati*e lause% relati'e clause is a su!ordinate clause that !egins 6ith a relati'e *ronoun (such as:6ho:$ :6hose:$ or :6hich: in English). The relati'e clause includes !oth the relati'e

*ronoun and all the 6ords that modif0 it. In anal0@ing a sentence$ it is im*ortant toidentif0 6hich 6ords !elong to the relati'e clause.

eri"hrasis (or eri"hrastic onstruction )The English 6ord :*eri*hrasis: comes from the Greek 6ords :*eri: (6hich means:round a!out:) and :*hrasis: (6hich means :to sa0:). % *eri*hrastic construction of a'er! form is a :round a!out 6a0 of sa0ing something:. In Greek$ normall0 'er! formsare made !0 inflection (the form of the 6ord changing to indicate

the *erson $num!er $tense $'oice $ and mood of the 'er!). =o6e'er$ another 6a0 offorming some 'er! occurrences is !0 adding a form of a linking 'er! (usuall0 the 'er!:to !e:) to a nominati'e form of the 'er!al *artici*le .

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III. More detailed Explanation of Greek Grammar 1. Marti i#&es 2. Con(itiona& =enten es3. 7( an e( D)#&anation o Greek Tenses ; Kin( o 7 tion O Time o 7 tion.

. =ynta ti a& C&assi i ations o Nouns, erbs, an( Marti i#&es A. 7( an e( His ussion o t"e =ub@un ti e Ioo( ; se( in Conte)tB. 7( an e( use o Greek 7(@e ti es.

. Dm#"asis s"own by Greek wor( or(er

Greek *artici les

im"le /efinition of the artici"le (9rom the :Terms : *age)A

% *artici*le is considered a >'er!al ad&ecti'e>. It is often a 6ord that ends 6ith an >-ing> in English (such as >s*eaking$> >ha'ing$> or >seeing>). It can !e used asan ad&ecti'e $ in that it can modif0 a noun (or su!stitute as a noun)$ or it can !e used asan ad'er! and further e *lain or define the action of a 'er! .9or e am*leA %d&ecti'al useA >The coming One 6ill come and 6ill not dela0.> =e! 1CA35 %d'er!ial useA >?ut speaking truth in lo'e$ 6e ma0 gro6 u* into =im in all things.>E*h 4A1

Introduction and Im"ortance of the Greek artici"leGreek has !een called a :*artici*le lo'ing language:. >There are fe6 languages 6hichha'e e7ualed the Greek in the a!undance and 'ariet0 of its use of the *artici*le$ andcertainl0 none has sur*assed it.... This 6ealth of significance 6hich !elonged to theGreek *artici*le at the @enith of its de'elo*ment lies undiminished !efore the studentof the "e6 Testament$ and !ecomes a 'alua!le asset in inter*retation 6henade7uatel0 com*rehended.> (Kuote !0 ana and ante0 $ *g 22C.)

8se of the Greek artici"le% *artici*le is called a :'er!al ad&ecti'e: !ecause it is formed from a 'er!$ 0et oftenmodifies other 6ords. ftentimes it ma0 !e hard to to translate a *artici*le intoEnglish and still !ring out the same force as it has in the Greek. 9irst tr0 to understandthe meaning of the Greek *artici*le is tr0ing to con'e0$ then 6orr0 a!out ana**ro*riate English translation. The translation ma0 ha'e to !e as an English relati'eclause 6hen used ad&ecti'all0 in Greek.The *artici*le can !e used in one of three ma&or categories of useA

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1. 7(@e ti a&&y7 #arti i#&e an be use( as an a(@e ti e to mo(i y a noun or assertsomet"ing about it. T"is is a ommon use o t"e a(@e ti e in Greek.D.g. Co&ossians 1$12 9to t"e Fat"er w"o ma(e us su i ient9. T"e wor(Ema(e su i ientE is a #arti i#&e in Greek, but it nee(s to be trans&ate(into a re&ati e &ause in Dng&is" to make sense.

2. =ubstanti e&y 4T"is ategory is rea&&y a subset o t"e a(@e ti a& use.57 #arti i#&e an be use( as a E substanti e E to take t"e #&a e o a noun.

3. 7( erbia&&yMarti i#&es an a&so be use( in t"e same way t"at an a( erb is, tomo(i y a erb. T"ere are (i erent &assi i ations an( uses o a( erbiaarti i#&es. 4T"ese are a&so re erre( to as ECir umstantia& #arti i#&esE.5+ne o t"e most e) iting an( en&ig"tening areas o Greek grammar ort"e stu(ent o t"e New Testament omes in i(enti ying t"e use o t"esea( erbia& #arti i#&es. Liste( be&ow are some o t"e most ommon uses

oun( in t"e New Testament. For a om#&ete &ist o a&& a( erbiaarti i#&es 4an( a&& non;a(@e ti a& uses5, #&ease iew t"e "art at t"ebottom o t"is #age . 7. Tem#ora& Marti i#&e i5 Trans&ate( wit" Dng&is" wor(s Pw"i&e or Pa ter ii5 ="ows Pw"en somet"ing "a##ene(. iii5 Iark :$A P7&& t"e row(, seeing im, were ama/e(.

48"en a&& t"e row( saw im, t"ey were ama/e(.5-5 Causa& Marti i#&e

i5 6n(i ates t"e Cause or Jeason ii5 7nswers t"e uestion 8"y iii5 Trans&ate( by Pbe ause 4or Psin e 5 i 5 o"n $B esus, being wearie(, sat. 4P-e ause esus was

wearie(, e sat. 5 5 Mer e t 7( erbia& #arti i#&es ery o ten be&ong to t"is ategory 4i.e.

on ey t"is meaning5.C5 6nstrumenta& Marti i#&e 4Marti i#&e o Ieans5 i5 ="ows ow ii5 Trans&ate( wit" Pby or Pby means o iii5 Iatt. 2 $ Q 6 "a e sinne( by betraying inno ent b&oo(.H5 Marti i#&e o Mur#ose 4Te&i se5 i5 6n(i ates t"e #ur#ose o t"e a tion o t"e inite erb ii5 7nswers t"e uestions P8"y iii5 ="ou&( be trans&ate( wit" t"e Dng&is" Pin initi e or Pwit" t"e#ur#ose o or Pin or(er to . 7 sim#&e P;ing trans&ation misses t"e #oint.

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i 5 47 uture a( erbia& #arti i#&es a&ways be&ong "ere.5 5 Luke 10$2A 7 ertain &awyer stoo( u# testing im 4in or(er to test

im5, saying, PTea "er, w"at must 6 (o to gain eterna& &i e D5 Marti i#&e o Con ession i5 6n(i ates t"at t"e a tion o t"e main erb is true in s#ite o t"e stateor a tion o t"e #arti i#&e. ii5 sua&&y trans&ate( Ea&t"oug"E iii5 Jomans 1$21 a&t"oug" t"ey knew Go(, t"ey (i( not g&ori y 4"onor5

im as Go(. i 5 1 Meter 1$ w"om "a ing not seen 4a&t"oug" you "a e not seen

im5, you &o e

; Com#&ete C&assi i ation o 7( erbia& Marti i#&es 4 ersion 2. 5 ; M&ease see t"isMHF (o ument or a (etai&e( (es ri#tion 4an( "an(y summary5 o t"e use an(

ormation o a( erbia& #arti i#&es.

Greek /onditional $entences

+onditional sentences are >If ...$ then ...> statements. The0 make a statement that ifsomething ha**ens$ then something else 6ill ha**en.

The :if: clause is referred to as the : "rotasis : !0 grammarians. It comes from theGreek 6ords :*ro: (meaning !efore) and :stasis: (meaning :stand:). ,o the :*rotasis:

means :6hat stands !efore: or :comes first: as far as these t6o clauses are concerned.The :then: clause is termed the : a"odosis :< it is 6hat :comes after: the *rotasis.

Logical 7elationshi" &etween rotasis and %"odasis There are a num!er of different relationshi*s that can e ist !et6een the *rotasis anda*odosis. It is im*ortant that 0ou tr0 to distinguish !et6een these relationshi*s for sake of moreclearl0 understanding the te t. #lease also note that there can !e some o'erla* !et6een thesethree relationshi*s. The0 could re*resent a +ause-Effect relationshi*$ 6here the action in the *rotasis 6illcause the effect in the a*odosis. 9or e am*le Bomans A13!$ >...!ut if !0 the s*irit 0ou *ut todeath the *ractices of the !od0$ 0ou 6ill li'e.> The0 could sho6 a E'idence-Inference t0*e relationshi*$ 6here the a*odosis is inferred to !etrue !ased u*on the e'idence *resented in the *rotasis. This 6ill often !e semanticall0 thecon'erse of the +ause-EffectH relationshi*. 9or e am*le 1 +or. 1 A44$ >If there is a soulish

!od0$ there is also a s*iritual one.> r$ the relationshi* could !e one sho6ing E7ui'alence !et6een the *rotasis and a*odosis$6hich is actuall0 a su!set of the E'idence-Inference relationshi*. 9or e am*le Gal. 2A1 $ >...if

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