Literary Analysis Literary Analysis Paragraph StructureParagraph Structure

Main Paragraph PartsMain Paragraph Parts Topic Sentence – Topic Sentence – Support SandwichesSupport Sandwiches

– ClaimClaim: Your argument or point: Your argument or point– EvidenceEvidence: Examples and details from the : Examples and details from the

texttext– WarrantWarrant: Commentary and discussion that : Commentary and discussion that

linkslinks the evidence to your claim (Here is the evidence to your claim (Here is where you display your thinking.)where you display your thinking.)

Closing sentenceClosing sentence

Topic Sentence Topic Sentence Might be preceded by sentence Might be preceded by sentence

with author/titlewith author/title Makes clear the subject of the Makes clear the subject of the

paragraphparagraph

Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird in the novel who is generally not in the novel who is generally not harmed and even protected by some harmed and even protected by some members of the Maycomb community.members of the Maycomb community.

ClaimClaim Indicates the specific point you Indicates the specific point you

are making with this text detail.are making with this text detail. Is generally its own sentence. It Is generally its own sentence. It

might include context of the might include context of the quotation.quotation.

EvidenceEvidenceCan be in the form of:Can be in the form of: Direct quotations – anything Direct quotations – anything

copied from the text (preferred)copied from the text (preferred)– ““In quotation marks with page” (#).In quotation marks with page” (#).– Plays are indicated with act, scene and Plays are indicated with act, scene and

line numbers (1.2.34-35).line numbers (1.2.34-35). Summary of specific text events Summary of specific text events

(when quoting is awkward or difficult) (when quoting is awkward or difficult) USE RARELY!! USE RARELY!!

Evidence – Set it Up Evidence – Set it Up Quotes should not be simply Quotes should not be simply

‘dropped.’‘dropped.’ Introduce quotes and give context.Introduce quotes and give context.

– The Prince highlights the violence in the The Prince highlights the violence in the conflict when he reprimands the families for conflict when he reprimands the families for “Three civil brawls…”“Three civil brawls…”

Do NOT announce a quoteDo NOT announce a quote– This quote shows… YUK! This quote shows… YUK! (I know it’s a quote and what it’s doing there!)(I know it’s a quote and what it’s doing there!)

PunctuationPunctuationIntroduce quote with either a Introduce quote with either a commacomma, , coloncolon, or , or neitherneither. . Scout said, “I want to go to the tailgating party Scout said, “I want to go to the tailgating party

tonight after school” (30).tonight after school” (30). She later reflected on thought of a better idea: She later reflected on thought of a better idea:

“Well, perhaps I can go with my friends and “Well, perhaps I can go with my friends and stay for the game against SLUH, too” (33).stay for the game against SLUH, too” (33).

Choosing a team to root for would be simple; Choosing a team to root for would be simple; she always choose “the team with the she always choose “the team with the brightest colors” to win the game (35). brightest colors” to win the game (35).

Warrant: Analyze ItWarrant: Analyze It Explains the quotation and its Explains the quotation and its

contextcontext Analyzes the quote’s larger meaningAnalyzes the quote’s larger meaning Links the quotation to the claim Links the quotation to the claim

and your topic sentenceand your topic sentence

NOTE: A strong paragraph should have at NOTE: A strong paragraph should have at least THREE detail/commentary setsleast THREE detail/commentary sets

A stand-alone paragraph, FOUR+A stand-alone paragraph, FOUR+

Closing SentenceClosing Sentence Connects together the support Connects together the support

sandwiches to round out your sandwiches to round out your overall argumentoverall argument

If part of a full essay-If part of a full essay- Circles back to topic sentence and Circles back to topic sentence and

connects to thesisconnects to thesis Does NOT bridge directly to the next Does NOT bridge directly to the next

paragraph (just wait until you get there!)paragraph (just wait until you get there!)

Other GuidelinesOther Guidelines Include transitions between Include transitions between

support items support items – Additionally, next, as a result, another Additionally, next, as a result, another

example ofexample of Embed quotations as much as Embed quotations as much as

possible:possible:– Lee describes Miss Caroline Lee describes Miss Caroline

Fisher as “a peppermint drop” Fisher as “a peppermint drop” (16). (16).

… … and more Guidelinesand more Guidelines Write in Write in thirdthird person person (no I, you, (no I, you,

we…)we…) Use present tense:Use present tense:

– The book happens all over again The book happens all over again every time someone opens itevery time someone opens it

Use proper format (double-space, Use proper format (double-space, 12 point, MLA heading, centered 12 point, MLA heading, centered title)title)

ClaimClaim--EvidenceEvidence-Warrant-Warrant Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is

generally not harmed and is even protected by generally not harmed and is even protected by some members of the Maycomb community. some members of the Maycomb community. Helen has a ‘song’ which is demonstrated Helen has a ‘song’ which is demonstrated through her domestic life. through her domestic life. When Atticus visits When Atticus visits with the news of Tom’s death, her children are with the news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front steps and Helen happily playing on the front steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t you have a seat?’” (240). you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a Clearly, Helen is a positive member of her community; both she and positive member of her community; both she and her children are respectable and polite even her children are respectable and polite even though life has been hard for her black familythough life has been hard for her black family..

ClaimClaim--EvidenceEvidence-Warrant-Warrant Unlike the treatment of Tom, others notice

Helen’s vulnerability, and Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this “mockingbird” from danger.

Your turn!Your turn! Select the four quotations that best Select the four quotations that best

support your definition.support your definition. Which are strongest? Which show Which are strongest? Which show

different elements of the definition?different elements of the definition? Write the support sandwich for each of Write the support sandwich for each of

these text details. (Do not worry yet these text details. (Do not worry yet about order, flow, transitions, etc.)about order, flow, transitions, etc.)

Bring a printed copy AND have digital Bring a printed copy AND have digital access to the document for our next access to the document for our next class.class.

STOP HERE!STOP HERE!

Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally not harmed and is even protected by some members of the not harmed and is even protected by some members of the Maycomb community. Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to Maycomb community. Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to have a respectable family and house. When Atticus visits with the have a respectable family and house. When Atticus visits with the news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a positive member of you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a positive member of her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.

Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally not harmed and is even protected by some members of the not harmed and is even protected by some members of the Maycomb community. Maycomb community. Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to have a respectable family and house.have a respectable family and house. When Atticus visits with the When Atticus visits with the news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a positive member of you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a positive member of her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.

Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally not harmed and is even protected by some members of the not harmed and is even protected by some members of the Maycomb community. Maycomb community. Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to have a respectable family and house.have a respectable family and house. When Atticus visits with the When Atticus visits with the news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t you have a seat?’” (240).you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a positive member of Clearly, Helen is a positive member of her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.

Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally not harmed and is even protected by some members of the not harmed and is even protected by some members of the Maycomb community. Maycomb community. Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to have a respectable family and house.have a respectable family and house. When Atticus visits with the When Atticus visits with the news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t you have a seat?’” (240).you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a positive member of Clearly, Helen is a positive member of her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has been hard for her black family.been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird Helen is also a mockingbird because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her (249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme “‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this “mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.

Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally Helen Robinson is a symbolic mockingbird who is generally not harmed and is even protected by some members of the not harmed and is even protected by some members of the Maycomb community. Maycomb community. Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to Helen has a ‘song’ which is working hard to have a respectable family and house.have a respectable family and house. When Atticus visits with the When Atticus visits with the news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front news of Tom’s death, her children are happily playing on the front steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t steps and Helen politely greets Atticus: “ ‘evenin’, Mr. Finch, won’t you have a seat?’” (240).you have a seat?’” (240). Clearly, Helen is a positive member of Clearly, Helen is a positive member of her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has her community; she is respectable and polite even through life has been hard for her black family.been hard for her black family. Helen is also a mockingbird Helen is also a mockingbird because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell because of her vulnerability. She is an easy target for Mr. Ewell who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work.who harasses and upsets Helen on her way to and from work. As As he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” he follows her, Helen hears “A soft voice, crooning foul words” (249).(249). No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her No one else knows how this upsets her, and she does her best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own.best to avoid him, but cannot accomplish this on her own. Despite Despite her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone.her vulnerability, Link Deas makes sure that she is left alone. Mr. Mr. Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll Deas not only gives Helen a job, but threatens Bob Ewell that he’ll “‘have you up for assault’” (249).“‘have you up for assault’” (249). In accordance with Lee’s theme In accordance with Lee’s theme of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas of protecting those who are vulnerable and innocent, Link Deas recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that recognizes that Helen has no one to help her, especially now that Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this Tom is dead, and he admirably steps up to shield this “mockingbird” from danger.“mockingbird” from danger. Thankfully, society does not “kill” this Thankfully, society does not “kill” this mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.mockingbird and actually protects her from further harm.