T A N E 21, 1975

LICHENS FROM NORTHERN COROMANDEL PENINSULA, NEW Z E A L A N D

by B.W. Hayward*, Glenys C. Haywarcf and D.J. Galloway t

SUMMARY One hundred and seven lichen species from forty-one genera are recorded

from the northern Coromandel Peninsula. The lichen flora of grassland rocks and trees, of tea tree stands and rata forest on the slopes of Mt Maungatawhiri, Whitianga, is described. Lichen zonation on old ponga stumps in grassland is inferred to be a response to the affects of aspect, wind and shade.

A rich lichen flora, dominated by Sticta delisea, S. filix and Sphaerophorus spp., occurs in rimu forest and subalpine scrub above 500m on Mt Moehau. Lichens are recorded from the northernmost area of subalpine vegetation in New Zealand on the upper parts of Mt Moehau (740-892m). Here three species of Siphula grow in abundance, but most other southern subalpine genera are absent.

The total lichen flora of the Coromandel Peninsula is considered to be intermediate between a truly northern flora and the southern or austral flora.

INTRODUCTION The lichen species recorded in this paper were collected by two of us

(BWH and GCH) during the AUFC scientific camp at Wharekaho Beach, north of Whitianga, on the east coast of (he Coromandel Peninsula. Lichens were collected from grassland, manuka heath and rata forest on the southern and western slopes of Mt Maungatawhiri (Fig. 1). Lichens were also collected from rimu forest on ridges in the headwaters of Hope Stream and from subalpine scrub and grassland on Mt Moehau (892m) (Fig. 1) during the course of a one-day visit.

A number of lichens were collected from Mt Moehau in the early 1930's by L .M. Cranwell and L.B. Moore and were sent by the late H.H. Allan to Vienna to be identified by A. Zahlbruckner who included them in his posthumously-published account "Lichenes Novae Zelandiae"1 6 The Moehau lichens there described are : Buellia singulata Zahlbr. (type locality being the summit rocks of Mt Moehau), Coccotrema cucurbitula (Mont.) Mull Arg., Lecidea cinnabarodes Nyl., L coarctata (Sm.) Nyl. var. decipiens Mull. Arg., L coromandelica Zahlbr. (type locality from summit rocks, Mt Moehau), Lobaria adscripta (Nyl.) Hue, Pannaria prolificans Vain., and Siphula mooreae Zahlbr. (type locality, Mt Moehau). With three type localities to its credit Moehau is of some importance in New Zealand lichenology and the accompanying species list

*l)epartment of Geology, University of Auckland.

Etiology Department, Auckland Girls' Grammar School. Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). London S.W.7. Permanent

address: Botany Division, D.S.I.R., Christchurch, New Zealand.

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and floristic comments are an overdue introduction to a highly interesting area. The list does not claim to be exhaustive and doubtless many species remain to be documented when a longer and more thorough examination of the lichens of the Coromandel Peninsula can be made. The lichens are arranged alphabetically according to the phylogenetic classification of Henssen and Jahns.1 0 Voucher specimens to all of the lichens are held in the herbarium of BWH and GCH with many duplicates held by DJG (BM and CHR).

SPECIES LIST

Habitat Substrate

1A = intertidal c = IB = maritime e = 2 = grassland f = 3 = 20-30 yr. old tea tree stand r = 4 = rata forest (30-300 m ASL) t = 5 = rimu forest (500-700 m ASL) 6 = subalpine scrub (750-890 m ASL) 7 = subalpine grassland and bog 1 4 are at Mt Maungatawhiri, 5 - 7 are on Mt Moehau.

clay bank earth fence rock tree

Order Caliciales

Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophorus melanocarpus (Sw.) DC 7t S. patagonicus (Dodge) Ohlsson ined. 5t,7t S. scrobiculatus (Bab.) Sato 6t,7t S. tener Laur. 6t,7t

Order Lecanorales Suborder Lecanorineae

Baeomycetaceae Baeomyces heteromorphus Nyl. 2e,3c,7e B. fungoides (Sw.) Ach. 2c

Cladoniaceae Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. 2t,3er,5t,7e C. retipora (La Bill.) Nyl . 7e Cladonia bordonica (Ach.) Nyl. 2t C. capitellata (Tayl.) Bab. 7e C. cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. 4e C. chlorophaea (Floerke) Spreng. 2et,7e C. coniocraea (Floerke) Sandst. 2er C. cornutoradiata (Coem.) Vain. 3r C. deformis(L.)Hotlm. 7e C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. 4e

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C. floerkeana (Fr.) Floerke 2t C. gracilis (L.) Willd. 2r C. lepidota Nyl. 7e C. leptuclada Des Abb. 2t,3r,7t C. ochrochlora Floerke 2r C. pityrea (Floerke) Fr. 2er,3e,4et C. 'pyxidata (L.) Fr. 2e C. ^.squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. 2t C subulata (L.) Web. 2t,4e C subdigitata Vain. 2r C turgida (Ehr.) Hoffm. 2t Cladonia spp. 2ert,4t,7et Thysanothecium hyalinum (Tayl.) Nyl. 2t

Coccocarpiaceae Coccocarpia pellita Mull. Arg. 4t Erioderma sorediatum Gall, et P. M. Jorg. 7 3t

Collemataceae Collema spp. 3t,4ert,5t

Lecanoraceae Lecanora spp. 3t,4t

Lecideaceae Bacidia sp 4t

Catillaria kelica (Stirt.) Zahlbr. 4t,5t C. melaclina (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 4t Lecidea corallina Eschw. 4t L. atrofusca Mudd. 7r i . furfuracea Pers. 4t Lecidea spp. 2r,4rt Megalospora allanii Zahlbr. 4rt Af. marginiflexa (Hook.f. et Tayl.) Zahlbr. 4t,5t

Pannariaccae Pan nana nov. sp. (isidiate) 4t,5t P. fulvescens Nyl. 2r,4t P. granulifera Mull.Arg. 4t P. immixta Nyl. 5t P. pityrea Degel. 4t Parmeliella nigrocincta Mull.Arg. 4t Psoroma aranensum^ky\. 4t P. asperellum Nyl. 41 P. sphinctrinum Ny l . 3t,4t,5t

Parmeliaceae Menegazzia circumsorediata R. Sant. 3t Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. 2rt P. cetrata Ach. lBr,7r P. crinita Ach. 4r P. dilatata Vain. 7r

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P. isidiigera (Mull.Arg.) Gyeln. lBr,2r P. perlata (Huds.) Ach. 3t P. reticulata Tayl. 2frt,3t,4r P. rudior Nyl. 4t Usnea flexilis Stirt. 7t Usnea spp. 2frt,3t,4rt,6t

Ramalinaceae Ramalina spp. 2frt,3t

Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulon corticatulum Nyl. 7t 5. ramulosum (Sw.) Rausch. 7r 5. vesuvianum Pers. 7r

Suborder Lichinineae Lichinaceae

Lichina confinis (O.F.Mull.)C. Ag. 1 Ar

Suborder Peltigerineae Peltigeraceae

Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. 2e,3er,4r Strictaceae

Lobaria montagnei (Bab.) Hellb. 4t,5t Pseudocyphellaria argyracea (Del.) Vain. 2r P. cinnamomea (Rich.) Vain. 4rt,5t P. crocata (L.) Vain. 2r,3t,4rt P. episticta (Nyl.) Vain. 3t,4t,5t P. Flavicans (Hook.f.) Vain. 2pt,3rt,4rt P. granulata (Hook.f.) Malme. 3t,4t P. impressa (Hook.f. et Tayl.) Vain. 2t P. mougeotiana (Del.) Vain. 2r,3t,4r Sticta delisea Del. 4t,5t,6t,7t S. filix (Sw.) Nyl. 5t,6t S. coriacea Hook.f. et Tayl. 4t S. glaucolurida Nyl. 4t S. lacera Hook.f. et Tayl. 7t S. latifrons Rich. 3t,4t S. multifida Laur. 7t S. psilophylla Mull.Arg. 4t S. sylvatica (Huds.) Ach. 3t,4t S. variabilis (Bory)Ach. 2t

Suborder Teloschistineae Teloschistaceae

Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm.) Wade 2r Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th.Fr. 2t Xanthoria parietina (L.)Th.Fr. 1 Br,2fr

1')

Suborder Physciineae Physciaceae

Anaptychia cf. japonica (Sato) Kurok. 3r,4t A. cf. obscurata Vain. 3r Buellia cf. punctata (Hoffm.) Massal. 1 Br,4t Buellia sp 1 Br Heterodermia tremulans (Mull.Arg.) W.Culb. 2f

Suborder Pertusariineae Pertusariaceae

Pertusaria cf. dactylina Nyl. 7e Pertusaria spp. 2r,3t,4t,5t,7t Placopsis spp. 2r,7r

Order Gyalectales Gyalectaceae

Coenogonium implexum Nyl. 4t,5t

Order Ostropales Suborder Ostropineae

Thelotremaceae Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. 3t

Order Sphaeriales Pyrenulaceae

Pyrenula sp. 4t Porinaceae

Clathroporina endochrysea sensu Bab. in Hooker1 4t nan Muller Argoviensis14

Order Arthoniales Opegraphaceae

Opegrapha spp. 2t,7t

Basidiolichens Order Agaricales

Tricholomataceae Normandina pulchella (Borr.) Nyl. 3t

Imperfect lichens Siphula decumbens Ny]. 6t,7et S. fragilis (Hook.f.) R.Sant. ined. 7e S. mooreae Zahlbr. 7e

MT MAUNGATAWHIRI LICHENS Grassland. The southern slopes of Mt Maungatawhiri (0-200m) are grazed grassland with scattered areas of andesite boulders which support a lichen flora

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similar to that described from boulders on Slipper Island. Parmelia isidiigera (Fig. 2a) and P. reticulata dominate with species of Cladonia, Ramalina, Stereocaulon and Usnea confined to more sheltered positions. Other common lichens are Caloplaca holocarpa and species of Anaptychia, Lecidea, Pertusaria and Placopsis. No terricolous lichens are found in the grassland itself but species of Cladonia and Peltigera dolichorhiza occur on bare earth in areas from which tea tree has recently been cleared. The stumps and trunks of the felled tea tree are colonised by species of Opegrapha, Parmelia, Ramalina and Usnea. Occasional clumps of pohutakawa (Metrosideros excelsa) and other trees in the grassland support a sparse lichen cover of foliose and fruticose species, notably the orange-yellow Teloschistes chrysophthalmus together with species of Parmelia, Ramalina and Usnea.

A rich lichen flora is found on ponga stumps (0.5-1.0m high) that dot a small grassy flat beside the stream at the foot of the south-western slopes of Mt Maungatawhiri. This flat is sheltered from strong winds by surrounding ridges and spurs. It is generally moist and warm because of its position in the floor of the valley and receives direct sunlight for most of the day. The lichens on these stumps are not randomly distributed but show an apparent zonation in response to a number of factors (aspect, moisture, competition from other plants). To study this zonation, a tape measure was placed vertically against the stumps on each of the north, east, south and west sides and the species present adjacent to each centimetre mark was recorded from ground level to the top of the stump. Results of 40 transects have been plotted as simplified range charts for the dominant lichens (Fig. 3). From these results a number of conclusions may be drawn. 1. Moss growth is most vigorous on lower southern sides and excludes all lichens except Cladia aggregata. 2. Lichen density is greatest on lower eastern and western, and upper southern sides, and lowest on the almost bare northern sides. 3. Parmelia reticulata and Usnea are restricted almost entirely to southern sides where they are co-dominant between 15-70cm above the ground. P. reticulata generally extends above the Usnea zone. 4. Cladia aggregata and species of Cladonia (C. chlorophaea, C. squamosa, C. subulata and C. turgida) form a zone around the lower 20-50cm on the eastern and western sides, leaving the upper parts of the stumps bare. 5. The distinctive, red-fruited species Cladonia floerkeana sometimes forms a dense zone but this has been recorded only from western sides.

Tea Tree (Leptospermum) stands. A 20-30 year old stand of Leptospermum on the margins of the rata forest on the lower south west slopes of Mt Maungatawhiri, supports a diverse lichen flora. The trunks and branches have as dominant epiphytes, species of Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta (P. crocata, P. episticta, P. flavicans, P. mougeotiana, S. latifrons and S. sylvatica) together with species of Anaptychia, Collema, Erioderma, Lecanora, Menegazzia, Normandina, Pertusaria, Psoroma and Thelotrema (Fig. 2b). On soil and leaf litter beneath the canopy Cladia aggregata, Cladonia spp. and Peltigera dolichoriza are found with Anaptychia cf. obscurata, Pseudocyphellaria flavicans and Stereocaulon

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Fig. 2. Some lichens of northern Coromandel Peninsula, a. Parmelia isidiigera - common on rocks in grassland; b. Thelotrema - often found on bark of forest trees; c. Siphula decumbens - abundant in subalpine grassland; d. Sticta filix - abundant in subalpine scrub and rimu forest; e. Sphaerophorus patagonicus — common in subalpine scrub and rimu forest; f. Thysanothecium hyalinum — grows on burnt wood.

2 :

ramulosum growing on rocks.

Rata forest. The summit and western slopes of Mt Maungatawhiri are covered with rata forest that has undergone varying degrees of modification. The canopy is open where the bush has been selectively milled, but in other places remains dense with little direct light penetration. Epiphytic lichens under this dense and closed canopy are restricted both in numbers and in species present and include many having blue-green phycobionts e.g. Coccocarpia pellita, Collema sp., Parmeliella nigrocincta and Pseudocyphellaria cinnamomea; also present are Lecidea corallina, L. furfuracea, Parmelia rudior, Psoroma sphinctrinum, Sticta delisea and S. psilophylla. On the trunks and branches of trees in more open canopied bush a richer lichen flora is encountered containing brightly-coloured crustose forms (e.g. Bacidia, Beuellia, Catillaria kelica, C. melaclina, Lecanora, Lecidea, Megalospora allani, M. marginiflexa, Pertusaria and Pyrenula) and a luxuriant assemblage of foliose species (e.g. Anaptychia cf. japonica, Clathroporina endochrysea, Coenogonium implexum, Lobaria montagnei, Pannaria 4spp., Pseudocyphellaria 3 spp., Psoroma 3spp. and Sticta 4spp.)

MT MOEHAU LICHENS Rimu forest. Lichens were collected from the bushed ridges on the upper western slopes of Mt Moehau (500-740m) in the headwaters of the Hope Stream (Fig. 1). The bush consists of variously modified rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) forest with subdominant kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) and tawari (Ixerba brexioides), and stands of kanuka (Leptospermum ericoides). On the ridges the canopy is generally semi-open allowing good penetration of light. A rich lichen flora is encountered on tree trunks and here consists of well-developed Lobaria montagnei, Sticta delisea, S. filix and Sphaerophorus patagonicus. The brightly-coloured ascocarps of several crustose corticolous species are visually arresting and include the yellow of Catillaria kelica, orange of Coenogonium implexum and bluish-purple of Megalospora marginiflexa. Several species of Pannaria and Pseudocyphellaria are also present.

Subalpine. The upper 150m of the Mt Moehau ridge (740-892m) is mostly open subalpine grassland with patches of Dracophyllum pyramidale, Sphagnum bog and thick groves of subalpine scrub, mostly Libocedrus bidwillii and Pseudowintera colorata. This is the northernmost occurrence of subalpine vegetation in New Zealand and as such contains the most northerly record of several subalpine lichen species, particularly those of Siphula, as well as a number of higher plants."

Three species of the caespitose, soil-consolidating genus Siphula are encountered here - the greenish-white,often fenestrate S. decumbens (Fig. 2c), the reddish, brittle S. fragilis (most common in very damp situations) and the whitish S. mooreae for which Mt Moehau is the type locality. These above mentioned species are the most common colonisers of exposed earth and rotting stumps in this subalpine grassland. Cladonia also occurs on soil and Usnea hangs in festoons from older stumps. Sticta delisea, S. filix (Fig. 2d) and Usnea flexilis are the most common lichens on the trunks and branches of the subalpine scrub.

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Also present are Opegrapha sp., Pertusaria sp., Sphaerophorus 4spp. (Fig. 2e), Sticta lacera and S. multifida.

A rocky mound forming Little Moehau is exposed to the full force of the famed "Moehau wind" and here the vegetation is closer to alpine than any other area on the ridge.1 2 The rocks have a scattered cover of Baeomyces heteromorphus, Lecidea atrofusus, Placopsis sp., Stereocaulon ramulosum, S. vesuvianum and occasional Parmelia cetrata and P. dilatata. In soil lodged in crevices in the rock are found Cladia aggregata, C. retipora, Cladonia spp. and Siphula spp., especially S. fragilis.

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING LICHEN DISTRIBUTION The distribution of lichens is governed by many interacting factors.

Particular genera and species grow where that peculiar combination of factors necessary for colonisation is present. Some of the more important factors influencing lichen growth and distribution are mentioned below.

Altitude: With increasing altitude (which normally correlates with an increase in exposure and a decrease in mean annual temperature), lichen associations change as a result of changing climate, changing vegetation and/or other habitats available for colonisation. Mt Moehau provides one of the few good examples in northern New Zealand of the affect of altitude on lichen distribution. Siphula species are restricted to the zone of low subalpine vegetation above 740m on Mt Moehau and do not occur at any lower sites. With increasing latitude species of Siphula in New Zealand occupy subalpine habitats of decreasing altitude, growing at sea level in the subalpine bogs of Southland and Stewart Island 6 ' 1 1 . Other species found near the summit of Mt Moehau and not found at lower altitudes on the Coromandel Peninsula are Cladonia deformis, C. lepidota, Lecidea atrofusca, Parmelia dilatata, Pertusaria polydactyla, Sphaerophorus scrobiculatus, S. tener and Stereocaulon corticatulum.

The dominant lichens of subalpine scrub and rimu forest above 500m (Sticta delisea, S. filix and Sphaerophorus spp.) are virtually absent from Mt Maungatawhiri (0-300m) and only occur in small numbers in lower altitude bush elsewhere in Northland 9, the Three Kings Islands (Galloway, unpublished observations) and the Coromandel Peninsula. They are also the dominant lichens in bush above 500m on Little Barrier Island (Hayward, unpublished observa­tions). Similarly many species found at lower altitudes do not occur on the top of Mt Moehau, noteably Ramalina, Peltigera, Teloschistes and Xanthoria.

Substrate: Many lichens are highly substrate specific, examples from the present study area include Baeomyces (clay banks), Thysanothecium (burned wood) (Fig. 2f) and Stereocaulon (rocks). A good example of the affect of substrate is found on a fence at Maungatawhiri. The posts are concrete and are yellow-spotted with Xanthoria parietina. The battens are wooden and festooned with Heterodermia tremulans, Parmelia reticulata, Ramalina and Usnea.

Light Intensity: Since lichenised fungi are dependent on the photosynthesis of their component phycobionts for maintenance and growth, the amount of light

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Fig. 3. Three dimensional diagram showing the summarised vertical ranges of dominant lichens on ten ponga stumps (1-10) in grassland, Mt Maungatawhiri. The results from all four sides are plotted to show the effects of aspect, wind and shade in determining lichen distribution.

reaching the bark of forest trees is of prime importance in the distribution of epiphytic lichens. In low light intensities under a dense canopy, lichens are few, and often those containing a blue-green phycobiont, such as Collema, Pannaria, Parmeliella and Pseudocyphellaria cinnamomea. It has been suggested that the ability to fix nitrogen may help cyanophilic lichens to survive in low light intensities that occur in dim forest interiors.5 Richer lichen growth is encountered where light is not limiting, such as in canopy branches, on trunks of trees in open-canopied forests and on forest margins. The effect of canopy density is illustrated in tea tree stands of increasing age. As the stands increase in age and height, a natural process of self-thinning occurs which reduces the canopy density thus promoting colonisation by subordinate plants.3 In l-2m

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high tree stands (2-6 years old) the canopy is dense and lichens are for the most part absent, but in 4-7m high stands (15-20 years old) a luxuriant lichen flora is usually found both on the stems and on the ground.

Moisture: Since all metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and mineral uptake take place when the lichen thallus is in the moistened state, dew and rain are important in lichen growth. Lichen species vary in their ability to withstand long periods of desiccation, but for most temperate species the effects of aspect, wind and shade are important in determining the prevailing moisture conditions and also to a considerable extent determine the distribution of lichens on available substrates. The zonation of lichens on ponga stumps in grassland at Maungatawhiri (Fig. 3) is probably related to these factors, since lichens are absent from the more exposed and sunny northern and upper eastern and western sides. Moisture retention from morning dew in particular would be greatest on the lower and southern sides of these stumps and here lichens grow in profusion. Other factors: These include competition for substrate space with faster growing plant groups, particularly bryophytes. Periodic immersion in saltwater is required by some intertidally-restricted genera (e.g. Lichina). The age of a substrate may also effect lichen colonisation 1 5, with different species becoming established in a succession as the substrate ages. Atmospheric pollution (largely by sulphur dioxide and fluorides) is a potent factor controlling lichen distribution in industrialised countries4, but to date is of only slight significance around some of our largest cities.2 Interestingly enough a few species such as Lecanora conizaeoides thrive in polluted atmospheres.

DISCUSSION From a lichenological point of view the species encountered on Mt

Moehau are of great interest since here we have the most northerly limit of subalpine vegetation in New Zealand. This is illustrated by the occurrence of three species of Siphula viz. S. decumbens, S. fragilis and S. mooreae. However there are few other indications of either altitude or exposure in the list of lichens from this locality and many of the lichen species that one would encounter on high ground further south e.g. on the summits of the Kaimanawas, Ruahines or Tararuas are absent from Moehau. The alpine species of Stereocaulon so distinctive a part of the more southerly mountain ranges are replaced in the north by the cosmopolitan S. ramulosum, normally a lowland species in the southern part of New Zealand. Other genera absent from Moehau include Alectoria, Neuropogon and Thamnolia, also the subalpine species of Anzia (A. angustata), Hypogymnia (H. lugubris, H. enteromorpha), Parmelia (P. signifera), Coccocarpia (C. cronia) and Usnea {U. contexta). It is probable that height and exposure are not sufficient for the development of this association of genera and species normally met with in the New Zealand mountains.

While the austral element may be depressed (e.g. the pseudocyphellate Parmelia species P. crambidiocarpa, P. rudior and P. tenuirima are largely replaced by the pantropical species P. dilatata and P. reticulata) there is a distinctly northern, subtropical aspect to the lichen flora of the Coromandel

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localities studied. The following species occuring on the Coromandel Peninsula can all be considered to be of tropical or subtropical origin and are not found to any significant extent south of Lake Taupo: Clathroporina endochrysea, Cladonia capitellata, Coccocarpia pellita, Erioderma sorediatum, Pannaria fulvescens and Thysanothecium hyalinum. The rich profusion of Teloschistes flavicans and narrow lobed Ramalina species which are such a conspicuous feature of the coastal forest of the Three Kings Islands (Galloway, unpublished observations) is not encountered here. So in many respects the Coromandel lichens are intermediate between a truly northern lichen flora and the southern or austral lichen flora. Another noticeable absence which further work may well remedy is the spectrum of small-lobed and isidiate Menegazzia species (M. eperforata P.W. James ined., and M. nothofagi) that one finds on the bark of Agathis and Nothofagus in the Hunua Ranges (D. Dakin and I. Barton pers. comm.).

From this introductory investigation of the Coromandel lichens a number of interesting facts have emerged which can only be amplified by further work in this pivotal locality.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Messrs A.E . Wright and D.J. Court for

useful discussions on the field botany and Dr J.E. Braggins for reading the manuscript.

REFERENCES 'Babington, C. 1855: Lichens. In Hooker, J.D., "The Botany, the Antarctic

Voyages of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror, in the years 1839-1843". II. Flora Novae Zelandiae. Part II. Flowerless Plants. Reeve, London, p.266-311.

2 Daly, G.T. 1970: Bryophyte and lichen indicators of Air Pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Proceedings of the N.Z. Ecological Society 17: 70-79.

3Esler, A .E . ; Astridge, S.J. 1974: Tea tree (Leptospermum) Communities of the Waitakere Ranges, Auckland, N.Z. N.Z. Journal of Botany 12(4): 485-501.

4 Ferry, B.W.; Baddeley, M.S.; Hawksworth, D.L. 1973: "Air Pollution and Lichens." The Athlone Press, University of London. 389pp.

sGalloway, D.J. 1966: Vegetation studies on the Humboldt Mountains, Fiordland. Part 2: The Lichens. Proceedings of the N.Z. Ecological Society 13: 19-23.

6Galloway, D.J. 1968: The Lichens of Stewart Island 2. Port Pegasus. N.Z. Journal of Botany 6: 309-14.

'Galloway, D.J.; Jorgensen, P.M. 1975: Erioderma sorediatum, a new lichen from New Zealand. Lichenologist (in press).

"Hayward, B.W.; Hayward, G.C. 1974: Botany of Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group, Coromandel Peninsula. Part III. Lichens. Tane 20: 72-85.

'Hayward, B.W. Hayward, G.C. 1974: Lichen flora of the Kawerua Area. Tane 20: 124-39.

10Henssen, A. ; Jahns, H.M. 1973: "Lichenes." George Thierme, Stuttgart. 467pp.

1 1 Martin, W. 1960: The cryptogamic flora of the Awarua Plains.Trans. Rov. Soc. N.Z. 88: 161-7.

1 2Mason, G.W.; Chambers, T.C. 1950: Vegetation of North-East Coromandel (Cape Colville Peninsula) with special reference to Te Moehau. Tane 3: 69-7 1.

1 3Moore, L.B. 1973: Botanical notes on three high peaks overlooking the Hauraki Gulf. Tane 19: 213-20.

1 4Muller(Argov.) ,J. 1894: Conspectus Systematicus Lichenum Novae Zelandiae. Bull. Herb. Bois. 2: 2-16; 17-114.

"Orwin, J. 1970: Lichen succession on recently deposited rock surfaces. N.Z. Journal of Botany 8(4): 452-77.

1 6Zahlbruckner, A. 1941: Lichenes Novae-Zelandiae a cl. H.H. Allan eiusque collaboratoribus lecti. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math-Naturwiss. Ki. 104: 1-249.

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