Linde Gases & Applications.pdf

Gases & Applications

Gases & Applications

Cover pictureThe use of lasers is widespread across many industries from medical tomicroelectronics. Excimer lasers, which are filled with precise mixtures ofHelium, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Chlorine and Fluorine, are now routinely usedfor eye surgery where very high accuracy is needed every time. The same high precision lasers are used to produce the microchips used in everydayelectronics items such as laptops and mobile telephones.

The high energy produced by lasers makes them ideal for a wide variety of welding and cutting applications. The cover picture shows a laser weldingmachine. These industrial lasers, typically filled with mixtures of CarbonDioxide, Helium and Neon, are used extensively in the manufacture of car body components such as bonnets and doors where different metalthicknesses need to be welded quickly and precisely. Welding process gasessuch as Argon, Helium, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are also used to furtherimprove the quality and finish of the welded parts.

As an example of an additional application, these same lasers are used inpower stations where laser cladding improves the high temperature propertiesof critical components.

Turn the pages of this Gases and Applications hand book to read on anddiscover more...

Cover picture courtesy of TRUMPF

DisclaimerLinde reserves the right to make alterations to specifications, quantities, etc,for production or other reason, subsequent to publication.

The information contained herein has been prepared by qualified expertswithin Linde. While we believe that the information is accurate within the limits of the analytical methods employed and is complete to the extent of the specific analyses performed, we make no warranty or representation as to the suitability of the use of the information for any particular purposes.

Linde has no control whatsoever as regards performance or non-performance,misinterpretation, proper or improper use of any information or suggestionscontained in this book by any person or entity and Linde expressly disclaimsany liability in connection thereto. In any case shall Linde’s liability arising outof the use of the information contained herein be limited by the fee establishedfor providing such information.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any form by any means – graphic, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, typing or information and retrieval system – withoutLinde’s written permission.

4 Gases

ForewordThis book – Gases and Applications – has been produced to give a brief glance into the wide field of applications our gases have. Although the content of this book is comprehensive, the idea of the book is not to be an encyclopaedia nor a product catalogue, but more to raise your curiosityand give you inspiration in the field of gas applications.

Gases are used somewhere in almost every production chain. For instance when the localworkshop fine tunes the car ignition, the result is checked with the help of instruments calibratedwith specialty gas mixtures. When bananas arrive from foreign countries, they are often ripened in an atmosphere achieved with the aid of specialty gas mixtures. One of the first applications achild of today meets, and remembers, is helium filled balloons. Other more common applicationsare for welding and in medicine.

The rapid expansion of new customers and applications of gases is noticeable. Especially in areas such as environmental techniques and information technology, the use of new gas-basedtechnology has increased. One of the reasons for this is that products purchased today cannotmatch the purity of high purity gases (for instance 99.99999%). This higher purity is important for many new techniques that are very sensitive to all kinds of contaminations.

Enjoy the reading, and we are happy to receive any kind of feedback on our HiQ® website(http://hiq.linde-gas.com)

The Linde GroupBusiness Area Merchant and Packaged Gases

© Linde AG, 2009. All rights reserved.® HiQ is a registered trademark of The Linde Group.

Applications 5

ContentsForeword 4

Introduction to the 2010 edition 6

How to use the book 7

Application areas and product sources 11

Cross reference register 12

Gases and applications 14

Index 192

6 Gases

Introduction to the 2010 editionThis revision of the book includes the classification and labelling of substances according to the new Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) criteria developed by UN.

The aim of GHS is to ensure internationally comparable high standards for health, safety and environmental protection.

The global implementation of GHS affects more than 60 countries. The European GHS came into force on 20th January 2009 and it has been taken as reference in this book. Where no information are provided by the relevant EU regulation, the proposals from the Industry have been considered.

Applications 7

How To Use The BookTo identify a gas:

3 The gases are listed in alphabetical order. See the cross references in the index to find alternative names.

3 In the index there are lists according to CAS and EC numbers.

3 Using the cross reference register you can easily identify the gases used for each applications area.

To read the gas information page:

1) 3 Names, chemicals formula, CAS, EC and UN numbers of the substance.

3 CAS number is a unique numerical identifiers for chemical elements (CAS=Chemical Abstracts Service is a division of the American Chemical Society).

3 EC number (European Commission number) is the seven-digit code that is assigned to chemicalsubstances that are commercially available within the European Union.

3 UN number is a four digit number assigned by the United Nations to identify dangerous goods. UNnumbers range from UN1001 to UN3500 and are published as part of their Recommendations on theTransport of Dangerous Goods (also known as the Orange Book) and have generally been adopted bymember states.

3 Where applicable R-codes have been provided for the substances. This being a historical system forcoding possible refrigerants, results in that possible refrigerants are not used as such today, due totheir impact on the ozone layer, environment or general hazardousness. ASHRAE stands for AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

26 Gases

Bromomethane CH3Br, Methyl bromide, R-40 B1CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2 UN: 1062 ADR Class 2, 2T DOT Class 2.3

Chemical bromomethane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

H2O

<1,000

Typical filling pressure

15 °C: 1.6 bar(a) 70 °F: 13 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless liquefied gas, odourless in small concentrations. Has a chloroform type odour at high concentrations.

Hazard classificationsEC C&L EU GHS C&L Signal word: DANGER

Physical dataMolecular weight: 94.939

Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [°C] 3.56 at 14.5 psi, [°F] 38.43

Density: at 1.013 bar, 15 °C, [kg/m3] 4.106 at 1 atm., 70 °F, [lb/ft3] 0.251

Vapour pressure: at 0 °C, [bar] 0.88 at 32 °F, [psi] 12.76

at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.84 at 70 °F, [psi] 27.76

Flammability range in air, [% volume]: 10.0 – 16.0

Specific volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 °C, [m3/kg] 0.244 at 1 atm., 70 °F, [ft3/lb] 3.98

Material compatibility Legend: Good Fair Avoid

PVCAlu

minium

Buna® N

Brass

Butyl r

ubber

Carbon

steel

Copper

Kel-F

®

Monel®

Neopr

ene®

Nylon

®

Polyet

hene

Stainle

ss stee

l

Teflon

®

Viton®

R-phrases:R23/25 - Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed;R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation; R68 - Possible risk of irreversible effects; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms; R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H341 - Suspected of causinggenetic defects; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H301 - Toxic ifswallowed; H373 - May cause damage to organs throughprolonged or repeated exposure; H319 - Causes seriouseye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation;H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquaticlife; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.

Toxic Environmentalhazard

Applications 27

R&DFOODCHEM

SourceCommercial and laboratory methods of manufacturingbromomethane are generally similar and are based primarilyupon the reaction of hydrobromic acid with methanol.

Other methods involve the treatment of bromine with areducing agent, such as sulphur dioxide or phosphorus, inthe presence of water.

More recently proposed processes involve the reaction of hydrogen bromide with excess chloromethane.

ApplicationsBromomethane is used as:– a methylation agent in organic synthesis– a low-boiling solvent– a refrigerant in the cold storage industry

Bromomethane is used in fumigation of soils, seeds,flowers and fresh vegetables/fruits as well as for productsmanufactured of natural materials (e.g., wood, sisal).

PETRO PHARMA

Note:Bromomethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocolon Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

For further information on the protocol see page 8.

MANUF

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

8 Gases

2) 3 Hazard symbols for road transportation of gases.

ADR symbols according to ECE/TRANS/175 (Class 2 – Gases).

Primary labels:

Non-combustible Flammable Toxic

Combination labels:

Non-combustible/Oxidizing Toxic/Oxidizing Toxic/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable Flammable/Self igniting Toxic/Self igniting

Toxic/Oxidizing/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable/Corrosive

DOT symbols according to United States Department of Transportation; The Safe Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2003.

Primary labels:

Non-combustible Flammable Toxic

Combination labels:

Non-combustible/Oxidizing Toxic/Oxidizing Toxic/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable Flammable/Self igniting Toxic/Self igniting

Toxic/Oxidizing/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable/Corrosive

3 Note that national and local laws and regulations regarding transport and packaging of hazardousmaterial must be followed at all times. The hazard symbols shown in this book may vary in certainregions and countries.

3 National laws and regulations govern the permission to produce and use products that may bedangerous due to flammability and/or toxicity. Hence some of the gases contained herein may not be allowed on certain local markets.

Applications 9

3) 3 The short summary of characteristic includes information such as colour, odour, physical and chemical properties.

3 To indicate the hazardous properties of the gas, the data sheets are marked with the following symbols and designations according to 67/548/EEC (called EC C&L in this book).

3 According to the new Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)the following pictograms are replacing the above mentioned orange labels:

Physical hazards Health hazards Environmental

hazards

Explosive Flammable Oxidising Gas under Corrosive Toxic Corrosive Irritant/ Respiratorypressure Sensitizer (and other)

Furthermore a signal word (DANGER/WARNING) needs to be added on the label, Hazard (H-) statementsare replacing Risk (R-) phrases and Precautionary (P-) statements are replacing Safety (S-) phrases.

Transport of dangerous goods diamonds are not affected by GHS. In the case of a single package GHS pictograms may not be used when they duplicate transport of dangerous goods pictograms.

EU GHS entered into force on January 20th, 2009 (Reg. Nr 1272/2008 – called EU GHS C&L in this book);all products shall be classified and labelled in accordance with GHS criteria:

- by December 1st, 2010 for all pure substances, - by June 1st, 2015 for all mixtures.

4) 3 Purity classification is written in two ways: a) As a quality code, e.g. 4.5 -where the number before the dot represents the number of nines and the last number indicates the last decimal. 4.5 = 99.995% 5.7 = 99.9997% b) As purity in percent, e.g. > 99.9995% This represents the minimum concentration of actual gas. In the case of liquefied gases the purity

always represents the liquid phase. Purities given are typical purities. Other purities are available,contact your local Linde representative for details.

3 Under the heading ”Impurities” the maximum concentrations of specified impurities are stated. The actual concentration can be less. In the case of liquefied gases the impurity specifications are based on vaporised liquid phase.

IrritatingHarmfulCorrosive Very toxicToxicEnvironmentalhazard

Extremelyflammable

FlammableOxidizing

10 Gases

5) 3 For most of the gas types there are recommendations for suitable material when selecting equipmentunder the heading “Material compatibility”. The information has been compiled from what Lindebelieves are reliable sources (International Standards: Compatibility of cylinder and valve materialswith gas content; Part 1: ISO 11114-1:1997, Part 2: ISO 11114-2:2000). The data must be used withcaution. No raw data such as this can cover all conditions of concentration, temperature, humidity,impurities and aeration. This table should basically be used to choose possible materials after whichmore extensive investigation and testing should be carried out under the specific conditions of use.The data mainly concern high pressure applications at ambient temperature and the safety aspect ofmaterial compatibility rather than the quality aspect. For more specific information and for informationnot obtained in this book please contact your Linde representative.

6) 3 Physical data reproduced by permission of DIPPR, The American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

3 When nothing else is stated the pressure is absolute.

7) 3 Application icons on the top right of the page summarize the application areas where the gas is usedfor. Source and Applications paragraphs provide some examples of how the gases can be manufacturedand used. See the “Application areas and product sources” paragraph for more details.

8) 3 The Montreal Protocol (1987) on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This internationalagreement, signed by almost 200 countries, will lead to the eventual total phase-out ofChlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Halons, Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFC), Methyl Chloroform, Carbontetrachloride, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), Methyl bromide and Bromochloromethane.

Total bans or production caps and import quotas now apply to all categories of ozone depletingproducts (ODP) in all signatory developed countries.

In developing countries high ODP products are currently subject to control, regulation of lower ODP products is scheduled to apply by 2015.

Some territories (e.g., EU) have already imposed application-specific usage bans ahead of the Montreal Protocol schedule.

Certain exemptions apply for essential uses (e.g., laboratory, medical and military) and non-emissiveapplications (e.g., as feedstock in production processes).

3 The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change.

The scope of the protocol covers a “basket of six” identified greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide,Methane, Nitrous oxide, Sulphur hexafluoride, Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), and Perfluorocarbons (FC).

Some territories (e.g., EU) have already imposed tighter emissions limits and application-specific usage bans ahead of the Kyoto Protocol schedule. Other countries (e.g., USA) are considering limiting the production and import of some of the products covered by the Protocol.

Carbon dioxide is the baseline unit to which all other greenhouse gases are related. Therefore carbondioxide has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1.

Applications 11

Application areas and product sourcesIn this book we have divided the market into twelve application areas. These areas are represented by iconsplaced by the application text if the area is using the gas in question. The division is based on ISIC-codes, andit is therefore in coherence with national statistics.

The applications given in this book are examples of how the gases can be used. Gases find their ways intonew application fields as the market grows and techniques get more refined. Therefore new applicationsevolve and old disappear, in this respect the book is a snapshot at the time of compilation.

Product sources given in this book are not exhaustive, but rather examples of common possible ways ofproducing the substances.

Note that purity levels and impurities shown on the left pages are examples from our broad specialty gasesprogramme. Some applications might need a higher purity than mentioned and in other cases a lower puritycan be sufficient for a certain application or process.

Linde can deliver most pure gases and a large variety of gas mixtures at all required purity levels. Pleasecontact your local Linde representative or visit HiQ.Linde-Gas.com for our full HiQ® Specialty Gases Programme.

AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD

MANUF MEDICAL METAL

OEM PETRO

PHARMA

R&D SEMI

12 Gases

AUTO, automotive and transport related industries

CHEM, chemical industries except petrochemical and pharmaceutical

ENERGY, electricity, gas and water

FOOD, food, beverages and agriculture

MANUF, manufacturing industries except automotive and OEM

AUTO

CHEM

ENERGY

FOOD

MANUF

Cross reference register

AcetyleneAir, syntheticAmmoniaArgonn-Butane

iso-ButaneCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxideCarbonyl sulphideEpoxyethane

EthaneEtheneFluorineHeliumMethane

Nitric oxideNitrogen dioxideNitrous oxideOxygenPropane

PropeneSulphur dioxideSulphur hexafluorideXenon

AcetyleneAminomethaneAmmoniaBoron trichlorideBoron trifluorideBromomethaneBromoethene1,3-Butadienen-Butaneiso-Butane1-Butenecis-2-Buteneiso-Butenetrans-2-Butene1-Butyne

Carbon dioxideCarbon monoxideCarbon oxyfluorideCarbonyl sulphideChlorineChlorodifluoromethaneChloroethaneChloroetheneChloromethaneChloropentafluoro -ethane

Cyanic chlorideCyclopropaneDeuteriumDiborane

DichlorofluoromethaneDichlorosilane1,1-Difluoroethane1,1-DifluoroetheneDimethylamine2,2-DimethylpropaneEpoxyethaneEthanamineEthaneEthanedinitrileEtheneEthyl formateFluorineHexafluoroethaneHydrogen

Hydrogen bromideHydrogen chlorideHydrogen cyanideHydrogen fluorideHydrogen iodideHydrogen sulphideMethaneMethanethiolMethoxyetheneMethoxymethaneNitric oxideNitrogenNitrogen dioxideNitrogen trifluorideNitrous oxide

OxygenPhosgenePhosphinePropadienePropanePropenePropyneSilicon tetrachlorideSilicon tetrafluorideSulphur dioxideTetrafluoromethaneTrichlorosilaneTrimethylamineXenon

Air, syntheticAmmonian-Butaneiso-ButaneCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxideCarbonyl sulphide

ChlorineChloroetheneDeuteriumDichlorodifluoro -methane

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoro -ethane

EthaneHeliumHexafluoroethaneHydrogenHydrogen sulphideMethaneNitric oxide

NitrogenNitrogen dioxideNitrous oxideOctafluoropropaneOxygenPropanePropene

Silicon tetrafluorideSulphur dioxideSulphur hexafluoride

AcetyleneAminomethaneAmmoniaArgonBromomethaneBromoethene

iso-ButaneCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxideCarbonyl sulphideDichlorodifluoro -methane

DimethylamineEpoxyethaneEthanedinitrileEtheneEthyl formateHydrogen

Hydrogen cyanideHydrogen fluorideMethaneMethanethiolNitrogenNitrous oxide

OxygenPhosphinePropaneSulphur dioxide

AcetyleneAir, syntheticAminomethaneAmmoniaArgonBoron trichlorideBromomethaneBromoethenen-Butaneiso-ButaneCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxideChlorineChlorodifluoroethane

ChlorodifluoromethaneChloroethaneChloroetheneChloromethaneChloropentafluoro -ethane

DeuteriumDiboraneDichlorodifluoro -methane

Dichlorofluoromethane1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoro -ethane

1,1-Difluoroethane

DifluoromethaneDimethylamineEpoxyethaneEthaneEthanedinitrileEtheneEthyl formateFluorineFluoromethaneHeliumHexafluoroethaneHydrogenHydrogen bromideHydrogen chloride

Hydrogen cyanideHydrogen fluorideHydrogen sulphideKryptonMethaneMethanethiolMethoxyetheneMethoxymethaneNeonNitrogenNitrogen trifluorideNitrous oxideOctafluoropropaneOxygen

PhosgenePhosphinePropanePropeneSilaneSilicon tetrachlorideSulphur dioxideSulphur hexafluorideTetrafluoroethaneTetrafluoromethaneTrifluoromethaneXenon

Applications 13

MEDICAL, hospitals and health care

METAL, metal industries

OEM, original analytical equipment manufacturers

PETRO, petrochemical industries

PHARMA, pharmaceutical industries

SEMI, semiconductor industries

R&D, research institutes and universities

MEDICAL

METAL

OEM

PETRO

PHARMA

R&D

SEMI

AcetyleneAir, syntheticArgonCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxide

ChloroethaneChloromethaneCyclopropaneDeuteriumEpoxyethane

EtheneHeliumKryptonNeonNitric oxide

NitrogenNitrous oxideOctafluoropropaneOxygenSulphur hexafluoride

TrimethylamineXenon

Air, syntheticAmmoniaArgonBoron trichlorideBoron trifluorideBromoethene

iso-ButaneCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxideChlorineChloromethaneDiborane

DimethylamineEthaneFluorineHeliumHydrogenHydrogen chloride

Hydrogen fluorideHydrogen sulphideMethaneNitrogenNitrogen trifluorideOxygen

PropaneSilicon tetrachlorideSilicon tetrafluorideSulphur dioxideSulphur hexafluoride

AcetyleneAir, syntheticAmmoniaArgonn-Butane

iso-ButaneCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxide2,2-DimethylpropaneHelium

HydrogenHydrogen cyanideKryptonMethaneNeon

Nitric oxideNitrogenNitrogen dioxideNitrous oxideOxygen

PropaneSulphur HexafluorideXenon

AcetyleneAminomethaneAmmoniaBoron trichlorideBoron trifluorideBromomethaneBromoethene1,3-Butadienen-Butaneiso-Butane1-Butene

cis-2-Buteneiso-Butenetrans-2-Butene1-ButyneCarbon dioxideCarbon monoxideChlorineChlorodifluoromethaneChloroethaneChloromethaneCyclopropane

Diborane1,1-Difluoroethane1,1-DifluoroetheneDimethylamine2,2-DimethylpropaneEpoxyethaneEthanamineEthaneEtheneFluorineHexafluoroethane

HydrogenHydrogen bromideHydrogen chlorideHydrogen fluorideHydrogen sulphideMethaneMethanethiolMethoxyetheneMethoxymethaneNitric oxideNitrogen

OxygenPhosgenePropadienePropanePropenePropyneSulphur dioxideTetrafluoroethaneTrimethylamine

Air, syntheticAminomethaneAmmoniaArgonBoron trichlorideBoron trifluorideBromomethane

BromoetheneCarbon dioxideCarbonyl sulphideChloromethaneDimethylamineEpoxyethaneEthanamine

Ethyl formateHydrogenHydrogen bromideHydrogen chlorideHydrogen cyanideHydrogen sulphideMethane

MethanethiolMethoxymethaneNitrogenNitrous oxideOxygenPhosgenePropadiene

PropanePropenePropyneSulphur dioxideTetrafluoroethaneTrimethylamine

AcetyleneAmmoniaArgonArsineBoron trichlorideBoron trifluorideCarbon dioxideChlorineChloromethane

Chloropentafluo-roethane

DeuteriumDiboraneDichlorosilane1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoro -ethane

DifluoromethaneFluorine

FluoromethaneHeliumHexafluoroethaneHydrogenHydrogen bromideHydrogen chlorideHydrogen fluorideHydrogen iodideHydrogen sulphide

KryptonNeonNitric oxideNitrogenNitrogen trifluorideNitrous oxideOctafluoropropaneOxygenPhosphine

SilaneSilicon tetrachlorideSilicon tetrafluorideSulphur hexafluorideTetrafluoromethaneTrichlorosilaneTrifluoromethaneXenon

All gases are used or can be used for research.

14 Gases

Acetylene C2H2, EthyneCAS: 74-86-2 EC: 200-816-9 UN: 1001 ADR Class 2, 4F DOT Class 2.1

AAS acetylene 2.6Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.6%

Air PH3 H2S

<4,000 <5 <1


15 °C: 15 bar(a) 70 °F: 250 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless gas with ether-like odour when very pure, otherwise garlic-like. Supplied dissolved in acetone or DMF (n,n-dimethylmethanamide). Can decompose instantaneously at pressures higher than 1 bar. Acetylene can be delivered as a non-dissolved gas for specific R&D applications.



Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [°C] –84.15 at 14.5 psi, [°F] –241.17



at 20 °C, [bar]: 43.41 at 70 °F, [psi] 646.21




PVCAlu

minium

Buna® N

Brass

Butyl r

ubber

Carbon

steel

Copper

Kel-F®

Monel

®

Neopr

ene®

Nylon

®

Polyet

hene

Stainle

ss stee

l

Teflon

®

Viton®

R-phrases:R5 - Heating may cause an explosion; R6 - Explosive withor without contact with air; R12 - Extremely flammable.

H-statements:Dissolved Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;EUH006 - Explosive with or without contact with air.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 15

AUTO CHEM MEDICAL OEM PETRO R&D SEMI

SourceAcetylene is manufactured commercially by reactionbetween calcium carbide and water, and as a by productof ethylene production.

ApplicationsAcetylene is used as a raw material for the production of electrically conducting plastics, such as polyacetylene.

Acetylene is used with high purity synthetic air or nitrous oxide as a fuel for the flame in atomic absorptionflame spectroscopy. This is used in water, soil, food andbiological research laboratories where sensitivity andaccuracy of results are important.

Acetylene is most commonly used in combination withoxygen for cutting or welding materials such as mild steel, where the standard industrial grade is sufficient.Acetylene with low phosphine levels is required for leadbrazing or welding.

Acetylene is used in organic synthesis (laboratory work)as well as in chemical synthesis.

Acetylene is used as carbon source in the production of molecular manufacturing like fullerenes; well knownexamples are bucky balls or carbon nanotubes.

Acetylene is used in the cultivation of plants; it improvesthe forming of new flowers.

Acetylene is used as a component in calibration gases forthe gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

Acetylene is still used in some lighthouses as light fuelsource.

Acetylene is one of the components in lung testing gases.

This unsaturated hydrocarbon exhibits high chemicalreactivity, and is an important intermediate in thechemical industry. It is employed for the production of: 3 acetaldehyde3 acrylic acids3 acrylic ethers3 acrylonitride3 carbazole3 butenyne (vinyl acetylene)3 chloroethene (vinyl chloride)3 diols3 ethene3 ethenoxyethenes (vinyl ethers)3 ethenyl acetate (vinyl acetate)3 ethenyl amides (vinyl amides)3 ethenyl sulphides (vinyl sulphides)3 neoprene3 phenylethene (styrene)3 polyoxymethylene3 pyrrolidine3 trichloroethene3 very fine carbon black, called “acetylene black”.

FOOD MANUF

16 Gases

Air, synthetic 80% N2 + 20% O2

CAS: 132259-10-0 EC: not available UN: 1002 ADR Class 2, 1A DOT Class 2.2

Dry synthetic air 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99%

H2O

<3

Emission synthetic air 5.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9995%

CO CO2 NOX CnHm

<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,400 psi(g)

Characteristics –

Hazard classificationsSubstance not classified as hazardous.




Vapour pressure: at 0 °C, [bar] – at 32 °F, [psi] –

at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –

Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Non.combustible



PVCAlu

minium

Buna® N

Brass

Butyl r

ubber

Carbon

steel

Copper

Kel-F®

Monel

®

Neopr

ene®

Nylon

®

Polyet

hene

Stainle

ss stee

l

Teflon

®

Viton®

Applications 17

SourceSynthetic air is produced by mixing pure oxygen (20 %)and pure nitrogen (80 %). This eliminates all kind ofimpurities present in normal ambient air.

ApplicationsAir is a source of oxygen and nitrogen.

Air is the source of oxygen for burning, respiration ofplants and animals, decay, and industrial oxidations.

Synthetic air is used as zero gas in the running andcalibration of environmental monitoring and testmeasurements where levels of sulphur and nitric oxides can effect the measurement equipment.

Synthetic air is used in medical gas mixtures.

Synthetic air is regularly used as the oxidizer for flame ionization detectors in chromatography and total hydrocarbon analyzers.

Synthetic air is used together with acetylene in atomicabsorption flame spectrometry.

Synthetic air is used as a balance gas for many calibrationgases.

ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PHARMA R&DAUTO

18 Gases

Ammonia NH3, R-717CAS: 7664-41-7 EC: 231-635-3 UN: 1005 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Detector ammonia 3.6Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.96%

O2 H2O

<50 <300


15 °C: 7.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 114 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless flammable liquefied gas with a penetrating and suffocating odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 8.55 at 70 °F, [psi] 128.51




SourceAmmonia is manufactured by the Haber-Bosch process,consisting of a direct reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen, in the molar proportions 3:1.

PVCAlumin

ium

Buna® N

Brass

Butyl r

ubber

Carbon

steel

Copper

Kel-F®

Monel

®

Neopr

ene®

Nylon

®

Polyet

hene

Stainle

ss stee

l

Teflon

®

Viton®

R-phrases:R10 - Flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causesburns; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H221 - Flammable gas; H331 - Toxic ifinhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eyedamage; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.


Applications 19

FOODCHEM PETRO R&D

ApplicationsAnhydrous ammonia is one of the oldest commercialrefrigerants known. It is used in both absorption andcompression type systems. It has the ASHRAE number R-717. It is used extensively in soil fertilization. In thisapplication it is used in the form of ammonia, ammoniasalts, nitrates, and urea. It is also added to fertilizerscontaining superphosphates and in making nitrogencontaining solutions which consists of ammonia andammonium nitrate, or urea, or both in water. Anhydrousammonia is applied to the soil by direct injection or byaddition to irrigation water. Anhydrous ammonia is alsoused in combination with chlorine to purify municipal and industrial water supplies.

Ammonia, rather dissociated ammonia, is used in suchmetal treating operations as nitriding, carbo-nitriding,bright annealing, furnace brazing, sintering, sodiumhydride descaling, atomic hydrogen welding, and otherapplications where protective atmospheres are required.It is used in extracting such metals as copper, nickel, andmolybdenum from their ores. It is also used to reduceatmosphere in heat treatment of metals and for thefabrication of silicium nitride.

Dissociated ammonia is also used as a convenient source of hydrogen for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. Through the controlled combustion of dissociatedammonia in air, a source of pure nitrogen is achieved.

The petroleum industry utilizes anhydrous ammonia in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil and inprotecting equipment such as bubble plate towers, heatexchangers, condensers, and storage tanks from corrosion.

High purity ammonia can be oxidized to nitric oxide which is converted to nitrogen dioxide to ultimatelyfurnish nitric acid (Ostwald process); in the lead chamberprocess for manufacturing sulphuric acid, ammonia isoxidized to nitrogen oxides which are needed to convertsulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. Most industrial andmilitary explosives of the conventional types containnitrogen, and ammonia is the basic source of nitrogen in their manufacturing.

Ammonia is used in the production of hydrogen cyanide.

As a processing agent, ammonia is used in themanufacturing of alkalis, ammonium salts, dyes,pharmaceuticals, cuprammonium rayon, and nylon.

A diluted solution of ammonia in water is used as acommon household cleansing agent. More concentratedforms are used extensively as chemical reagents.

A recent development is the substitution of ammonia forcalcium in the bisulphite pulping of wood. This improvesthe yield and quality of the pulp. Ammonia is also used as a solvent for casein in the coating of paper.

Ammonia is used in the rubber industry for stabilization of raw latex to prevent coagulation during transportationand storage.

Ammonia is used as a catalyst in the phenol-formaldehydecondensation and also in the urea-formaldehydecondensation to make synthetic resin.

Ammonia is a reagent in copying machines (blue print and micro film).

Ammonia is also used to produce proteins and can beused to improve the protein content of low quality hay.

Ammonia is used as component in calibration gas mixturesfor gas detection systems as well as environmentalemission monitoring.

Ammonia is widely used in the semiconductor industry.

Ammonia is used in the production of blue and white LEDs(Light Emitting Diodes).

Ammonia can be used to neutralize nitric oxides emittedby diesel engines by selective catalytic reduction.

Ammonia is used as a chemical agent in CG-MS analyticalequipment.

ENERGY MANUF METAL PHARMA SEMIAUTO OEM

20 Gases

Argon Ar, R-740CAS: 7440-37-1 EC: 231-147-0UN: 1006 (Compressed); 1951 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 1A (Compressed); DOT Class 2.23A (Refrigerated liquid)

Instrument argon 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999%

O2 N2 CnHm H2O

<2 <5 <0.2 <3

Scientific argon 6.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9999%

O2 N2 H2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O

<0.2 <0.4 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.5


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,640 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Inert. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.

Hazard classifications Proposed by the Industry Signal word: WARNING





at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases: H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.

Applications 21

METAL OEM PHARMA R&D

SourceThe most common source of argon is an air separationplant. Air contains approx. 0.93% (vol.) argon. A crudeargon stream containing up to 5% oxygen is removedfrom the main air separation column via a secondary

(“side-arm”) column. The crude argon is then furtherpurified to produce the various commercial gradesrequired. Argon may also be recovered from the exhauststreams of certain ammonia plants.

ApplicationsArgon is one of the most common carrier gases in gaschromatography. Argon is used as a carrier gas in sputtering,plasma etching and ion implantations, and as a blanketatmosphere in crystal growth.

Argon is also the choice gas for ICP spectroscopy(Inductively Coupled Plasma spectroscopy).

Argon is used in atomic absorption spectrometry as a blanketgas in the graphite furnace.

One of the most common applications of argon, either pureor in various mixtures, is as a shielding gas for arc welding.

Many Geiger-counting tubes contain argon or argon mixed with organic vapours or other gases, for example10% methane in argon.

Argon is used in blends with, for example, fluorine andhelium in excimer lasers.

Argon is one of the principal gases used for fillingincandescent (filament) lamps, generally in a mixture with nitrogen, krypton or neon, for phosphorescent tubesin mixtures with neon, helium and mercury vapour and for thyratron radio tubes, in mixtures with neon.

Argon is used as an insulation gas in high-efficiency multi-pane windows to improve thermal insulation.

The argon-oxygen decarburizing (AOD) process is themost common method of refining stainless steel, and useslarge quantities of both gases supplied either in liquidform or via pipeline from an on-site plant.

Argon is used in the iron and steel industry to preventoxidation of molten metals and alloys and for degassingand desulphurization of molten steel and iron baths.

The pharmaceutical industry uses argon to displaceoxygen in the top of intravenous drug containers,extending product shelf-life

Argon is used, often in a mixture with hydrogen, as aprotective atmosphere for the heat treatment of certainmetals, particularly those which are susceptible tonitriding when treated in a nitrogen-based atmosphere.This includes stainless steels and many differentspecialized and therefore small-scale applications.

Argon is used for wine preservation to eliminate air by the heavier argon, to prevent oxidation and extend the product quality for opened bottles and barrels.

Liquid argon is used in cryosurgery e.g., cryoablation todestroy cancer cells.

Argon, R-740, is used in gas mixtures for non-CFC ultra-low temperature refrigeration applications.

Argon is, sometimes in combination with nitrogen, used to inflate airbags.

Argon is used, often in combination with nitrogen and/orcarbon dioxide, as a clean fire extinguishing gas, since theinert properties do not damage any materials extinguished.

Argon is used in laboratory as purge gas or balance gas in gas mixtures.

AUTO MANUF SEMIMEDICALFOOD

22 Gases

Arsine AsH3

CAS: 7784-42-1 EC: 232-066-3 UN: 2188 ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3

Arsine 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999%

O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm H2O PH3

<1 <3 <1 <1 <1 <2 <0.1


15 °C: 13.5 bar(a) 70 °F: 204.6 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Toxic substance is formed with combustion. Colourless, liquefied gas with garlic-like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 14.74 at 70 °F, [psi] 219.32

Flammability range in air, [% volume]: 4.5 – 64



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Teflon

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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation;R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health byprolonged exposure through inhalation; R50/53 - Verytoxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverseeffects in the aquatic environment.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.

Extremelyflammable

Very toxic Environmentalhazard

Applications 23

SourceArsine is commercially produced by the reaction of zincarsenide and sulphuric acid. The crude arsine produced by

this reaction is purified by a combination of distillationand catalytic absorption of the impurities.

ApplicationsArsine is used in conjunction with organometalliccompounds and as carrier gas in the epitaxical growth ofcompound semiconductors: most commonly with trimethylgallium to produce gallium arsenide (GaAs). It is also usedfor the n-type doping of silicon-based semiconductors.

Arsine is commonly used in the production of solar cells,in MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)applications.

Arsine is also used in the production of electroluminescentdiodes.

SEMIR&D

24 Gases

Boron trichloride BCl3CAS: 10294-34-5 EC: 233-658-4 UN: 1741 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Boron trichloride 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

Boron trichloride 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999%

O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm Fe

<1 <2 <1 <5 <1 <0.2 (by weight)


15 °C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 °F: 5.2 psi(g)

Characteristics Liquefied gas, decomposes in water to hydrogen chloride and boric acid. Forms white fumes in humid air. Pungentodour. Highly corrosive.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.33 at 70 °F, [psi] 19.91




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R-phrases:R14 - Reacts violently with water; R26/28 - Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed; R34 - Causes burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; EUH014 - Reacts violently withwater; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H300 - Fatal if swallowed;H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.

Very toxic

Applications 25

SourceBoron trichloride is produced by reacting together one of the following sets of ingredients. In each case the reaction requires elevated temperatures.

a) finely divided carbon plus boric acid and chlorineb) boric oxide plus the chloride of either sodium,potassium or lithium

c) sodium boronfluoride plus magnesium chlorided) boron carbide plus chlorine.

ApplicationsBoron trichloride is used as a chemical reagent in thepharmaceutical industry.

Boron trichloride is used as a source of boron for p-typedoping of silicon by thermal diffusion or ion implantation.It is also used for dry plasma etching of aluminium and its alloys.

Boron trichloride is used in refining metals such asaluminium, magnesium, zinc and copper alloys. Bybubbling the gas through these molten metals nitrides,carbides and oxides are removed. The same technique is used to clean up castings of these metals. In this caseoccluded gases such as nitrogen, hydrogen and carbonmonoxide are also removed from the casting.

Boron trichloride may be used in the production of opticalfibres.

Boron trichloride is the starting material for the productionof boron nitride, used as a refractory coating on such articlesas crucibles etc.

Boron trichloride is used as a carrier gas, as a catalyst inorganic reactions, for manufacturing of electrical resistors.

MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMICHEM

26 Gases

Boron trifluoride BF3CAS: 7637-07-2 EC: 231-569-5 UN: 1008 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Boron trifluoride 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

SiF4 O2+N2 SO2+SO3

<1,000 <4,000 <200


15 °C: 60 bar(a) 70 °F: 855.4 psi(g)

Characteristics Pungent odour. Highly corrosive. Forms white fumes in humid air.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




PVCAlu

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Teflon

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R-phrases:R14 - Reacts violently with water; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; EUH014 - Reacts violently with water;H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burnsand eye damage.

Very toxic Corrosive

Applications 27

SourceBoron trifluoride is prepared by the reaction of a boron-containing material with a fluorine-containing substancein the presence of an acid. The traditional method usesborax, fluorspar and sulphuric acid.

Another process for manufacturing of boron trifluoride is to treat fluorosulphonic acid with boric acid.

ApplicationsBoron trifluoride is used as a catalyst in organic synthesisfor: isomerization, alkylation, polymerization, esterification,halogenation, sulphonation, condensation and nitration.

Boron trifluoride is used as catalyst in the Friedel-Craftstype reaction, in the synthesis of: saturated hydrocarbons,olefins and alcohols.

Boron trifluoride is used as protection atmosphere of molten magnesium.

Boron trifluoride is also used as a doping gas for semi-conductor manufacturing.

METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMICHEM

28 Gases

Bromomethane CH3Br, Methyl bromide, R-40 B1CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2 UN: 1062 ADR Class 2, 2T DOT Class 2.3

Chemical bromomethane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

H2O

<1,000


15 °C: 1.6 bar(a) 70 °F: 13 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless liquefied gas, odourless in small concentrations. Has a chloroform type odour at high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.84 at 70 °F, [psi] 27.76




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R-phrases:R23/25 - Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed;R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation; R68 - Possible risk of irreversible effects; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms; R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H341 - Suspected of causinggenetic defects; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H301 - Toxic ifswallowed; H373 - May cause damage to organs throughprolonged or repeated exposure; H319 - Causes seriouseye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation;H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquaticlife; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.


Applications 29

R&DFOODCHEM

SourceCommercial and laboratory methods of manufacturingbromomethane are generally similar and are based primarilyupon the reaction of hydrobromic acid with methanol.

Other methods involve the treatment of bromine with areducing agent, such as sulphur dioxide or phosphorus, inthe presence of water.

More recently proposed processes involve the reaction of hydrogen bromide with excess chloromethane.

ApplicationsBromomethane is used as:– a methylation agent in organic synthesis– a low-boiling solvent– a refrigerant in the cold storage industry

Bromomethane is used in fumigation of soils, seeds,flowers and fresh vegetables/fruits as well as for productsmanufactured of natural materials (e.g., wood, sisal).

PETRO PHARMA

Note:Bromomethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocolon Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


MANUF

30 Gases

Bromoethylene C2H3Br, Bromoethene, Vinyl bromide, R-1140 B1CAS: 593-60-2 EC: 209-800-6 UN: 1085 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chemical bromoethene 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

H2O

<200


15 °C: 1 bar(a) 70 °F: –0.2 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with an ethereal odour. Stable, but may polymerize in sunlight. Reacts violentlywith all types of oxidizer.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.18 at 70 °F, [psi] 17.74




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R45 - May cause cancer.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H350 - May cause cancer.

Extremelyflammable

Toxic

Applications 31

SourceBromoethylene is produced by contacting, in the presence of a contact catalyst, acetylene and a mixture ofbromoethene, hydrogen bromide and higher brominated

products produced by the thermal cracking of ethylenedibromide, at 50–250 °C wherein the molar ratio ofacetylene to hydrogen bromide is greater than 0.5:1.

ApplicationsBromoethylene is used in production of polymers and co-polymers.

Bromoethylene is used in production of leather.

Bromoethylene is used in production of fabricated metal products.

Bromoethylene is used in production of pharmaceuticals.

Bromoethylene is used in production of fumigants.

Bromoethylene can be used as a flame retardant and to produce flame retardant synthetic fibres.

Bromoethylene is used to manufacture bromopolymers,mainly polybromoethene.

Bromoethylene can be used as an alkylation agent.

FOODCHEM MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D

Note:Bromoethene is controlled under The Montreal Protocolon Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


32 Gases

1,3-Butadiene C4H6

CAS: 106-99-0 EC: 203-450-8 UN: 1010 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Scientific 1,3-butadiene 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm

<5,000


15 °C: 2 bar(a) 70 °F: 22 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas. Can form explosive peroxides in air. The cylinder contains an inhibitor to preventpolymerization.



Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [°C] –4.41 at 14.5 psi, [°F] 24.08



at 20 °C, [bar]: 2.40 at 70 °F, [psi] 36.07




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Teflon

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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R45 - May cause cancer; R46 - May cause heritable genetic damage.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H350 - May cause cancer; H340 - May cause genetic defects.

Extremelyflammable

Toxic

Applications 33

CHEM PETRO R&D

Source1,3-Butadiene is manufactured by steam cracking ofnaphtha or gas oil fractions.

1,3-Butadiene is also produced by catalytic dehydrogenationof n-butene and n-butane, and by oxidative dehydrogenationof n-butene.

The butadiene-containing C4-fractions obtained in theseprocesses are then further separated. While C4-fractionsreadily form azeotropes, butadiene is isolated by usingliquid-liquid extraction or extractive distillation.

Applications1,3-Butadiene has been widely used in the manufactureof synthetic rubber.

1,3-Butadiene has been extensively used in variouspolymerizations in the plastic industry and is particularlyuseful in the Diels-Alder reaction where it combines withactivated olefins to give cyclic compounds.

1,3-Butadiene is useful in a variety of miscellaneousorganic reactions.

1,3-Butadiene is finding increasing usage in the resins and plastic fields. Copolymers containing a high percentage of styrene have been widely used as reinforcing and stiffening resin for rubber, as water and solvent-based paints, and in combinations withpolystyrene for high impact plastics. Mixtures of styrene-acrylonitrile resins and butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbershave produced exceptionally high impact plastics havinggood chemical and heat distortion properties.

1,3-Butadiene is used as a component in calibration gasesfor the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

34 Gases

n-Butane C4H10, R-600CAS: 106-97-8 EC: 203-448-7 UN: 1011 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chemical n-butane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm

<5,000

Scientific n-butane 3.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.95%

O2 CO2 Other CnHm H2O

<10 <10 <500 <10


15 °C: 1.8 bar(a) 70 °F: 16.3 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable, liquefied, colourless gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 2.08 at 70 °F, [psi] 31.29




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 35

SourceBoth n-butane and iso-butane are recovered from naturalgas and refinery gases. Recovery is affected by absorptionat high pressures in a suitable absorber oil and subsequent

fractionation to remove propane and the pentanes. Thetwo butanes are then separated by careful distillation.

Applicationsn-Butane is primarily used as a heating and cooking fuel.

n-Butane finds widespread use as a special motor fuel, e.g.,for fork lift trucks, in circumstances where conventional fuelexhausts would be undesirable, such as inside buildings.

n-Butane is used to fill the thermobulbs in pressure andtemperature gauges.

n-Butane is used as a chemical intermediate in themanufacture of a variety of organic chemicals:– acetic acid– butadiene, used as a raw material for the production of synthetic rubbers

– butenes employed for the production of butadienes,butanol, maleic anhydride and polybutenes

– ethene– propene

n-Butane is used as a component in calibration gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

It is also used as a standard fuel gas for the calibration of burners.

Very pure forms of n-butane can be used in refrigerationapplications replacing ozone depleting halocarbons. It hasthe ASHRAE number R-600.

n-Butane is also used as an aerosol propellant, alone ormixed with other hydrocarbons.

n-Butane/helium mixtures are used in ionizing particlecounters.

n-Butane and iso-butane are used pure or in mixtures forfoam blowing.

PETROOEM R&DCHEM ENERGY MANUFAUTO

36 Gases

iso-Butane C4H10, Methylpropane, R-600aCAS: 75-28-5 EC: 200-857-2 UN: 1969 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chemical iso-butane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm H2O

<5,000 <100

Scientific iso-butane 3.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.95%

Other CnHm H2O

<500 <10


15 °C: 2.6 bar(a) 70 °F: 31 psi(g)







at 20 °C, [bar]: 3.06 at 70 °F, [psi] 45.8




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 37

METAL

SourceBoth n-butane and iso-butane are recovered from naturalgas and refinery gases. Recovery is affected by absorptionat high pressures in a suitable absorber oil and subsequent

fractionation to remove propane and the pentanes. Thetwo butanes are then separated by careful distillation.

Applicationsiso-Butane is primarily used as a heating fuel; in privatehomes, has important uses in agriculture, for farming andfarm processing, and in hotels, restaurants and holidayresorts.

Industrial grade butane is a mixture of n-butane and iso-butane.

iso-Butane is used industrially as a fuel in the metallurgicalglass and ceramic industries as well as an intermediate inthe manufacture of aviation fuel.

iso-Butane is a common refrigerant in domestic refrigerators.It has the ASHRAE number R-600a.

Mixed with propane it is used as a refrigerant in watercoolers, beer coolers and in domestic refrigerators. It isalso used in small proportions in some HFC refrigerantblends for industrial and commercial refrigeration and air conditioning applications.

Mixed with propane, butane is also employed as a fuel forinternal combustion engines e.g., fork lifts.

iso-Butane is used as a component in calibration gases forthe gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

iso-Butane is used as a chemical intermediate in themanufacture of a variety of organic chemicals:– acetic acid– butadiene, used as a raw material for the production of synthetic rubbers

– iso-butene employed for the production of isoprene-polyisoprene, methacrylonitrile, polyisobutene andbutyl rubber

– ethene– propene

iso-Butane finds use as an aerosol propellant, alone ormixed with other hydrocarbons.

iso-Butane is also employed to fill thermometer bulbs andfor saturated vapour pressure type pressure gauges.

iso-Butane/helium mixtures are used in ionizing particlecounters. iso-butane is also used in nuclear research formulti wire proportional scintillation chambers and otherparticle detectors.

n-Butane and iso-Butane are used pure or in mixtures forfoam blowing.

PETROOEM R&DCHEM ENERGY MANUFFOODAUTO

38 Gases

1-Butene C4H8


Chemical 1-butene 2.6Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.6%

Other CnHm

<4,000


15 °C: 2.2 bar(a) 70 °F: 23.5 psi(g)







at 20 °C, [bar]: 2.57 at 70 °F, [psi] 38.58




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 39

Source1-Butene is produced by thermal or catalytic cracking ofpetroleum as well as by catalytic dehydrogenation of butane.

Applications1-Butene is an intermediate in the preparation of a variety of chemicals, such as detergents, plastics andsynthetic rubbers.

1-Butene is used as an intermediate in preparing organiccompounds and in the fuel industry.

1-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases forthe gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

PETROCHEM R&D

40 Gases

cis-2-Butene C4H8


Chemical cis-2-butene 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Other CnHm

<10,000


15 °C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 °F: 13 psi(g)







at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.81 at 70 °F, [psi] 27.26




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 41

SourceAlmost all commercially produced butenes are obtained as by-products from two principal processes:– catalytic or thermal cracking, refinery processes whichupgrade high boiling petroleum fractions to gasoline,

– steam cracking, which produces light olefins forchemical feedstocks by pyrolysis of saturatedhydrocarbons derived from natural gas or crude oil.

The butenes obtained are withdrawn as a mixture fromthe C4-fraction. From this mixture butadiene and butanesare separated by extractive distillation. The remainingbutenes cannot be separated by mere distillation becausetheir boiling points are too close together.

In a first step iso-butene is isolated either by etherificationwith methanol to form methyl tert-butylether (MTBE), or byhydrating iso-butene to tert-butanol (TBA). In this step allother C4 components in the mixture remain unchanged.MTBE and TBA can then be split by reversing synthesis toproduce high purity iso-butene.

Once the iso-butene content has been reduced, recoveryof high purity 1-butene is possible by fractionation. Theremaining 2-butenes can be separated by molecular sieveabsorption methods.

Other commercial processes that are sometimes used toproduce specific isomers or mixtures of butenes or both,either directly or as by-products, include:– the oxirane process for making propylene oxide (-> iso-butene)

– the dehydrogenation of butane and iso-butane (-> 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene)

– the disproportionation of olefins (-> cis-2-butene,trans-2-butene)

– the oligomerization of ethylene (-> 1-butene).All or any of them may become useful feedstock sourcesshould the need arise.

Applicationscis-2-Butene is a chemical intermediate in the followingprocesses:– catalytic dehydrogenation to produce butadiene– the addition of water by means of the acid sulphateleads to the formation of 2-butanol

– esterification in the presence of tungstic acid, followedby oxidation by oxygen or air, in the liquid phase,leads to the production of acetic acid

– acetic acid can also be produced through oxidation byoxygen or air in the presence of manganese acetate inthe liquid phase

– condensation of iso-butane with butenes leads to theformation of 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane, a high octane fuel.

cis-2-Butene is a member of the alkene group ofhydrocarbons. Alkenes serve as intermediates in thepreparation of a variety of organic compounds. Sulphuricacid and sulphur dioxide react with alkenes to give alkylhydrogen sulphates and alkyl sulphonates, respectively,many of which are useful as detergents. In the industriallyimportant oxo process, alkenes react catalytically withcarbon monoxide and hydrogen to give aldehydes.Alkenes are polymerized by heating with catalysts to give high-octane gasolines, plastics, and synthetic rubber.Alkanes react with alkenes in the presence of catalysts toform motor fuels in a process known as alkylation.

cis-2-Butene is used as a component in calibration gasesfor the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

cis-2-Butene is also employed as a solvent.

PETROCHEM R&D

42 Gases

iso-Butene C4H8


Chemical iso-butene 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Other CnHm

<10,000


15 °C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 24 psi(g)







at 20 °C, [bar]: 2.64 at 70 °F, [psi] 39.59




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 43










Applicationsiso-Butene is mainly used as a chemical intermediate.

iso-Butene is used in the production of acid and alkalineresistant rubber.

iso-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases forthe gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

PETROCHEM R&D

44 Gases

trans-2-Butene C4H8


Chemical trans-2-butene 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Other CnHm

<10,000


15 °C: 1.7 bar(a) 70 °F: 15 psi(g)







at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.99 at 70 °F, [psi] 29.94




PVCAlu

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Extremelyflammable

Applications 45










Applicationstrans-2-Butene is employed as a chemical intermediate in the following processes:– catalytic dehydrogenation that produces butadiene– the addition of water by means of the acid sulphateleads to the formation of 2-butanol

– esterification in the presence of tungstic acid, followedby oxidation by oxygen or air in the liquid phase, leadsto the production of acetic acid

– acetic acids can also be produced through oxidation by oxygen or air in the presence of manganese acetate,in the liquid phase.

trans-2-Butene is a member of the alkene group ofhydrocarbons. Alkenes serve as intermediates in thepreparation of a variety of organic compounds. Sulphuricacid and sulphur dioxide react with alkenes to give alkylhydrogen sulphates and alkyl sulphonates, respectively,many of which are useful detergents. In the industriallyimportant oxo process, alkenes react catalytically withcarbon monoxide and hydrogen to give high octanegasolines, plastics and synthetic rubber. Alkanes reactwith alkenes in the presence of catalysts to form motorfuels in a process known as alkylation.

trans-2-Butene is used as a component in calibrationgases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

trans-2-Butene is also employed as a solvent.

PETROCHEM R&D

46 Gases

1-Butyne C4H6, EthylacetyleneCAS: 107-00-6 EC: 203-451-3 UN: 2452 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

1-Butyne 1.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >98%

Other C4Hm

<15,000


15 °C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 9.2 psi(g)


Hazard classificationsProposed by the Industry Proposed by the Industry Signal word: DANGER





at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.58 at 70 °F, [psi] 23.88




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 47

Source1-Butyne is prepared by reacting sodium acetylide withdiethyl sulphate.

It may also be obtained by treating 1,2- or 1,1-dibromobutane with alcoholic caustic alkali.

Applications1-Butyne is used as a component in calibration gases forthe gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

1-Butyne is commonly used in the synthesis of organicmaterials.

PETROCHEM R&D

48 Gases

Carbon dioxide CO2, R-744CAS: 124-38-9 EC: 204-696-9UN: 1013; 2187 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 2A; DOT Class 2.23A (Refrigerated liquid)

Cryotrap carbon dioxide 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%

O2 + N2 H2O CnHm

<500 <250 <50

Scientific carbon dioxide 5.2Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9992%

O2 N2 CnHm H2O

<1 <3 <1 <3


15 °C: 51 bar(a) 70 °F: 830 psi(g)

Characteristics Liquefied, colourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 57.3 at 70 °F, [psi] 853.7




SourceCarbon dioxide is recovered from many different sources.It is obtained as an off-gas from fermentation processes,lime-stone kilns, natural CO2 springs, as well as gas

streams from chemical and petrochemical operations.Recently, CO2 is also recaptured from the off-gas frompower plants.

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Applications 49

FOOD

ApplicationsCarbon dioxide is used extensively as a neutralizing agent for pH control, for example, in cement curing watertreatment and in many other commercially importantchemical applications.

Carbon dioxide is used in many consumer products rangingfrom aerosol packaging to air guns that require pressurizedgas because it is inexpensive and non-flammable; in theoperation of pneumatic equipment where other powersources are not available or suitable, and for the transferof hazardous and flammable liquids.

Owing to its stimulating effect on the nerve centres,carbon dioxide is employed in medicine in mixtures withoxygen, for reanimating victims of asphyxiation (drowning,electrocution, carbon monoxide poisoning, diphtheritictoxin morphine, scopolamine). It also serves in thetreatment of certain skin affections.

Carbon dioxide is used for the chemical vapour depositionof silicon dioxide.

Mixed with ethylene oxide, it is employed as a fumigant inthe destruction of insects in grain silos, and in leguminousplants, dates and dried figs.

A substantial volume of carbon dioxide is used forcarbonating beverages such as beer and many soft drinksand conservation of wine, unfermented grape juice andvarious fruit juices.

Carbon dioxide is used to modify atmospheres, for examplein green houses where it increases plant growth rates orcombined with nitrogen to prolong quality in food packagingapplications (MAP – Modified Atmosphere Packaging).

Carbon dioxide, when mixed with helium and nitrogen, isused as the active medium in carbon dioxide lasers. Suchlasers have a variety of applications, for instance piercingsmall holes into cigarette filters and the marking of foodand drink packages, cutting metals, welding, engraving etc.

Carbon dioxide is used as an inerting agent for various mildsteel welding operations, often in combination with argon.

Carbon dioxide is used for foam blowing.

Carbon dioxide is used in Coleman nitrogen analyzers.

Carbon dioxide is used as media for supercritical fluidextraction (SFE) in sample preparation and as a carrier gas for analytical and preparative supercritical fluidchromatography (SFC).

Compressed carbon dioxide is used as a replacement forblasting powder in quarrying and mining operations.

Solid carbon dioxide is used as blasting agent.

Liquid carbon dioxide is becoming increasingly used as a refrigerant in mechanical refrigerating systems due toits environmental credentials. It has the ASHRAE number R-744. It can be used in direct expansion systems or as a secondary refrigerant with ammonia. “Dry ice”, or solidCO2 is commonly used as a refrigerant.

Liquid/solid carbon dioxide is used for cooling gaschroma tography ovens.

Possible refrigerant for MAC (Mobile Air Conditioning) dueto European phase out of tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).

Carbon dioxide is used in mixtures for car emissionmonitoring and environmental monitoring.

Carbon dioxide is used for fire extinguishing.

Carbon dioxide is often used in combination with ethyleneoxide for sterilizing purposes.

Carbon dioxide is also used for blood analysis anddehydration of penicillin.

Carbon dioxide is used for production of paints and varnishes.

CHEM ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA

R&D

SEMIAUTO

50 Gases

Carbon monoxide COCAS: 630-08-0 EC: 211-128-3 UN: 1016 ADR Class 2, 1TF DOT Class 2.3

Chemical carbon monoxide 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

H2O

<20

Scientific carbon monoxide 4.7Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.997%

O2 N2 CO2 H2 Ar CnHm H2O

<5 <10 <5 <1 <15 <2 <5


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,000 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




Low alloy carbon steels (steel with additions of up to few percent of elements such as chromium, molybdenum, nickel,manganese etc) are sensitive to cracking in a carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide-water environment, when the threecomponents are present at the same time. Only under specific condition these steel can be used (see EIGA doc 95/07/E).

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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R61 - May cause harm to the unborn child / Repr. Cat. 1; R23 - Toxic by inhalation;R48/23 - Toxic: danger of serious damage to health byprolonged exposure through inhalation.

H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H360D - May damage the unborn child / Repr. 1A;H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H372 - Causes damage to organsthough prolonged or repeated exposure.

Extremelyflammable

Toxic

Applications 51

SourceThe most common carbon monoxide production plants are “reformers” in which natural gas and steam reactstogether to produce CO together with hydrogen. However,there are also many other production techniques such as

incomplete combustion of natural gas and, for smallerquantities, the dehydration of formic acid using eithersulphuric or phosphoric acid.

ApplicationsThe largest use of carbon monoxide is in the chemicalindustry where it is used in the synthesis of a wide varietyof chemicals such as esters, ketones, aldehydes andglycols as well as for the production of phosgene, acommon chemical intermediate. Normally the demand forcarbon monoxide at chemical production sites is so greatthat it is produced on-site, though occasionally supplies in tube trailers may be viable.

Some types of electronic components, such as reed relayswitches, are encapsulated in a glass enclosure which issealed by direct heating with a flame. In these cases it isimportant that no water is produced in the flame as thiswould be sealed in the enclosure and lead to failure ofthe component. Hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels aretherefore not suitable and carbon monoxide is used.

Carbon monoxide is used in relatively large quantities andin a variety of ways in the primary metals industry: as achemical reducing agent for the recovery of metals fromores; in the purification of aluminium waste; and in themanufacture of metal carbonyls for conversion by thermaldecomposition into high purity powdered metals.

Carbon monoxide also serves for the production andregen eration of catalysts such as nickel carbonyl.

Carbon monoxide is also used in both organic andinorganic chemical synthesis.

Carbon monoxide is a component in gas mixtures for lung diffusion.

Carbon monoxide is a component in laser gas mixtures.

Carbon monoxide is a component in calibration gas mixtures.

A necessity in the production of solar cells is super cleansilicium, that is produced with the aid of carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide is used as fuel in fuel cells.

CHEM MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO R&DENERGYAUTO

52 Gases

Carbonyl fluoride CF2O, Carbon oxyfluorideCAS: 353-50-4 EC: 206-534-2 UN: 2417 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Carbon oxyfluoride 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%


15 °C: 45.7 bar(a) 70 °F: 646.9 psi(g)

Characteristics Liquefied, colourless gas. Hygroscopic with pungent odour. Contact with combustible material may cause fire.



Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [°C] –83 at 14.5 psi, [°F] –117



at 20 °C, [bar]: 52.10 at 70 °F, [psi] 777.8




PVCAlu

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R-phrases:R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causessevere skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive tothe respiratory tract.

Toxic Corrosive

Applications 53

SourceCarbonyl fluoride is prepared by reacting carbonmonoxide and fluorine, or carbon tetrafluoride and waterat high temperature.

ApplicationsCarbonyl fluoride is an important intermediate for the preparation of organic fluorine compounds.

Carbonyl fluoride is used as fluorine source in laboratories.

CHEM R&D

54 Gases

Carbonyl sulphide COSCAS: 463-58-1 EC: 207-340-0 UN: 2204 ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3

Carbonyl sulphide 1.78Impurities [ppm] – Purity >97.8%

H2O

<200


15 °C: 9.6 bar(a) 70 °F: 124.7 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied gas with the odour of rotten eggs. Decomposes in water.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 11.06 at 70 °F, [psi] 164.96




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H331 - Toxic if inhaled.

Extremelyflammable

Toxic

Applications 55

FOOD

SourceCarbonyl sulphide is formed by many high temperaturereactions of carbon compounds with donors of oxygenand sulphur.

One patented method describes the manufacturing of carbonyl sulphide by the reaction of methanol withsulphur at 500–800 °C.

Carbonyl sulphide occurs as a by-product in the manufactureof carbon disulphide and is an impurity in some naturalgases, in many manufactured fuel gases and refinery gases,and in combustion products of sulphur-containing fuels.

ApplicationsCarbonyl sulphide is particularly useful in the synthesis of thioacids, sulphur trisubstituted carbinols, substitutedthiazoles and substituted thiocarbamic acids (salts). Highyields are obtained in the synthesis of substituted thiazoles.

Carbonyl sulphide is gaining recognition as a fumigantpotential replacement for phosphine and methyl bromide.

In mixtures it is employed in the laboratory as acomponent in calibration gas for process control andenvironmental applications.

Carbonyl sulphide can be used as an odorizer for naturalgas transport as well as for liquid petroleum gas (LPG).

AUTO CHEM PHARMA R&DENERGY

56 Gases

Chlorine Cl2CAS: 7782-50-5 EC: 231-959-5 UN: 1017 ADR Class 2, 2TOC DOT Class 2.3

Chemical chlorine 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

H2O

<50

Chlorine 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.990%

O2 H2O H2

<10 <5 <10


15 °C: 5.9 bar(a) 70 °F: 85.3 psi(g)

Characteristics Yellowish-green liquefied gas with irritating odour. Corrosive. Heavy oxidizing agent.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 6.80 at 70 °F, [psi] 101.64




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R-phrases:R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin; R50 - Very toxic toaquatic organisms.

H-statements:H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H319 - Causes serious eyeirritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated.


Applications 57

ENERGYCHEM SEMIR&D

SourceChlorine is produced commercially by the electrolysis ofsalt solutions (either sodium, potassium or magnesium

chlorides). The production of chlorine is therefore usuallyaccompanied with production of hydrogen.

ApplicationsChlorine is used in relatively large quantities for theproduction of a wide variety of chemicals such aschloroethene, hydrochloric acid, carbon tetrachloride,trichloroethylene etc. For many of these, which maythemselves be only intermediates rather than end-products, the chlorine may be produced on-site, withexcess quantities being available for shipment into themerchant market.

High purity chlorine is used in the electronics industry foretching. It may also be used as an additive during otherprocesses to keep the surface clean, for example, duringoxidation – hence preventing the incorporation of impuritiesin the oxidation layer.

Chlorine is used to manufacture fibre optics, phosgene,and synthetic rubber. It is also used as a semiconductor.

Chlorine blended with argon is used for degassing moltenaluminium. It is also used for the purification of gold andother precious metals.

As chlorine has the capability to bleach various materials, it isused in both the paper and textile industries for this purpose.

Chlorine is used for water purification in a variety ofcircumstances - the “production” of drinking water by local water authorities, the treatment of swimmingpools, and waste water treatment by many types ofindustrial companies.

Chlorine is used as component in gas mixtures

METAL PETROMANUF

58 Gases

Chlorodifluoroethane C2H3ClF2, R-142bCAS: 75-68-3 EC: 200-891-8 UN: 2517 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chlorodifluoroethane 1.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >98%

Air

<20,000


15 °C: 3 bar(a) 70 °F: 28.9 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances.



Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [°C] –10.01 at 14.5 psi, [°F] 14



at 20 °C, [bar]: 2.90 at 70 °F, [psi] 43.59




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R59 - Dangerous for theozone layer.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.

Extremelyflammable

Environmentalhazard

Applications 59

R&DMANUF

SourceCommercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes employshalogen exchange, with hydrogen fluoride in the liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst. Differentstarting materials are used depending on the desiredproduct. Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride,chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene.The main catalysts used are antimony halides with low volatility.

More recently developed exchange processes are carriedout continuously in the gas phase at 100–400 °C, usingcatalysts based on chromium, aluminium or iron.

The composition of the product can be controlled withinwide limits by varying temperature, pressure, residencetime, catalysts, and the portions of the reactants.

Unreacted material is separated from the crude mixture byfractional distillation and recycled. Further treatment ofthe products includes washing, drying and distillation.

In the Montedison chlorofluorination process, reaction of C1- and C2-hydrocarbons with chlorine and hydrogenfluoride takes place in a single step in a fluidized bedreactor. The catalyst used is based on aluminium chloride.

Commercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes is alsopossible by electrochemical fluorination processes.

Applications1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane serves as a solvent andaerosol propellant, in mixtures with non-flammablehalogenated hydrocarbons.

.1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is used for foam blowing.

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b) is also used as a refrigerant.

Note:Chlorodifluoroethane is controlled under The MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


60 Gases

Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2, R-22CAS: 75-45-6 EC: 200-871-9 UN: 1018 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Chlorodifluoromethane 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%

Air

<1,000


15 °C: 8 bar(a) 70 °F: 101.4 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 8.97 at 70 °F, [psi] 134.12




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R-phrases:R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.

Environmentalhazard

Applications 61

SourceChlorodifluoromethane (R-22) is prepared by treatingchloroform with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in the

presence of a small amount of antimony chloride atelevated temperatures and pressures.

ApplicationsChlorodifluoromethane (R-22) is a versatile refrigerant usedextensively for a wide range of temperatures in many typesof refrigeration and stationary air conditioning systems inindustrial, commercial and domestic applications.

Chlorodifluoromethane is used as an intermediate in theproduction of Teflon®.

As an aerosol propellant chlorodifluoromethane is only usedin special cases, such as for very low temperature spraying.

Chlorodifluoromethane may also be used in theproduction of fluorinated polymers and for leak detection.

CHEM MANUF PETRO R&D

Note:Chlorodifluoromethane is controlled under The MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


62 Gases

Chloroethane C2H5Cl, Ethyl chloride, R-160CAS: 75-00-3 EC: 200-830-5 UN: 1037 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chloroethane 3.0Impurities [ppmw] – Purity >99.9%

H2O acidity (as HCl)

<100 <10


15 °C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 °F: 20.3 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.34 at 70 °F, [psi] 20.25




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect; R52/53 - Harmful to aquaticorganisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in theaquatic environment.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H351 - Suspected of causing cancer; H412 - Harmful toaquatic life with long lasting effects.

Extremelyflammable

Harmful

Applications 63

SourceChloroethane is produced by the action of chlorine on ethene in the presence of chlorides of copper, iron,antimony and calcium.

Chloroethane can also be prepared by the action ofchlorine on ethene in the presence of hydrogen chlorideand light.

Some chloroethane is generated as a byproduct ofpolychloroethene production.

ApplicationsChloroethane has been used as foaming agent,anaesthetic, refrigerant, propellant and in tetraethyllead manufacturing.

Chloroethane is used as an alkylating agent.

Chloroethane is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.

Chloroethane is used in treating cellulose to makeethylcellulose, a thickening agent and binder in paints,cosmetics, and similar products.

CHEM MANUF PETRO R&DMEDICAL

Note:Chloroethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


64 Gases

Chloroethene C2H3Cl, Vinyl chloride, R-1140CAS: 75-01-4 EC: 200-831-0 UN: 1086 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chloroethene 3.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.95%

C2H5Cl C3H6 CH3Cl

<100 <100 <100


15 °C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 36.6 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable, colourless, liquefied gas with pleasurable sweet odour in high concentrations. Polymerizes in the presenceof air or sunlight.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 3.42 at 70 °F, [psi] 51.26




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Viton®

R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R45 - May cause cancer.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H350 - May cause cancer.

Extremelyflammable

Toxic

Applications 65

SourceChloroethene is made by the catalyzed addition ofhydrogen chloride to acetylene, by thermal decomposition

of ethylene chloride, or by heating the latter withalcoholic caustic alkali.

ApplicationsChloroethene is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.

Chloroethene is used as a raw material in the polymerizationof ethenyl resins (polyvinyl chloride). This polymerizationoccurs in various ways, depending on the type of productwhich is desired:– mass or block polymerization; the final product is very

pure and serves primarily as a rigid, high quality material.– solution polymerization; the final product appears

in a stable solution with a low index of viscosity. Hence it can be employed in the cement, lacquer and paint industry.

– precipitation polymerization; a pure, homogeneousproduct is obtained with a low index of viscosity,hence suitable for use in the paint and glue industry.

– emulsion polymerization; the product obtained may be polluted by water-soluble impurities. This process is satisfactory for plastisols.

– suspension polymerization; a pure product is obtained,which may be used for perfectly transparent articles.

Chloroethene is used as a component in mixtures forworkspace and industrial emission control.

Chloroethene is used as a refrigerant and has the ASHRAEnumber R-1140.

ENERGYCHEM MANUF R&D

Note:Chloroethene is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


66 Gases

Chloromethane CH3Cl, Methyl chloride, R-40CAS: 74-87-3 EC: 200-817-4 UN: 1063 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chemical chloromethane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

H2O

<500


15 °C: 4.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 59 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied, odourless gas with slight ether-like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 4.95 at 70 °F, [psi] 74.28




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R40 - Limited evidence of acarcinogenic effect; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of seriousdamage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H351 - Suspected of causing cancer; H373 - May causedamage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.

Extremelyflammable

Harmful

Applications 67

SourceChloromethane is manufactured in commercial quantitiesby two principle processes:– chlorination of methane– reaction between hydrogen chloride and methanol.

Several variants of both processes are used. The methanol –hydrogen chloride reaction yields chloromethane as the sole product. Chlorination of methane yields other

chlorohydrocarbons in substantial amounts. Because thecoproducts, e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, andcarbon tetrachloride, are as commercially import ant aschloromethane, methane chlorination can be regarded as a multiple-product process rather than one with several by-products. Hydrogen chloride is often the determining factorin choosing a route to produce chloromethane.

ApplicationsChloromethane is used as:– a catalyst solvent in butyl rubber production– a reagent in silicone production– in organic synthesis– in the manufacturing of tetramethyl lead– a solvent– a starting material in the manufacturing of such

chemicals as methyl mercaptan, methylene chloride,chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, variousbromochloromethanes and chlorofluoromethanes

– in therapeutic treatment of local anaesthesia– a solvent or extraction agent for heat sensitive products– an aerosol propellant– tool hardening and salt bath rectification.

Chloromethane is used in the production of quaternaryammonium compounds for use as anti-static agents infabric softeners. It is also used for the manufacturing ofmethyl cellulose and in the production of Grignardreagents for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.It also used in the preparation of fragrances, perfumesand herbicides.

Chloromethane is used for side wall passivation in plasmaetching to give anisotropic etching under plasma conditions:similar to reactive ion etching, but without the damage.

Chloromethane is used to extract grease, wax, essentialoils and resins during the production of textile and carpet materials.

MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMICHEM METALMEDICAL

Note:Chloromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocolon Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


68 Gases

Chloropentafluoroethane C2ClF5, R-115CAS: 76-15-3 EC: 200-938-2 UN: 1020 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Chloropentafluoroethane 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%

Air

<1,000


15 °C: 7 bar(a) 70 °F: 104.8 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 8.0 at 70 °F, [psi] 119.5




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Environmentalhazard

Applications 69

SourceCommercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes employshalogen exchange, with hydrogen fluoride in the liquidphase in the presence of a catalyst. Different startingmaterials are used depending on the desired product. Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. The maincatalysts used are antimony halides with low volatility.


The composition of the product can be controlled withinwide limits by varying temperature, pressure, residence time, catalysts, and the portions of the reactants.

Unreacted material is separated from the crude mixture by fractional distillation and recycled. Further treatment of the products includes washing, drying and distillation.


Commercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes is alsopossible by the electrochemical fluorination processdeveloped by Phillips Petroleum.

ApplicationsChloropentafluoroethane (R-115) is used as: – a refrigerant– a propellant in aerosols – a chemical intermediate.

CHEM MANUF R&D SEMI

Note:Chloropentafluoroethane is controlled under The MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


70 Gases

Cyanic chloride CNCl, Cyanogen chlorideCAS: 506-77-4 EC: 208-052-8 UN: 1589 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Cyanic chloride 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%


15 °C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 °F: 5.7 psi(g)

Characteristics Liquefied colourless gas with a pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.35 at 70 °F, [psi] 20.41




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R-phrases:R26 - Very toxic by inhalation ; R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causessevere skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive tothe respiratory tract.

Very Toxic Corrosive

Applications 71

SourceCyanic chloride is prepared by oxidation of sodiumcyanide with chlorine.

Cyanic chloride can also be prepared by chlorinating an aqueous suspension of potassium zinc cyanide.

ApplicationsCyanic chloride is a precursor to sulphonyl cyanides and chlorosulphonyl isocyanate, a useful reagent inorganic synthesis.

R&DCHEM

72 Gases

Cyanogen C2N2,EthanedinitrileCAS: 460-19-5 EC: 207-306-5 UN: 1026 ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3

Ethanedinitrile 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%


15 °C: 4.2 bar(a) 70 °F: 58.9 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, liquefied gas with an odour of bitter almonds. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 4.90 at 70 °F, [psi] 73.58




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation;R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may causelong-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

H-statements:H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H331 - Toxic if inhaled;H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated.

Highlyflammable


Applications 73

R&D

SourceCyanogen is typically generated from cyanide compounds.Alternatively, one can combine solutions of copper(II)salts (such as copper(II) sulphate) with cyanides, anunstable copper(II) cyanide is formed which rapidlydecomposes into copper(I) cyanide and cyanogen.

Industrially, it is made by the oxidation of hydrogencyanide, usually using chlorine over an activated silicondioxide catalyst or nitrogen dioxide over a copper salt. Itis also formed when nitrogen (N2) and acetylene (C2H2)are made to react by an electrical spark or discharge.

ApplicationsCyanogen has a long history and was probably firstgenerated by Carl Scheele around 1782 in the course of his studies of hydrogen cyanide. The first confirmedsynthesis was reported 1802, when it was used to makewhat we now know as cyanic chloride (cyanogen chloride).It attained importance with the growth of the fertilizerindustry in the late nineteenth century.

Cyanogen is used as a stabilizer in the production of nitrocellulose.

Cyanogen is used as a fumigant for a number ofapplications; it has a better efficacy and allows fasterreplanting when compared to other fumigants.

Cyanogen is also used for special welding, due to secondhighest known flame temperature (4,527 °C, 8,180 °F)when it burns in oxygen.

Cyanogen is an important intermediate in production ofmany fertilizers.

CHEM FOOD MANUF

74 Gases

Cyclopropane C3H6


Cyclopropane 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Other CnHm

<10,000


15 °C: 2.9 bar(a) 70 °F: 27.7 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable, liquefied, colourless gas with a characteristic odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 6.29 at 70 °F, [psi] 94.11




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H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 75

SourceCyclopropanes can be prepared in the laboratory byorganic synthesis in various ways and many methods aresimply called cyclopropanation.

ApplicationsCyclopropane is an anaesthetic when inhaled. In modernanaesthetic practice, it has been superseded by other agents,due to its extreme reactivity under normal conditions.

Cyclopropane is used as a component in calibration gasesfor the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

Cyclopropane is used as a plasma etching agent.

PETROMEDICAL R&DCHEM

76 Gases

Deuterium D2


Scientific deuterium 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8% (D2/(D2+H2)>99.8%)

O2 N2 H2O

<5 <10 <10


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,000 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless and odourless.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –


Specific volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 °C, [m3/kg] 5.85 at 1 atm., 70 °F, [ft3/lb] 100


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H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 77

SEMI

SourceDeuterium is prepared by electrolysis of heavy water (D2O).

ApplicationsDeuterium is used in nuclear research as projectile indeuterium accelerators, and as a source of neutrons whenit is irradiated with γ energy rays.

Deuterium is used in physics experiments, such as thermalfusion studies.

It is also used in chemical research, where it is used tolabel hydrogen containing molecules and hence to studyreactions involving these.

Deuterium is used in electronics as a replacement forhydrogen in the annealing or sintering of silicon basedsemiconductors, flat panel displays, and solar panels.

Deuterium is used as a trace marker of organic moleculesused in CAT scanning (Computed Axial Tomography)studies.

Deuterium is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 127).

ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL R&DCHEM

78 Gases

Diborane B2H6


Diborane 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99%

N2 BnH2n+2 (n>2) CH4 H2 CO2

<10 <350 <5 <500 <5


15 °C: 26.8 bar(a) 70 °F: 332.3 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless gas with a sickly-sweet odour. Flammable, unstable.





Vapour pressure: at 0 °C, [bar] 26.8 at 32 °F, [psi] 388

at 20 °C, [bar]: 43.5 at 70 °F, [psi] 588




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H330 - Fatal if inhaled.

Extremelyflammable

Very toxic

Applications 79

MANUF

SourceDiborane is manufactured by addition of boron trifluorideto a solution of sodium borohydride in diethylene glycoldimethyl ether.

ApplicationsDiborane is a catalyst for ethylenic, styrene, acrylic, andvinyl polymerization.

Diborane is used as a rubber vulcanizer.

Diborane is used as a reducing agent.

Diborane is used as a flame speed accelerator.

Diborane is an intermediate for preparation of boron hydridesof higher molecular weight.

Diborane is used for conversion of olefins to trialkyl boranesand primary alcohols.

Diborane serves as a strong but selective reducing agentin organic chemistry.

The addition of diborane to olefins (hydroboration) has great significance in preparative chemistry. In thepresence of an ether, diborane forms an alkyl borane, in an anti-Markownikoff mode.

Further areas of application for diborane are the doping of semiconductor silicon and germanium.

Diborane is used in the process of creating hardenedmetal surfaces for better wear resistance.

CHEM METAL PETRO R&D SEMI

80 Gases

Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2, R-12CAS: 75-71-8 EC: 200-893-9 UN: 1028 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Dichlorodifluoromethane 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%


15 °C: 4.9 bar(a) 70 °F: 69.5 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, liquefied gas. Ether-like odour at high concentrations. Decomposes at high temperature to toxic substances.Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 5.63 at 70 °F, [psi] 84.23




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Environmentalhazard

Applications 81

R&DFOOD MANUFENERGY

SourceCommercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes employshalogen exchange, with hydrogen fluoride in the liquidphase in the presence of a catalyst. Different startingmaterials are used depending on the desired product. Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. The maincatalysts used are antimony halides with low volatility.






ApplicationsDichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is used in the followingapplications:– low temperature air conditioning– storage of food products– air conditioning of offices, workshops, stores– domestic, commercial and industrial refrigeration.

It is also used as:– aerosol propellant– swelling agent (rigid foam production)– leak detector– gas phase dielectric.

Note:Dichlorodifluoromethane is controlled under The MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


82 Gases

Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F, R-21CAS: 75-43-4 EC: 200-869-8 UN: 1029 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Dichlorofluoromethane 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%

Air

<1,000


15 °C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 °F: 8.3 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.53 at 70 °F, [psi] 23.0




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Environmentalhazard

Applications 83

SourceCommercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes employshalogen exchange, with hydrogen fluoride in the liquidphase in the presence of a catalyst. Different startingmaterials are used depending on the desired product.Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. The maincatalysts used are antimony halides with low volatility.






ApplicationsDichlorofluoromethane (R-21) is used for the airconditioning of very hot atmospheres.

It is also used as:– aerosol propellant– solvent– chemical intermediate.

CHEM MANUF R&D

Note:Dichlorofluoromethane is controlled under The MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


84 Gases

Dichlorosilane SiH2Cl2

CAS: 4109-96-0 EC: 223-888-3 UN: 2189 ADR Class 2, 2TFC DOT Class 2.3

Dichlorosilane 2.0Impurities (expressed by weight) – Purity >99% – Resistivity >150 O/cm

SiH3Cl+SiHCl3 N2+Ar C As B Fe Al P

<1% <1% <2ppm <0.1ppb <0.1ppb <10ppb <0.1ppb <0.1ppb

Dichlorosilane 2.7Impurities (expressed by weight) – Purity > 99.7% – Resistivity >400 O/cm

SiH3Cl SiHCl3 N2+Ar C As B Fe Al P SiCl4 <0.08% <0.2% <0.1% <0.05ppm <0.03ppb <0.02ppb <3ppb <0.04ppb <0.05ppb <300ppm


15 °C: 1.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 8.2 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Highly corrosive in humid conditions.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.52 at 70 °F, [psi] 22.90




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns andeye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the respiratory tract.

Extremelyflammable

Toxic Corrosive

Applications 85

SEMI

SourceDichlorosilane is produced (along with other chloro -silanes, such as trichlorosilane) by the reaction of amixture of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride with silicon at high temperatures.

It is also prepared (5% yield) by disproportionation oftrichlorosilane by heating to 300–400 °C in the presenceof catalysts e.g., aluminium chloride, ferric chloride andboron trifluoride.

ApplicationsUsed in the manufacturing of organosilicon compounds(silane coupling agents).

Dichlorosilane is used as a silicon source for low pressurechemical vapour deposition of polysilicon, silicon dioxide,silicon nitride and epitaxial silicon.

CHEM R&D

86 Gases

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane C2Cl2F4, R-114CAS: 76-14-2 EC: 200-869-8 UN: 1958 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%


15 °C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 °F: 12.7 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, liquefied gas. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.84 at 70 °F, [psi] 27.43




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Environmentalhazard

Applications 87

Source1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114) is obtained bytreating hexachloroethane with anhydrous hydrogen

fluoride under high pressure in the presence of smallamounts of antimony chloride.

Applications1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114) is used in smallrefrigeration systems with rotary compressors, and inlarge industrial water cooling and air conditioning systemsusing multi-stage centrifugal compressors.

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane finds widespread use,either alone or in mixtures with dichlorodifluoromethane,as an aerosol propellant, particularly for cosmetics as it ispractically odourless and causes no undesirable effectwhen applied to the skin.

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is used for foam blowing.

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is used for heat pumps.

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is also used for cleaning of electronic parts.

ENERGY MANUF R&D SEMI

Note:1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


88 Gases

1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4F2,Difluoroethane, Ethylidene difluoride, R-152aCAS: 75-37-6 EC: 200-866-1 UN: 1030 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

1,1-Difluoroethane 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%


15 °C: 5.2 bar(a) 70 °F: 62.9 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 5.17 at 70 °F, [psi] 77.60




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 89

R&D

Source1,1-Difluoroethane is manufactured by catalytic additionof hydrogen fluoride to acetylene.

Applications1,1-Difluoroethane (R-152a) is used: – in the formulation of aerosol dispersants – as a low temperature solvent

– in refrigeration systems where its flammability is not a major factor and as a component in somehydrochlorofluorocarbon, HCFC refrigerant blends.(HCFCs replaces CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons)

– as an organic synthesis intermediate.

CHEM MANUF PETRO

Note:1,1-Difluoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


90 Gases

1,1-Difluoroethene C2H2F2, 1,1-Difluoroethylene, R-1132aCAS: 75-38-7 EC: 200-867-7 UN: 1959 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

1,1-Difluoroethene 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%


15 °C: 32.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 521.8 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 36.1 at 70 °F, [psi] 536.5




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 91

R&D

Source1,1-Difluoroethene can be obtained by dehydrochlorinationof 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142 B) or by passing a

mixture of hydrogen and 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoro ethaneover nickle wire at elevated temperature.

Applications1,1-Difluoroethene is used for the preparation of polymersand copolymers.

1,1-Difluoroethene is used as an intermediate in organicsynthesis.

CHEM PETRO

Note:1,1-Difluoroethene is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


92 Gases

Difluoromethane CH2F2, Methylene fluoride, R-32CAS: 75-10-5 EC: 200-839-4 UN: 3252 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Difluoromethane 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999%

CO2 CF4 H2O N2 Other HFC O2 CnHm

<0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <5 <3 <1 <0.5


15 °C: 12.8 bar(a) 70 °F: 185 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 14.7 at 70 °F, [psi] 219.8




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 93

SEMIR&D

SourceDifluoromethane is produced by reacting chloromethanewith hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalyst.

ApplicationsDifluoromethane is used in plasma etching of silicon layers.

Difluoromethane (R-32) has been used as a refrigerant.

MANUF

Note:Difluoromethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


94 Gases

Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH


Chemical dimethylamine 2.3Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.3%

H2O

<2,000


15 °C: 1.4 bar(a) 70 °F: 11 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/fish-like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.68 at 70 °F, [psi] 25.47




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R20 - Harmful by inhalation;R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin; R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H335 - May cause respiratoryirritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation; H318 - Causesserious eye damage.

Extremelyflammable

Harmful

Applications 95

CHEM

SourceDimethylamine is prepared commercially either by a reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by areaction between a carbonyl compound and ammonia.

Monomethylamine and trimethylamine are also formed in the same reaction and the three products are separatedby distillation.

ApplicationsDimethylamine has been used as a dehairing agent in tanning.

Dimethylamine is used as an acid gas absorbent.

Dimethylamine is used as a flotation agent.

Dimethylamine is used as a gasoline stabilizer.

Dimethylamine is used as a raw material in pharmaceuticals.

Dimethylamine is used in rubber accelerators.

Dimethylamine is used in soaps and cleaning compounds.

Dimethylamine is used in the treatment of celluloseacetate rayon.

Dimethylamine is used in organic synthesis.

Dimethylamine is used as an agricultural fungicide.

Dimethylamine is used for electroplating.

Dimethylamine is used as an anti-oxidizing agent.

Dimethylamine is also used for preparation of dyes.

Dimethylamine is an important intermediate in thesynthesis of a broad range of products e.g., propellants,monomers, solvents, catalysts, insecticides, surfactants,and ion-exchange resins.

FOOD MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D

96 Gases

2,2-Dimethylpropane C5H12, NeopentaneCAS: 463-82-1 EC: 207-343-7 UN: 2044 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Scientific 2,2-dimethylpropane 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Other CnHm

<7,000


15 °C: 1.2 bar(a) 70 °F: 7 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with petrol like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.46 at 70 °F, [psi] 21.93




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R51/53 - Toxic to aquaticorganisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in theaquatic environment.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.

Extremelyflammable

Environmentalhazard

Applications 97

OEM

Source2,2-Dimethylpropane can be isolated from the C5 mixture,derived from liquid components of natural gas or from light

gasoline (naphtha). The separation is carried out either bymolecular sieve separation or by superfractionation.

Applications2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as raw material in theproduction of iso-butene, which in turn is used tomanufacture synthetic butyl rubber.

2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as a solvent and a synthesis intermediate.

2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as calibration standard for NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance).

2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as a component in calibrationgases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

CHEM PETRO R&D

98 Gases

Dimethyl ether C2H6O, Methoxymethane, Dimethyl oxideCAS: 115-10-6 EC: 204-065-8 UN: 1033 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Methoxymethane 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

H2O

<500


15 °C: 4.4 bar(a) 70 °F: 62.3 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with ether like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 5.09 at 70 °F, [psi] 76.35




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 99

SourceDimethyl ether is prepared from methanol in the presence ofacidic catalysts. Aluminium oxide and aluminium silicate,

with or without doping, are the most important catalysts forindustrial use.

ApplicationsDimethyl ether finds commercial use as a refrigerant.

Dimethyl ether is used as a solvent, as an extractionagent and as a propellant in aerosols, especially those for personal care products such as hairsprays

Dimethyl ether is also used as a as a fuel for welding,cutting, and brazing.

Dimethyl ether readily forms complexes with inorganiccompounds, e.g., boron trifluoride. It is an excellentmethyl ating agent, e.g., for conversion of aniline intodimethylaniline in the dye industry.

Dimethyl ether is used in the chemical industry in themanufacture of synthetic rubber.

Dimethyl ether is industrially important as the startingmaterial in the production of dimethyl sulphate. (Dimethylsulphate is employed as a methylating agent.)

Dimethyl ether reacted with carbon monoxide could beused in the large-scale production of acetic acid in placeof methanol.

Future industrial uses of dimethyl ether include theproduction of olefins in the presence of zeolitic catalysts.The production of saturated hydrocarbons can be carriedout by an analogous process.

Dimethyl ether is also used in the methanol to gasolineprocess, and is under consideration for use in Europeanbiofuel mixtures.

CHEM MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D

100 Gases

Ethane C2H6, Methylmethane, R-170CAS: 74-84-0 EC: 200-814-8UN: 1035; 1961 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 2F; DOT Class 2.13F (Refrigerated liquid)

Chemical ethane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm

<5,000

Scientific ethane 4.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.995%

O2 N2 CO2 Other CnHm H2O

<4 <20 <1 <20 <3


15 °C: 34 bar(a) 70 °F: 544 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied, odourless, colourless gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 37.69 at 70 °F, [psi] 559.92




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable .

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury;H220 - Extremely flammable gas.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 101

SourceThe main commercial source of ethane is natural gas.Ethane is isolated either by absorption or by partialcondensation, followed by distillation. Relatively small

amounts of ethane are also produced as by-products frompetroleum processes.

ApplicationsThe main industrial use for ethane is the production ofethene by steam-cracking.

It is commonly used as a raw material for the manu factureof halogenated ethane.

Ethane is used in the chemical industry for the production of ethanol, epoxyethane, glycol, acetaldehyde, ethenylacetate, ethyl chloride, dichloroethane, styrene, polyethene,thermopolymers and higher alcohols.

Ethane is used as a refrigerant for extremely lowtemperature refrigeration systems. It has the ASHRAEnumber R-170.

Ethane is used in metallurgy for heat treatments.

Ethane is used as a calibration gas for combustion research.

Ethane is used as a component in calibration gases for theautomotive, gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

ENERGYCHEM MANUF METAL PETRO R&DAUTO

102 Gases

Ethylamine (C2H5)NH2, Ethanamine, AminoethaneCAS: 75-04-7 EC: 200-834-7 UN: 1036 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Ethanamine 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%


15 °C: 0.9 bar(a) 70 °F: 2.8 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/rotten fish-like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.15 at 70 °F, [psi] 17.45




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R36/37 - Irritating to eyesand respiratory system.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May causerespiratory irritation.

Extremelyflammable

Irritant

Applications 103

SourceEthylamine is prepared from ethyliodide and liquidammonia or from ethanol and ammonia.

ApplicationsEthylamine is used in organic synthesis as reactivemolecule or as solvent.

Ethylamine is used in resin chemistry.

Ethylamine is used as stabilizer for rubber latex.

Ethylamine is used as an intermediate in dye stuff.

Ethylamine is used as an intermediate in pharma production.

Ethylamine is used in oil refining.

CHEM PETRO PHARMA R&D

104 Gases

Ethylene C2H4, Ethene, R-1150CAS: 74-85-1 EC: 200-815-3UN: 1962; 1038 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 2F; DOT Class 2.13F (Refrigerated liquid)

Chemical ethene 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm H2O

<1,000 <50

Scientific ethene 3.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.95%

O2 N2 CO2 Other CnHm H2O

<10 <40 <5 <450 <5


15 °C: 76 bar(a) 70 °F: 1,200 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless gas with slight odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R67 - Vapours may causedrowsiness and dizziness.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury;H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H336 - May causedrowsiness or dizziness.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 105

CHEM MANUF

SourceEthylene is produced by passing ethyl alcohol vapours over dehydrating catalysts at 360–470 °C. It may also be produced by the pyrolysis of ethane.

Cracking of petroleum is another source.

ApplicationsEthylene is the starting material for several industrialsyntheses. It is employed as an intermediate in thechemical industry and for the production of plastics.

Ethylene is employed for the production of:3 acetaldehyde3 acetic acid3 chloroethane3 chloroethene (vinyl chloride)3 dichloroethane3 1,1-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride)3 epoxyethane (ethylene oxide)3 ethanediol (ethylene glycol)3 ethanol3 ethoxyethane3 ethylbenzene3 phenylethene (styrene)3 polychloroethene (polyvinyl chloride)3 polyethene3 propanoic acid3 tetraethyl lead3 trichloroethane

Ethylene is used as a component in calibration gases for the automotive, gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

Ethylene may be employed for welding and cutting, but is not used for this purpose industrially.

Ethylene supplied in cylinders is used for controlled ripeningof fruit, especially bananas. A concentration of a few ppm inthe warehouse atmosphere is used. Because of flammabilityconsiderations, it is strongly recommended to use a mixtureof ethene in nitrogen in this application.

Ethylene has also been used in agriculture to promote cropgrowth: in this case the gas is injected directly into the soil.

Ethylene is still used as an anaesthetic (in the US).

It is used as a refrigerant especially in the petrochemicalindustry. It has the ASHRAE number R-1150.

AUTO FOOD MEDICAL PETRO R&D

106 Gases

Ethylene Oxide C2H4O, Epoxyethane, OxiraneCAS: 75-21-8 EC: 200-849-9 UN: 1040 ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3

Chemical ethylene oxide 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%

H2O aldehydes acidity (as acetic acid)

<100 <50 <20


15 °C: 1.2 bar(a) 70 °F: 50 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas. Heavier than air.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.47 at 70 °F, [psi] 22.1




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R-phrases:R6 - Explosive with or without contact with air; R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R45 - May cause cancer; R46 - May cause heritablegenetic damage; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes,respiratory system and skin.

H-statements:H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H350 - May causecancer; H340 - May cause genetic defects; H331 - Toxic ifinhaled; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - Maycause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation.Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated.

Extremelyflammable

Toxic

Applications 107

SourceEthylene oxide is usually manufactured by direct oxidationof ethene using oxygen at high temperature in thepresence of silver catalysts.

ApplicationsThe principle use of ethylene oxide is in the manufactureof ethene glycol (ethylene glycol) and higher alcoholswhich find important applications in automotive antifreeze,explosives, cellophane, synthetic rubbers, lubricants,solvents and hydraulic fluids. It is also an importantintermediate in the manufacture of certain detergents.

As a pharmaceutical intermediate, ethylene oxide is usedin the synthesis of choline, thiamine and procaine.

Ethylene oxide is used, often in mixtures with eithercarbon dioxide or halocarbon propellants, as a fumigant,

fungicide or sterilizing agent. Examples of the many types of articles sterilized with ethylene oxide are: medicinebottles, food containers, disposable nappies, sanitarytowels, surgeons gloves and instruments, first aid bandages,etc. Items that are sometimes fumigated with mixturescontaining ethylene oxide are ship holds and beehives.

Ethylene oxide is used in fermentation processes and inthe preparation of antibiotics.

AUTO FOODCHEM MEDICAL PETRO PHARMA R&DMANUF

108 Gases

Ethyl formate C3H6O2,

CAS: 109-94-4 EC: 203-721-0 UN: 1190 ADR Class 3, F1 DOT Class 3

Chemical ethyl formate 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.0%

H2O Formic acid Ethanol

<1000 <1000 <8000


Filled as liquid

Characteristics Flammable, colourless gas with distinct and alcoholical odour. Heavier than air.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 0.256 at 70 °F, [psi] 3.7




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R-phrases:R11 - Highly flammable; R20/22 - Harmful by inhalationand if swallowed; R36/37 - Irritating to eyes andrespiratory system.

H-statements:H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour; H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H302 - Harmful if swallowed;H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May causerespiratory irritation.

Flammable Harmful

Applications 109

SourceThe main method is by the conversion of Ethanol andFormic acid over a catalyst. The formed water is extractedon a continuous base for the formed Ethyl formate.

ApplicationsEthyl formate is used as flavour for lemonade andessences, it has a typical smell associated with rum.Ethyl formate is considered to be a GRAS (= generallyconsidered as safe) additive by the EPA.

In industry, it is used as a solvent for cellulose nitrate,cellulose acetate, oils, and greases. It can be used as asubstitute for acetone. In the pharmaceutical industry iswidely used as a fragrance or used in chemical synthesis.

Ethyl formate can be used as fumigant for dried fruits,tobacco, cereals, fresh fruit, cut flowers and many more.

FOODCHEM PHARMA R&DMANUF

110 Gases

Fluorine F2CAS: 7782-41-4 EC: 231-954-8 UN: 1045 ADR Class 2, 1TOC DOT Class 2.3

Fluorine 1.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >98%

HF N2+O2

<5,000 <10,000


15 °C: 28.6 bar(a) 70 °F: 398.9 psi(g)

Characteristics Pale yellow gas with sharp odour. Ignites most organic materials and metals. Highly corrosive. See comprehensive handling directives.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases:R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire;R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated.

Oxidizing Very toxic Corrosive

Applications 111

SEMICHEM MANUF METAL PETRO

SourceFluorine is prepared by electrolyzing a solution ofpotassium fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.

ApplicationsThe primary use for fluorine is in the refining of uranium.During the process fluorine is reacted with uranium toproduce uranium hexafluoride which may then be purified inthe gaseous state before being converted back to uranium.

Fluorine is also required in the production of a variety offluorinated compounds such as sulphur hexafluoride,boron trifluoride, and metal fluorides.

Fluorine is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121)and excimer lasers.

Fluorine is used for fluorination in the production of:– fluorinated hydrocarbons (Freon®, Forane®, etc) and

plastics (Teflon®, Kel-F®, etc)– fluorosilicates used to opacify and reduce the viscosity

of certain glasses

– perfluoroacids used to obtain wetting agents – inorganic fluorinated compounds such as tungsten

hexafluoride used for metal coatings, iodinepentafluoride used in the manufacture of specialfabrics, antimony pentafluoride used to replacetetraethyl lead in automobile fuels.

When diluted to a concentration of about 1% in nitrogen,fluorine is used during the blow moulding of polyethylenecontainers to create an impervious barrier on the innerwalls of the blown vessels. These containers are then moresuitable for storage of solvents and many other chemicals.

Flourine is used for chamber cleaning in semiconductorindustry.

AUTO R&D

112 Gases

Fluoromethane CH3F, Methyl fluoride, R-41CAS: 593-53-3 EC: 209-796-6 UN: 2454 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Fluoromethane 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

H2O

<500


15 °C: 29.55 bar(a) 70 °F: 485.8 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with a sweet odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 33.56 at 70 °F, [psi] 500.5

Flammability range in air, [% volume]: >0 – 22.2



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Extremelyflammable

Applications 113

SourceFluoromethane is prepared by heating fluorosulphonicacid methyl esther with potassium fluoride.

ApplicationsFluoromethane is used in plasma etching of siliconcompound films in semiconductor manufacturing.

Fluoromethane has previously been used as a propellant.

SEMIMANUF R&D

Note:Fluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocolon Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


114 Gases

Helium He, R-704CAS: 7440-59-7 EC: 231-168-5UN: 1046 (Compressed); 1963 (Refrigerated liquid)


Chemical helium 4.6Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.996%

O2 CnHm H2O

<5 <1 <5

Scientific helium 6.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9999%

O2 N2 H2 CnHm H2O

<0.2 <0.4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,640 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




SourceThe primary source of helium is from natural gas wells. It is obtained by a liquefaction and stripping operation.

Due to the world shortage in helium, many applicationshave recovery systems to reclaim the helium.

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Applications 115

METAL

ApplicationsHelium is inert and the least soluble of all gases in liquidsand is therefore used as a pressurization gas for:– cryogenic rocket propellants in space/missile applications– heavy water in nuclear reactors– for all liquids at room or low temperatures.

Being inert, helium is used as a constituent in neutralatmospheres e.g., in heat treatment applications requiringa protective atmosphere.

Helium is used extensively in the welding industry as an inert shielding gas for arc welding. It is also used inconjunction with helium (“leak”) detectors to test theintegrity of fabricated components and systems.

Helium is used as a combined cooling and shieldingmedium for the pulling of optical fibres.

Helium is used for cooling of uranium rods in nuclear reactors.

Helium is used in various types of gas lasers as a buffer or carrier gas.

Gas mixtures of helium and hydrocarbons are also used as fill gases for nuclear counters.

Helium is used in mixtures with neon and argon for fillingelectronic tubes such as the familiar neon sign.

Various mixtures of helium and oxygen are used asbreathing gases for divers who must work at great depthsand therefore high pressures. The use of helium to dilutethe oxygen instead of nitrogen, as in air, prevents nitrogenbeing dissolved in the blood, which is the cause of nitrogennarcosis (also known as “bends”).

Helium is used to fill large balloons for upper atmosphereand cosmic ray studies. Small helium balloons are used byweather forecasters to carry meteorological instruments.

Due to nonflammability and low density it is ideal forfilling toy balloons (in mixtures with nitrogen), airplanetyres, advertising blimps, geostationary balloons (certainprojects are under way for the realization of balloonsdesigned to serve as television transmission andobservation relays).

Helium mixtures with hydrocarbons are used in flushingGeiger counters used for the detection of α, β, γ and X-rays.

Helium is used as a propellant in the “helium cannon”used in model firing tunnels. It also finds use as a workinggas in some hypersonic wind tunnels.

Helium is used as a carrier gas or as a purge gas for avariety of semiconductor processes.

Helium is used as a calibration gas and a balance gas incalibration mixtures. It is also used as carrier gas in gaschromatography. It is used as a purge gas and a zero(span) gas for analytical instruments.

Helium is used for epitaxial crystal growth (inert atmosphere).

Helium is also used for vacuum breaking in heat treatmentfurnaces.

Helium is also used as airbag inflating gas in high pressurecapsules.

Helium is used to create inert furnace atmospheres inspecial glass processing, and processing of valuable metals.

Helium is used for degassing in high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC).

Liquid helium is used to cool the superconductive magnetsin NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) for analytical ormedical purposes and in the R&D to study processes aroundabsolute Zero.

ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL OEM R&D SEMIAUTO

116 Gases

Hexafluoroethane C2F6, Perfluoroethane, R-116CAS: 76-16-4 EC: 200-939-8 UN: 2193 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Hexafluoroethane 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99%

CnHm O2 H2O CO + CO2

<50 <10 <5 <1


15 °C: 27 bar(a) 70 °F: 375.6 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 30.01 at 70 °F, [psi] 435.3




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R-phrases: H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.

Applications 117

SourceHexafluoroethane may be obtained as a by-product of CFCproduction, or by direct fluorination of ethane.

ApplicationsHexafluoroethane may be used as a raw material for the production of monomers, as well as in chemicalreactions requiring the introduction of fluorine atoms in other molecules.

Hexafluoroethane is used in electrical and electronicequipment as a gaseous dielectric.

Hexafluoroethane is used for dry etching of silicon dioxideand for stripping photoresist.

Hexafluoroethane (R-116) is used as a refrigerant in certain low temperature applications and as a componentin some refrigerant blends.

Hexafluoroethane is used as a propellant.

Hexafluoroethane is also used as a gaseous insulator.

CHEM ENERGY MANUF PETRO SEMIR&D

Note:Hexafluoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


118 Gases

Hydrogen H2, R-702CAS: 1333-74-0 EC: 215-605-7UN: 1049 (Compressed); 1966 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 1F (Compressed); DOT Class 2.13F (Refrigerated liquid)

Instrument hydrogen 4.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.995%

O2 H2O

<5 <5

Scientific hydrogen 6.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9999%

O2 N2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O

<0.2 <0.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,400 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 119

FOODCHEM ENERGY MANUF

SourceHydrogen is most frequently produced for on-site usage by steam reforming of natural gas. Such plants may also be used as sources of hydrogen for the merchant market.Other sources are the chlor-alkali process that electrolyses

sodium chloride solution to produce chlorine, and variouswaste gas recovery plants, such as at oil refineries or steelplants (coke oven gas). Hydrogen is also produced byelectrolysis of water.

ApplicationsHigh purity hydrogen finds widespread usage in theelectronics industry as a reducing agent and as a carrier gas.

High purity hydrogen is used as a carrier gas in gaschromatography.

Hydrogen finds some usage in the welding and cutting of metals.

Hydrogen is used in large quantities, (bulk supply or on-site generation) for the hydrogenation of vegetable andanimal oils to produce margarine and other fats, hydro -treatment of petroleum products, and hydrosulphurationof fuels in order to eliminate sulphur.

Hydrogen in large quantities is used in petrochemicalprocesses that include hydrodealkylation,hydrodesulphur ization, hydrotreatment.

Hydrogen is used in leak testing applications.

Hydrogen is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121).

Hydrogen is used extensively in the metals industriesbecause of its ability to reduce metal oxides and preventoxidation of metals during heat treatment. It may be usedeither pure, as is often the case when heat treatingstainless steel, or in a mixture with inert gases, argon or nitrogen. It is used in the production of carbon steels,special metals and semiconductors.

Hydrogen is used for combustion;– in industry, it is used to supply oxygen-hydrogen

torches for glass working (quartz, Pyrex®, etc), in thefabrication of artificial precious stones (ruby, etc), andfor under water oxycutting

– in the laboratory, it is used in analyzer flames, reducing flame photometry detection instruments,flame ionization detection instruments, and fuel cells.

Extremely pure hydrogen is used in the chemical industryfor fine reduction processes.

Liquefied hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel. In the laboratoryliquid hydrogen is employed for solid physics research.

In the nuclear industry para-hydrogen is employed to fillbubble chambers.

In electrical power plants hydrogen is used as a coolantgas in turbogenerators.

Hydrogen is used for synthesis of ammonia.

Hydrogen is used as a reagent to produce high purity water.

Hydrogen is used as fuel in fuel cell applications.

Hydrogen is used as component in gas mixtures.

METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI

120 Gases

Hydrogen bromide HBrCAS: 10035-10-6 EC: 233-113-0 UN: 1048 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Hydrogen bromide 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

HCl

<2,000


15 °C: 19 bar(a) 70 °F: 320 psi(g)

Characteristics Highly corrosive. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under humid conditions.





Vapour pressure: at 0 °C, [bar] 13 at 32 °F, [psi] 187.9

at 20 °C, [bar]: 21.8 at 70 °F, [psi] 324.57




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R-phrases:R35 - Causes severe burns; R37 - Irritating to respiratorysystem.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H314 - Causes severe skin burnsand eye damage; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation.

Corrosive

Applications 121

SourceHydrogen bromide is obtained as a by-product during thebromination of organic compounds such as bromomethane.

ApplicationsHydrogen bromide is used both as a reagent and as acatalyst in a variety of organic reactions. It is also used for the preparation of numerous inorganic bromides.

Hydrogen bromide is also used for hydrobromination(chemical and pharmaceutical industries) and halogen

lamps (so called “iodine” automobile headlights,electrostatic photocopy machine lamps, etc).

Hydrogen bromide is used in the manufacturing ofsemiconductors as an etchant.

MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMICHEM

122 Gases

Hydrogen chloride HClCAS: 7647-01-0 EC: 231-595-7 UN: 1050 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Chemical hydrogen chloride 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

N2 + Ar

<8,000

Scientific hydrogen chloride 4.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.995%

O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm H2O

<1 <2 <1 <5 <1 <2


15 °C: 37 bar(a) 70 °F: 613 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Corrosive in humid conditions.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 42.02 at 70 °F, [psi] 625.37




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R-phrases:R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causessevere skin burns and eye damage.

Toxic Corrosive

Applications 123

SourceHydrogen chloride is normally prepared in commercialquantities by the direct combination of chlorine andhydrogen. This is achieved by ”burning” chlorine in anatmosphere of hydrogen. Most of the hydrogen chloride

produced in this way is normally dissolved directly inwater to produce hydrochloric acid, but some companiescollect the anhydrous hydrogen chloride.

ApplicationsHydrogen chloride is used to remove the remaining fibresfrom cotton seeds after the cotton wool has been separatedand before the seed is stored for resowing next season.Hydrogen chloride is used to separate cotton from wood.

Hydrogen chloride is used in the manufacture of inorganicchlorides.

Hydrogen chloride is used as the chlorine donor inexcimer lasers.

Hydrogen chloride is used to promote and regeneratecatalysts in the petrochemical industry, and to addviscosity to oils.

Hydrogen chloride is used for hydrochlorinations (e.g.,production of chloromethane) and oxychlorinations (e.g., production of chloroethene). It is also used to produce chlorosulfonic acid and synthetic rubbers.

Hydrogen chloride is used as a thermal etchant to removematerial from unmasked areas and to prepare wafersurfaces for epitaxial deposition.

High purity hydrogen chloride gas is widely used in theelectronics industry. It is a chlorine carrier produced byhigh temperature cracking. It is used in the followingapplications:– scouring furnaces (quartz chambers)– dissolved in water as aqueous cleaning agent to

prepare metal surfaces for electro plating– selective etching of windows in electronic microcircuits– carrier for non-volatile elements in the form of

gaseous chloride.

Hydrogen chloride is used in pharmaceutical synthesis.

Hydrogen chloride is also used for production of hard metals.

MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMICHEM METAL

124 Gases

Hydrogen cyanide HCN, Hydrocyanic acidCAS: 74-90-8 EC: 200-821-6 UN: 1051 ADR Class 6.1, TF1 DOT Class 6.1

Chemical hydrogen cyanide 2.0 (stabilized)Impurity [%] – Purity >99.9%

H2SO4 or H3PO4 (Stabilizer)

<0.95


Characteristics Flammable. Colourless gas with the characteristic odour of bitter almonds. Slightly lighter than air.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 0.83 at 70 °F, [psi] 12.04




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may causelong-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

H-statements:H224 - Extremely flammable liquid and vapour; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic lifewith long lasting effects.

Extremelyflammable


Applications 125

SourceThe main method of manufacturing hydrogen cyanide isby reacting methane, ammonia and air over a platinumcatalyst at 1,000-2,000°C.

Many fruits with a pit such as almonds, apples, apricotscontain small levels of HCN.

ApplicationsHydrogen cyanide is an important building block in themanufacture of:– acrylonitrile– acrylates– pharmaceuticals

The largest use is in the manufacture of acrylonitrile, but it is also used in the manufacture of methylmethacrylate, adiponitrile (for nylon), sodium cyanide and small amounts of ferrocyanudes.

HCN is used as component in calibration gases forenvironmental control of coal fired power plants.

HCN is also used as a fumigant in certain geographies.

FOODCHEM PHARMA R&DMANUF OEM

126 Gases

Hydrogen fluoride HFCAS: 7664-39-3 EC: 231-634-8 UN: 1052 ADR Class 8, CT1 DOT Class 8

Hydrogen fluoride 4.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.995%

H2SiF6 SO2 H2SO4

<15 <15 <25


15 °C: 0.9 bar(a) 70 °F: 0 psi(g)

Characteristics Highly corrosive. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under humid conditions.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.04 at 70 °F, [psi] 15.48




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R-phrases:R26/27/28 - Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skinand if swallowed; R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H310 - Fatal in contact with skin;H300 - Fatal if swallowed; H314 - Causes severe skinburns and eye damage.

Very toxic Corrosive

Applications 127

SourceHydrogen fluoride is prepared industrially by reactingtogether sulphuric acid and fluorspar (CaF2).

ApplicationsHydrogen fluoride is used:– to produce fluorine– to process uranium isotopes– as a fluorinating agent to produce a variety of organic

and inorganic chemicals.– to manufacture low-ash content analytical filter paper– for pickling of electronic components– for etching in the production of semiconductor

integrated circuits– for etching and polishing glass– to prepare fluoridized compounds– for polymerization and hydrolytic reactions– for manufacturing of aluminium fluoride and

synthetic cryolite (Sodium alumina fluoride Na3AlF6).

Hydrogen fluoride is used as a fumigant.

Hydrogen fluoride is used in hydrogen fluoride lasers(HF/DF – hydrogen fluoride/deuterium fluoride – lasers)which is an infrared chemical laser that can delivercontinuous output power in the megawatt range.

It also serves as a catalyst in alkylation, acylation andisomerization reactions, and as a dehydrating agent incyclization reactions.

FOODCHEM MANUF METAL PETRO R&D SEMI

128 Gases

Hydrogen iodide HI, Hydroiodic acidCAS: 10034-85-2 EC: 233-109-9 UN: 2197 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Hydrogen iodide 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%


15 °C: 6 bar(a) 70 °F: 88.6 psi(g)

Characteristics Highly corrosive. Liquefied colourless gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive underhumid conditions.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 6.91 at 70 °F, [psi] 100.2




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R-phrases:R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H314 - Causes severe skin burnsand eye damage.

Corrosive

Applications 129

SourceThe industrial preparation of hydrogen iodide involves thereaction of I2 with hydrazine, which also yields nitrogen gas.

ApplicationsHydrogen iodide is used in semiconductor dry etchingapplications.

Hydrogen iodide is used in organic and inorganicsynthesis as one of the primary sources of iodine and as a reducing agent.

R&D SEMICHEM

130 Gases

Hydrogen sulphide H2S


Chemical hydrogen sulphide 1.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >98%

H2O

<4,000

Hydrogen sulphide 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999%

O2 N2 CH4 H2O

<2 <5 <0.5 <1


15 °C: 16 bar(a) 70 °F: 252 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Extremely offensive odour, liquefied gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 18.40 at 70 °F, [psi] 274.52




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation;R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.

Extremelyflammable


Applications 131

PETROMANUFENERGY

SourceHydrogen sulphide occurs as a by-product from manychemical processes. It is an off-gas in the production ofviscose rayon, synthetic rubber, various petroleum products,

and dyes, as well as leather processing. It can also bemanufactured by treatment of many metallic sulphides with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid.

ApplicationsSmall quantities of hydrogen sulphide are used as adopant for indium phosphide and gallium arsenidesemiconductors, and as a precursor for the growth of zinc sulphide semiconductors.

Hydrogen sulphide is used for metal separation, removalof metallic impurities, and for preparation of metallicsulphides. In hot wire galvanizing it is used in conjunctionwith natural gas to speed up the galvanizing process.

Hydrogen sulphide is used to regenerate certain types ofcatalyst used in the petrochemical industry.

Hydrogen sulphide is used in calibration mixtures for thepetrochemical industry.

Hydrogen sulphide is used in mixtures for emission controlapplications.

Hydrogen sulphide is used as an analytical reagent inchemical analysis.

Hydrogen sulphide is used for preparation of phosphorsoil additives and for production of additives for highpressure lubricants and cutting oils.

Hydrogen sulphide is used in the chemical industry forproduction of sulphurated compounds, as mercaptans,sulphides, etc.

Hydrogen sulphide is also used as a solvent and as anodorant in town gas.

Hydrogen sulphide is used in the separation of heavy water,from normal water in some nuclear power stations.

Hydrogen sulphide is used for surface treatment of metals.

METAL PHARMA R&D SEMICHEM

132 Gases

Krypton Kr, R-784CAS: 7439-90-9 EC: 231-098-5UN: 1056 (Compressed); 1970 (Refrigerated liquid)


Krypton 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99%

O2 CnHm H2O N2

<10 <5 <5 <30

Halocarbon free krypton 5.3Impurities [ppb] – Purity >99.9993%

O2 N2 H2 Xe Ar COx SF6 CF4 C2F6 CnHm H2O

<0.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 <0.1 <1


15 °C: 130 bar(a) 70 °F: 1,900 psi(g)







at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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Applications 133

MANUF MEDICAL OEM R&D

SourceKrypton is obtained from air separation plants. In view of itsvery low natural concentration in air, it is only economicallyviable to recover krypton from larger plants. In these cases

a stream containing a mixture of crude krypton and xenonis extracted from the plant and processed in a separatepurification and distillation system.

ApplicationsKrypton is used in various research programmes.

Krypton is used for certain ion lasers and in mixtures withhalides and helium or neon for excimer laser applications.

Krypton is used in incandescent lamps, mixed withnitrogen and argon or nitrogen, argon and xenon. Kryptonis also used in mixtures with argon as a filling gas forfluorescent tubes.

Krypton is used as a filling gas for various halogen lamps,such as those used in cars, on airfields and in low voltagedisplay lamps.

In laboratories krypton is used for calibration standards formass spectrometry and specific area measurements inadsorption applications.

In neurology krypton is used to obtain brain X-ray pictures.

Krypton is used as a triggering agent in discharge typeelectronic tubes (e.g., TFT screens; TFT LCD = Thin-FilmTransistor Liquid Chrystal Display).

Krypton is also used as insulation gas in windows toreduce noise and heat transfer.

SEMI

134 Gases

Methane CH4, R-50CAS: 74-82-8 EC: 200-812-7UN: 1971 (Compressed); 1972 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 1F (Compressed); DOT Class 2.13F Refrigerated liquid)

Chemical methane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm

<3,000

Scientific methane 5.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9995%

O2 + N2 Other CnHm H2O

<5 <1 <1


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,400 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless and odourless gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.

Extremelyflammable

Applications 135

SourceMethane is the principal constituent of natural gas(typically natural gas is 87% methane). It is thereforecommonly produced by purifying natural gas.

Pure methane may also be obtained from the cracking ofpetroleum fractions.

ApplicationsMethane is used as a heating fuel for domestic purposesand above all for industrial heating:– in the steel industry, with open hearth furnaces, in

the presence of fuel oil, and in reheating furnaces for semi-products prior to rolling or forging, oxycuttingof metal, for heat treatment of nonferrous metals, andsupply to infrared heating elements used for surfacetreatment

– in thermal power plants– in glass making, annealing kilns for pharmaceutical

ampoules, ceramic kilns– in the textile industry– in the chemical industry, petrochemical furnaces,

heating of tanks containing resins for paints,vulcanization of plastics

– in food and farm industries, coffee roasting ovens, malt drying in breweries, dehydration of plant fodder,powdered milk production

– in cement plants– in paper mills

Methane was employed in the gas batteries used by theApollo space missions.

High purity methane is used as a fuel gas in flamephotometers.

When mixed with argon or xenon, methane is used as agas filling for proportional counters and other types ofradiation detectors.

As natural gas it is also used as fuel for vehicles.

In the chemical field, methane serves as a raw material forthe production of methanol, synthetic ammonia, acetylene,carbon black, carbon disulphide, hydrocyanic acid,chloromethane, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachlorideand chloroform.

In the steel industry, natural gas is used for direct reductionof powdered minerals, and to produce hard metal.

Methane finds extensive use in various mixtures forquality control laboratories in the petrochemical and fuelgas industries.

Methane is used in gas cooled nuclear reactors. Themethane is used to dope the carbon dioxide coolant inorder to prevent erosion of the carbon control rods in thenuclear core.

Methane is used for efficiency testing of gas burners andengines.

Methane is also used in synthetic town gas mixtures.

Methane mixtures are commonly used for calibrations inthe automotive industry and in the environmental field.

Methane mixed with argon is used as make-up gas inelectro chemical detectors (EC-detectors).

FOODENERGYCHEM MANUF METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&DAUTO

Note:Methane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, aninternational Framework Convention with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases.


136 Gases

Methanethiol CH3SH, Methyl mercaptanCAS: 74-93-1 EC: 200-822-1 UN: 1064 ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3

Chemical methanethiol 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other S-comp.

<5,000


15 °C: 1.4 bar(a) 70 °F: 15 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied, gas with strong repugnant odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.70 at 70 °F, [psi] 25.67




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation;R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may causelong-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic lifewith long lasting effects.

Extremelyflammable


Applications 137

CHEM

SourceMethanethiol is manufactured by reaction betweenhydrogen sulphide and methanol. The reaction is usuallycarried out over solid acidic catalysts at elevatedtemperatures.

ApplicationsMethanethiol has been used in organic synthesis and is an intermediate for jet fuel, fungicides, and methionine.

Methanethiol as an additive to improve qualities ofelastomers.

Methanethiol is also used as an odorant in a variety ofodourless gases to allow easy leak detection.

PETRO PHARMA R&DMANUFFOOD

138 Gases

Methylamine (CH3)NH2, Aminomethane, R-630CAS: 74-89-5 EC: 200-820-0 UN: 1061 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chemical aminomethane 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

H2O

<3,000


15 °C: 2.5 bar(a) 70 °F: 29 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with ammonia/fish-like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 2.96 at 70 °F, [psi] 44.63




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R20 - Harmful by inhalation; R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin; R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes.


Extremelyflammable

Harmful

Applications 139

SourceMethylamine is prepared commercially either by areaction between methanol and ammonia, or by areaction between a carbonyl compound and ammonia.

Dimethylamine and trimethylamine are also formed in the same reaction and the three products are separatedby distillation.

ApplicationsMethylamine is an intermediate in the synthesis ofpharmaceuticals (e.g. theophylline), pesticides (carbaryl,sodium methane, carbofuran), surfactants, photographic

developers, explosives, and solvents such as n-methyl-2-pirrolidone.

CHEM PETRO PHARMA R&DFOOD MANUF

140 Gases

Methyl vinyl ether C3H6O, Methoxyethene, Vinyl methyl ether CAS: 107-25-5 EC: 203-475-4 UN: 1087 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Methoxyethene 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

H2O

<1,000


15 °C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 °F: 11.6 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied and colourless gas with a sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.74 at 70 °F, [psi] 26.27




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 141

R&DCHEM MANUF

SourceMethyl vinyl ether is obtained commercially by avinylation reaction, by treating ethyne (acetylene) withmethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide.

It is also prepared by converting acetaldehyde intodimethoxyethane, and subjecting the acetal to pyrolysis.

ApplicationsMethyl vinyl ether is used as an intermediate in organicsynthesis.

Methyl vinyl ether is used to prepare homopolymers and copolymers.

Methyl vinyl ether is used as plasticizer for nitrocelluloseand other plastics.

PETRO

142 Gases

Neon Ne, R-720CAS: 7440-01-9 EC: 231-110-9UN: 1065 (Compressed); 1913 (Refrigerated liquid)


Neon 4.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.995%

O2 N2 He H2O CnHm

<2 <5 <20 <3 <0.2

Plasma neon 5.3Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9993%

O2 N2 He H2O CnHm

<1 <2 <3 <2 <0.1


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,000 psi(g)







at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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Applications 143

MANUF MEDICAL OEM R&D

SourceNeon is obtained from air separation plants. In view of itsvery low natural concentration in air, it is only economicallyviable to recover neon from larger air separation plants. In

these cases small quantities of neon are recovered bysplitting a crude neon stream from the plant and processingthis in a separate purification and distillation system.

ApplicationsNeon is used as a filling gas in: – spark chamber particle detectors, in mixtures with

helium and other particle detectors– Geiger tubes and other detectors– fluorescent lamps – sodium discharge lamps– digital display tubes (Dixie tubes)– stroboscope lights– signs, in mixtures with argon (hence the term

Neon Lights)– low consumption glow lamps (night lights)– filament lamps– telephone line surge arrestors

Neon is also used as either a buffer gas or the activemedium in various types of gas lasers such ashelium/neon, excimer and copper vapour lasers.

Neon is used as a carrier gas in chromatography forspecial applications.

Neon-oxygen breathing mixtures are used in diving, withthe advantage of not causing vocal deformation.

Liquid neon is employed in the following applications:– liquid hydrogen replacement studies at about 30 K to

satisfy safety considerations– cryo-sorption and cryo-pumping– nuclear particle detection in bubble chambers.– lung diffusion gas.

Neon is used in plasma TV screens.

SEMI

144 Gases

Nitric oxide NO, Nitrogen monoxideCAS: 10102-43-9 EC: 233-271-0 UN: 1660 ADR Class 2, 1 TOC DOT Class 2.3

Chemical nitric oxide 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

N2+NxOy comp.

<10,000

Scientific nitric oxide 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity > 99.9%

N2+NxOy comp. SO2 H2O

<1,000 <100 <50


15 °C: 30 bar(a) 70 °F: 500 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless gas with slight odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases:R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire;R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.

H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; H270 - May cause or intensify fire;oxidiser; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severeskin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to therespiratory tract.

Oxidizing Very toxic Corrosive

Applications 145

ENERGYAUTO CHEM MEDICAL OEM PETRO R&D SEMI

SourceNitric oxide is produced by treating nitric acid with a reducing agent.

ApplicationsNitric oxide is used as a polymerization inhibitor.

Mixtures of nitric oxide, often in the ppm, or even ppb,range are used to test and calibrate pollution and emissioncontrol analyzers.

Nitric oxide is used in the preparation of standardmixtures employed in controlling atmospheric pollution.

Nitric oxide is used in the bleaching of rayon fabrics.

Nitric oxide is used for oxidation of semiconductors in theelectronic industry.

Nitric oxide is used – for chemical synthesis– in preparation of metal nitryl carbonyls.

Nitric oxide mixtures have been used therapeutically inhumans for several medical indications.

146 Gases

Nitrogen N2, R-728CAS: 7727-37-9 EC: 231-783-9UN: 1066 (Compressed); 1977 (Refrigerated liquid)


Chemical nitrogen 4.6Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.996%

O2 H2O

<5 <5

Scientific nitrogen 6.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9999%

O2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O

<0.2 <0.2 <0.1 <0.5


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,640 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless and odourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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Applications 147

SourceNitrogen is produced in large quantities at air separationplants which liquefy and subsequently distil air intonitrogen, oxygen and argon. If very high purity nitrogen is required the nitrogen produced may need to go through

a secondary purification process. The lower range ofnitrogen purities can also be produced with membranetechniques, and medium to high purities with pressureswing adsorption (PSA) techniques.

ApplicationsNitrogen is used in large quantities in the chemicalindustry for blanketing, purging and pressure transfer of flammable chemicals.

High purity nitrogen is used in large quantities by thesemiconductor industry as a purge or carrier gas as wellas for blanketing equipment such as furnaces when not in production.

Nitrogen is used as a purge gas.

Nitrogen is commonly used as carrier gas in gaschromatography.

Nitrogen is used as zero gas for analytical instruments.

Nitrogen is commonly used as a balance gas in mixtures.

Nitrogen is used in the electronic industry for inerting ofepitaxial reactors.

Nitrogen is used in mixtures with carbon dioxide for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of food stuffs.

Nitrogen is used extensively, either pure or, morecommonly, in a mixture with a reducing gas such ashydrogen or natural gas, to provide an oxygen freeatmosphere during heat treatment of various metals.

Nitrogen is used in the Haber-Bosch process forproduction of ammonia.

Nitrogen is used as a fire extinguishing gas in mines.

Nitrogen is used to fill tires to reduce wear and limit therisks of blow-outs.

Liquid nitrogen is used in cold traps to improve theefficiency of vacuum pumps by condensing or solidifyingresidual gases in the vacuum.

Liquid nitrogen may be used for shrink fitting of closetolerance components.

Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze a wide variety of delicatefood, such as hamburgers, strawberries, shrimps etc.

Liquid nitrogen may also be used for cryogenic grinding ofplastics, rubbers and some other chemicals products.

Liquid nitrogen is used in the nuclear industry, forscientific research.

Liquid nitrogen is used to store biological materials liketissue, cells etc.

Liquid nitrogen is also used for cryo surgery.

Liquid nitrogen is used in the area of superconductivity.

Nitrogen is used in Liquid chromatography-massspectrometry.

FOODCHEM ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI

148 Gases

Nitrogen dioxide NO2

CAS: 10102-44-0 EC: 233-272-6 UN: 1067 ADR Class 2, 2TOC DOT Class 2.3

Chemical nitrogen dioxide 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

H2O

<1,000


15 °C: 0.8 bar(a) 70 °F: 0 psi(g)

Characteristics Reddish-brown liquefied gas with an asphyxiating odour. Corrosive in humid conditions. Heavy oxidizing agent. Mixtureswith organic materials can be explosive.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 0.96 at 70 °F, [psi] 14.66




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R-phrases:R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire;R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.

H-statements:H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated.

Oxidizing Very toxic

Applications 149

ENERGY

SourceIndustrial production of nitrogen dioxide employs theOstwald process (catalytic combustion of ammonia) and is the initial step in the production of nitric acid.

Other commercial processes for producing nitrogendioxide are the oxidation of nitrosyl chloride yieldingnitrogen dioxide and chlorine, and the treatment of

sodium nitrite with nitric acid and oxidation of theliberated nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide.

High purity nitrogen dioxide is obtained during theproduc tion of sodium nitrate from sodium chloride andnitric acid.

ApplicationsNitrogen dioxide is employed in the production ofcalibration standards used in the inspection of combustiongases in general.

Nitrogen dioxide is used in calibration mixtures for theautomotive industry.

Nitrogen dioxide is used in calibration mixtures forenvironmental monitoring in many process areas.

Nitrogen dioxide is used as rocket fuel.

Nitrogen dioxide is employed in the laboratory as anoxidizing agent.

Nitrogen dioxide is also used for chemical extraction andchemical synthesis.

AUTO CHEM OEM R&D

150 Gases

Nitrogen trifluoride NF3

CAS: 7783-54-2 EC: 232-007-1 UN: 2451 ADR Class 2, 2O DOT Class 2.2

Nitrogen trifluoride 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99%

H2O O2 N2 CO2 CF4 SF6 N2O

<5 <5 <50 <15 <50 <10 <10


15 °C: 19 bar(a) 70 °F: 261 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless gas with characteristic mouldy odour. Highly oxidizing at increased temperatures, can then ignite organicmaterial.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases:R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire;R20 - Harmful by inhalation.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser; H332 - Harmful if inhaled.

Oxidizing Harmful

Applications 151

SourceNitrogen trifluoride is prepared by the direct fluorinationof ammonia. It may also be obtained by electrolysis ofmolten ammonium bifluoride or by direct combination of

the elements nitrogen and fluorine using an electricaldischarge at low temperatures.

ApplicationsNitrogen trifluoride is used as a high speed, selectiveetchant in silicon processing. It has been used to etchsilicon, polysilicon, silicon nitride and silicon oxide as wellas refractory metals and silicides.

Its application to in-situ tube cleaning has been developed.

Nitrogen trifluoride has recently become of interest as anitrogen source gas for nitride deposition.

Nitrogen trifluoride is sometimes used as the fluorinesource in HF/DF (see page 121) chemical lasers.

Nitrogen trifluoride is used as a fluorinating agent.

Nitrogen trifluoride is also used for fibre treatment.

MANUF METAL R&D SEMICHEM

152 Gases

Nitrous oxide N2O, R-744ACAS: 10024-97-2 EC: 233-032-0UN: 1070; 2201 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 2O; DOT Class 2.23O (Refrigerated liquid)

Chemical nitrous oxide 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Air

<9,000

Scientific nitrous oxide 4.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.998%

O2 N2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O

<10 <20 <6 <1 <5


15 °C: 46 bar(a) 70 °F: 745 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless and odourless gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 58.5 at 70 °F, [psi] 848.5




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R-phrases:R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire.

H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser.

Oxidizing

Applications 153

ENERGY FOOD

SourceNitrous oxide is obtained most commonly by the thermaldecomposition of ammonium nitrate. It may also beobtained by controlled reduction of nitrites or nitrates,

by the slow decomposition of hyponitrites, or by thethermal decomposition of hydroxylamine.

ApplicationsNitrous oxide (often called “laughing gas”) is commonlyused as a general anaesthetic in both medical and dentalsurgeries. To be effective as an anaesthetic, nitrous oxidemust be inhaled in relatively high concentrations mixedwith air or oxygen.

Nitrous oxide serves in industry as a leak detector forvacuum and pressurized enclosures, buried piping, etc.

Nitrous oxide is used as an oxygen source in the chemicalvapour deposition of silicon oxynitride layers.

Nitrous oxide is used in calibration mixtures forenvironmental control.

The nitrous oxide-acetylene flame is employed in thelaboratory for the analysis of refractory elements such asaluminium, vanadium, titanium and calcium oxides, byflame emission spectrometry. The use of this flame alsopermits determination of a certain number of trace metalsby atomic absorption spectrometry.

Nitrous oxide is used as an oxidizer in some types ofanalytical instruments.

Nitrous oxide may be used as an aerosol propellant invarious fields:– for whipped cream (because it improves the foaming

characteristics of the cream), syrups, concentrates ofcoffee, chocolate and various flavours, sauces forgrilled meats, vinaigrette etc.

– pharmaceutical field– cosmetics (perfumes, eau de cologne, hair spray, etc.)– household products, paints and varnishes, insecticides– aerosols for use at low temperature, such as de-icers,

engine starting boosters, etc.

Nitrous oxide is used as an oxygen enrichment medium forhigh performance internal combustion engines (Drag racing).

Nitrous oxide is used as raw material for the production ofrocket fuel.

Nitrous oxide is used in the production of optical fibre.

CHEMAUTO MANUF MEDICAL OEM PHARMA R&D SEMI

Note:Nitrous oxide is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, aninternational Framework Convention with the objective ofreducing greenhouse gases.


154 Gases

Octafluoropropane C3F8, Perfluoropropane, R-218CAS: 76-19-7 EC: 200-941-9 UN: 2424 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Scientific octafluoropropane 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

N2 + O2 Other halo-carbons H2O

<1,000 <3,000 <100


15 °C: 6.7 bar(a) 70 °F: 100 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless liquefied gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 7.69 at 70 °F, [psi] 115.05




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Applications 155

R&D

SourcePerfluoroalkanes can be produced by a variety of routes.Indirect fluorination of hydrocarbons with cobalt (III)fluoride or silver (II) fluoride is carried out in a steel ornickel tube with stirring. The hydrocarbon vapours arepassed at 150–450 °C over the fluorinating agent, whichis regenerated in a fluorine stream. This process is suitablefor the production of perfluoroalkanes containing up to 20carbon atoms.

Perfluoroalkanes can also be produced electrochemicallyby the Phillips Petroleum process or the electrochemicalfluorination of organic compounds by the Simon’s process.

ApplicationsOctafluoropropane is useful for high-voltage insulation.

Octafluoropropane is used in mixture with oxygen insemiconductor applications as an etching material forsilicondioxide layers. Oxides are selectively etched versustheir metal substrates.

Octafluoropropane (R-218) is a component in refrigerationmixtures.

Octafluoropropane is also used for eye surgery.

ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL SEMI

Note:Octafluoropropane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


156 Gases

Oxygen O2, R-732CAS: 7782-44-7 EC: 231-956-9UN: 1072 (Compressed); 1073 (Refrigerated liquid)

ADR Class 2, 1O (Compressed); DOT Class 2.23O (Refrigerated liquid)

Chemical oxygen 3.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.95%

H2O

<5

Scientific oxygen 6.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9999%

N2 Ar CO CO2 CnHm H2O

<0.5 <1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5


15 °C: 200 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,640 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless and odourless gas. Many materials burn in oxygen that do not normally burn in air. Reduces the flash-pointtemperature and increases the combustion speed.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases:R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire.

H-statements:Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury; H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser.

Oxidizing

Applications 157

SourceOxygen is obtained on a commercial scale by theliquefaction and subsequent distillation of air. For veryhigh purity oxygen it is normally necessary to take theproduct from an air separation plant through a secondary

purification and distillation stage. Alternatively high purityoxygen may be produced by the electrolysis of water.Lower purities of oxygen can also be produced withmembrane technique.

ApplicationsMany oxidation reactions in the chemical industry usepure oxygen rather than air in order to benefit from higherreaction rates, easier product separation, higher yields, orsmaller equipment size.

High purity oxygen is used for the formation of silicondioxide and metal oxide, as an etchant for photoresist,and in mixtures with halocarbons for etching silicon.Oxygen is also used in conjunction with hydrogen to fueltorches for welding, brazing, glass blowing and tubesealing for a variety of electronic components such asreed relay switches.

High purity oxygen is used in conjunction with high puritymethane in Advanced Gas Cooled (AGR) nuclear reactorsto maintain an appropriate carbon balance in the (CO2)gas coolant in the nuclear core.

High purity oxygen is used in the optical fibre productionprocess.

Injecting oxygen into sewage treatment plants acceleratesthe decomposition of sewage.

Oxygen is used for chemical synthesis.

Oxygen is used as an oxidizer.

Oxygen is used to supplement or replace air in burnersused in many different industries in order to obtainincreased temperatures. Typical applications are found inthe steel, non-ferrous, glass and concrete industriesamongst many others.

Oxygen is used for flame sealing of glass ampoules forfinished products for the pharmaceutical industry and the chemical industry.

In the food industry, oxygen is used in the transportationof live fish and seafoods.

Oxygen is used for enrichment of air during fermentation.

Mixed with other gases, oxygen serves in the productionof breathable atmospheres (O2 + CO2: reanimation; O2 + Heor O2 + N2: underwater diving).

Oxygen is used in some cases for modified atmospherepackaging (MAP) of food stuffs. It is used either pure or in mixtures with carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen.

Liquid oxygen is used in liquid oxygen explosives, and asa comburent in space propulsion.

Oxygen is used in the medical field, as pure gas and in mixtures.

Oxygen is also used in calibration gas.

Oxygen is used in metal treating laser applications.

Oxygen is used in cutting and welding.

FOODENERGYCHEM MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA

R&D

SEMIAUTO

158 Gases

Phosgene COCl2, Carbonyl chloride, DichloromethanalCAS: 75-44-5 EC: 200-870-3 UN: 1076 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Phosgene 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

HCl + Cl2 <10,000


15 °C: 1.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 9.3 psi(g)

Characteristics Corrosive. Colourless, liquefied gas with a damp hay-like odour. Decomposes in water to hydrogen chloride and carbondioxide.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.59 at 70 °F, [psi] 24.0




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R-phrases:R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causessevere skin burns and eye damage.

Very toxic

Applications 159

MANUF

SourcePhosgene is obtained commercially by passing carbonmonoxide and chlorine over activated carbon. Theproduced phosgene is liquefied in a condenser and the

residual product gases are carefully scrubbed for removalof remaining phosgene.

ApplicationsPhosgene is used in organic synthesis to prepare:– acid chlorides– intermediate isocyanates in the preparation of

polyurethanes– polycarbonate resins– ethyl, isopropyl, diethylene glycol and n-butyl

chloroformiates– isopropyl phenylcarbonate, isopropyl

chlorophenylcarbonate, employed as insecticides,herbicides and pesticides

– dyes – pharmaceuticals – synthetic foams – polymers – urea and substituted ureas– carbodiimides

Phosgene also serves in the bleaching of sand for theglass industry. It is a chlorinating agent.

PETRO PHARMA R&DCHEM

160 Gases

Phosphine PH3, Hydrogen phosphideCAS: 7803-51-2 EC: 232-260-8 UN: 2199 ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3

Phosphine 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999%

O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm H2O AsH3

<1 <3 <1 <1 <2 <1 <2


15 °C: 37 bar(a) 70 °F: 507.4 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with an odour similar to rotten fish. Ignites spontaneously in air.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 35.16 at 70 °F, [psi] 522.11

Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Ignites.spontaneously



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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R17 - Spontaneouslyflammable in air; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burnsand eye damage; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.

Extremelyflammable


Applications 161

MANUF

SourcePhosphine may be prepared by a number of routesincluding hydrolysis of metal phosphides or directcombination of the elements under pressure.

ApplicationsPhosphine has been used as a fumigant to kill insectinfestation in grain silos.

Phosphine is used as an n-type dopant in the epitaxialdeposition and diffusion of silicon. It is also used for theepitaxial growth of InP and GaInAsP for the production ofsemiconductors.

Phosphine is used for charging of silica linings.

In the chemical industry, phosphine finds use in thepreparation of flame-retarding compounds.

Phosphine is used in mixtures in the halogen lampproduction.

SEMIFOODCHEM R&D

162 Gases

Propadiene C3H4, Allene, 1,2-PropadieneCAS: 463-49-0 EC: 207-335-3 UN: 2200 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Propadiene 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm H2O

<5,000 <100


15 °C: 5.5 bar(a) 70 °F: 80.0 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas with slightly sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 6.34 at 70 °F, [psi] 94.72




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable .


Extremelyflammable

Applications 163

R&D

SourcePropadiene is produced through the pyrolysis of isobutaneunder elevated temperature and controlled pressure.

Propadiene can also be obtained by debromination of 2,3-dibromopropene or dechlorination of 2,3-dichloropropene.

ApplicationsPropadiene is of interest mainly for organic synthesis and isused in the manufacture of pharmaceutical intermediates.

Propadiene is used as a component in calibration gasesfor the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

CHEM PHARMAPETRO

164 Gases

Propane C3H8, R-290CAS: 74-98-6 EC: 200-827-9 UN: 1978 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chemical propane 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm

<5,000

Scientific propane 3.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.95%

O2 S-comp. Other CnHm H2O

<10 <0.5 <300 <30


15 °C: 7.3 bar(a) 70 °F: 109 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 8.39 at 70 °F, [psi] 125.24




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 165

SourcePropane is a constituent of crude petroleum and naturalgas from which it is obtained by refining and processingoperations.

ApplicationsPropane is of interest as a specialty gas mainly in mixtures used to calibrate process control analyzers in the petrochemical industry. It is also used in its pure formas the fuel gas in flame photometers.

Propane is used: – for heating of industrial premises and apartments– as fuel supply to hot air generators used in farming for

drying harvests– for heating animal breeding areas– in hotels and restaurants – in portable heating units at work sites, markets, etc.– in the iron and steel industry: burners for heat

treatment furnaces, radiation panels for surfacetreatment, metal oxycutting

– in the chemical industry: burners for ceramic kilns, in paintwork finishing installations, incinerators inpetrochemical furnaces

– as a clean fuel for intra-plant vehicles, such as fork-lift trucks, where petrol fumes or soot would beconsidered unpleasant

– extensively as a refrigerant in chemical, petroleumrefining and gas processing operations

– as a refrigerant in high/medium/low temperature;commercial and industrial refrigeration and A/C

– in heat pumps, and mixed with iso-butane it is used inhigh/medium temperature refrigeration; commercialand domestic refrigeration

– in metallurgy to create controlled atmospheres. It isemployed in gaseous cementation processes

– as an aerosol propellant mixed with iso-butane.

Propane is one of the main components in liquid petroleumgas (LPG).

As a refrigerant it has the ASHRAE number R-290.

It is also used in small proportions as a component in somehydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons (HCFC,HFC) refrigerant blends for industrial and commercialrefrigeration and air conditioning applications in order to facilitate oil return in the system.

In the chemical industry propane is used in the production of:ethylene, propylene, which is an intermediate product in themanufacture of isopropanol, propylene oxide, propylene-glycol, acrolein, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, isopropylbenzene,allyl chloride, epichlorohydrin, and poly propylene.

Propane is used for efficiency testing of gas burners andengines, sometimes in combination with CO/CO2.

Propane is used in emission calibration mixtures for theautomotive industry.

Propane is used as a component in calibration gases forthe gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

FOODENERGYCHEM MANUF METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&DAUTO

166 Gases

Propene C3H6, Propylene, R-1270CAS: 115-07-1 EC: 204-062-1 UN: 1077 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Chemical propene 2.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.5%

Other CnHm H2O

<5,000 <50

Propene 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

Other CnHm

<1,000


15 °C: 9 bar(a) 70 °F: 136 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas with a sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations (stenchantoften added).






at 20 °C, [bar]: 10.24 at 70 °F, [psi] 152.86




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 167

SourcePropene is obtained during the refining of gasoline, andto a lesser extent by the splitting, cracking and reformingof hydrocarbon mixtures.

ApplicationsPropene is used principally in organic synthesis toproduce the following materials: – acetone– isopropylbenzene– isopropyl halides– propylene oxide– It is also polymerized to form polypropylene plastic

It is used as a refrigerant in high/medium/low temperatureapplications including commercial refrigeration and air-conditioning. It has the ASHRAE number R-1270.

Propene is used in mixtures for the calibration of processcontrol instruments in the petrochemical/chemicalindustry.

Propene is widely used as a chemical intermediate.

Propene is used in emission calibration mixtures for theautomotive industry.

Propene is used in the efficency testing of gas burnersand engines.

Propene is used as a component in calibration gases forthe chemical industry.

ENERGYCHEM MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&DAUTO

168 Gases

Propyne C3H4, Allylene, MethylacetyleneCAS: 74-99-7 EC: 200-828-4 UN: 1060 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Propyne 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Other CnHm

<10,000


15 °C: 4.4 bar(a) 70 °F: 59.4 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas with a garlic like odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.





Vapour pressure: at 0 °C, [bar] 2.55 at 32 °F, [psi] 36,92

at 20 °C, [bar]: 4.94 at 70 °F, [psi] 74.09




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Extremelyflammable

Applications 169

CHEM

SourcePropyne can be produced by thermal or catalytic pyrolysisof propene.

In cracked gas (for example, from steam cracking ofhydrocarbons) propyne, together with propadiene, can be

recovered by solvent extraction and enriched by lowtemperature fractional distillation of C3 mixtures, orremoved by selective hydrogenation.

ApplicationsPropyne is used in the chemical industry as a synthesisintermediate.

Propyne is used as a component in calibration gases forthe gas, oil as well as chemical industry.

PETRO PHARMA R&D

170 Gases

Silane SiH4, Silicon hydrideCAS: 7803-62-5 EC: 232-263-4 UN: 2203 ADR Class 2, 2F DOT Class 2.1

Silane 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99% – Resistivity >300 O/cm

SiH3Cl H2O O2 N2 CO + CO2 CnHm H2

<2 <2 <1 <20 <5 <5 <200

Silane 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999% – Resistivity >2,000 O/cm

SiH3Cl H2O O2 N2 CO + CO2 CnHm H2

<0.5 <1 <1 <3 <1 <0.5 <50


15 °C: 50–100 bar(a) 70 °F: 700 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless gas with repulsive odour. Forms white fumes at leakage. Mixtures with more than 3% silane ignites spontaneously in air.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –

Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Ignites.spontaneously



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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R17 - Spontaneouslyflammable in air.


Extremelyflammable

Applications 171

SourceSilane is produced by the reduction of silicon tetrachlorideby metal hydrides such as lithium or calcium aluminiumhydride.

Silane is produced by treatment of magnesium silicidewith hydrochloric acid.

ApplicationsSilane is used in the production of special glasses toprovide a reflective coating.

Silane is one of the basic materials of the siliconsemiconductor industry. It is used as a source of silicon for growing polycrystalline and epitaxial (monocrystalline)silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and doping of galliumarsenide.

Silane is also used as a dopant in the production ofcompound semiconductor devices, for chemical vapourdeposition of refractory metal silicides, and for depositionof amorphous silicon on photocopier drums.

Silane is also used in the production of photovoltaic cells.

Silane is used in the production process of optical fibres.

MANUF R&D SEMI

172 Gases

Silicon tetrachloride SiCl4, TetrachlorosilaneCAS: 10026-04-7 EC: 233-054-0 UN: 1818 ADR Class 8, C1 DOT Class 8

Silicon tetrachloride 3.5Impurities (by weight) – Purity > 99.95% – Resistivity >100 O/cm

SiHnClm Al B C Fe P + As

<600ppm <50ppb <0.2ppb <1ppb <25ppb <2ppb


15 °C: 0.21 bar(a) 70 °F: –10.9 psi(g)

Characteristics Liquefied and colourless gas with a pungent odour. Hydrolyses in moist air to form hydrogen chloride and silicon dioxide.

Hazard classificationsEC C&L EU GHS C&L Signal word: WARNING





at 20 °C, [bar]: 0.26 at 70 °F, [psi] 3.89




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R-phrases:R14 - Reacts violently with water; R36/37/38 - Irritatingto eyes, respiratory system and skin.

H-statements:EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; H319 - Causesserious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratoryirritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation.

Irritant

Applications 173

METAL

SourceSilicon tetrachloride is commonly obtained by lettingsilicon react with chlorine or more commonly silicon reactwith hydrogen chloride.

ApplicationsSilicon tetrachloride is used in the production of silicon,silicon dioxide, polysilanes and silicones.

Silicon tetrachloride is also used for surface treatment ofmetals and polymers.

Silicon tetrachloride can be used to produce smokescreens in warfare.

SEMIR&DCHEM MANUF

174 Gases

Silicon tetrafluoride SiF4, TetrafluorosilaneCAS: 7783-61-1 EC: 232-015-5 UN: 1859 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Silicon tetrafluoride 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99%

N2 O2 + Ar CO2 CO CH4 acidity (HF) As B P

<3 <1 <1 <0.5 <10 <50 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

Silicon tetrafluoride 5.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.999%

CO CO2 N2 O2 CnHm

<0.1 <2 <4 <0.5 <0.1


15 °C: 63 bar(a) 70 °F: 900 psi(g)

Characteristics Liquefied and colourless gas with a pungent odour. Hydrolyses in moist air to form hydrogen fluoride and silicon dioxide.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases:R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Cause severe burnes(eyes, respiratory system and skin).

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causessevere skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive tothe respiratory tract.

Toxic Corrosive

Applications 175

SEMIMETAL R&D

SourceCommercially silicon tetrafluoride is extracted as a by-product from the exhaust gases of the production ofphosphate fertilizers.

Silicon tetrafluoride is a by-product of the manufacture ofmonocrystalline silicon.

ApplicationsSilicon tetrafluoride is used to produce sodiumhexafluoroaluminate (synthetic cryolite) and aluminium fluoride.

Silicon tetrafluoride is used as a silicon source in themanufacture of optical fibres.

Silicon tetrafluoride is used for water fluoridation.

Silicon tetrafluoride is used for low temperature silicondeposition and for the plasma etching of aluminium in thesemiconductor industry.

ENERGYCHEM

176 Gases

Sulphur dioxide SO2

CAS: 7446-09-5 EC: 231-195-2 UN: 1079 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3

Chemical sulphur dioxide 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

H2O

<100

Scientific sulphur dioxide 3.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

H2O H2SO4

<50 <50


15 °C: 2.8 bar(a) 70 °F: 34 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, liquefied gas with pungent odour. Dry gas is not corrosive.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 3.36 at 70 °F, [psi] 50.67




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R-phrases:R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns.

H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causessevere skin burns and eye damage.

Toxic

Applications 177

FOODCHEM ENERGY MANUF METAL

SourceSulphur dioxide may be produced by a variety of routes,such as the combustion of sulphur or pyrites, alternativelyas a by-product of smelter operations.

It can also be prepared by the reaction of an acid on a metallic sulphide, or by the action of sulphuric aciddirectly on a metal such as copper.

ApplicationsSulphur dioxide is used in the manufacture of sulphite,hydrogen sulphites and sulphuric acid.

Sulphur dioxide is used in magnesium foundries asprotection gas (an alternative to SF6).

Sulphur dioxide is used as a bleaching agent particularlyfor certain types of dried food, and also to bleach glue,elation, sugar, textiles, fats and oils.

Sulphur dioxide is used to sterilize wine and beer makingequipment in order to inhibit the growth of moulds andbacteria, and to control wine fermentation. Sulphurdioxide may be used in a variety of disinfecting andfumigation applications.

Sulphur dioxide is used as a component in environmentalcalibration gases.

Sulphur dioxide is used in gas mixtures for car emissionmonitoring.

Sulphur dioxide is also used in the float glass manufacturingprocess.

Sulphur dioxide may be used: – as a refrigerant– in laboratory research on corrosion problems– to remove excess chlorine in textile bleaching and

water treatment– in preparation of chrome leather tanning– as a solvent.

Sulphur dioxide is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a reaction agent.

PETRO PHARMA R&DAUTO

178 Gases

Sulphur hexafluoride SF6CAS: 2551-62-4 EC: 219-854-2 UN: 1080 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Chemical sulphur hexafluoride 3.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9%*

Air CF4 acidity (HF) H2O

<500ppmw <400ppmw <0.3 <6


15 °C: 19 bar(a) 70 °F: 320 psi(g)

*Meets or exceeds ASTM D2472 & IEC specifications.

Characteristics Colourless and odourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 21.60 at 70 °F, [psi] 321.70




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Applications 179

MEDICAL

SourceSulphur hexafluoride is manufactured by direct fluorinationof pure (elemental) sulphur, generally by companies who

produce fluorine for other purposes such as the productionof fluorocarbons.

ApplicationsOne of the principal uses of sulphur hexafluoride is as aninsulating medium in circuit breakers, switch gear, powersubstations and gas insulated transmission lines. For theseapplications the gas used must meet or exceed ASTMD2472 and IEC specifications.

Sulphur hexafluoride is used as a plasma etching gas.

Sulphur hexafluoride is often used as a filling gas indouble glazing as it reduces the sound transmissions andthe heat transfer.

Certain HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121) use sulphurhexafluoride as the fluorine source. This type of laser isused mainly in R&D applications.

As sulphur hexafluoride is both inert and considerablydenser than air it is suitable for blanketing open baths ofcertain molten metals, particularly magnesium.

Sulphur hexafluoride is used in laboratories as a carriergas media in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), andas media in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for samplepreparation.

Sulphur hexafluoride is being used for medical purposessuch as a contrasting agent for ultrasound examinations,and in retinal surgery.

Sulphur hexafluoride is used in a wide variety ofapplications as a leak detection gas. Examples of thisapplication are aluminium beer barrels, water supplypipelines, and various aircraft and automobile parts.

Sulphur hexafluoride is also used:– as filling in loudspeakers– as tyre filling gas.

Sulphur hexafluoride is used as tracer gas to test theeffectiveness of a ventilation system.

AUTO ENERGY MANUF METAL R&D SEMI

Note:Sulphur hexafluoride is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


180 Gases

Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, R-134aCAS: 811-97-2 EC: 212-377-0 UN: 3159 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Chemical tetrafluoroethane 2.8Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.8%

Air

<2,000


15 °C: 4.9 bar(a) 70 °F: 110 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.



Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [°C] –26 at 14.5 psi, [°F] –14.78



at 20 °C, [bar]: 5.71 at 70 °F, [psi] 85.7




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Applications 181

MANUF PHARMA R&DPETRO

SourceTetrafluoroethane can be manufactured by diversefractional distillation of the initial substances carbontetrachloride and hydrofluoric acid.

ApplicationsTetrafluoroethane (R-134a) is used as a pure gas and as ablend component for refrigeration.

It also a propellant for aerosol and a blowing agent forextruded polystyrene foams.

Pharma grade tetrafluoroethane is used in Metered Doseaerosol Inhalers (MDI).

Note:Tetrafluoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


182 Gases

Tetrafluoromethane CF4, Carbon tetrafluoride, R-14CAS: 75-73-0 EC: 200-896-5 UN: 1982 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Chemical tetrafluoromethane 4.5Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.995%

Other halo-carbons H2O

<20 <5


15 °C: 110 bar(a) 70 °F: 2,000 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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Applications 183

SourceTetrafluoromethane (R-14) may be obtained by the directfluorination of carbon or by an electro-chemical processusing acetic acid dissolved in liquid hydrogen fluoride.

ApplicationsTetrafluoromethane (R-14) is used as a cryogenic fluid forvery low temperature applications.

Tetrafluoromethane (R-14) is also used as:– a neutral, inert gas– a refrigerant– heat transfer agent – solvent – propellant – chemical intermediate.

Tetrafluoromethane is used, either pure or mixed withoxygen, as an etchant for silicon oxide, silicon nitride,refractory metals, and metal silicides.

Tetrafluoromethane is used in the electronics industry forplasma degreasing of multilayer printed circuit boards.

Tetrafluoromethane is used in the optical fibre productionprocess.

CHEM MANUF R&D SEMI

Note:Tetrafluoromethane is controlled under The MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.


184 Gases

Trichlorosilane SiHCl3

CAS: 10025-78-2 EC: 233-042-5 UN: 1295 ADR Class 4.3, WFC DOT Class 4.3

Trichlorosilane 3.5Impurities – Purity >99.95% – Resistivity >600 O/cm

SiH3Cl+SiH2Cl2 C B Fe

<500ppm <5ppm <0.06ppb <5ppb


15 °C: 0.54 bar(a) 70 °F: –4.8 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Colourless liquefied gas with a sharp acidic odor; which on vaporisation forms heavy vapours.Highly corrosive in humid conditions.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 0.66 at 70 °F, [psi] 9.92




4 3 8

DANGEROUSWHENWET

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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R14 - Reacts violently withwater; R17 - Spontaneously flammable in air; R29 - Contactwith water liberates toxic gas; R20/22 - Harmful byinhalation and if swallowed; R35 - Causes severe burns.

H-statements:H224 - Extremely flammable liquid and vapour; H250 - Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air;EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; EUH029 - Contactwith water liberates toxic gas; H332 - Harmful if inhaled;H302 - Harmful if swallowed; H314 - Causes severe skinburns and eye damage.

Extremelyflammable

Corrosive

Applications 185

SEMI

SourceIndustrially, trichlorosilane is produced by blowing hydrogenchloride through a bed of silicon powder at 300°C. At this

point they combine to make trichlorosilane and hydrogen.

ApplicationsTrichlorosilane is a chemical compound containing silicon,hydrogen, and chlorine. At high temperatures, it decomposesto produce silicon, and as such, purified trichlorosilane is theprincipal source of ultra pure silicon in the semiconductorindustry. In water, it rapidly decomposes to produce a siliconepolymer while giving off hydrochloric acid.

Because of its reactivity and wide availability, it isfrequently used in the synthesis of silicon-containingorganic compounds.

CHEM R&D

186 Gases

Trifluoromethane CHF3, Fluoroform, R-23CAS: 75-46-7 EC: 200-872-4 UN: 1984 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2

Chemical trifluoromethane 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

Other halo-carbons Air H2O

<8,000 <1,000 <10


15 °C: 37 bar(a) 70 °F: 635 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless, liquefied gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 41.97 at 70 °F, [psi] 625.6




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Applications 187

R&D

SourceThe commercial production of trifluoromethane is carriedout by reaction of chloroform with hydrogen fluoride overa chromium catalyst.

ApplicationsTrifluoromethane (R-23) is used as a very low temperaturerefrigerant. refrigerant either as a single product orblended with R-116 in the azeotropic blend R-508.

Trifluoromethane is used as a cleaning and etchant agentin the semiconductor industry.

MANUF SEMI

Note:Trifluoromethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,an international Framework Convention with the objectiveof reducing greenhouse gases.


188 Gases

Trimethylamine (CH3)3N


Chemical trimethylamine 2.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99%

H2O

<1,500


15 °C: 1.6 bar(a) 70 °F: 27 psi(g)

Characteristics Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/fish-like odour.






at 20 °C, [bar]: 1.83 at 70 °F, [psi] 27.52




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R-phrases:R12 - Extremely flammable; R20 - Harmful by inhalation;R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin; R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes.


Extremelyflammable

Harmful

Applications 189

SourceTrimethylamine is prepared commercially either by a reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by areaction between a carbonyl compound and ammonia.

Monomethylamine and dimethylamine are also formed inthe same reaction and the three products are separatedby distillation.

ApplicationsTrimethylamine is used in organic synthesis; in themanufacture of disinfectants, to prepare quaternaryammonium compounds, as a corrosion inhibitor, and inpreparation of trimethylamine-borane addition compounds.

Trimethylamine is used in the chemical industry as an intermediate in the production of:– insecticides– wetting agents– flotation agents– disinfectants– synthetic resins– emulsifiers– herbicides

Aqueous solutions containing 25 % trimethylamine areemployed in medical treatment as antihistamines.

Trimethylamine is used in manufacturing of: – choline salts– cationic starches– intense sweeteners– ion-exchange resins

Trimethylamine is used in pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of active ingredients.

CHEM MEDICAL PETRO PHARMA R&D

190 Gases

Xenon XeCAS: 7440-63-3 EC: 231-172-7UN: 2036; 2591 (Refrigerated liquid)

Xenon 4.0Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.99%

O2 CnHm H2O N2

<10 <5 <5 <30

Halocarbon free xenon 5.3Impurities [ppm] – Purity >99.9993%

O2 N2 H2 Kr Ar COx SF6 CF4 C2F6 CnHm H2O

<0.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 <0.1 <1


15 °C: 56 bar(a) 70 °F: 800 psi(g)

Characteristics Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Inert. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.





Vapour pressure: at 0 °C, [bar] 41.37 at 32 °F, [psi] 600

at 20 °C, [bar]: – at 70 °F, [psi] –




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R-phrases: H-statements:Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; mayexplode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Containsrefrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.

ADR Class 2, 2A; DOT Class 2.23A (Refrigerated liquid)

Applications 191

SEMIMANUF MEDICAL OEM R&D

SourceXenon is obtained from air separation plants. In view of itsvery low natural concentration in air, it is only economicallyviable to recover xenon from larger plants. In these

cases a stream containing a mixture of crude xenon andkrypton is extracted from the plant and processed in aseparate purification and distillation system.

ApplicationsXenon is used in some types of ion and excimer lasers.These are used for medical, semiconductor and industrialapplications, and for research.

The major application for xenon is in the lighting industry.Both sodium and mercury lamps, which are used extensivelyfor outdoor lighting, such as on motorways and other roads,are filled with pure xenon. Xenon is also used for:– incandescent lamps – iodine lamps (car headlights)– arc lights– flash bulbs– cinema projection lamps– Klieg lights for filming (sunlight simulation)– illumination of large areas, e.g. sports grounds– space simulations lamps

When mixed with oxygen, xenon is used in CAT (ComputedAxial Tomography) scanners for blood flow mapping.

When mixed with methane, xenon is used as a fill gas forproportional counters and other types of radiation detectors(ionization chambers, detection of radioactive iodineplanted on the thyroid in the examination of tumours).

For neutron counters a mixture with xenon and 10BF3 is used.

It is also used for x- and γ-ray counters.

Xenon is used in a broad range of research programmes.

Xenon based chemical compounds (fluoride, trioxide,perxenate) serve as fluorinating and oxidizing agents incertain specific applications.

Xenon is also used for masspectrometer calibration.

Xenon isotopes are used as trace markers in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans.

Xenon can be used as a general anaesthetic.

Xenon has been used by both European as well as NASAspacecraft as rocket fuel for small ion thrusters to positionsatellites in orbit.

Xenon can be used as purging gas in the etchingproduction steps in the chips production instead of argon.Due to the high cost a xenon recovery system is necessary.

AUTO CHEM

Index

192 Gases

AAcetylene (Ethyne) 14ADR symbols 8Air, synthetic 16Allene; See PropadieneAllylene; See PropyneAminoethane; See EthanamineAminomethane

See Methylamine Ammonia 18Anhydrous ammonia 19Anthropogenic climate change 10AOD 21Application areas 11Argon 20Arsine 22ASHRAE 7

BBoron trichloride 24Boron trifluoride 26Bromomethane 28Bromoethene

See BromoethyleneBromoethylene 301,3-Butadiene 32n-Butane 34iso-Butane 361-Butene 38cis-2-Butene 40iso-Butene 42trans-2-Butene 441-Butyne 46

CCarbon dioxide 48Carbon monoxide 50Carbon oxyfluoride;

See Carbonyl fluoride Carbon tetrafluoride;

See TetrafluoromethaneCarbonyl chloride; See PhosgeneCarbonyl fluoride 52Carbonyl sulphide 54

CAS numbers: 710024-97-2; See Nitrous oxide10025-78-2; See Trichlorosilane10026-04-7; See Silicon tetrachloride10034-85-2; See Hydrogen iodide10035-10-6; See Hydrogen bromide10102-43-9; See Nitric oxide10102-44-0; See Nitrogen dioxide10294-34-5; See Boron trichloride106-97-8; See n-Butane106-98-9; See 1-Butene106-99-0; See 1,3-Butadiene107-00-6; See 1-Butyne107-25-5; See Methyl vinyl ether109-94-4; See Ethyl formate115-07-1; See Propene115-10-6; See Dimethyl ether115-11-7; See iso-Butene124-38-9; See Carbon dioxide124-40-3; See Dimethylamine132259-10-0; See Air, synthetic1333-74-0; See Hydrogen19287-45-7; See Diborane2551-62-4; See Sulphur hexafluoride353-50-4; See Carbonyl fluoride4109-96-0; See Dichlorosilane460-19-5; See Cyanogen463-49-0; See Propadiene463-58-1; See Carbonyl sulphide463-82-1; See 2,2-Dimethylpropane506-77-4; See Cyanic chloride590-18-1; See cis-2-Butene593-53-3; See Fluoromethane593-60-2; See Bromoethene624-64-6; See trans-2-Butene630-08-0; See Carbon monoxide7439-90-9; See Krypton7440-01-9; See Neon7440-37-1; See Argon7440-59-7; See Helium7440-63-3; See Xenon7446-09-5; See Sulphur dioxide74-82-8; See Methane74-83-9; See Bromomethane

74-84-0; See Ethane74-85-1; See Ethylene74-86-2; See Acetylene74-87-3; See Chloromethane74-89-5; See Methylamine74-90-8; See Hydrogen cyanide74-93-1; See Methanethiol74-98-6; See Propane74-99-7; See Propyne75-00-3; See Chloroethane75-01-4; See Chloroethene75-04-7; See Ethylamine75-10-5; See Difluoromethane75-19-4; See Cyclopropane75-21-8; See Ethylene oxide75-28-5; See iso-Butane75-37-6; See 1,1-Difluoroethane75-38-7; See 1,1-Difluoroethene75-43-4; See Dichlorofluoromethane75-44-5; See Phosgene75-45-6; See Chlorodifluoromethane75-46-7; See Trifluoromethane75-50-3; See Trimethylamine75-68-3; See Chlorodifluoroethane75-71-8; See Dichlorodifluoromethane75-73-0; See Tetrafluoromethane76-14-2; See 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane76-15-3; See Chloropentafluoroethane76-16-4; See Hexafluoroethane76-19-7; See Octafluoropropane7637-07-2; See Boron trichloride7647-01-0; See Hydrogen chloride7664-39-3; See Hydrogen fluoride7664-41-7; See Ammonia7727-37-9; See Nitrogen7782-39-0; See Deuterium7782-41-4; See Fluorine7782-44-7; See Oxygen7782-50-5; See Chlorine7783-06-4; See Hydrogen sulphide7783-54-2; See Nitrogen trifluoride

Applications 193

7783-61-1; See Silicon tetrafluoride7784-42-1; See Arsine7803-51-2; See Phosphine7803-62-5; See Silane811-97-2; See Tetrafluoroethane

CAT 77, 191CFC 10, 21, 117Chlorine 56Chlorodifluoroethane 58Chlorodifluoromethane 60Chloroethane 62Chloroethene 64Chloromethane 66Chloropentafluoroethane 68Climate change 10Contents 5Cover picture 2Cross reference register 12Cyanic chloride 70Cyanogen 72Cyanogen chloride;

See Cyanic chlorideCyclopropane 74

DDeuterium 76Diborane 78Dichlorodifluoromethane 80Dichlorofluoromethane 82Dichloromethanal; See PhosgeneDichlorosilane 841,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 861,1-Difluoroethane 881,1-Difluoroethene 901,1-Difluoroethylene;

See 1,1-DifluoroetheneDifluoromethane 92Dimethylamine 94Dimethyl ether 98Dimethyl oxide;

See Dimethyl ether2,2-Dimethylpropane 96DIPPR 10Disclaimer 3

Dissociated ammonia 19DMF 14DOT symbols 8

EEC numbers: 7200-812-7; See Methane200-814-8; See Ethane200-815-3; See Ethylene200-816-9; See Acetylene200-817-4; See Chloromethane200-820-0; See Methylamine200-821-6; See Hydrogen cyanide200-822-1; See Methanethiol200-827-9; See Propane200-828-4; See Propyne200-830-5; See Chloroethane200-834-7; See Ethylamine200-839-4; See Difluoromethane200-847-8; See Cyclopropane200-849-9; See Ethylene oxide200-857-2; See iso-Butane200-866-1; See Difluoroethane200-867-7; See Difluoroethene200-869-8; See Dichlorofluoromethane200-869-8; See Dichlorotetrafluoroethane200-870-3; See Phosgene200-871-9; See Chlorodifluoromethane200-872-4; See Trifluoromethane200-875-0; See Trimethylamine200-891-8; See Chlorodifluoroethane200-893-9; See Dichlorodifluoromethane200-938-2; See Chloropentafluoroethane200-939-8; See Hexafluoroethane200-941-9; See Octafluoropropane203-448-7; See n-Butane203-449-2; See 1-Butene203-450-8; See 1,3-Butadiene203-451-3; See 1-Butyne

203-475-4; See Methyl vinyl ether203-721-0; See Ethyl formate204-062-1; See Propene204-065-8; See Dimethyl ether204-066-3; See iso-Butene204-696-9; See Carbon dioxide204-697-4; See Dimethylamine206-534-2; See Carbonyl fluoride207-306-5; See Cyanogen207-335-3; See Propadiene207-340-0; See Carbonyl sulphide207-343-7; See Dimethylpropane208-052-8; See Cyanic chloride209-673-7; See cis-2-Butene209-796-6; See Fluoromethane210-855-3; See trans-2-Butene211-128-3; See Carbon monoxide215-605-7; See Hydrogen219-854-2; See Sulphur hexafluoride223-888-3; See Dichlorosilane231-098-5; See Krypton231-110-9; See Neon231-147-0; See Argon231-168-5; See Helium231-172-7; See Xenon231-195-2; See Sulphur dioxide231-569-5; See Boron Trifluoride231-595-7; See Hydrogen chloride231-634-8; See Hydrogen fluoride231-635-3; See Ammonia231-783-9; See Nitrogen231-952-7; See Deuterium231-954-8; See Fluorine231-956-9; See Oxygen231-959-5; See Chlorine231-977-3; See Hydrogen sulphide232-007-1; See Nitrogen trifluoride232-015-5; See Silicon tetrafluoride232-066-3; See Arsine232-260-8; See Phosphine232-263-4; See Silane233-032-0; See Nitrous oxide233-042-5; See Trichlorosilane233-054-0; See Silicon tetrachloride

Index

194 Gases

233-109-9; See Hydrogen iodide233-113-0; See Hydrogen bromide233-271-0; See Nitric oxide233-272-6; See Nitrogen dioxide233-658-4; See Boron Trichloride242-940-6; See Diborane

Epoxyethane; See Ethylene oxideEthanamine; See Ethylamine Ethane 100Ethanedinitrile; See Cyanogen Ethene; See EthyleneEthylacetylene; See 1-ButyneEthylamine 102Ethyl chloride; See ChloroethaneEthylene 104Ethylene oxide 106Ethyl formate 108Ethylidene difluoride;

See 1,1-DifluoroethaneEthyne; See Acetylene

FFC 10Fluorine 110Fluoroform;

See TrifluoromethaneFluoromethane 112Foreword 4

GGreenhouse gases 10GWP 10

HHazard symbols 8Hazardous properties 9HBFC 10HCFC 10, 89, 165Helium 114Hexafluoroethane 116HF/DF 77, 111, 119, 127, 151, 179

HFC 10, 89, 165

HiQ® Specialty Gases Programme 11HPLC 115Hydrogen 118Hydrogen bromide 120Hydrogen chloride 122Hydrogen cyanide 124Hydrogen fluoride 126Hydrogen iodide 128Hydrogen phosphide;

See PhosphineHydrogen sulphide 130Hydroidic acid;

See Hydrogen iodide

IICP 21Impurities 9Introduction 6ISIC-codes 11IUPAC nomenclature 6

KKrypton 132Kyoto Protocol 10

LLCD 133

MMAP 49, 147, 157Material compatibility 10MDI 181Methane 134Methanethiol 136Methoxyethene;

See Methyl vinyl ether Methoxymethane;

See Dimethyl etherMethylacetylene; See PropyneMethylamine 138Methyl bromide;

See Bromomethane

Methyl chloride; See Chloromethane

Methylene fluoride; See Difluoromethane

Methyl fluoride; See Fluoromethane

Methyl mercaptan; See Methanethiol

Methylmethane; See EthaneMethylpropane; See iso-ButaneMethyl vinyl ether 140MOCVD 23Montreal Protocol 10

NNeon 142Neopentane;

See 2,2-DimethylpropaneNitric oxide 144Nitrogen 146Nitrogen dioxide 148Nitrogen monoxide;

See Nitric oxideNitrogen trifluoride 150Nitrous oxide 152NMR 97, 115

OOctafluoropropane 154ODP 10Oxirane; See Ethylene oxideOxygen 156Ozone depleting product 10

PPerfluoroethane;

See HexafluoroethanePerfluoropropane;

See OctafluoropropanePhosgene (Dichloromethanal) 158Phosphine 160Pressure 10Product sources 11

Applications 195

Propadiene 1621,2-Propadiene; See PropadienePropane 164Propene 166Propylene; See PropenePropyne 168Purity classification 9

RR-codes: 7R-12; See DichlorodifluoromethaneR-14; See TetrafluoromethaneR-21; See DichlorofluoromethaneR-22; See ChlorodifluoromethaneR-23; See TrifluoromethaneR-32; See DifluoromethaneR-40; See ChloromethaneR-40 B1; See BromomethaneR-41; See FluoromethaneR-50; See MethaneR-114;

See 1,2-DichlorotetrafluoroethaneR-115;

See ChloropentafluoroethaneR-116; See HexafluoroethaneR-134a; See TetrafluoroethaneR-142b; See ChlorodifluoroethaneR-152a; See 1,1-DifluoroethaneR-160; See ChloroethaneR-170; See EthaneR-218; See OctafluoropropaneR-290; See PropaneR-600; See n-ButaneR-600a; See iso-ButaneR-630; See MethylamineR-702; See HydrogenR-704; See HeliumR-717; See AmmoniaR-720; See NeonR-728; See NitrogenR-732; See OxygenR-740; See ArgonR-744; See Carbon dioxideR-744A; See Nitrous oxideR-784; See Krypton

R-1132a; See 1,1-DifluoroetheneR-1140; See ChloroetheneR-1140 B1; See BromoetheneR-1150; See EthyleneR-1270; See Propene

SSFC 179SFE 179Silane 170Silicon hydride; See SilaneSilicon tetrachloride 172Silicon tetrafluoride 174Sources 11Sulphur dioxide 176Sulphur hexafluoride 178Synthetic air; See Air, synthetic

TTetrachlorosilane;

See Silicon tetrachlorideTetrafluoroethane 180Tetrafluoromethane 182Tetrafluorosilane;

See Silicon tetrafluorideTFT 133Trichlorosilane 184Trifluoromethane 186Trimethylamine 188

UUN numbers: 71001; See Acetylene1002; See Air, synthetic1005; See Ammonia1006; See Argon1008; See Boron trichloride1010; See 1,3-Butadiene1011; See n-Butane1012; See trans-2-Butene, iso- Butene, cis-2-Butene, 1-Butene1013; See Carbon dioxide1016; See Carbon monoxide

1017; See Chlorine1018; See Chlorodifluoromethane1020; See Chloropentafluoroethane1026; See Cyanogen1027; See Cyclopropane1028; See Dichlorodifluoromethane1029; See Dichlorofluoromethane1030; See 1,1-Difluoroethane1032; See Dimethylamine1033; See Dimethyl ether1035; See Ethane1037; See Chloroethane1040; See Ethylene oxide1045; See Fluorine1046; See Helium1048; See Hydrogen bromide1049; See Hydrogen1050; See Hydrogen chloride1051; See Hydrogen cyanide1052; See Hydrogen fluoride1053; See Hydrogen sulphide1056; See Krypton1061; See Methylamine1062; See Bromomethane1063; See Chloromethane1064; See Methanethiol1065; See Neon1066; See Nitrogen1067; See Nitrogen dioxide1070; See Nitrous oxide1072; See Oxygen1076; See Phosgene1077; See Propene1079; See Sulphur dioxide1080; See Sulphur hexafluoride1083; See Trimethylamine1085; See Bromoethene1086; See Chloroethene1087; See Methyl vinyl ether1090; See Ethyl formate1295; See Trichlorosilane1589; See Cyanic chloride1660; See Nitric oxide1741; See Boron trichloride1818; See Silicon tetrachloride1859; See Silicon tetrafluoride

Index

196 Gases

1911; See Diborane1060; See Propyne1957; See Deuterium1958; See 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane1959; See 1,1-Difluoroethene1962; See Ethylene1969; See iso-Butane1971; See Methane1978; See Propane1982; See Tetrafluoromethane1984; See Trifluoromethane2036; See Xenon2044; See 2,2-Dimethylpropane2188; See Arsine2189; See Dichlorosilane2193; See Hexafluoroethane2197; See Hydrogen iodide2199; See Phosphine2200; See Propadiene2203; See Silane2204; See Carbonyl sulphide2417; See Carbonyl fluoride2424; See Octafluoropropane2451; See Nitrogen trifluoride2452; See 1-Butyne2454; See Fluoromethane1036; See Ethylamine2517; See Chlorodifluoroethane3159; See Tetrafluoroethane3252; See Difluoromethane

VVinyl bromide; See BromoethyleneVinyl chloride; See ChloroetheneVinyl methyl ether;

See Methyl vinyl ether

XXenon 190

Applications 197

Notes:

198 Gases

Notes:

® BUNA is a registered trademark of Bayer AG. ® FORANE is a registered trademark of Arkema.® FREON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.® HiQ is a registered trademark of The Linde Group.® KEL-F is a registered trademark of 3M.® MONEL is a registered trademark of Inco Alloys International.® NEOPRENE is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.® NYLON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.® TEFLON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.® VITON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.

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