Les Manuscrits Enluminés - JP Getty Museum

8/18/2019 Les Manuscrits Enluminés - JP Getty Museum

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Lndhs-c Ŝuvrd

cu

E. ]oub Fdtty Gusdug

GOKT\LQJS\ DKBTGJKÊ\


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Lndhs-c Ŝuvrd

cu E.

]oub Fdtty Gusdug


B`s Okfdbds

SND E. ]OTB FDSSZ GT\DTG


5/130

Hr`ktjspjld 5

Goëtrd

cu Bjvrd cd prjî rds cd Crdscd,

Bd s

G`cêrês dt bds jktdgpêrokts

YcêtojbW

(v`jr

k`. 3?)

O u E. ]oub Fdtty Gusdug 5

Lnrjst`pndr Nucs`k, Dcjtdur

Gori Frddkadrf,

Cjrdltdur êcjt`rjob

G ` b b j d N`b tgo k , Qdsp`ksoabd êcjt`rjob

\uzokkd Vots`k ]dtrobbj, Qdsp`ksoabd hoarjlotj`k

Lnorbds

]ossdbo,

]n`t`fropnd

Sdxtd rêcj fê por Sn`gos Irdk , Dbjzoadtn L. Sdvj`t cobd,

Ocog \. L`ndk dt Iurtjs Aorst`w

L ` k æu dt

rêobjsê

por Snogds okc Nucs`k, B`kcrds,

dt puabjê dk l`bboa`rotj`k ovdl bd E. ]oub Fdtt y G us du g

Sr ocu jt cd b'okfbojs por Lnrjstjokd C j Got tê `

© ?::6 E. ]oub Fdtty Gus du g

?1== Fdtty Ldktdr Crjvd

\ujtd ?===

B`s Okfdbds, Lobjh` rkjo :==3: -?8>6

J \ AK

=->:1


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OXOKS-]Q@]@\ CT CJQDLSDTQ

Bo

l`bbdltj`k cd gokuslrjts dkbugjkês qud prêsdktd ld bjvrd dst ukd lrêotj`k kùvdbbd,

lor dbbd o êtê l`kstjtuêd ou lùrs cds qujkzd cdrkjîrds okkêds. Í bo bdlturd cu tdstogdkt

cd E. ]oub Fdtty dk ?:68, `k cêlùvrjt qud ld cdrkjdr ovojt

hojt

uk c`k cd

sdpt ldkts

gjbbj`ks

cd c`bbors í s`k

gusêd.

Tkd pdtjtd

jkstjtutj`k

oux l`bbdlt j`ks rdstrdjktds dt

cjsporotds sd trùvojt c'uk lùp dk gdsurd cd sd

cêvdb`ppdr.

Cd kùvdbbds pdrspdltjvds

s'ùvrojdkt ou Fdtty Srust pùr cds

aùrsds

c'ê tucd s, bo l`ksdrvotj`k dt b' dksdjfkdgdk

cds orts, ojksj qud pùr b'ofrokcjssdgdkt cu

Gusêd.

B`rsqud

e o j

rde`jkt bd Fdt ty Gus du g dk ?:>


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JKSQ@CTLSJ@K

Bds dhh`rts cu Fdtty Gusdug pùr lrêdr ukd l`bbdltj`k rdprêsdktotjvd cd b'njst`jrd cd

b'dkbugjkurd dur`pêdkkd

s`kt

pdu l`gguks. Gobf rê bd róbd prêp `kcê rokt q u j b

`llupd

coks

b'njst`jrd cd b'ort dur`pêdk, bd gokuslrjt dkbugjkê

k'dst

pos rdprêsdktê

coks

bds

gusêds l`ggd bd s`kt bo pbuport cds outrds àedts c'ort p`rtot jhs. Qdbotj vdgdkt pdu

cd gusêds h`kcês ou lùrs cu

^ J ^

d

dt cu ^ ^

d

sjîlbds

dk Dur`pd dt dk Ogêrjqud sd s`kt

êvdrtuês í

rossdgabdr

cds gokuslrjts dkbugjkês. Ldlj s'dxpbjqud dk portjd por bd hojt qud

lds bjvrds s`gptudux, pr`vdkokt sùvdkt cds ajabj`tnîquds prjvêds, s`kt fêkêrobdgdkt

possês coks cds ajabj`tnîquds puabjquds. Bo pbus

frokcd

portjd cds l`bbdltj`ks cd

gokuslrjts jgpêrjob ds, r`yobds,

culobds

dt gågd

popobds

opportjdkt oue ùrc'nuj oux

ajabj`tnîquds

kotj`kobds dt puabjquds. Ldt êtot cd

ln`sds

o pbus ù g`jks suasjstê

eusqu'ou

^ ^

d

sjîlbd. Bd l`bbdltj`kkdur ogêrjl ojk E. ]jdrp`kt G`r fok ( ?>


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cd gokuslrjts dkbugjkês rêukjd ou lùrs cd bo cduxjîgd g`jtj ê cu ^ ^

d

sjîlbd,

b o l`bbdltj`k Bucwjf opportdkojt ou k`gard trîs rdstrdjkt cds l`bbdltj`ks prjvêds

í cdgdurdr jktoltds coks ld c`gojkd. Bds Bucwjf êtoabj rdkt bdur l`bbdl tj`k sur bds

l`ksdjbs cu bjarojrd Noks ]. Irous ohjk cd

hùrkjr

uk surv `b njst`r jqud cds gokuslrjts

dkbugjkês,

dk prêsdktokt uk pok`rogo cds

êp`quds

dt cds

êl`bds

ojksj qu'ukd jggdks

vorjêtê

cd typds cd

bjvrds.

K`k sdubdgdkt bdurs olqujsjtj`ks oeùtîrdkt uk ldrtojk

k`gard cd lndhs-c'Ŝuvrd c'ort

gêcjêvob

dt cd bo

Qdkojssokld

í bo l`bbdltj `k cu Gusêd

gojs dbbds s'norg`kjsîrdkt

ovdl

bo l`bbdltj`k cd pdjkturds d ur`p êdkkds dt

hjrdkt

rdg`kt

b'êtucd cd b'njst`jrd cd bo pdjkturd eusqu'ou

J ^

d

sjîlbd.

Cî s b̀ rs bd cêpor tdgdkt o dkrjlnj

ldttd l`b bdltj `k cd gokjîr d sêbdltjvd pùr l`gabdr bds

bolukds

dt dxpb`jtdr bds aosds

s`bjcds b`rsqud l'êtojt p`ssjabd.

Bds pofds quj sujvdkt dxogjkdkt bds dkbugjkurds pr`vdkokt cds gokuslrjts bds pbus

spbdkcjcds cu Gusêd, c`kt ldrtojks s`kt hrofgdktojrds. Lds sêbdltj`ks s`kt lbossêds cd

gokjîrd

pbus ù g`jks lnr`k`b`fjqud coks ukd êtucd quj rdhbîtd borfdgdkt bds p`jkts

h`rts

cd bo l`bbdltj`k. Bd bjvrd cêautd ovdl u k

Êvokfjbjojrd

cotoabd cd bo hjk cu ^

d

sjîlbd

dt pr`cujt ou sdjk cd b'uk cds frokcs slrjpt`rjo g`kostjquds cd b'îrd `tt`k jdkkd . J b sd

rdhdrgd ovdl uk rord bjvrd cd

g`cîbds

cd lobbjfropnjd, êlrjt por Fd`rf A`lsioy, sdlrêtoj

í bo lùr jgpêr jobd cd b'dgpdrdur Hdrc jkokc J

d r

cd Noas aù rf (r. ?448 - ?483) , dt

dkbugjkê

por E`rjs N`dhkofdb, ortjstd í bo lùr cd b'dgpdrdur Q`c`b pnd J J (r. ? 46 8 -

?8?1).

Bds sjx sjîlbds qu j sêpordk t lds cdux bjvrds hurdkt bds têg`jks c'jggdksds

lnokfdgdkts s`ljoux dt lubturdbs 5 bo

boàljsotj`k

cd bo pr`cultj`k cd bjvrds 9

b'dss`r

cds ajabj`tnîquds prjvêds dt prjklj îrds quj dkfdkcro bo h`r got j`k cds frokcds

ajabj`tnîquds

cd lùr 9 bd cêvdb `ppdg dkt cu gê lêko t orjst`lrotjqud 9 b'êgdr fdkld

c u gêl êko t aùrfd`js.

Í tjtrd c'dxdgpbd, bo frokcd hovdur qu'`kt l`kku bds Êvokfjbds cd buxd s'dst`gpo

vdrs bo hjk cu ^ J J

d

sjîlbd dk @lljcdkt, ob`rs qud ldbbd-lj l`ktjkuo í ajdk sd p`rtdr dk

Gêcjtdrrokêd

`rjdktobd dt coks bd ]r`lnd-@rjdkt lnrêtjdk. Ajdk qud ld kd s`jt qu'ou ^ J J

sjîlbd qud bd bjvrd c'ndurds ojt l`ggdklê í cdvdkjr jgp`rtokt, ldbuj-lj rêussjt í ottdjkc

u k frokc puab jl, ld qu j ourojt êtê jkjgofjkoab d í ukd êp`qud oktêrjdurd, pùr cdvdkjr

pbus p`pubojrd cds bjvrds cu aos G`ydk Ofd, ojksj qu'uk vênjlu bd lopjtob cds jkk`vot j`k

ortjstjquds cds dkbugjkdurs c'Dur`pd `lljcdktobd. ]orgj bds

outrds

frokcs lnokfdgdkt

q u j durdkt

bjdu

ou lùrs cu G`ydk Ofd dt cd bo

Qdkojssokld,

`k pdut ljtdr

b'dss`r

cd bo

bjttêroturd dt cds trocultj`ks dk bokfud vdrkolubojrd, b'dxpoksj`k cds typds c'Ŝuvrds

l`ksjcêrêds

cjfkds c'åtrd dkb ugjk êds , ojksj qu'ukd prjsd cd l`ksljdkld kùvdbbd

lndz

bds ortjstds, dt

b' jktr`cultj`k

cd b' jgp rjgdr jd í loroltîrds gàjbds quj l`ktrj auo í

b'oaokc`k cu bjvrd gokuslrjt.

J K S Q @CT L S J @K 6


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Bds l`ggdktojrds cd ld bjvrd lndrlndkt í gdttrd b'olldkt sur ldrtojks cd lds

lnokfdgdkts. Bd bdltdur rdgorqudro por dxdgpbd qud, pùr bo pêr j`c d pbus torcjvd, jb

y o k`k sdubdgdkt uk pbus frokc k`gard cd tjtrds, gojs oussj pbus cd rdksdjfkdgdkts

sur bds ortjstds dt bds gêlîkds. B`rsqud l'êtojt p`ssjabd, bds outdurs cds k`tjlds sd

s`kt

dhh`rlês cd

rdpboldr

bd gokuslrjt

coks

s`k l`ktdxtd ortjstjqud ù njst`rjqud 9

jkêv jtoabdgdkt , bí `ú bo l`bbdltj`k êtojt pbus s`bjcd,

kùs ov`ks

êtoabj cds bjdks pbus

hrêqudkts

dktrd

bds gokuslrjts cu Fdtty Gusdug.

Ld bjvrd prêsdktd bd gdjbbdur cd bo l`bbdltj`k, gojs dbbd kd l`kstjtud pos ukd vêrjtoabd

êtucd njst`rjqud. Dbbd dxprjgd pbutót bds cêsêqujbjards cd bo l`bbdltj`k cu

Gusêd.

Bo

l`bbdltj`k Bucwjf rdhbîtd ajdk cds rjlndssds cd b'dkbugjkurd obbdgokcd cu ^ J

d

ou ^ X

d

sjîlbd, dt cd b'dkb ugjk urd hbogokcd cd bo hjk cu G`y dk Ofd. O u lùrs cds okkêds, bd

Fdtty Gusdug o oeùtê cds pjîlds í lds c`gojkds tùt dk rdlndrlnokt oltjvdgdkt cds

dxdgpbds cd b'dkbugjkurd hrokæojsd cd bo hjk cu G`ydk Ofd, c`gojkd coks bdqudb bds

Bucwjf

k'ovojdkt

hojt

qud trîs pdu c'olqujsjtj`ks. Dk gågd

tdgps, ldrtojkds

êl`bds cu

Nout G`ydk Ofd í b'êp`qud lor`bjkfjdkkd kd

s`kt

qud

g`cdstdgdkt

rdprêsdktêds ù

gågd oasdktds.

Gojs bd cêhj ojksj qud bd pbojsjr cu l`bbdltj`kkdur rêsjcd dk portjd

coks

bo cêlùvdrtd cu

rord

dt cd b'j kott dkcu . Lrêdr uk h`kcs cd gokuslrjts dkb ugjk ês í bo

h`js

njst `rjqudgdkt rdprêsdktotjh dt êqujbjarê dst soks ouluk

cùtd

uk aut jkolldssjabd.

Kêokg`jks, l'dst ldt àedlt jh quj

sdrt

í h`lobjsdr k`s dhh`rts pùr ogêbj`rdr bd loroltîrd

dt bo quobjtê fbàobd cd bo l`bbdltj`k cu Fdtty. ]dut-åtrd bd tdgps, bo pdrsêvêrokld dt bo

lnokld

kùs

pdrgdttr`kt-jbs cd l`gabdr

qudbquds bolukds.

SN@GO\

IQDK

L`ksdrvotdur cds gokuslrjts

> J KSQ@CTLSJ @K


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K@SD O T BDLSDTQ

Coks ld

bjvrd opporojssdkt

cjvdrs typds cd gokuslrjts dkbugjkês 5

bjvrds

soks

tjtrd

bjvrds ovdl tjtrd

frùpds cd hdujbbdts pr`vdkokt c'uk gokuslrjt jcdktjhjoabd

gjkjoturds

dt jkjtjobds njst`rjêds pr`vdkokt c'u k gokuslrjt jcdktjhjoabd

gjkjoturds

pr`vdkokt c'uk gokuslrjt k`k jcdktjhjoabd

gjkjoturds

quj pùrrojdkt ù k`k pr`vdkjr c'uk gokuslrjt.

Coks bd los cds bjvrds

soks

tjtrd,

kùs ov`ks

utjbjsê

cds tjtrds

fêkêrjquds

(por dx.,

bjvrd

c'ndurds).

Bds bjvrds oyokt u k

tjtrd

`kt êtê

ljtês

sdb`k b'outdur dt bd

tjtrd (coks

bo bokfud c'`rjfjkd) ù sdb`k bd

tjtr

ukjqudgdkt.

]ùr bds

bêfdkcds

cds pboklnds, bd k`g cd b'ortjstd o êtê c`kkê

b`rsqu'jb

êtojt l`kku. Bo tdlnkjqud cd

cêl`rotj`k

pdjktd

coks

bds gokuslrjts prêsdktês

coks

ld

bjvrd

dst cd bo pdjkturd

fùolnêd,

porh`js

oss`ljêd

oux gêtoux `r ù orfdkt, bd prdgjdr

oppbjquê

s`jt

sùs

h`rgd pdjktd, s`jt dk

hdujbbd,

ld cdrkjd

êtokt

sùvdkt b'`r

arukj

í portjr cd bo hjk cu

^ J J

d

sjîlbd.

Bd supp`rt dst noajtudbb dgdkt cu porlndgjk,

ajdk

qud bd

pordssdux

cu G . 1= ( k`. 4


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? Êvokfjbjojrd

\ojkt-Fobb `u

Qdjlndkou,

hjk

cu

^

d

sjîlbd

1?1 hdujbbdts, 16,6 x ?:,? lg

Gs. ?8 9 >4.GC.


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1 Cdux hdujbbdts c'uk

bjvrd

c'Êvokfjbds

Lokt`raêry (0),

vdrs

b'ok ?===


15/130

< \olrogdktojrd

Hbdury,

prdgjdr quort cu

^ J

d

sjîlbd

?= hdujbbdts, 1 lg

Gs.

BucwjfXb 9 >


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3

Aêkêcjltj`kkojrd

Qotjsa`kkd, vdrs

?=


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21/130

4

\olrogdktojrd

Goydkld ù Hubco,

cduxjîgd quort

cu

^ J

d

sjîlbd

?6: hdujbbdts, 18,8 x ?:,? lg

Gs. Bucwj fX1 9 >-?:

B'orlndvåqud

Aorc` cd Goydkld ( dk Obbd gofkd oltudbbd) o soks

cùtd

`hhdrt ld

solrogdktojrd

c`tê cd

s`gptudusds

dkbugjkurds, ojksj qud bds rdbjquds cd

sojkt

Obaok

(g`rt

dk 3=8), í bo lotnêcrobd \ojkt-Obaok cd Kogur (dk Adbfjqud oltudbbd) b`rs cd

so h`kcotj`k dk ?=38. Bd bjvrd, c`kt bds

lùvdrturds s`kt

dgadbbjds por cd b'`rhîvrdrjd

dt cd b'êgojb, ourojt êtê l`ksdrvê

coks

bd três`r cd bo lotnêcr obd dt pbo lê sur b'outdb pù r

åtrd utjbjsê í bo gdssd bds eùrs cd håtd bds pbus jgp`rto kts.

B'ospdlt

ortjstjqud bd pbus

rdgorquoabd

cd ld

solrogdktojrd

dst bo sêrjd cd sjx gjkjo turds

dk pbdjkd

pofd

rdprêsdktokt cds êvêkdgdkts

lbês

cd b'njst`jrd cu Kùvdou

Sdstogdkt

dt prêlêcokt bd

tdxtd

prjkljpob. Cd

tdbs lylbds

bjgjkojrds

s`kt

rords coks

bds

gokuslrjts

bjturfjquds cu Nout G`ydk Ofd. Bo cdrkjîrd gjkjoturd cd bo sêrjd rdprêsdktd bo

cdsldktd

cu \ojkt-Dsprjt sur bds opót rds í bo ]dkt dlót d (h. 1=v ). Bo gjk jot urd dst ukd

rdprêsdktotj`k bjttêrobd cd b'êvêkdgdkt tdb

qu'jb

dst cêlrjt

coks

bo Ajabd (Oltds 1 5? -3 ).

Bds opó trds sd trùv ojdkt ossjs

tùs dksdgabd coks

uk gågd bjdu dt jbs vjrdkt

opporoëtrd cds

bokfuds

qu'`k dùt cjtds cd hdu, dt j b s'dk p`so ukd sur lnoluk c'dux .

Ajdk qud bo prêsdkld c'uk t`jt sjtud bo slîkd í b'jktêrjdur c'ukd gojs`k, bd h`kc c`rê

b u j pråtd uk loroltîrd surkoturdb quj sùbjfkd bd hojt qud bds opótrds êtojdkt tùs

rdgpbjs cd b'Dsprjt-\ojkt .

Bo gjkjoturd cd bo

]dktdlótd s'norg`kjsd ovdl

bo

pofd

cu

tdxtd

dk rdforc (h. 1?) fráld

oux

lùbdurs l`ggukds

cds

frokcs

locrds

cêl`rês

ovdl

cds g`tjhs

h`bjês.

Bd tdxtd, bd

cêaut cd b'ukd cds prjîrds cd bo gdssd, dst êlrjt dk `r sur uk h`kc pùrprd dt vdrt. Ld

trojtdgdkt jgjtd cêbjaêrêgdkt

b'oppordkld

cds gokuslrjts bds pbus s`gptudux cd bo

pêrj`cd

jgpêrjobd r`gojkd,

pdkcokt

boqudbbd bds

tdxtds

êtojdkt êlrjts ovdl cds g êt oux

prêljdux

sur cu porlndgjk tdjktê cd pùrprd. DL S

1=



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8 Bjvrd c'Êvokfjbds,

Ndbgorsnousdk, vdrs

??1=-??3=

?8> hdujbbdts, 11,> x ?8,3 lg

G s .

Bucwjf

J J


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6 K`uvdou Sdstogdkt

L`kstoktjk`pbd, ?? lg

G s . Bucwjf J J

3 9

>

]boklnd 5

\ojkt

B u l h. 8:v

B'dgpdrdur r`gojk L`kstoktjk (bd Frokc) hut í

b'`rjfjkd

cd cdux cds hojts bds pbus

gorquokts cd b'njst`jrd dur`pê dkk d. J b hut bd prdgjdr dgpdrdur í sd l`kvd rtjr ou

lnrjstjokjsgd, dkfdkcrokt ojksj b'êbok

`hhjljdb

cd b'jggdksd dxpoksj`k cd ldttd

rdbjfj`k

rdbotjvdgdkt k`uvdbbd 9 dt b`rsqu'jb

cêljco

qud Q`gd kd sdrojt pbus bo lopjtobd

jgpêrjobd

dk


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>

Arêvjojrd

G`kt-Lossjk, ??4<

31> hdujbbdts, ?:,? x ?


29/130

: Frotjdk, Cdlrdtug

\dks ù

]orjs, vdrs ??6=-??>=

15:-13)

9 noajtudbbdgdkt, bo sjg`kjd hojsojt rêhêrdkld oux

troksoltj`ks

g`kêtojrds jgpbjquêds

coks

bds k`gjko tj`ks cds `hhjlds cd

b'Êfbjsd.

Cd k`gardux

cêlrdts gêcj êv oux jkcj qudkt qud bo sjg`kjd êtojt ukd prê` llupo tj`k rêlurrdktd.

Ovdl bdur gêbokfd jgofj kot jh c'åtrds nyarjcds dt cd

tjfds

d ggåbêd s, bds

cdux

jkjtjobds

s`kt

typjquds cd bo pdjkturd

r`gokd

hrokæojsd cu K` rc quj hut h`rtdgdkt jkhbudklê d por

b'ort okfbojs. Ldttd jkhbudkld sd g`ktrd êfobdgdkt

coks

b o ràd cd b'oaaê c`kt bd cropê,

rdkcu ovdl cd frokcds tolnds cd lùbdur, rêvîb d bd l`rps dk

cdssùs.

Bo cêl`rotj`k cd ld

gokuslrjt

b'oss`ljd

í u k

frùpd

cd bjvrds pr`cujts pùr

Sn`gos

Adlidt, orlndvåqud cd

Lokt`raêry, dt s`k sdlrêtojrd Ndradrt cd A`snog,

ob`rs

dk

dxjb

dk

Hrokld dktrd

??83 dt

??6=. Kêokg`jks, `k kd sojt pos lbo jrdgdkt sj bd gokuslr jt cu Fd tty dt bds

outrds

bjvrds

`kt êtê dkbugjkês í

\dks,

`ú s'êtojt dxjbê Adlidt, ù prîs cd ]orjs. O\L

1>



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?= Soabds cd

lok`ks

cu

bjvrd

c'Êvokfjbds

Udyt

l

uk

Nr`giboy, ?148

>

hdujbbdts,

18,4 x ?: lg

Gs.

4: 9 :3.GA.6?

]boklnds 5 S

l

`r`s Q`sbjk, Lok`ks 1–4,

h.


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? ?

B'Op`lobypsd Cys`k ]drrjks

Okfbdtdrrd (pr`aoabdgdkt

B`kcrds), vdrs ?144-?18=

3 ? hdujbbdts,


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?1 Cdux gjkjoturds c'uk

]soutjdr

Vurtzaùrf, vdrs ?13=

?6,6 x ?3.GB.>3

]boklnd 5

Oc`rotj`k c d s

gofds,

hdujbbdt 1

O u lŜ ur cd bo vjd rdbjfjdusd g`kostjqud, bo rêljtotj`k cd psougds eùo uk róbd ldktrob

coks

bds cêv `tj`ks lnrêtjdkkds t` ut ou b`kf cu G` yd k Ofd. O u

^ J J J

d

sjîlbd,

bds

psougds

êtojdkt

cdvdkus

bd

ldktrd

cd bo cêv `tj`k prjvêd. T k

]soutjdr

rdkhdrgd bo t`tobj tê cds ?4=

psougds,

ojksj qu'uk lobdkcrjdr cds håtds cd

b'Êfbjsd

dt

c'outrds tdxtds.

L'êtojt bd prdgjdr

bjvrd

cd prjîrds jgp`rtokt cds boàquds dt uk vênjlubd pùr cd

s`gptudusds

cê l`rotj`ks.

Ldttd Oc`rotj`k cds gofds

dst

b'ukd

cds

cdux

gjkjoturds frokc h`rgot cd bo

l`bbdltj`k

cu Fdtty Gusdug,

opportdkokt

í uk lylbd

c'jgofds

pr`vdkokt c'u k

]soutjdr

dxêlutê ou

^ J J J

d

sjîlbd

í Vurtzaùrf, dk

Aovjîrd. Cjx-nujt outrds

hdujbbdts

s`kt l`kkus,

c`kt

sdjzd

í bo

Arjtjsn

Bj ar ory 9 bo sêrjd l`g pbît d cds gjkjo turds êtojt

pràoabdgdkt

dkl`rd

pbus jgp`rtoktd (bd

rdstd

cu gokuslrj t - dt k`t oggdkt bd

tdxtd - dst pdrcu). Bds gjkjot urds rol`ktdkt b'njst`jrd cd bo vjd cu Lnrjst

cdpujs

b 'Okk`kljotj`k

í bo Xjdrfd Gorjd, dk

possokt

por

b'dkhokld

cu Lnrjst, bo

]ossj`k

dt

b o Qêsurrdltj`k.

Ldttd

êgùvoktd sêqudkld cd slîkds tjrêds cu Kùvdou

Sdstogdkt

ourojt prêlêcê bds

psougds

dt l`kldktrê b'ottdktj`k cu hjcîbd sur bd lŜur cu

lnrjstjokjsgd - b'dxdgpbd cu Lnrjst.

B'êl`bd

cd Vurtzaùrf pr`spêro ou

gjbjdu

cu

^ J J J

d

sjîlbd.

\`k oltjvjtê dst ottdstêd

por ld

]soutjdr

hrofgdktojrd dt ukd cdgj-cùzojkd

c'outrds

bjvrds, bo pbupo rt

c'dktrd

dux êtokt êfobdgdkt cds ]soutjdrs

(v`jr

k`. ?


39/130


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41/130

?<

]soutjdr

Vurtza`urf,

vdrs

?13=-?14=

?:1

hdujbbdts,

11,8 x ?4,6 lg

G s . Bucwjf X J J J

1

9 >


42/130

?3

]soutjdr cd Vdkldsbos

]orjs, vdrs ?14=-?18=

1= <

hdujbbdts,

?: ,1 x ?< ,3

lg

Gs . Bucwjf X J J J 3 9 >v

X`jr pofd

31

Bo

pbold gy tnj qud qu'`llupd ]orjs

coks

b'jgofjkotj`k g`cdrkd, dk tokt qud ldktrd cd

bo adoutê dt cds orts vjsudbs,

p`ssîcd

cd pr`h`kcds roljkds njst`rjquds. Dbbds rdg`ktdkt

ou ^ J J

d

sjîlbd, b `rsqud bd stybd f`tn jqud êgdrfdo

coks

b'orlnjtdlturd dt

coks

b'ort cd

b'Ëbd-cd-Hrokld. C'jgp`sokts vjtroux dkrjlnjssojdkt bds gurs cd sds lotnêcrobds, cd

sds êfbjsds dt cd sds lnopdbbds. O u ^ J J J

d

sjîlbd, bo pr`cu ltj `k cd

bjvrds

y pr`spêrojt

êfobdgdkt.

Bo

vjbbd

cdvjkt ropjcdgdkt

lêbîard coks

t`utd b'Dur`pd l`ggd b'uk

cds prjkljpoux ldktrds cd pdjkturd cd gokuslrjts. Dk dhhdt, ou cêaut cu

^ J X

d

sjîlbd,

coks

bo

vjbbd

b`jktojkd cd Hb`rdkld, bd

p`îtd

Coktd (?184-?


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44/130

?4

]soutjdr

Autd

K`rc-dst cd bo

Hrokld,

vdrs

?16=-?1>=


45/130


46/130

dk rojs`k cd bo

pnrosd

(

oc vdraug)

cu

psougd,

quj cêautd ojksj 5 E'ovojs cjt 5 Ed

vdux survdjbbdr go l`kcujtd, cd

pdur

cd pêlndr por go bokfud. Bd r`j Covjc, b'outdur

prêtdkcu cds psougds, p`jktd so gojk cr`jtd sur so aùlnd, trocultj`k pjlturobd cd so

pr`gdssd

c'êvjtdr cd pêlndr por bo

bokfud.

@ k l`gprd kc g`jks holjbdgdkt pù rqu` j

Covjc cjrjfd s`k

outrd

gojk

vdrs

bd s`b. ]dut-åtrd ld

fdstd h o j t - j b

obbusj`k í bo g`rt cu

]sobgjstd, lor bd psougd êv `qud bo

gdsurd

cds eùrs dt bo h j k cd s`k

outdur.

B o

slîk d í b'jktê rjdur cd

b'jkjtjobd

dst l`gpbêtêd

coks

bd

aos-cd-pofd

por ukd hdggd

ossjsd g`ktrokt cu c`jft uk s`bcot quj sd

rdtùrkd vdrs

dbbd, tùt dk jkcjquokt bo

pofd

sujvoktd. Bds

rdforcs

dt bds fdstds cd

tùtds

bds hjfurds, o jksj qud bo cróbdr jd c'uk lnjdk

pùrlnossokt

uk bjîvrd

coks

bo

gorfd

supêrjdurd, pr`gîkdkt b'Ŝjb outùr cd bo

pofd

dt

jksuhhbdkt

í

b'dksdgabd

ukd êkdrfjd quj pbut soks ouluk cùtd

outokt

í s`k pr`prjêtojrd

orjst`lrotd ou ^ J J J

d

sjîlbd

qu'dbbd pboët oueùrc'nuj ou vjsjtdur cu

Gusêd.

DLS

?8

Ajabd

Gorqudttd

]ràoabdgdkt

B j b b d , vdrs

?16=

< v`bugds, 16


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48/130

?6

Ndurds

cd Qusijk

K`rc-dst cd bo Hrokld, vdrs ? hdujbbdts, 18,3 x ?>,3 lg

Gs.

Bucwjf

J^


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50/130

?>

Adstjojrd

Hbokcrd,

vdrs ?16=

?=1 hdujbbdts, ?: x ?3,3 lg

G s . Bucwjf^ X < 9

>:v

Bd

adstjojrd,

ù bjv rd cds aåtds , hut b' uk cds bjvrds bds

pbus

opprêljês cu ^ J J

d

dt cu ^ J J J

d

sjîlbds,

êp`qud í boqudbbd s`k

tdxtd

hut cêvdb`ppê, trocujt dk bokfud

vdrkolubojrd,

dt

oa`kcoggdkt jbbustrê. Ldttd jktdrprêt otj`k obbê f`rjqud

c'okjgoux

rêdbs dt

jgofjkojrds

êtojt prjkljpobdgdkt aosêd sur bd

]nysj`b`fus, tdxtd

frdl

oyokt

vu bd eùr ou lùrs cds

prdgjdrs

sjîlbds cd b'îrd lnrê tjdkkd, dt qu j hut tro cuj t dk botj k ou

J X

d

sjîlbd.

C î s bd cêa ut, cd

tdbbds

Ŝuv rds k'êtojdkt pos sljdktjhjquds ou

sdks

g`cdrkd cu

tdrgd 9 dbbds s'jktêrdssojdkt

pbus

í tjrdr cds bdæ`ks g`robds qu' í hojrd ukd êt ucd àedltjvd.

Sùt dk

dgarossokt

bo pnjb`s`pnjd quj vùb ojt qud b'àsdrvotj`k cu g`kcd

pnysjqud

l`kcuj sët í ukd l`gpr ênd ksj` k cds `pêr otj`ks lêbdstds, bd

]nysj`b`fus

jgprêfko

cd hoæ`k jkk`votrjld bd gotêrjou poàdk

ovdl

cd

kùvdbbds

jktdrprêto tj`ks lnrêtjdkkds.

Bd

adstjojrd,

quj prjt h`rgd í bo hjk cu

^ J J

d

sjîlbd, jktêfro í s`k

tdxtd

uk frokc

k`gard

c'outrds sùrlds cu cêaut cu G`ydk Ofd, jkspjrêds dk

frokcd

portjd cd b'dklylb`pêcjd

êlrjtd por b'ê våqu d Jsjc`rd cd \êvjbbd ou X J J

d

sjîlbd.

Kùs

dk ov`ks jlj uk

dxdgpbd

typjqud coks b'jgofd cd

b'jggdksd

lrêoturd

gorjkd

oppdbêd

J'

ospjc`lnêb`kd.

B'ukd cds loroltêrjstjquds cd ldt okjgob dst qu'jb pdut hb`ttdr dt

rdstdr

jggàjbd pdkcokt cd b`kfuds pêrj`cds dk bojssokt s`k c`s êgdrfdr por-cdssus bds

vofuds.

L`ggd

bd

soabd s dst

jkstobbê dt qud bo vêfêtotj`k o pùssê, bds

gorjks

`kt prjs

b'okjgob pùr ukd ëbd dt y `kt tjrê í sdl bdur

aotdou.

B`rsqu'jbs `kt obbugê bdur hdu cd

logp, bd g`kstrd, oyokt rdssdktj bo lnobdur, o pb`kfê arusqudgdkt

coks

bds pr`h`kcdurs

cd b'dou. \ur

ldttd

gjkjoturd, b'ortjstd o rêsugê tùt bd p`tdktjdb crogotjqud cd b'njst`jrd

Ob`rs qud bds gorjks s`kt gjs dk cêtrdssd por bd pb`kfd`k cd b' êk` rgd okjgob , b'ukd cds

vjltjgds sd cjrjfd vdrs ukd g`rt ldrtojkd 9 bd s`rt cd

b 'n`ggd

qu j

s'ofrjppd

l`ggd j b

pdut ou aotdou pîsd coks bo aobokld.

Dk tdrgds obbêf`rjquds, J ospjc`lnêb`kd sjfkjhjd bd cjoabd rusê quj

tr`gpd

bds

pêlndurs dt bds

pb`kfd

coks bds

hboggds

cd

b'dkhdr.

Cd bo gåg d hoæ`k, `k jktdrprîtd

bds

pdtjts

p`jss`ks kofdokt vdrs bo aùlnd cd bo lrêoturd, ottjrês por bo cùldur cd s`k

nobdjkd, l`ggd

ldux q uj s`kt holjbdgdkt tdktês dt c`kl ovobês por bd cjoabd. Ld

typd

cd

g`robjsotj`k êtojt lùroktd coks bds adstjojrds dt coks c'outrds tdxtds cu gågd fdkrd,

c`kt bo pbuport êtojdkt êlrjts por cds

g`jkds

í b'jktdktj`k cd

bdurs

hrîrds. O\L

GOKT\LQJS\ DKBTGJKÊ\ 3


51/130

?:

Oktjpn`kojrd

A`b`fkd, hjk cu

^ J J J

d

sjîlbd

13< hdujbbdts, 4>,1 x 3=,1 lg

Gs. Bucwjf X J 8 9 >:

]boklnd 5 Goëtrd cd Fêr`kd,

jkjtjobd

O

ovdl bd

Lnrjst dk goedstê,

h. 1

O u aos G`ydk Áfd dt í bo Qdkojssokld, j b y ovojt sur cds butrjks coks tùtds bds êfbjsds

c'Dur`pd `lljcdktobd cds rdludjbs cd lnokts bjturfjquds oux dkbugjkurds spbdkcjcds,

suhhjsoggdkt frokcs pùr åtrd vus por tùt uk frùpd cd lnoktdurs. B'oktjpn`kojrd dt

bd frocudb l`kstjtudkt bds

cdux fdkrds

prjkljpoux cd rdludjbs cd

lnokts.

B'oktjpn`kojrd

l`ktjdkt bds lnokts cd

b'`hhjld c j v j k

- bo prjî rd cds

ndurds

lêbêarêd

tùs

bds eùrs por bds

g`jkds, bds

rdbjfjdusds

dt bds dllbêsjostjquds. Bd frocudb l`ktjdkt bds pjîlds

gusjlobds

cd bo gdssd.

K`rgobdgdkt, b'dkbugjkurd cds rdludjbs cd lnokts prdkc bo h`rgd c'jkjtjobds

njst`rjêds.

Bo prdgjîrd dt bo pbus

jgprdssj`kkoktd

cds jkjtjobds cd ldt oktjpn`kojr d

dst c`têd c'uk

Lnrjst dk goedstê

(h. 1), suedt jkspjrê por bo pjîld qu'dbbd jktr`cujt, quj

rol`ktd

qud b'`k

v`jt

sd

roppr`lndr

bo

pujssokld

cd Cjdu .

Ldttd pujssokld

quj sd

roppr`lnd dst jktdrprê têd l`ggd bd rdtùr c u Lnrjs t í bo hjk cds

tdgps,

b`rsqu'jb

eufdro tùtd b'nugokjtê. Bd pr`pnîtd

Jsoàd

(c`kt bds

por`bds

hùrkjssdkt b'jkspjrotj`k

cu

tdxtd cu lnokt)

v`jt

bd Lnrjst

cdpujs

bo r`kcdbbd cu l`jk jkhêrjdur

foulnd.

B'dkbugjkdur cd ldt oktjpn`kojrd l`kkojssojt ajdk bds cêvdb`ppdgdkts rêldkts

cd bo pdjkturd sur

pokkdou.

\`k stybd roppdbbd ldbu j cu pdjk trd hb r̀dktjk Ljgoa ud

(vdrs ?1 3= -?


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53/130


54/130

1= Bjvrd

c'Êvokfjbds

Kjlêd

`u

Kjl`gêcjd,

cêaut

dt hjk cu ^ J J J

d

sjîlbd

1 3 ?

hdujbbdts, 1=,4 x ?4 lg

G s . Bucwjf J J

4 9

>4, gojs, l`ggd

l'dst

bd los p`ur bds

outrds

gjkjoturds

pbus

okljdkkds

cu

bjvrd,

bdur

bjdu

cd pr`cul tj` k dst

l`ktr`vdrsê.

O\L


4


55/130

1?

Cdux

gjkjoturds c'uk

bjvrd

cds

pr`pnîtds

cd

b'Okljdk

Sdstogdkt

\jljbd, vdrs ?.G\.?14

]boklnd 5 Xjsj`k cd Uolnorjd,

hdujbbdt

1

Cdpujs bo Qdkojssokld, ldrtojks l`bbdltj`kkdurs `kt opprêljê bd gokuslrjt gêcjêvob

covoktofd pùr sds dkbugjkurds qud pùr sds tdxtds. C`kl, í ukd êp`qud `ú cds

ajabj`pnjbds

l`ggokcojdkt tùeùrs oltjvdgdkt cd kùvdoux gokuslrjts dkbugjkês,

c'outrds l`bbdlt j`kkdurs cê lù poj dkt bds gjkjoturds, bds jkjtjobds dt bds a`rcurds cd

bjvrds

pbus okljdks. Ldttd protjqud l`ktjkuo pdkcokt cds sjîlbds. O bo hjk cu ^ X J J J

d

sjîlbd,

]jdtdr Ajr gokk , kêf`lj okt c'ort í

A á b d ,

l`kstjtuo uk obaug

l`gp`sê

cds 364 hdujbbdts

pr`vdkokt c'jkk`garoabds gokuslrjts gêcjêvoux cd tùtds s`rtds. Bd Fdtty Gusdug

p`ssîcd cdux cds gjkjoturds cd ldt obaug 9 bo

cduxjîgd

rdprêsdktd JOssossjkot cd

\dkkoln

ê

rja.

Dbbds pr`v jdkkdk t

soks

cùtd c'uk

bjvrd

cds pdtjts pr`pnîtds.

Bd

suedt, trîs rord, qud b'`k

v`jt

jbbustrê jl j dst

ldbuj

cd bo prdgjîrd cds

nujt

vjsj`ks

cd Uolnorjd. Bo

sùrld

pràoabd cd b'dkbugjkdur, bo Xubfotd, cjt 5

E'dus

ukd

vjsj`k

pdkcokt bo

kujt

5 l'êtojt uk n`ggd quj g`ktojt uk lndvob rùx dt

quj sd tdkojt dktrd bds gyrtds quj s`kt

coks

bd fùhhrd, dt cdrrjîrd buj cds lndvoux rùx,

obdzoks dt abokls. Ed cjs 5 _u j s`kt-j bs, ldux-lj, g`k \djfkdur 0 dt b'okfd quj porbojt

ovdl g` j gd cj t 5 Ed vojs td hojrd v`jr ld qu'jbs s`kt. Dt b'n`ggd quj sd tdkojt porgj

bds gyrtds prjt bo por`bd dt cj t 5 Ld s`kt

ldux-bí

qu'o dkv`yês

Zonvê

pùr ljrlubdr sur

bo

tdrrd. Ldux-lj s'ocrdssîrdkt í b'okfd cd

Zonvê

quj sd tdkojt dktrd bds gyrtds dt

jbs

cjrdkt 5 Kùs ov`ks ljrlubê sur bo tdrrd, dt

v`jlj

qud tùtd bo tdrrd dst noajtêd dt

trokqujbbd.

(Uolnorjd

?5>–??)

B'ortjstd s'êb`jfkd

cd ld tdxtd gystjqud cd cjhhêrdktds

hoæ`ks

5 b'n`ggd cd bo

vj sj`k

dst g`ktê sur b'uk cds lndvoux pbutót qud sjgpbdgdkt cdaùt porgj bds gyrtds 9 uk

sdub lndvob rùx dst rdprêsdktê dt k`k pos cdux 9 b'okfd sd tjdkt í lótê cd Uolnorjd.

Bds pr`p`rtj `ks obb`kfêds cds hjfurds dt bo pdtjtd tojbbd cd bdur tåtd s`kt

portjlubjîrdgdkt loroltêrjstjquds cd ld g`gdkt cd b'ort ayzoktjk. Ajdk qud b'dkbugjkdur

ojt êtê c'`rjfjkd frdlqud, cds jkcjlds tdxtudbs dt pobê`fropnjquds suffîrdkt kêokg`jks

q u j b pdjfkjt lds gjkjoturds coks uk bjvrd êlrjt dk @lljcdkt. Ldt ortjstd vjvojt

pràoabdgdkt porgj bds l`ggukoutês frdlquds cd \jljbd. S I

43 GOKT\LQJS\

DKBTGJKÊ\


56/130


57/130


58/130

11

Xjcob

Goy`r

K`rc-dst cd b'Dspofkd,

vdrs

?1:=-?


59/130


60/130

1<

Xjto

adotod Ndcwjfjs

\jbêsjd,

?


61/130

1 3

Fujort

cds

G`ubjks,

Ajabd njst`rjobd

]orjs, vdrs ?


62/130

dk tùlnds cd lùbdur. Ldttd tdlnkjqud, trîs rêpokcud coks bds bjvrds hrokæojs cd ldttd

êp`qud,

êtojt port jlub jîrdgdkt ohhdltj `kkêd por uk frokc k`gard c'dkbugjkdurs

ou lùrs cds rîfkds

sulldssjhs

cds r`js Edok bd A`k (r. ?


63/130

14

Gjssdb

A`b`fkd,

dktrd

?: dt ?3=3

1 66 hdujbbdts,


64/130


65/130


66/130


67/130

18 Bjvrd c'ndurds

]r`aoabdgdkt Ttrdlnt,

vdrs

?3=4-?3?=

1?=

hdujbbdts,

?8,3 x ??,6 lg

Gs. 3= 9

:=.GB.?


68/130

16

Q`c`bpnd v`k Dgs,

Vdbtlnr`kji

Qotjsa`kkd,

vdrs

?3==-?3?=

-< 1) . O\L

GOKT\LQJS\ DKBTGJKÊ\ 86


69/130


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72/130

1> Cdux gjkjoturds , pr`vdkokt

pdut-åtrd c'uk gokuslrjt

L`b`fkd,

vdrs

?3==-?3?=

1


73/130


74/130

1:

Gjssdb cu L`bbdfjug Culobd

Xjdkkd,

vdrs ?31 =-?3< =


75/130


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80/130


81/130


82/130

,1 lg

Gs. 6 9 >4.GB.16

]boklnd 5

Edok

H`uqudt, \jg`k cd

Xorjd

dk

prjîrd cdvokt

bo Xjdrfd

dt

b Dkhokt,

h. bv-1

B'ort

cu p`rtrojt dst b'ukd cds frokcds rêussjtds cd bo pdjkturd cu ^ X

d

sjîlbd. B'ortjstd

hrokæojs

Edok

H`uqudt (g`rt dk ?36>/?3>?) l`gptojt porgj sds gdjbbdurs rdprêsdktokts

Coks

so edukdssd, b`rs c'uk v`yofd dk

Jtobjd,

jb hjt bd p`rtrojt cu popd D ufîkd J X

(?3


83/130


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85/130


86/130


87/130

), sdrvjt í

bo lùr cu r`j Qdkê J

d r

c'Okeù ( ?3 =: -? 3> =) dk ]r`vdkld pdkcokt bds cjx cdrkjîrd s

okkêds

cd bo vjd cd ldbuj-lj. J b rêsjco dksujtd coks bd suc cd bo Hrokld pdkcok t dkl`rd

ukd cêldkkjd. ]`îtd dt êlrjvojk, Qdkê hut êfob dgdkt uk g êlî kd vjsj`kkojrd. Ld bjvrd

l`ktjdkt pbusjdurs gjkjoturds hojsokt obbusj`k í ldrtojkds pdjkturds dk so p`ssdssj`k,

porgj

bdsqudbbds `k trùvd uk toabdou - ù ukd jlókd - pbus okljdk rdprê sdkto kt ukd

Goc`kd dk pbdurs

pbolêd

coks uk rdtoabd-rdbjquojrd oppordggdkt jgofjkoj rd. T k outrd

ortjstd cd ld

bjvrd,

outdur cd bo

Xjsjtotj`k,

rêvîbd cds sjgjborjtês vjsudbbds í bo h`js ovdl b'ort

cd Sruadrt dt

ovdl

ldbuj

c'ortjstds oltjhs pbus ou k`rc,

coks

bo

vobbêd

cd bo

B`jrd.

Bds dkbugjkdurs cd ld

bjvrd

dxpb`rdkt bds cjhhêrdktds

hoæ`ks

cd rdkcrd bds àedts

pdjkts pobpoabds, trjcjgdksj`kkdbs. Bo a`rcurd cd bo Xjsjtotj`k, rdkl`ktrd cd bo Xjdrfd

Gorjd ob`rs dkldjktd cd b'Dkhokt E ê s u s ovdl bo vjdjbbd Dbjsoadtn, quj p`rtd coks s`k

sdjk bd hutur sojkt Edok-Aoptjstd, dst cêl`r êd c'`jsdoux, cd hdujbbofds dt cd cróbdrjds. \o

pdjkturd dk ar uk g`k`l nr`gd bu j l`khîrd bd loroltîrd c'ukd slubpturd sur a`js dk bêfdr

rdbjdh. Bds hdujbbds cd ldttd slubpturd sd lùr adkt sur bo bjsjîrd cd bo a`rcurd pdjktd dt

ottdjfkdkt bo vrojd pofd, ld qu j rdkh`rld b'jgprdss j`k cd pr`h`kcdur .

Bo

gjkjoturd cd bo Goc`kd coks uk rdtoabd-rdbjquojrd `rhîvrê dst dkl`rd pbus

jknoajtudbbd

dt

êkjfgotjqud.

B' outdb dst s`gptudux 5 sds v`bdts ùvdrts s`kt dk `r, dk

orfdkt dt dk êgojb 9 bd v`b dt cr`jt sdgabd prèdtdr ukd `gard sur bo

pofd.

B'outdb dst

jkstobbê sur ukd g`ttd cd tdrrd ndradusd, quj dst sùtdkud í s`k tùr por cdux hjfurjkds

dk ar`kzd rdprêsdktokt cds bj`ks. Sùt l`ggd bds okl`bjds quj êgdrfdkt ou-cdssus cd

b'outdb, ld lurjdux àedt cd cêv` tj` k prèdttd ukd `gar d. T k g`rldou cd porln dgjk

jkslrjt ovdl bds g`ts @ Jktdrkdroto ( Ó

Xjdrfd

Jggolubêd) dst pdjkt dk tr`gpd-b'Ŝjb

sùs

bo Goc`kd 9 s`k l`jk jkhêrjdur cr`jt f`kc`bd dt sd bjaîrd cu lbù. Bds g`ts @ Jktdgdroto

jktr`cujsdkt ukd prjîrd

ocrdssêd

í bo Xjdrfd quj sd pùrsujt dk tùrkokt bo pofd. S I

>8 GOKT\LQJS\ DKBTGJKÊ\


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Bjvrd cd prjîrds cd Lnorbds bd

Sêgêrojrd

Fokc dt Okvdrs, ?38:

?4 :

hdujbbdts,

?1,3 x :,1 lg

Gs . :.GB.


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3= _ujktd-Lurld

Bjvrd

cds hojs c Obdxokcrd bd frokt

B j b b d dt Arufds,

vdrs ?38>-?364

1


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99/130

3?

Gjkjoturd

cd Xobîrd Goxjgd,

Hojts

dt cjts gêg`roabds cds

Q`gojks

Arufds,

vdrs

?364-?3>=

?6,4 x ?:,3 lg

Gs.

3< 9 :?.G\.>?

]boklnd

5 Goëtrd cu

Bjvrd

cd prjîrds

cd Crdscd, Bd s

G`cêrês dt

bds

jktdgpêrokts

Bds

Hojts

dt cjts gêg`roabds cds Q`gojks dst ukd l`gp jbot j`k c'okdlc`tds l`kldrkokt

bds lùtugds dt bds nêr`s cd b'Oktjqujtê. Ld tdxtd, êlrjt ou

d r

sjîlbd op. E- L. por Xobîrd

Goxjgd, sd bjsojt

dkl`rd

ou G`ydk Ofd. @rfokjsê ossdz bjardgdkt

outùr

cd tnîgds

g`roux dt pnjb`s`pnjquds (bo tdgp êrokld, bo lnorjtê, bo lruoutê, dtl.), bd Xobîrd Goxj gd,

l`ggd

`k b'oppdbbd, sdrvjt cd gokudb pùr cds

dxdrljlds

cd rnêt`rjqud. \o p`puborjtê

s'ollrut

í bo hjk cu G` yd k Ofd fráld í cds t rocul tj`ks dk

bokfud

vdrkolubojrd, tdbbd ldbbd

dk hrokæojs quj hut l`ggokcjtêd por

Lnorbds

X cd

Hrokld

(r. ?< 83- ?< >=) . Ld hdujbbdt

dst tjrê c'uk dxdgpbojrd cd tojbbd

jk-h`bj`

l`ggokcê por Eok

Lroaad,

b'oaaê cd

b'oaaoyd

ljstdrljdkkd cd Cukds, prîs cd Arufds.

Bo gjkjoturd frokc h`rgot hjfurojt ou cêaut cu bjvrd 1 dt rdprêsdktd Xobîrd dk

trojk c'dksdjfkdr

í

b'dgpdrdur

Sjaîrd (í quj ld

tdxtd

dst cêcjlolê) b'jgp`rtokld cd bo

tdgpêrokld.

Coks

ukd

sobbd

í

gokfdr spoljdusd,

bds

lbossds

supêrjdurds cd b 'orrjîrd-pbok

sd l`gp`rtdkt

ovdl

cjfkjtê - t dgpêrok ld -

tokcjs

qu'ou

prdgjdr pbok, bds aùhh`kkdr jds

cds

pdrs`kkofds

cds

lbossds

jkhêrjdurds dk

s`kt

b'oktjtnîsd.

\ùs

bd pjkldou cu Goëtrd

cu Bjvrd

cd prjîrds cd

Crdscd,

dkbugjkdur

ok`kygd

cd

Arufds

dt

n`ggd c'dsprjt,

bo

cjfkjtê

sdgabd

fujkcêd, tokcjs qud bd gouvojs

dxdgpbd kùs

ogusd. O u

lùrs

cds

cdux

sjîlbds

quj sujvdkt, b'jvrdssd dt bds outrds

hojabdssds

cds lbossds

g`ydkkds

dt jkhêrjdurds

rdtjdkkdkt

b'ottdktj`k, pùr cdvdkjr bds

suedts

prjvjbêfjês cds pdjktrds hbogokcs. Gojs,

ovokt

dux, bds dkbugjkdurs hbogokcs `kt bêfuê uk três`r cd gjkjoturds cêlr jv okt bds

lùtugds

dt bds l`gp`rtdgdkts cd bo s`ljêtê quj

kùs

jkh`rgdkt oueùrc'nuj sur bds

vobdurs cd b'ê p`qud. S I

:> GOKT\LQJS\

DKBTGJKÊ\


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31 Gjkjoturd c'uk bjvrd c'ndurds

]ràoabdgdkt Fokc, ovokt ?3><

?1,4 x : lg

Gs. 8=

9

:4.GB.4<

]boklnd

5

ottrjauêd ou Goëtrd cd Gorjd

cd Aùrf`fkd, Okk`kld oux adrfdrs

]drs`kkofd êkj fgo tjqud, bd Goë trd cd Gorjd cd Aùrf`fkd hut b' uk cds fêkjds cd

b'áfd c'`r cd bo pdjk turd hbogokcd cu ^ X

d

sjîlbd, dt Gorjd,

culndssd

cd Aùrf`fkd

(?346-?3>1), l`gptojt porgj bds pbus pujssokts cd sds gêlîkds prêsugês. O l t j h outùr

cds okkêds ?36= -?3 :=, j b trovojbbo

coks

bo rêfj`k cd Fokc, dk Hbokcrd, `ú jb hut b'oss`ljê

c'Nuf` vok cdr F`ds (vdrs ?31), c`kt b'Ŝuvrd b'o h`rtdgdkt jkhbudklê. Bd Goëtrd

cd Gorjd cd Aùrf`fkd dst bd sdub ortjstd hbogokc cd b'ê p`qud í rjvobjsdr ovdl Xok cdr

F`ds coks so pujssokld êg`tj`kkdb bd dt so l`gpossj`k pùr bd pdtjt pdupbd. Coks

J Okk`kld oux

adrfdrs,

bds poysoks s`kt pdjkts

sùs

cds trojts fr`ssjdrs dt rucds í bo

gokjîrd cd Xok cdr

F`ds.

Bdurs

vjsofds

s`kt

cdssjkês

ovdl

uk g`c dbê rjlnd dt ukd

prêljsj`k cd l`ktùrs quj kd trùvdkt pos s`k êfob coks b' dkbugjkur d hbogokcd.

B'Ŝuvrd cd b'ortjstd dst c'outokt pbus rdgorquoabd

q u j b

pdjfkojt

prdsqud

tùeùrs

coks ld pdtjt h`rgot.

Bo slîkd k`lturkd dt sds l`bbjkds vobb`kkêds s`kt êlbojrêds sjgpbdgdkt por bo budur

cd

b'okfd

froljdux nout coks bd ljdb, por uk pdtjt frùpd c'okfds c`rês cdsldkcokt vdrs

bo gokfd`jrd, dt por bo bugjîr d pr`vdkokt cd b'jktêr jdur cd b'êtoabd. Bds

suedts

k`lturkds

êtojdkt prjvjbêfjês por bds pdjktrds hbogokcs, n`bbokcojs dt hrokæojs cu cdrkjdr quort cu

^ X

d

sjîlbd.

Ldttd gjkjoturd dst pràoabdgdkt jssud c'uk bjvrd c'ndurds rjlndgdkt dkbugjkê

quj sd trùvd í prêsdkt í bo Nùfnt`k Bjarory cd b'ukjvdrsjtê cd Norvorc, í Logarjcfd,

Gossolnusdtts.

Bo cêl`rotj`k cd ld bjvrd hut rêobjsêd dk l`bboa`rotj`k ovdl \jg`k

Gorgj`k (v`jr k`.


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3<

Edok Hr`jssort, Lnr`kjquds,

Bjvrd

<

Arufds, vdrs ?3>=

,1 x >v

Bds Lnr`kjquds dk quotrd bjvrds cd Edok Hr`jssort (?


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33

Gjkjoturd, pr`vdkokt pdut-åtrd

c'uk gokuslrjt

]r`aoabdgdkt Hrokl`kjd

(Obbdgofkd),

cdrkjdr quort cu

^ X

d

sjîlbd

,> x 13,< lg

Gs.

41

9

:


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34

Jkjtjobd njst`rjêd

pr`vdkokt c'uk frocudb

]ràoabdgdkt cd bo Xêkêtjd,

pdut-åtrd

cd

Xêr`kd,

vdrs ?33=-?34=

?3,1 x

: lg

Gs. 3?

9:?.G\.4

]boklnd 5 ottrjauêd í Okt`kj ̀]jsok`,

cjt

]jsokdbb`,

dt ou Goëtrd cd

b'Oktjpn`kojrd

_ cd \ok

Fj`rfj`

Goffj`rd, Jkjtjobd \

ovdl bo

L`kvdrsj`k cd sojkt ]oub

\ojkt ]oub, b'uk cds

pdrs`kkofds

bds pbus

sjfkjhjlotjhs

cd bo h`rgotj`k cd b'Êfbjsd, porvjkt

í rêpokcrd b'Êvokfjbd ou-cdbí cu g`kcd eujh. Ldttd jkjtjobd njst`rjêd \ (lùpêd í ros)

jbbustrojt bo gdssd cu eùr cd bo håtd cd bo l`kvdrsj`k cd sojkt ]oub (bd 14 eokvjdr)

coks

uk frocudb, bjvrd cds lnokts cd bo gdssd. Bd

e u j h

\oòb sd rdkcojt í

Cogos

b`rsqu'ukd

bugjîrd

vdkud cu

ljdb

b'dkvdb`ppo cd so lbortê, ojksj qud ldux quj hojsojdkt rùtd

ovdl

b u j

(Oltds :5 ?- : dt 18 5? 1- ?> ). J b t`ga o í tdrrd dt dktdkcj t bo

v`jx

cu Lnrjst bd

cdstjkokt í cdvdkjr b'Opótrd cds fdktjbs.

\oòb

sd l`kvdrtjt ob`rs,

lnokfdo

s`k k`g

pùr ldbuj cd ]oub, dt prålno

ldttd

kùvdbbd lr`yokld.

\ur ldttd

jkjtjobd, \oòb,

våtu

c'ukd

orgurd dt c'uk

losqud,

t`gad í tdrrd, s`k lndvob

s'êlrùbokt sùs

b u j .

Ld quj dst jkottdkcu

coks ldttd

rdpr êsdktot j`k cd bo l`kvdrsj`k,

pùrtokt typjqud, l'dst bd róbd qudbqud pdu

dhholê

cd ]oub 5 s`k vjsofd dst í pdjkd vjsjabd

sùs bd losqud. Coks bo poksd supê rjdurd cd b'jkjtjobd, b'dkbugjkdur l`kldktrd s`k

ottdktj`k

sur uk outrd s`bcot,

s`gptudusdgdkt

våtu, quj sd tjdkt

cr`jt

sur uk cdstrjdr.

\`k frokc dt buxudux

loppullj`

(lnopdou) dt so

fj`rkdo

(tukjqud) a`rcêd cd vdrt, cd abokl

dt cd rùfd - bds lùbdurs í bo

h`js

cds hogjbbds F`kzofud dt

Dstd

- s uffîrdkt

qu'jb

dst

bd

lndh cd

ldttd

trùpd cd s`bcots. \`k kàbd l`stugd c'êp`qud ojksj qud bo kdttdtê cd

s`k

pr`hjb

l`kcujsdkt í

pdksdr qu'jb k'dst

pos cu t ù t ukd hjfurd aj abj qud, gojs bd edukd

cdsldkcokt

cd b'ukd cd lds hogjb bds culobds. J b sd pdut

qu'jb

ojt l`g gok cê ld

bjvrd

dt

qu'jb

ojt cêsjrê

olquêrjr ld frocudb pùr so hogjbbd ù pùr ukd h`kcotj`k dllbêsjostjqud sùs

so pr`tdl tj`k.

Bds F`kzofud cd Goktùd dt bds

Dstd

cd Hdrrord êt ojdkt cds gêl îkds cd ]jsokdbb`

(vdrs ?


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110/130

38 Gjkjoturd c'uk gokuslrjt

bjturfjqud

ù

bjvrd

cd prjîrds

]dut-åtrd Goktùd,

vdrs

?38=-?36=

1=,? x ?1,: lg

Gs. 44 9 :3.G\.?<

]boklnd

5 Fjr`bog` co Lrdg`ko,

]dktdlótd

Bds ortjstds jtobjdks cu

^ X

d

sjîlbd oppbjquojdkt cds prjkljpds gotnêgotjquds í bo

pdjkturd. Lds rîfbds cd l`gp`sj tj`k cd bo

Qdkojssokld,

qud b'`k

ocoptojt

dt

rdpdksojt

hrêqudggdkt, dxdræojdkt ukd

jggdksd

jkhbudkld sur bo pdjkturd dur`pêdkkd dt ldlj

cd hoæ`k l`ktjkud eu squ 'í k`s eùrs. \ur

ldttd

gjkjoturd cd bo

]dktdlótd,

bo

cdsldktd

cu

\ojkt-Dsprjt sur bds opótrds, prdsqud

tùs

bds êbêgdkts

s`kt cjsp`sês

cd hoæ`k sygêtrjqud

outùr c 'uk oxd ldktr ob. Ld bu j- lj dst jkcjquê por bo hjfurd s`bdkkdbbd dt hr`ktobd cd

bo Xjdrfd Gorjd dt por bd \ojkt-Dsprjt sùs bo h`rgd c'ukd l`b`gad êabùjssoktd. Í

cjstokld êfobd

cd ldt oxd, `k v`jt bds hdkåtrds, bds p`rtojbs cds gurs, bds cdux lnokcdbjdrs

cd bo lndgjkêd dt bds opótrds. Bds

cdux frùpds

c'opótrds

s`kt

`rfokjsês

coks

ukd

jgofd jkvdrsêd 5 jbs s`kt tr`js cd lnoqud lótê

coks

bo rokfêd cu h`kc, cdux

coks

ldbbd

cu gjbjdu, dt uk ou prdgjdr pbok. Bds hjfurds ofdkùjbbêds s`kt rossdgab êds outùr cd

bo Xjdrfd l`ggd ukd pojrd c'ojbds olludjbboktds. @ k

rdforcd

por-cdssus

bds êpoubds

cds prdgjdrs opót rds pù r po rtjljpdr.

B'ortjstd êvjtd bo g`k`t`kjd c'ukd sygêtrjd rjfùrdusd dk vorjokt bds cêtojbs, l`ggd

bds lùbdurs cds ràds cds opótrds, bds fdstds cds n`ggds, bo cjsp`sjtj`k cds bjvrds outùr

cds ljdrfds, dt b'ùvdrturd c'ukd cds hdkåtrds sur uk poysofd. Bo lbortê fê`gêtrjqud cd

ld

cdssjk,

bo tojbbd jgp`soktd cd bo Xjdrfd dt bo

noutdur

cd bo pjîld l`khîrdkt í

ldttd

slîkd ukd quobjt ê g`kugdktob d, ajdk qud bo gjkj otu rd kd gdsurd dk tùt dt pùr

tùt qu'ukd vjkftojkd cd ldktjgîtrds.

B'dkbugjkdur Fjr`bog` co Lrdg`ko

(oltjh

dk ?34>- ?3 >


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36

Ndurds cd Fuobdkfnj-c'Dstd

Hdrrord, vdrs ?38:

1?? hduj b bd t s , ?= ,>

x

6 , : lg

G s . B u c w j f J ^ ? < 9 > < . G B . ? = :

]boklnds

5

Soccd ̀ Lrjvdbb j ,

\ojkt Frêf`jrd bd Frokc,

h.

? 6 1 v

\ojktd Lotndrjkd,

h.

? > 6 v

\ojkt Adbbjkus rdldvokt bo hogjbbd

Fuobdkfnj

í

b outdb,

h.

? : : v

\ojkt Okt`jkd,

h. 1=3v

Sùt

ou b`kf cu G`ydk Á f d dt cd bo Qdkojssokld, bo

cêv`tj`k

oux sojkts êtojt b'uk cds

ospdlts

bds pbus p`pubojrds cd bo

pjêtê

lnrêtjdkkd.

Jktdrgêcjojrds

dktrd bd ljdb dt bo tdrrd,

bds sojkts oll`gpbjssojdkt pùr bds

hjcîbds

cds gjrol bds cd h`j dt cd

fuêrjs`k.

Bds

hjcîbds

bdur ocrdssojdkt cds

prjîrds,

lor jbs bds l`ksjcêrojdkt l`ggd cds

cêhdksdurs

prjvjbêfjês

cdvokt Cjdu. Bds vjds dt bds oltds cd vdrtu cd lds sojkts n`ggds dt hdggds

`hhrojdkt

oux

lr`yokts outokt c'dxdgpbds í sujvrd. B'êpokùjssdgdkt cu lubtd cds sojkts s'dxprjgd

coks

bds rdbjquojrds dt bds êfbjsds l`kstrujtds pùr oarjtdr bdurs cêpùjbbds g`rtdbbds,

coks

bds bjvrds jbbustrês vùês í bdurs bêfdkcds

(v`jr

k` . 1=) dt so hdggd,

@rsjko

c'Dstd, ld s`kt bds suhhrofds q uj rdæu rdk t bo pbus frokcd po rtj d cds dkbug jku rds .

Okcrdo

êtojt jssu c'ukd

hogjbbd

cd lùrtjsoks nout pbolês í bo lùr cds Dstd cd Hdrrord 9

j b

dut buj-gågd bo lnorfd c'jgp`rtokts p`stds cd l`ksdjbbdr dt c'ogaossocdur

sùs

bds

? ? = G O K T \ L Q J S \ D K B T G J K Ê \


112/130

rîfkds

cd A`rs`

c'Dstd

(r. ?34=-?36?) dt c'Drl`bd

c'Dstd

(r. ?36?-?4=4). Bo

hogjbbd

Fuobdkfnj dst rdprêsdktêd

coks

bo gjkj otur d quj oll`gpofkd bo prjîrd ocrdssêd í sojkt

Adbbjkus

(h. ?::v), êvåqud cd ]ocùd ou ^ J J

d

sjîlbd, quj cut ov`jr ukd jgp`rt okld

portjlubjîrd

pùr ld gêlîkd. Bo pdjkturd jbbustrd dxpbjlj tdgdkt bds bjdks quj ukjssdkt

b'n`ggd, bds

êbus

dt

Cjdu,

sùbjfkokt bd róbd c'jktdrldssdur tdku por bd sojkt. Bo

hogjbbd

dst

ofdkùjbbêd

dk prjîrd cdvokt b'outdb `ú sojkt Adbbjkus lêbîard bo

gdssd.

C'ukd gojk,

bd

sojkt êtrdjkt bds

aros

tdkcus c' Okcr êo Fuobdkf` tù t dk cêsjfko kt bd ljdb

ovdl

b'outrd.

\ojkt

Frêf`jrd

bd Frokc (vdrs 43= - 8=3) dst buj oussj rdprêsdktê coks uk

oltd

cd cêv`tj`k cjrjfê vdrs bd

ljdb

(h. ?61v ). Ossjs cdvokt uk outdb, j b bîvd bds ydux vdrs bo

bugjîrd

lêbdstd quj pêkêtrd coks bo lnopdbbd, dt ùvrd bo aùlnd, l`ggd s'jb lnoktojt.

L`ggd coks c'outrds pdjkturds cd ld bjvrd, Soccd ̀ L r j v d b b j jksuhhbo í s`k suedt ukd

prêsdkld cjvjkd quj s'jkhjbtrd coks bd g`kcd ovdl uk sdktjgdkt c'dxtosd spj rjtudbbd 9

bd

putt` dggåbê coks uk rù bdou, bo aokcdr`bd abdud sdrpdktjkd, bds roy`ks c '`r

sljktjbbokts

dt

vjhs

cd bo a`rcurd, ojksj qud bds bjfkds êkdr fjquds cu gorard cdrrjîrd

bo tåtd cu sojkt l`khîrdkt í bo pdjkturd ukd êg`tj`k

suppbêgdktojrd.

IA

GOKT\LQJS\ DKBTGJKÊ\ ??


113/130

3>

Frocudb

Q`gd, hjk cu

^ X

d

ù cêaut cu

^ X J

d

sjîlbd

?>> hdujbbdts, 83,? x 38

]boklnd 5 Okt`kj` co G`kzo,

Jkjtjobd

Q

ovdl bo

Qêsurrdltj`k,

h. ?8

Xdrs bo hjk cu ^ X

d

sjîlbd, bds

ortjstds

rdkcojdkt vjsjtd í bo Gojs`k C`rêd cd b'dgpdrdur

Kêr`k, rêldggdkt cêlùvdrtd prîs cd Q`gd, ohjk c'êtucjdr bd cêl`r pdjkt dt bds stuls

quj rdvåtojdkt sds gurs. Lds pr`gdkdurs êtojdkt loptjvês por bds lrêoturds hoktostjquds,

bds lokcêb oards , bds

fujrbokcds

dt bds cêbjlots êbêgdkts orlnjtdlturoux rdprêsdktê s. Bo

possj`k

cd bo

Qdkojssokld

pùr tùt ld quj vdkojt cu

g`kcd

oktjqud

o

hojt

qud b'`k o

trîs vjtd jktêfrê

coks

bd v`loaubojrd `r kdgdktob cd bo pdjkturd cd b'êp`qud lds g`tjh s

oppdbês fr`tdsquds

dk rojs`k cd bdur

oss`ljotj`k

ovdl

bds

fr`ttds

sùtdrrojkds

`ú

b'`k ovojt cêlùvdrt bo gojs`k.

Hro Ok t` kj ` co G`kzo dxêl uto b'd kbugj kurd cd ld frocudb frokc h`rgot pùr

b'êfbjsd

hrokljslojkd \okto Gorjo jk Orol`dbj í

Q`gd

9 jb hut b' uk cds k `gardux

ortjstds

jtobjdks cd bo

Qdkojssokld

h`rtdgdkt jkhbudklês por bds

vdstjfds

cd b'ort oktjqud.

Coks

ld gokuslrjt, cds rdprêsdktotj`ks cd logêds

oktjquds

sd e`jfkdkt oux g`tjhs tjrês cd bo

Gojs`k C`rêd.

B'dkbugjkurd quj jktr`cujt bo gdssd c u

cjgoklnd

cd ]áqu ds (h. ?8) dst ukd

rêussjtd supdrad cu cêl`r obb oktjlo. B'jk jtjo bd dt bo a`rcurd

rdfrùpdkt

cds slîkds cd bo

Qêsurrdltj`k (coks bd lnogp cd b'jkjtjobd), bd gortyrd cd

sojkt

\êaostjdk (vu í trovdrs uk

vdrrd lybjkcrjqud coks bo nostd cd b'jkjtjobd), J'Okk`kljotj`k (coks cdux r`kcdbbds cd bo

a`rcurd botêrobd), dt uk

austd

cu Lnrjst

(coks

bo a`rcurd cu aos). Outùr cd b'jgofdrjd

lnrêtjdkkd sd cêpb`jd uk

g`kcd

cd pu tt j dt c'åtrds nyarjcds c'jkspjr otj`k oktjqud,

bd tùt strulturê por cds g`tjhs

roppdbokt ldux

trùvês sur bds

gurs

cds

gojs`ks

r`gojkds

jgpêrjobds. DLS

??1 GOKT\LQJS\

D K B T G J K Ê \


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3:

Êpëtrds

cd Fdtty

Hrokld, vdrs

?41=-?4


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4=

Ndurds cd \pjk`bo

Fokc ù Gobjkds,

vdrs ?4?=-?41=

9 >5 ?-? :). Ou prdgjdr pbok, Oa ron og sd pr`stdrkd dk v`yokt bds okfds cdaùt

cdvokt buj 9 dk nout, ob`rs qu'Oaronog bdur prêsdktd cd bo kùrrjturd, \oron edttd uk

rdforc

h u r t j h

cdpujs b'ùvdrturd cd bo tdktd

sjtuêd

cdrrjîrd dux, sùrjokt í lds kùvdbbds

surprdkoktds. Bds tr`j s okfds sd l`gprdk kdkt l`gg d ukd prê hjfur otj`k cd bo Srjkj tê.

Fêrorc N`rdkaùt, pdjktrd í bo lùr cd Gorfudrjtd c'Outrjlnd, rêfdktd cds

]oys-Aos

hu t b' uk cds pbus frokcs dkbugjkdurs hbogokcs cds vjkf ts prdg jîrd s okkê ds cu ^ X J

d

sjîlbd.

Cds prduvds jkcjrdltds bojssdkt pdksdr qud ld bjvrd ogajtjdux dt l`ùtdux, quj dkfofdo bds

tobdkts cd pbusjdurs dkbugjkdurs jgp`rtokts, c`kt \jg`k Adkjkf (v`jr k`s. 4?-41),

b u j

êtojt pdut-åtrd

cdstjkê.

S I


??


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4?

Bjvrd

cd ]rjîrds cu Lorcjkob

Obardlnt cd Arokcda`urf

Arufds,

vdrs

?414-?4


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41

Gjkjoturd

c'uk

bjvrd c'ndurds

]ràoabdgdkt Arufds,

vdrs ?43=-?44=

4,8 x :,8 lg

Gs.

4=

9

:3= -?:18), dbbd o susljtê uk jggdksd jktêråt. Bo

kojssokld

cu

poysofd

dur`pêdk

dst rdcdvoabd í cd

k`gardusds

sùrlds, dt k`toggdkt í b'jbbustrotj`k trîs `rjfjkobd cds

lobdkcrjdrs qu j oll`gpofkdkt bds bjvrds cd cêv `tj` k cd bo hjk cu G `y dk Ofd. S nî gd

prjvjbêfjê cdpujs b'Oktjqujtê, bds g`js `kt êtê rdprêsdktês cd gokjîrd syga`bjqud

ovdl

bds sjfkds cu z`cjoqud dt cds

pdrs`kkofds

voquokt í cds trovoux sojs`kkjdrs oss`ljês

í lnoluk cd ldux-lj, por dxdgpbd bds sdgojbbds ù bds g`jss`ks . O u ^ X

d

sjîlbd, bds

dkbugjkdurs cêlùvrjrdkt qud bds

bjdux

cd

trovojb,

ojksj qud bds l`kcjtj`ks lbjgotjquds,

pùvojdkt åtrd

dkl`rd

pbus êv` lotdurs c'u k g`j s portjl ubjdr qud bds trovoux

dux-gågds.

]djktd por \jg`k Adkjkf cd Arufds (?3>3 -?48?),

ldttd

dkbugjkurd

cêlùpêd,

qu j

rdprêsdktd bd

rogossofd

cd

arjkcjbbds,

l`kstjtuojt í b'`rjfjkd bd

aos-cd-pofd

cu g`js

cd hêvrjdr.

Dbbd êv`qud

ukd eùrkêd njvdrkobd, nugjcd gojs

dks`bdjbbêd.

B'ortjstd

dkfofd

k`trd rdforc k`k sdubdgdkt

coks

bds

cêtojbs

gotêrjdbs cu prdgjdr pbok, gojs

oussj

coks

b'otg`spnîrd pobpoabd quj

kùs

l`kcujt vdrs bd sdl`kc pbok dt bds l`bbjkds bêfîrdgdkt

vobb`kkêds ou-cdbí.

Ldttd

slîkd

gjkuslubd dst

oussj

ogajtjdusd qud bds pdjkturds

jkcêpdkcoktds oyokt cds cjgdksj`ks pbus

frokcds.

J b

k'dst

ob`rs pos surp rdkokt

qud s`k okljdk pr`prjêtojrd b'ojt

hojt dklocrdr

l`ggd uk

poysofd

pdjkt sur

t`jbd

ù

sur a`js. S I

?11 GOKT\LQJS\ DKBTGJKÊ\


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4<

Gjro lobbjfropnjod g`kugdkto

Xjdkkd, ?48?-?481 dt

vdrs ?4:?-?4:8

?4= hdujbbdts, ?8,8 x ?1,3 lg

G s . 1= 9 >8. GX.416

]boklnds

5 E`rjs N`dhkofdb,

]ordssdux

( 0 ) , h. ?=8

L`ggdkt ojrd bd s gjkuslubds dt f

h.

J3


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FB@\\OJQD

Op`lrypnd Bds op`lrypnds cd b'Okljdk Sdstogdkt s`kt bds êlrjts solrês quj s`kt jklbus coks bds Ajabds

frdlqud dt botjkd gojs quj kd h`kt pos portjd cds tdxtds eujhs solrês. Bds op`lrypnds cu Kùvdou

Sdstogdkt s`kt c'okljdks êlrjts lnrêt jdks quj `kt êtê pr`p`sês gojs pos olldptês l`ggd hojsokt

portjd cd bo Ajabd.

Locdburd Tk d bdttrd goeuslubd c`k t `k o

hojt

bds hj`rjturds ovdl cd borfds lùps cd pbugd porobbîbds dt

c'`llosj`kkdbbds tùlnds troksvdrsobds.

L`cdx Bd v`b ugd c'uk gokuslrjt rdbjê.

r ó b d r j d s ]drs`kkofds ogusokts, hoktosquds ù nyarjcds, trùvês sùvdkt coks bds a`rcurds cds gokuslrjts.

Ê l u Ln og p dk h`rgd cd aùlbjd r ̀ ú s`kt rdprêsdktêds bds pjîlds cds org`jrjds.

Ê v o k f ê b j s t d Ou td ur cd b' uk cds Êvokfjbds 5 sojkt

Gottnjdu,

sojkt

Gorl,

sojkt Bul dt sojkt Edok.

Hdujbbdt Bo hdujbbd c'uk gokuslrjt. @k oppdbbd b'dkcr`jt bd rdlt` dt b'dkvdrs bd vdrs`.

Nugokjsgd T k gùvdgdkt lubturdb dt jktdbbdltudb jkspjrê dk portjd por b'êtucd rdkùvdbêd cds outdurs

oktjquds.

Jlókd

Bd g` t frdl

sjfkjhjokt

jgofd . Coks bo lubt urd ayzoktjkd, ukd

jlókd

(bd pbus sùvdkt

sùs

b o

h`rgd c'ukd pdtjtd pdjkturd sur pokkdou) p`rtd b'jgofd c'uk pdrs`kkofd solrê.

Jl`k`fropnjd Bd suedt c'uk d jgofd 9 êfobdgdkt b'êtucd cd bo

sjfkjhjlotj`k

cds rdprêsdktotj`ks hjfurêds

coks

b'ort.

Jkljpjt Bds prdgjdrs g`ts c' uk tdxtd. Tk d pofd c'jkljpjt dst ukd pofd gjkutjdusdgdkt

cêl`rêd

quj

jktr`cujt

uk tdxtd.

?18 FB@\\OJQD


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Jkjtjobd noajtêd Tkd jkjtjobd í cêl `r vêfêt ob noajtê d cd

pdrs`kkofds

dt c'okjgoux purdgdkt bucjquds k'oyokt

pos cd ropp`rt ovdl bd

tdxtd

ù so sjfkjhjlotj`k.

Jkjtjobd njst`rjêd Tk d jkjt jobd l`g p`r tok t ukd slî kd korrotjv d ù cds hjfurds dt suedts jcdktjhjoabds.

Jkjtjobd `rkêd Tkd jkjtjobd í cêl`r vêfêt ob ù fê`gê trj qud.

Gokc`rbd Fb` jrd `vobd dk h`rgd c'ogokcd

dktùrokt

bd l`rps c'ukd cjvjkjtê ù c'ukd hjfurd sojktd.

Gjkjoturd Tkd jbbustrotj`k jkcêpdkco ktd, dklocrêd coks uk gokuslrjt.

@hhjld cjvjk Bo bjt urf jd cds prjîr ds cd b'ê fbjsd lotn` bjqud,

l`ksjstokt

prjkljpobd gdkt dk bo rêljtotj`k cd

psougds dt bo bdlturd cd bdæ`ks 9 dbbd sd cjvjsd dk nujt sdrvjlds qu`tjcj dks 5 bds gotjkds, bds boucds,

bo

prjgd, bo tjdrld, bo sdxtd, bo

k`kd,

bds våp rds dt bds l`gpbjds . B'`hh jld dst rêljtê qu`t jcj dkkd gdkt

por cds g`jkds, cds rdbjfjdusds dt cds dllbêsjostjquds.

o b ê ` f r o p n j d

Êtucd cds êlr jtu rds okljdkkds.

]obdttd

Bo

foggd,

bo quobjtê ù b'utjbjsotj`k cd

lùbdurs.

]orlndgjk ù vêbjk

]dou

c'okjgob prêporêd spêljobdgdkt pùr åtrd utjbjsêd

l`ggd supp`rt

c'êlrjturd coks bds

gokuslrjts

cu G`ydk Áfd dt cd bo Qdkojssokld.

]utt`

pb. puttj) Dkhokt ku, sùvdkt ojbê.

\lrjpt`rjug Bjdu `ú b'`k êlrjvojt bds tdxtds 9 êfobdgdkt bds l`pjstds, bds dkbu gjkdur s, bds rdbjdurs trov ojbbo kt

dksdgabd í bo pr`cultj`k cd gokuslrjts.

FB@\\OJQD ?16


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JKCD^

Bds lnjhhrds h`kt rêhêrdkld oux kugêr`s cds pofds

Ofkîs,

culndssd cd Bdfkjlo

dt cd Arzdf 4:

Obardlnt cd

Arokcda`urf,

êbdltdur

dt orlndvåqud cd

Goydkld

?1?

oktjpn`kojrd

4=

Okt`kj` co G`kzo ??1

Op`lobypsd 4

Gorgj`k, \jg`k >4

G j f b j ` r o t j , L`sjg` cd' 81

gjssdb 81, 6


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Documents

Les Manuscrits Enluminés - JP Getty Museum