Local Water Security Action Plan - REC Publicationsdocuments.rec.org/publications/2Jerash_Jordan.pdfThe local water security action plan 11 Implementation ... wet winters. According

Local Water Security Action Plan

JERASH MUNICIPALITY

JORDAN

Local Water Security Action PlanJERASH MUNICIPALITY

2016–2025

Regional Environmental CenterSzentendre • Hungary

October 2016

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ATER SECURITY ACTION PLAN

AUTHOR Municipality of Jerash, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

CONTRIBUTORS Members of the Planning Team: Marwan Ayasrah, Operation and Maintenance Manager, Water Directorate Bashar Nawasrah, Head of the Department of Technical Affairs, Water Directorate Malek Ayasrah, Department of GIS, Water Directorate Samer Hawamdeh, Engineer/Water Expert, Private Sector Mohamad Khir Quqazeh, Director of the Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Agriculture Ahmad Shaer, Technical Affairs Officer, Department of Agriculture Raed Mohammad Jaser Alnazer, Local Focal Point Wafaa Hussein Faleh Hawamdeh, Local Coordinator

DESIGN AND LAYOUT Tricia Barna, Regional Environmental Center, Szentendre, HungaryCOPYEDITING AND PROOFREADING Rachel Hideg, Regional Environmental Center, Szentendre, Hungary

PUBLISHER The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC)

PRINTING Typonova

This publication was produced under the project “Sustainable Use of Transboundary Water Resources andWater Security Management” (WATER SUM), Component 2: “Water and Security”. The project is implementedby the Regional Environmental Center and funded by the Government of Sweden.

The publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the REC or of the Government of Sweden.

Copyright © 2017 Regional Environmental Center, 2000 Szentendre, Ady Endre ut 9-11, Hungary

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmit-ted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without theprior permission of the REC.

This and all REC publications are printed on recycled paper.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Introduction 4

Stakeholder analysis 6

Methodology 6

The local water security assessment 8

Strategic vision and principles 10

Local water security goals, objectives and targets 10

The local water security action plan 11

Implementation 17

Monitoring and evaluation 18

Annexes 19

ANNEX 1: Stakeholder analysis table 20

ANNEX 2: The composition of the multi-sectoral working group 22(planning team) and a list of other participants in the drafting process

ANNEX 3: Results of the public opinion assessment. 23

ANNEX 4: Results of the indicator-based local water security assessment 30

ANNEX 5: Problem tree analysis 35

ANNEX 6: Identification of actions 38

ANNEX 7: Specification of actions 44

ANNEX 8: Prioritisation of actions 46

ANNEX 9: Synthesis of objectives 48

References 51

CONTENTS

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IntroductionJerash is located in the northern region of Jordan,about 40 km north of Amman, south of Irbid, to thewest of Mafraq, and to the east of Ajloun Gover-norate. The economy depends largely on tourism, as the area boasts one of the largest archaeologicalsites in Jordan (the Roman Decapolis of Gerasa). Theeconomy also relies on the commercial trade andagricultural sectors, as the governorate is located inthe highlands and receives a relatively high level ofrainfall. During the summer, temperatures can reachhigh values as the area is surrounded by desert, although Jerash is located near a valley where thereis lush vegetation.

Jerash has the smallest land area of Jordan’s 12 gover-norates: its area of 410 km2 represents less than 0.5 percent of Jordan’s total land area of 88,778 km2.The city of Jerash, in Jerash sub-district in the districtof Qasabet Jerash, is the main city in the governorate.

Geographical features in Jerash Governorate varyfrom cold mountains to fertile valleys from 650 to1,200 metres above sea level. The area has a Mediter-ranean climate, characterised by warm to hot, drysummers and mild to cool, wet winters. According tofigures provided by the General Statistics Depart-ment, annual rainfall is between 290 and 550 mm.Relative humidity in January ranges between 70 and80 percent, and falls to an average of 45 percent inJuly. The average minimum temperature decreases to3°C in winter, while the maximum temperature risesto 37°C in summer.

The municipality has a population of around 60,000inhabitants. The birth rate in Jerash is among thehighest in Jordan, at 5.4 children per woman, com-pared to 3.7 in Amman. This means that Jerash has ayoung population: around 44 percent are below 19 years of age, and as such are school, college or uni-versity students. Just 35.8 percent of the 15 year oldsin Jerash Governorate are economically active. Thislow level is related to the high number of young peo-ple and the lack of working women. Students com-prise more than one-third of the economicallyinactive population, and housewives more than half.While 29.1 percent of the population is employed,only 6.6 percent of women are in employment. Thethree most labour intensive sectors are the public andarmed forces sector (which employs 31 percent of theeconomically active population); the commercial sec-tor (17.4 percent); and the education sector (12 per-cent). As such, excluding the education and publicsectors and the army, by far the majority of the gov-ernorate population is employed in commercial activ-ities. This is a clear indication of the weakness of thelocal economic system: it has proved far less dynamicthan the national economy, which, in 2004, was able

to create jobs in tourism-related sectors (e.g. hotels,restaurants, real estate and personal services). Theunemployment rate in Jerash Governorate is higherthan the national rate, at 18.9 percent, and hasslightly increased since 2013. This indicates a growingemployment problem: there is an increasing sense ofdiscouragement among potential workers who aretired of looking for work: as many as 74 percent ofeconomically inactive people believe that there are nojobs available. Those who are unemployed are mostlyeducated, and hold diplomas or university degrees,and the trend over the past five years is towards anincreasing number of applicants for work in the gov-ernment. By the end of 2003, the Ministry of Labourhad issued 5,962 work permits for foreign labourers,84 percent of them for Egyptians who work largely inthe agricultural sector, in construction and in the un-skilled production sector. In terms of social develop-ment potential, the main challenge is to improveproductivity and the ability to compete on the market,above all in the handicrafts sector, as well as in localtypical agricultural production and other tourism-related activities, also by creating new small andmedium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or strengtheningexisting SMEs.

In the city of Jerash, 62 percent of businesses are inthe commercial trade sector, in the form of small re-tail outlets. Almost all stores are located in the com-mercial area of the city, a network of narrow streets,the two widest being King Abdullah Street to the west,and King Hussein Street to the east, both charac-terised by heavy, disorganised, chaotic traffic. (ThirdTourism Development Project, Jerash)

Water situation

The Governorate of Jerash comprises 56 localities, di-vided between three districts: Jerash, Al-Mastabahand Burma districts (see Figure 1).

The main water system in Jerash supplies water to all56 localities, serving approximately 99 percent of allgovernorate residents. The area served by the mainwater system of Jerash is shown in Figure 2.

Available water per capita per day is 156 litres, due tolosses. Technically, the number of people served bythe water system represents 100 percent capacity interms of system design, and there is no ability for thecommunity’s infrastructure to meet extra demand inthe future. The water pipe system (municipal waternetwork) that serves the community suffers many dis-ruptions: it is estimated that 30 service disruptionsare experienced per year according to maintenanceoperations, that 200 people are affected by each serv-ice disruption, and that each disruption lasts foraround one day before being fixed. In terms of waste-

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FIGURE 2. THE WATER SYSTEM IN JERASH

FIGURE 1. JERASH GOVERNORATE DISTRICTS AND LOCALITIES

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water infrastructure, only 70.7 percent of the popula-tion are served by a sewerage system, and the re-maining 29.3 percent rely on septic tanks athousehold level.

The water supply throughout Jerash Municipality ismainly dependent on groundwater resources (wells),which provide 84 percent of the total water that issustainably produced every year (3,679,200 m3), while the other 16 percent (700,800 m3 per year) isprovided by surface resources (spring water flow). Thecommunity served by this volume of water is around60,000 people. The total annual amount allocated tothe community is about 4,117,200 m3, which meansa daily per capita volume of 73 litres. The proportionof system losses from the water mains (network) isabout 45 percent, some due to pipe breakages although the majority due to water theft and illegaluse. In the context of these losses, it is estimated thatthe amount of accessible potable water available perday is about 7,332,000 litres (73 litres per capita with-out losses, and 56 litres per capita with losses).

Stakeholder analysisA stakeholder is any person, organisation or groupthat is affected by, or that can affect, a decision, actionor issue — for example water management. Ratherthan merely identifying “beneficiaries”, a stakeholderanalysis seeks to identify people, organisations orgroups that may be either positively or negatively af-fected by water security action planning and/or thatwill be potentially affected by local water security ac-tion planning (LWSAP) activities and have somethingto gain or lose if conditions change or stay the same.They may — whether directly or indirectly, positivelyor negatively — affect or be affected by the processand the outcomes of projects or programmes.

Failure to identify all relevant stakeholders may sig-nificantly compromise the success of a project. In theevent that very few stakeholders are identified or en-gaged with, there is a lack of ownership of the projectgoals. If a single important stakeholder is omittedfrom the process, that actor/subject may challengethe legitimacy of the work and undermine the credi-bility of the project.

Stakeholder analysis helps to prevent possible omis-sions by:

● identifying who has a stake in the work; ● categorising and prioritising those stakeholders in

which most time needs to be invested; and ● identifying relationships between stakeholders

(whether conflicts or alliances).

Successful stakeholder analysis requires:

● talking at an early stage to the right people; ● knowing who to talk to; ● knowing what stakeholders are interested in; ● finding out who has the most influence to help

or hinder the work; ● finding out which are the disempowered and

marginalised stakeholders; and ● identifying key relationships.

The municipality adopted a participatory approach tothe preparation and development of strategic plansin consultation with all stakeholders in the local community, and this mechanism demonstrates thatwater planning at the local level can only be effectiveand sustainable in the context of public participation,even though municipalities in Jordan have only a mar-ginal role in water planning and management. Themunicipality works in coordination with the AdvisoryCouncil to address all service-related issues, includingwater-related problems. This institutionalised multi-stakeholder platform has a positive impact on the le-gitimisation of the public’s demands and on dialoguewith the central government. Through extensive con-sultation between the municipal authorities and localcommunity–based organisations and NGOs, mem-bers of the community have been able to expresstheir needs. The municipality set up an initial planningteam and analysed all stakeholders in water manage-ment at the local level, and the results are shown inAnnexes 1 and 2.

MethodologyThe LWSAP for Jerash Municipality was developedthrough a participatory planning process in the first halfof 2016. The baseline for the development of JerashMunicipality LWSAP was the municipality’s participationin the regional project "Sustainable Use of Transbound-ary Water Resources and Water Security Management”(WATER SUM), Component II, Water and Security(WaSe), implemented by the Regional EnvironmentalCenter for Central and Eastern Europe in cooperationwith the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). The aim of this component is to promote a com-prehensive and integrated approach to water securityand ecosystem services and to contribute to the sus-tainable development of eight municipalities in theMENA region as part of efforts to combat water scarcity,reduce the threat of conflict, halt the downward spiralof poverty, biodiversity loss and environmental degra-dation, and increase human well-being within the widercontext of regional peace and stability.

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The LWSAP for Jerash Municipality was drafted on thebasis of the LWSAP methodology developed in theframework of the WATER SUM project (Lausevic et al.2016). During the initial phase of the planningprocess, a stakeholder analysis was carried out inorder to identify all stakeholders and to categoriseand prioritise them according to their interests, levelof involvement in water planning–related issues, mo-tivation, level of knowledge, relationships and overallinfluence on water security planning (see Annex 1).Following the stakeholder analysis, the following mainstakeholders were identified:

● Jerash Water Authority;

● Directorate of Agriculture, Jerash;

● Directorate of Health, Jerash;

● Souf Development Association;

● Farmers Union; and● Jerash Municipality.

The LWSAP for Jerash was then developed by a multi-sectoral working group, or planning team, appointedin accordance with a city council decision. The com-position of the multi-sectoral working group (planningteam) and a list of other participants in the draftingprocess are shown in Annex 2.

The assessment of current water security in JerashMunicipality was carried out in two phases: a publicopinion assessment; and an indicator-based localwater security assessment. In the first phase (thepublic opinion assessment), the local coordinator car-ried out questionnaire-based research among citizensand households. This was followed by the indicator-based assessment in the administrative territory ofJerash Municipality.

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FIGURE 3. TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONNAIRES USED FOR THE PUBLIC OPINION ASSESSMENT IN JERASH

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The results of the two assessments were used as thebasis for the problem analysis. Based on the resultsof the assessments and the identified problems, theworking group explored the vision, goals and objec-tives, determined the need for action, and selected theactions needed to develop the Jerash MunicipalityLWSAP. The action plan contains measures and ac-tions to improve water security, including a descriptionof each measure, potential locations, responsibilities,additional specifications (criteria such as additionalbenefits or negative external impacts) as well as theprioritisation of actions (based on specific criteria).

The local water securityassessmentPublic opinion assessment

The public opinion assessment was undertaken in orderto gain an understanding of the opinions, attitudes andexperience of people in Jerash in relation to water man-agement, water governance and water security, as wellas to gather additional information on water and waterdevelopment and management projects.

In the WATER SUM project, it was decided to use aprobability-based sample design. The size of the sam-ple was fixed at 261 households, or nearly 5 percentof the population, and the questionnaires were dis-tributed in every deanship in the delegation.

Based on the results of the questionnaire analysis, andafter consultation with the local planning team, the fol-lowing suggestions were made for resolving the prob-lems highlighted in each focus area of the questionnaire,including how to improve information flow between thelocal authorities and local people in Jerash.

The analysis indicates that most people learn aboutwater quality and government plans from either theInternet (15.8 percent) or television (42.2 percent).

In terms of the dissemination of information aboutwater quality, a high proportion of people (more than43.6 percent) stated that the local authorities neverprovide them with information related to water qual-ity via television.

The majority of people (80 percent) are never invitedto participate at meetings (events) related to watermanagement planning in their municipality, and theircontribution to the water management planningprocess is often not accepted by leaders.

The analysis also revealed that people are usingpotable water for other purposes (e.g. washing carsor watering gardens), although 95 percent of the pop-

ulation claim they are trying to save water, and mostof them are harvesting rainwater.

The public opinion assessment indicates that the following problems are the most acute:

● lack of information about water planning andmanagement in the region;

● lack of awareness among the local communityabout the importance of saving water;

● the use of drinking water for other activities, suchas agriculture; and

● lack of water resources for agricultural activities.

The public opinion assessment was based on the dis-tribution of 261 questionnaires to householdsthroughout Jerash Municipality, as shown in Figure 3.

The public opinion assessment focused on six issuesrelated to local water security:

1. Information flow

The results of the assessment of information flow between local authorities and local people show:

● a relative decline in citizens' knowledge of water-related issues in general;

● the fundamental role of television and the Inter-net in the flow of information; and

● weakness in terms of providing the local commu-nity with sufficient information about plans, programmes and water projects in the region.

2. Water governance

On the topic of bringing about change in water gov-ernance patterns in target municipalities by initiatinga bottom-up approach to water management plan-ning, the results indicate:

● a low level of community participation in waterplanning in the region; and

● a lack of contributions by households to the watermanagement planning process.

3. Water utilisation

In relation to behavioural change in water utilisationpatterns in Jerash Municipality:

● water conservation methods are relatively weak,despite the community’s fairly good level ofawareness about the importance of water conser-vation; and

● rainwater harvesting is very limited.

4. Public awareness

The results of the assessment of public awarenessabout the impacts of water scarcity on biodiversity,the environment and local socioeconomic develop-ment show that:

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● water availability has a constant significant impacton the economic situation of a large number offamilies.

5. Water-related tensions

The assessment of the level of information aboutwater availability, use and quality shows:

● a slight increase in water-related tensions in themunicipality, caused mainly by the insufficientamount of water for all sectors.

6. Water availability

The assessment results indicate that the main use ofwater at municipality level is for domestic purposes.

Indicator-based local water security assessment

The indicator-based assessment focused on five maincomponents: resources, infrastructure, capacities,ecosystem health and human health (see Annex 3 fordetails). The overall Canadian Water SustainabilityIndex (CWSI) score is 67/100, which indicates a vulner-able situation. The LWS indicator values show thatJerash Municipality faces several water security–related issues, as outlined below.

Water supply and availability

● The water network is poorly maintained due tolack of capacities in the municipality and a lack ofinternal coordination and teamwork.

● There is a lack of storage capacities and water harvesting systems.

● The practice of water harvesting is neglected.

Efficient use of water

● There is a lack of comprehensive practices inwater resources planning and management at thelevel of the municipality.

● The local community is not aware (lacks adequateknowledge) of the seriousness of neglecting waterharvesting systems.

● There is a lack of policies for efficient water use atlocal level.

Water-related infrastructure

● The network is limited in length and the area isisolated.

● There is no wastewater sewerage system: instead,individual septic tanks are the common practice.

● The financial resources for building and rehabili-tating traditional water conservation techniquesare limited.

The indicator-based scores were analysed for thecommunity, and a comparative analysis was con-ducted in relation to water resources availability,water infrastructure and other indicators. A broadanalysis of the utility, applicability and relevance ofthe index was also carried out. The implementationof the index would permit a better understanding of,and decision making on, water sustainability.

Problems encountered

The key (initial) LWS problems identified in Jerash Mu-nicipality following the results of the public opinionand indicator-based assessments are outlined below.

Water use efficiency

● Inefficient water consumption practices in every-day life are common, including lack of mainte-nance of the water network inside the home toreduce water losses, and the inappropriate use ofdrinking water for watering gardens and washingcars, for example.

● Treated wastewater is not reused efficiently, althoughit could provide a continuous source of water.


● Wastewater management practices are inappro-priate.

● The water network requires rehabilitation in orderto reduce the amount of water wasted and lost.

Water availability

● Water availability is low, at about 68 litres percapita per day, and water reaches householdsonly once a week.

Water resources conservation

● Springs are neglected and poorly protected. ● There is over-pumping from groundwater wells.

In order to define the root problems, a problem treeanalysis was carried out (see Annex 5) and the rootproblems were defined as follows:

Water availability and sustainability

● Responses to technical problems in water conveyance pipes are delayed due to lack of mon-itoring and administration.

● There is a lack of monitoring systems, meteringcontrols and law enforcement to control illegalwater use and water thefts, which cause losses inthe water distribution system.

Efficient water use

● Water-saving tools are expensive, putting thembeyond the reach of households (the poverty rate

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is high, at 40 percent), and there is a lack of appro-priate legislation to encourage the use of water-saving tools.

● There is a lack of knowledge about rainwater har-vesting among households, institutions and bigbusinesses.

● There is a low level of awareness and technicalknowledge about the importance and benefits ofoptimal water use among the population at all lev-els (households, institutions and big businesses).

● Households, institutions and big businesses donot have adequate information and/or training ongrey water reuse and its possible benefits for thecommunity.

● There is a lack of plans and programmes for opti-mally exploiting and reusing treated water fromwastewater plants.

● There is a lack of proper enforcement policies forefficient water use at local level.

Water resources conservation (clean water supply)

● There are no measures to protect the locations ofsprings against illegal use by citizens, or againstactivities that pose a threat of contamination.

● There are no plans or programmes to ensure thesustainability of groundwater resources.


● Financial resources for the building and rehabili-tation of the sewerage system are limited.

● Coordination between different water institutionsis poor: the municipality has limited responsibili-ties for water resources planning and manage-ment, which can cause conflicts in terms ofpriorities in the management of water infrastruc-ture issues.

● There is a lack of comprehensive urban planningpractices at the municipal level, particularly in relation to water and wastewater infrastructureplanning.

Strategic vision andprinciplesAs defined by UN-Water, water security is the capacityof a population to safeguard sustainable access to ad-equate quantities of acceptable quality water for sus-taining livelihoods, human well-being, andsocioeconomic development, for ensuring protectionagainst water-borne pollution and water-related disas-

ters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate ofpeace and political stability (UN-Water Analytical Briefon Water Security and the Global Water Agenda, 2013).With this in mind, Jerash Municipality will work towardsthe implementation of the following long-term vision:

Excellent leadership to provide sustainable, best-practice, efficient water services to the community.

In order to achieve this vision, Jerash Municipality willdemonstrate viable opportunities to implement andadvance six guiding principles of water security andincorporate them in strategic decisions, decision-making processes, and daily operations.

● A long-term perspective

- Water management decisions will be under-taken in the context of a long-term plan.

● Water for future generations

- A sustainable approach to water use will protectthe quality and quantity of water now and forthe future, benefiting human health and com-munities and promoting a thriving economy.

● An integrated approach to management

- Water decisions will integrate the multiple objectives and information pertaining to eco-nomic development and to the ecological, hydrological and social aspects of water inorder to achieve a balanced outcome.

● Partnerships and participation

- Collaboration in the development and imple-mentation of water management decisions willbe facilitated and improved.

● Value of water

- Water will be treated as a finite resource andused efficiently and effectively to best reflect itseconomic, social and environmental importance.

● Informed, risk-based management

- Water management will incorporate consider-ation of risk and be supported by research anddata.

Local water securitygoals, objectives andtargetsThe main themes and strategic goals of the JerashMunicipality LWSAP are defined below.

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● Action theme 1: Efficient use of water

- Goal 1.1 Decrease (non-revenue) water lossesfrom water pipes by 5 percent by 2018

- Goal 1.2 By 2020, improve water use efficiencyin households and big businesses by 25 per-cent compared to a 2016 baseline

- Goal 1.3 Create and maintain a communitythat reflects both expertise in water use effi-ciency and the need to optimise water use efficiency by 2018

- Goal 1.4 Develop a strategy at local level to increase community awareness of water issues, starting from 2017

● Action theme 2: Water resources conservation(clean water supply)

- Goal 2.1 Establish a water resources protectionsystem and water quality monitoring plan by2018

● Action theme 3: Water-related infrastructure

- Goal 3.1 Increase the proportion of the popu-lation using the sewerage network by 30 per-cent by 2022

Specific objectives and targets

The action plan goals will be realised by achieving spe-cific objectives for each action theme (see Annex 6 fordetails). The following objectives will be targeted forlocal water security in Jerash Municipality:

Efficient use of water

● Develop and maintain the network.● Increase the skills/build the capacity of mainte-

nance staff in the municipality.● Enforce laws that tackle the illegal use of water

(water theft).● Provide special training for housewives on the use

of tools to rationalise water consumption.● Develop and elaborate a local water harvesting

policy and incentives for the use of water harvest-ing techniques.

● Train some members of the local community onrainwater harvesting technology.

● Develop a promotional toolkit and promotionalcampaign to increase capacities; and raise com-munity awareness about water use efficiency.

● Build rainwater storage reservoirs in public gardens in the municipality.

Water resources conservation

● Protect water resources and monitor water qualityvia municipal control and management.


● Increase the proportion of the population usingthe sewerage network by 30 percent by 2022.

● Develop an action plan for linking areas to the san-itation network, according to identified priorities.

The local water securityaction plan

Action theme 1: Efficient useof water

GOAL 1.1 Decrease (non-revenue)water losses from water pipes by 5 percent by 2018Water supply network losses are an internationalproblem, especially in countries suffering from waterscarcity such as Jordan. Jordan is one of the poorestcountries in terms of water resources and is esti-mated to be below the water poverty line. The king-dom has a surface area of approximately 90,000 km2

and a population of around 9 million. The gap be-tween water supply and demand is widening due todevelopment and a relatively high population growthrate. In addition, global climate change is expected tointensify the water shortage problem in Jordan. Thir-teen years of complete records obtained from theMinistry of Water and Irrigation were analysed, and itwas found that water losses in Jordan reach about 50 percent. It is believed that Jordan can overcomeits water shortage problem by adopting a water de-mand management strategy. In this context, effortsshould be focused on reducing water losses. If this isachieved, huge quantities of water and revenue willbe saved. Increasing water use efficiency is a key fac-tor in reducing the risk of losses from the already lim-ited supply; providing opportunities to managesupply systems more efficiently and sustainably; andmeeting future economic growth needs.

The efficient and productive use of water is amongthe priorities stated in Jordan’s National Water Strategy2016–2025, which focuses on efficient water use andthe conservation of water resources for optimal socialand economic benefits (one of five strategic objectives).

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is responsible forthe management and operation of the water sector inJordan, and the municipalities have a role in the devel-opment of water infrastructure and the installation ofrainwater drainage networks, and a key role in raisingawareness among citizens of efficient water use andencouraging them to use water harvesting systems intheir homes via the issuing of building permits.

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The rehabilitation/replacement and modernisation ofthe water network will contribute to reducing the pro-portion of technical losses. Jerash Municipality, in col-laboration with the technical water managementauthorities, will therefore update these networks inthe context of a structured programme of work.

Given the above, the municipality will target the fol-lowing objectives in order to reduce the proportion oftechnical losses:

● Rehabilitate/replace and modernise small-diameter water mains in about 5 percent of theexisting water network by 2018.

● Increase the skills/build the capacity of mainte-nance staff in the municipality and Yarmouk WaterCompany and provide the necessary equipmentby 2018.

● Enforce the laws against the illegal use of water(water theft).

Objective 1.1.1 Rehabilitate/replace and modernisesmall-diameter water mains in about 5 percent of theexisting water network by 2018

Regulations and instructions should be developed toreduce water losses, including prohibiting the wash-ing of cars, pavements, drives and streets with waterhoses. In addition, the creation of ornamental pondsand water features without re-circulating pumps ortimers will be limited, and periodic maintenance ofhousehold water connections will be carried out toreduce dripping taps and other plumbing leaks andto prevent leaks or overflows from storage tanks dueto poor maintenance. A water auditing process forcommercial and high-rise buildings is essential foridentifying and monitoring the amount of water used;for identifying baseline and benchmark water use;and for continuing to check if actual consumption isabove the recommended amount established by thespecification of maximum water flow. Implementingthe water audit process will therefore lead to applyingthe concept of optimal water use efficiency and re-ducing losses, as high-rise buildings and shoppingmalls are among the biggest water consumers. Thelocal water security indicators in Jerash Municipalityshow that the proportion of losses in Jerash is 35 per-cent, thus there are infrastructure problems in thepublic network, which requires maintenance. Theproblem highlights the need to decrease non-revenuewater; reduce losses in supply; and prevent the over-abstraction of groundwater to cover water demand.

To meet the above objectives, the municipality will implement the following actions:

Action 1.1.1.1.Developing and maintaining the small-diameter network in the city centre of Jerash

During 2018, the municipality of Jerash and YarmoukWater Company will develop, rehabilitate and modernise

the small-diameter water mains network in Jerash citycentre. The technical specifications will include:

● building the capacity of the technical water management staff of the ministry, water researchcentre or other interested institutions;

● undertaking a study to measure the degree of efficiency of the current network in the area inquestion to detect leakages in the system; and

● carrying out a feasibility study to select points onthe network where the action should be imple-mented, in order of priority.

This is a medium-priority, short-term action, startingimmediately after the adoption of the present actionplan. The main institutions responsible for implemen-tation will be Yarmouk Water Company and JerashMunicipality.

Objective 1.1.2 Increase the skills/build the capacityof maintenance staff in the municipality and YarmoukWater Company and provide the necessary equip-ment by 2018

Training should be given to technicians on safe andeffective operation and maintenance practices to en-sure the technicians’ own personal safety, the safetyof the equipment they are operating, and the protec-tion of the environment in which they are working.

Part of the action plan for the municipality is there-fore to rebuild expertise in the water sector, takingadvantage of young professionals in the area. In ad-dition, regulations need to be developed in order toreduce water losses, such as prohibiting the washingof cars, pavements, driveways and streets with waterhoses; limiting the creation of ornamental ponds andwater features without re-circulating pumps ortimers; and ensuring the periodic checking of house-hold water connections to prevent dripping taps,overflowing storage tanks and other plumbing leaksdue to poor maintenance. A water auditing processfor commercial and high-rise buildings is essential foridentifying and monitoring the amount of water used,and for identifying a baseline and benchmarks forwater use. Continual checks should be carried out tosee whether actual consumption is above the recom-mended amount established by the specification of amaximum water flow. The water auditing process willtherefore lead to the application of the concept of op-timal and efficient water use and reduce losses, sincehigh-rise buildings and shopping malls are among thebiggest water consumers.

Action 1.1.2.1 Developing a training programme formaintenance staff of Yarmouk Water Company

In 2018, the municipality and Yarmouk Water Com-pany will develop technical teams qualified in themaintenance and development of water systemsthrough the implementation of several programmes:

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● the preparation of an annual training plan;

● the organisation of four-month training courses incooperation with the Vocational Training Corpora-tion; and

● the preparation of a training manual and technicalcollaboration with the Vocational Training Corporation.

This is a high-priority, medium-term action, startingimmediately after the adoption of the present actionplan. The main institution responsible for implemen-tation will be Jerash Municipality, in partnership withYarmouk Water Company and the Vocational TrainingCorporation in Jerash.

Objective 1.1.3 Enforce laws that tackle the illegal useof water (water theft)

Existing laws and regulations should be enforced inorder to prohibit the illegal use of water resources,and appropriate penalties should be imposed on vio-lators, as set forth in the amended Water AuthorityLaw No. 22/2014.

There are many laws imposing penalties on thosewho damage water resources, and Jerash Municipalityis seeking to strengthen community action to pre-serve its water sources in collaboration with all stake-holders. A monitoring and audit system that is ableto control inaccuracies associated with customer me-tering and data handling errors (meter readings)should also be established.

Action 1.1.3.1 Preparing a stakeholder action plan forthe city of Jerash to curb the illegal use of water

This is a high-priority, long-term action. The main in-stitutions responsible for implementation will be civilsociety organisations, the local community (house-wives), the Local Development Unit of the municipal-ity, Yarmouk Water Company and Jerash Governorate.

This action will involve the following steps:

● establishing a monitoring/audit system that isable to control all water use activities;

● raising awareness in the local community aboutthe newly published regulation;

● establishing a steering committee, made up of allstakeholders, for the distribution of tasks to ensure there is no duplication;

● reviewing tasks in the technical committee to ensure an integrated process;

● building the management capacity of the technicalcommittee; and

● pursuing formal channels to tackle unauthorisedconsumption or illegal use.

GOAL 1.2 By 2020, improve water useefficiency in households and bigbusinesses by 25 percent, compared to a 2016 baselineThe demand for water has increased due to growingneeds in the domestic, industrial, agricultural andservice sectors. Faced with continued populationgrowth and development processes, there will be in-sufficient resources unless ways can be found to im-prove use efficiency so that basic needs can be met.

The Water Authority is seeking to improve the efficiencyof household water use through voluntary and obliga-tory actions. Voluntary measures include outreach pro-grammes that encourage citizens to rationalise theirwater consumption and make use of water-savingequipment. Channels can include television, radio,magazines and publications. Legislation can also be developed to raise tariffs in order to prevent waterwaste and irrational household water consumption.

The municipality, in cooperation with the Water Au-thority, will develop and implement the following pro-cedures in order to contribute to improving theefficiency of water use in schools, hospitals andhouseholds:

● improving water use efficiency at household levelthrough water-saving tools;

● promoting water harvesting systems for a quarterof the population and big businesses, and intro-ducing the technical know-how for the prepara-tion of appropriate infrastructure for rainwaterharvesting by 2018;

● compiling a promotional programme toolkit andlaunching a promotional campaign to increase thecapacity and awareness of the community onwater use efficiency by 2020;

● reducing water consumption by big businessesand maximising water reuse in about 10 schoolsin the area by 2018;

● introducing appropriate infrastructure for collect-ing rainfall water in public gardens/fiveschools/hospitals/business premises by 2018; and

● promoting the use of grey water and organisingtraining programmes for housewives, startingfrom 2016.

Objective 1.2.1 Improve water use efficiency athousehold level through the use of water-saving tools

The main demand for water in Jerash is for domesticpurposes. However, households misuse water and donot use tools to rationalise their consumption, puttingpressure on the limited water resources in Jerash.Raising awareness of water issues at all levels is criti-

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cal to the success of programmes and activities aimedat water conservation. Jerash Municipality and theWater Authority in Jerash share responsibility for pro-moting efficient water use, and in particular the effi-cient use of water in households. Efforts shouldtherefore be targeted at household level, and espe-cially housewives. The local government must also beseen to adopt and promote the efficient use of water.In this sense, it is important to develop a policy fromthe bottom up to enhance efficient water use in thecommunity. Communities need to identify local waterissues and establish channels of communication withlocal leaders. Community involvement adds value tothe programmes by integrating local views, valuesand expectations in the decision-making process. Italso encourages long-term commitment and owner-ship on the part of the community, and a desire to seethe programme succeed.

Action 1.2.1.1 Providing special training for house-wives on the use of tools to rationalise water consumption

This action will include, for example, the installation ofhigh-efficiency toilets, and the retrofitting of water-savingdevices on existing toilets. Faucet aerators and low-flowshower heads will also be installed in municipal buildingsfor 5 percent of the local community. In addition:

● awareness-raising sessions will be organised forwomen from three specific neighbourhoods in thecity of Jerash, focusing on the importance of rationalising consumption; and

● target groups will be trained on the use of water-saving and maintenance tools through coopera-tion with the Vocational Training Corporation.

Action 1.2.1.2 Constructing rainwater reservoirs inpublic gardens

Rainwater harvesting for landscape irrigation is onlypractical in locations where rainwater can be collectedin sufficient quantities. Jerash Municipality has manypublic gardens and therefore plans to construct con-crete storage tanks to collect water during the rainyseasons to be used in summer and dry seasons.

Technical specifications include:

● constructing concrete reservoirs to collect rooftopwater during rainy seasons;

● installing a “first-flush diverter device” betweenthe roof downpipe and the rainwater storage tankto dispose of the first rainfall runoff collected fromthe roof;

● installing filtering screens and cleaning roofs on aregular basis to remove dust, leaves, bird faeces andother impurities to improve water quality and re-duce the clogging of gutters and collection systems;

● cleaning the tank on a regular basis to reduce sed-iment deposits and water contamination;

● adding disinfecting agents such as chlorine to reduce biological contamination;

● locating rainwater storage tanks far from sourcesof contamination, such as sewerage networks; and

● regularly monitoring the quality of water in thestorage tank, in particular to assess potential bacteriological contamination.

This is a high-priority, short-term action. The main in-stitution responsible for implementation will beJerash Municipality. The action includes the participa-tion of experts with a certain level of technical com-petence. In combination with other water efficiencyactions, it is not expected to face non-acceptancefrom stakeholders.

The action will require significant communication withthe private sector, after providing the required budget.

Objective 1.2.2 Promote water harvesting systemsfor a quarter of the population and introduce thetechnical know-how for preparing appropriate infra-structure for rainwater harvesting by 2018

Among the most important water-related challengesthat Jordan must address is balancing demand withthe available resources, especially in the face of in-creasing demand due to natural population growth(2.8 percent) and immigration, which are making thewater deficit more severe. Per capita availability is lessthan 146 m3 per year, or less than 15 percent of thelevel of the international water poverty line. Watersector institutions in Jordan, represented by the Min-istry of Water and Irrigation, must be managed in anintegrated manner to ensure the efficient use of everydrop of available water and to search for new waterresources, both conventional and non-conventional.

In response to the increased demand for water fromtraditional sources, particularly groundwater, watersector institutions are promoting private water har-vesting systems and the collection of rainwater in thewinter from building rooftops. The construction of atank for the collection of rainwater in all new buildingswill have multiple benefits: schools, mosques andpublic institutions consume large amounts of water,which affects the available share of drinking waterand leads to water shortages.

Water harvesting consists of a wide range of tech-nologies used to collect, store and provide water withthe particular aim of meeting demand for water forhuman activities and livestock. There is strong evi-dence to support the view that the proper develop-ment and use of water harvesting systems canregenerate ecosystem productivity and suppress thedegradation of ecosystem services caused by soil ero-

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sion and flooding; improve environmental flows by in-creasing base flow where groundwater is recharged;improve agricultural production, regenerate de-graded landscapes and supply water for small horti-culture and livestock; and improve incomes and foodsecurity. However, households currently lack ade-quate knowledge about water harvesting practices,and water harvesting is neglected.

Action 1.2.2.1 Developing and elaborating a localwater harvesting policy and introducing incentives forwater harvesting

This is a medium-priority, long-term action. The mainpeople responsible for implementation will be thetechnical staff of the municipality, farmers, the WaterAuthority in Jerash and civil society. Some internationalorganisations are supporting similar activities imple-mented by civil society organisations, such as theUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP), theUnited States Agency for International Development(USAID) and the Royal Society for the Conservation ofNature (RSCN) in Jordan. Municipal decision-making in-stitutions and local organisations working on thetheme of water need to develop a strong relationship,which will help them to formulate special water har-vesting policies through a variety of measures:

● making the issuing of a new building licence in themunicipality conditional on the construction of arainwater harvesting tank;

● introducing soil conservation measures in thecatchments of existing and future reservoirs;

● standardising the planning and design norms ofrainwater harvesting systems for various endusers;

● introducing surface treatment technologies (me-chanical and chemical). (Rainwater collected maybe unfit for direct use, especially for drinking, as itis usually contaminated by bacteria and microbes,as well as impurities, sediments and dust. How-ever, there are many processes that can be usedto purify water from such pollutants, includingsimple surface treatment systems);

● minimising evaporation losses;

● preparing tanks/reservoirs to minimise seepagelosses;

● installing domestic rooftop rainwater harvestingtanks for drinking water; and

● using local materials to construct storagetanks/cisterns.

Action 1.2.2.2 Training some members of the localcommunity on rainwater harvesting technologies

This is a medium-priority, short-term action. The main

people responsible for implementation will be civil society organisations, housewives (local community),the Local Development Unit, the municipality, JerashWater Authority and farmers. Some international organisations are already supporting similar activitiesimplemented by civil society organisations (UNDP,USAID and RSCN in Jordan).

This activity will be carried out in collaboration withcivil society organisations and in partnership with theWater Authority. The aim is to promote the idea ofusing rainwater to irrigate gardens, and the activitywill be implemented through the organisation oftraining courses.

Action 1.2.2.3 Implementing a community outreachcampaign to improve water use efficiency

This is a high-priority, short-term action. The mainpeople responsible for implementation will be civil society organisations, housewives (local community),the Local Development Unit of the municipality andJerash Water Authority.

Community awareness workshops will be organisedevery three months in collaboration with the Environ-mental Awareness Centre of the municipality.

The local radio in Jerash Municipality will broadcastone-hour programmes on water awareness, andbrochures will be printed for students to emphasisethe importance of rationalising water consumption.

GOAL 1.3 Create and maintain acommunity that reflects both expertisein water use efficiency and the need tooptimise water use efficiency by 2018Objective 1.3.1 Develop a promotional programmetoolkit and launch a promotional campaign to in-crease capacity and awareness of water use efficiencyamong the community by 2020

Objective 1.3.2 Reduce water consumption in bigbusinesses and maximise water reuse in about 10schools in the area by 2018

Objective 1.3.3 Construct appropriate infrastructurefor the collection of rainfall at five schools/hospitals/big business premises by 2018

Objective 1.3.4 Promote the use of grey water andorganise training programmes for housewives, start-ing in 2016

GOAL 1.4 Develop a strategy at locallevel to increase community awarenessof water issues, starting from 2017

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Action theme 2: Water resources conservation (cleanwater supply)

Water resources in Jordan comprise surface waterand groundwater, while treated wastewater is increasingly being used in irrigation, especially in theJordan Valley. Surface water resources in the valleysare formed by floods caused by heavy rainfall; waterand basic runoff from underground water bodies;and wastewater from wastewater treatment plants.

Around 5 percent of rainfall penetrates underground,where it feeds groundwater aquifers. More than 3 percent of this water is in the form of runoff, whileover 90 percent is lost as a result of evaporation andtranspiration. Some water resources near residentialareas are exposed to pollution and illegal use.

GOAL 2.1 Establish a water resourcesprotection system and qualitymonitoring plan by 2018 Objective 2.1.1 Establish an early warning system formonitoring the quality of the existing water supplyand treatment systems, and provide digital water test-ing meters and water quality testing kits by 2018

Action 2.1.1.1 Ensuring the protection of water resources and monitoring water quality through theactive involvement of the municipality and the WaterAuthority

This is a high-priority, short-term action. The main in-stitutions responsible for implementation will be

Jerash Governorate, the Ministry of Water and Irriga-tion, the Yarmouk Water Company, Jerash Municipal-ity and the Health Directorate.

This monitoring and protection of water resourceswill be promoted, in coordination with all relevantstakeholders, through:

● the formation of a steering committee, comprisingrepresentatives of the municipality, Jerash WaterAuthority and the Health Directorate, to review theestablished procedures for the control of water re-sources;

● the implementation of a community awarenesscampaign through the Environmental AwarenessCentre in Jerash Municipality, in cooperation withthe Water Authority, to emphasise the importanceof protecting water resources;

● the introduction of a system to prevent the issuingof municipal building permits in the vicinity ofwater resources;

● the building of staff capacities, through staff par-ticipation in training sessions implemented in co-ordination with the training centre of the Ministryof Water and Irrigation, to use modern, digital control equipment for water management, main-tenance and quality control; and

● the establishment of technical teams tostrengthen control over water resources.

Objective 2.1.2 Improve the security and reliability ofsupply by protecting 10 springs and wells via the in-troduction of inner protection zones and fencing witha radius of 10 to 20 m by 2018

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WATER SYSTEMRESIDENTS OF JORDAN SYRIAN REFUGEES TOTAL POPULATION

Number % Number % Number %

Main Ajloun water system 219,721 89.2 26,690 10.8 246,412 96.7

KoforKhall water sub-system 8,336 100 - 0.0 8,336 3.3

Sub-total, population served by WAJ water network* 228,057 89.5 26,690 10.5 254,747 100

Served, but not by WAJ - - - - - 0.0

Not served or in camps - - - - - 0.0

Total population 228,057 89.5 26,690 10.5 254,747 100

* Sub-total population figure used for water demand estimation

TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF EXISTING POPULATION AND SYRIAN REFUGEES IN JERASH (2014)

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Action theme 3: Water-relatedinfrastructure

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is responsible forthe management and operation of the water sectorin Jordan, and the municipalities have a role in theplanning of water infrastructure and the installationof rainwater drainage networks. They also have a rolein raising awareness among citizens of water issuesand encouraging them to use water harvesting sys-tems in their homes through the issuing of buildingpermits.

The Jerash water system supplies almost the entirepopulation of Jerash, including Syrian refugees. TheKoforKhall sub-system serves the remaining 3.3 per-cent of the population. Table 1 shows the distributionof the population in relation to the water system inJerash in 2014.

The presence of a large number of Syrian refugees inJordan has led to increased pressure on infrastruc-ture, requiring the development of strategies, projectsand services to deal with the new reality, includingsewerage services.

The sewerage system:

● provides a renewed and increasingly importantwater source to maintain the water balance;

● helps protect the environment, improve health,and protect water sources from pollution;

● contributes to the expansion of the agricultural region by increasingly meeting the water needs ofthe agricultural sector; and

● provides job opportunities and encourages team-work and community service.

Jerash Municipality, in cooperation with YarmoukWater Company in Jerash, is seeking to increase thenumber of subscribers to sanitation services throughthe following goals, objectives and actions.

GOAL 3.1 Increase the proportion ofthe population using the seweragenetwork by 30 percent by 2022There are 29 central wastewater treatment plants inJordan that are expected to treat 280 million m3 ofwater per year in 2030. However, many of the existingtreatment plants are under capacity and require ur-gent rehabilitation and extension work. Poorly man-aged cesspits are the most common alternative forwastewater disposal. This is a cause for concern, asseepage from cesspits has contaminated the scarcefreshwater resources, with negative impacts on healthand the environment. Around one-third of the popu-lation use unsealed cesspits for dumping wastewater.

Objective 3.1.1 Increase the potential for connectionand facilitate connections to the sewerage system for200 households in dense urban areas by 2020

Places where households should be connected to thesewerage network will be identified through a studycoordinated with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation,which will create a plan to connect 100 households.

The treatment of wastewater in the area will improvewater quality, and will increase the amount of wateravailable for use. This will also improve livelihoods,protect the health of users and safeguard the localenvironment from pollution.

Action 3.1.1.1 Developing an action plan and definingpriority areas for connection to the sanitation network

This is a high-priority, medium-term action. The maininstitutions responsible for implementation are themunicipality and Jerash Water Authority. Target areaswill be identified, and the division of labour within thetechnical teams will be decided in order to implementthe activity within the defined deadlines.

Objective 3.1.2 Build the financial resources to connect households to the sewerage network

ImplementationThe implementation plan will be put into effectthrough a partnership with all stakeholders, accord-ing to identified priorities. Business partnerships willbe established with institutions that have a role in theimplementation of projects included in the plan, suchas the Water Authority, the Health Directorate, theAgriculture Directorate and some civil society organi-sations (in the case of infrastructure projects) and theEducation Directorate and the University of Jerash (inthe case of outreach projects). During project imple-mentation, the need to form new partnerships withother stakeholders may also emerge.

A committee will be formed to follow up implemen-tation in the municipality and to coordinate with themayor and all concerned authorities. The dates ofregular meetings with the local planning team will bedetermined in order to follow up the developmentand implementation of the plan.

Decentralisation elections will be held in 2017 in Jor-dan, and through the provincial council, which will bea key member of the municipality, the LWSAP will bepresented for adoption.

The implementation plan requires that available re-sources be concentrated on fulfilling the objectivesand implementing the corresponding actions to ad-dress the most acute water security problems, thusallowing the municipality to prepare for future chal-lenges in the sector.

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TABLE 2 MONITORING THE LWSAP

STEP IN THEMONITORINGPROCESS

DESCRIPTION RESPONSIBILITIES

Setting up themonitoring workinggroup (LWSAP workinggroup)

The mayor/delegate of Jerash Municipality will establish the LWSAP working group, consisting ofrepresentatives of all relevant departments of the city administration. This group jointly reflects onnew data, new projects, implemented projects and activities, critical water security developments etc.

Municipality/delegation

Setting up themonitoring process

The LWSAP working group will decide on the monitoring process, in particular:• The frequency of monitoring: One recommendation is to have yearly meetings of the LWSAP

working group. The meetings are organised by the LWSAP coordinator. • Method of monitoring: The LWSAP working group adopts a joint approach, based on a checklist

that refers to the action plan, the achievement of the action plan, and demands for correctionsand updated actions. This reflection should initially be done verbally. If indicators are created infollow-up steps, these indicators should function as an assessment scale.

• Documentation of monitoring results: The results should be documented in written form to allowfor ease of communication.

• Communication of monitoring results: The monitoring results should be communicated internallywithin the LWSAP working group, and with the superiors of the sections and the head of themunicipality. The monitoring documentation is primarily an internal document for self-assessment and to communicate the quality of climate change adaptation and preparedness. Itshould also help to improve internal processes, with a focus on cross-sector communication andcross-sector planning.

LWSAP working group

Monitoring and evaluationThe purpose of monitoring the implementation of theLWSAP is to understand whether the project or activ-ity is delivering the planned benefits, and to be ableto adjust the measures and activities to potentiallychanging conditions and new knowledge. Further-more, the findings from the monitoring processshould be reflected in long-term future planning.

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Annexes

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NAME OF ORGANISATION/GROUP

INTEREST

(H/M/L)

WHAT ARE THEIR CURRENT LEVELSOF INVOLVEMENT IN WATERMANAGEMENT PLANNING, ANDWHAT ASPECTS OF THE LWSAPPROCESS ARE THEY (LIKELY TO BE)MOST INTERESTED IN?

IF INVOLVEMENT AND/OR INTEREST ISL/M, HOW MIGHT WE MOTIVATE THEIRENGAGEMENT WITH LWSAP? WHATBENEFITS MIGHT THEY DERIVE FROMBEING MORE INVOLVED IN LWSAP?

LEVEL OFKNOWL-EDGEABOUTWATER-RELATEDISSUES

(H/M/L)

Jerash Water Authority HH (management and conservation of waterresources and reduction of waste in thewater network)

- H

Agriculture Directorate H M (determination of irrigation waterresources and distribution of irrigationquotas to farmers)

Increasing the technical possibilities to identifyspecific sources of irrigation water to be usedappropriately

H

Environment Directorate M H (water quality control) - M

Health Directorate H H (water quality control) - H

Jerash Municipality M

M (preparation of the infrastructure for theextension of water services and theprotection of water systems and waternetwork pipes)

Working on the urban action plan in coordinationwith all sectors. Making licensing requirementsfor new buildings dependent on the existence ofa water storage tank

M

Jerash Governorate M

M (enforcing the application of laws andregulations to protect water systems andpromoting coordination between theconcerned authorities

Enforcing laws for the preservation of waterresources

M

NGOs/donors at local level(NRC, ACTED, JICA and USAID)

L L (irrigation infrastructure and awarenessraising among households)

Enhancing their participation in the drafting of water policies through opinion polls

L

Education Directorate LL (awareness raising among water users ofwater saving and efficient consumption)

Preparing awareness programme L

End users (consumers) LL (identifying subscribers’ needs with WaterAuthority, households and industries)

Raising awareness and promoting participationin water-related decision making

L

Farmers Union LL (distribution of irrigation water to farmersin Jerash)

Raising awareness and increasing funding L

Jerash DevelopmentAssociation

LL (encouraging members of the communityto use water tanks for water harvesting)

Raising awareness and increasing funding L

Mosque L L (awareness raising) Capacity building L

Private sector (DarAl-Emran forinfrastructure)

H H (water network pipes) - H

Annex 1: Stakeholder analysis table

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ACCESS TO HIGH-QUALITYINFORMATIONABOUT WATER-RELATED ISSUES

(H/M/L)

INFLUENCE ONWATERMANAGEMENT

(H/M/L)

COMMENTS ON INFLUENCE (E.G. ATTITUDESTO WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING, TIMESOR CONTEXTS IN WHICH THEY HAVEMORE/LESS INFLUENCE)

ANY IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS WITHOTHER STAKEHOLDERS? (E.G. CONFLICTS/ALLIANCES)

H H High impact on water managementCooperation with all sectors that have a high impacton water management in Jerash

H M Medium impact on water management Cooperation with Water Authority

M M Medium impact on water management Water Authority plays a monitoring role

H H High impact on water management Cooperation with Water Authority

M M Medium impact on water managementLack of coordination between Water Authority and municipality

M M Medium impact on water management No relation

L MLow impact on water management but fund and supportinfrastructure

No relation

L L Low impact on water management No relation

L L Low impact on water management With Water Authority, due to irregular schedule for thedistribution of water and insufficient quantity of water

L L Interest in irrigation water only Cooperation with Water Authority and AgricultureDirectorate

L L Interest in community development No relation

L L Awareness No relation

H H High impact on water management Operational relationship with the Water Authority

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NAME POSITION INSTITUTION

Eng. Marwan Ayasrah Operation and Maintenance Manager Water Directorate

Bashar Nawasrah Head of Department of Technical Affairs and Control Water Directorate

Malek Ayasrah Department of GIS Water Directorate

Eng. Samer Hawamdeh Water Expert Private sector

Eng. Mohamad KhirQuqazeh

Director of the Agricultural Research Centre Department of Agriculture

Eng. Ahmad Shaer Technical Affairs Officer Department of Agriculture

Raed Mohammed Jaser Alnazer

Local Focal Point Jerash Municipality

Wafaa Hussein FalehHawamdeh

Local Coordinator Jerash Municipality

Annex 2: The composition of the multi-sectoralworking group (planning team) and a list of otherparticipants in the drafting process

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Annex 3: Results of the public opinion assessment

1. Information flow

CHART 1.1

CHART 1.2

CHART 1.3

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CHART 1.4

CHART 1.5

CHART 1.6

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CHART 1.7

CHART 2.1

CHART 2.2

2. Water governance

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CHART 3.1

CHART 3.2

CHART 3.3

3. Water utilisation patterns

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CHART 3.4

CHART 4.1

CHART 4.2

4. Public awareness

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CHART 5.1

CHART 5.2

5. Water-related tensions

6. Water availability

CHART 6.1

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CHART 6.2

CHART 6.3

CHART 6.4

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Annex 4: Results of the indicator-based localwater security assessment

COMPONENT AND INDICATORS SCORE

COMPONENT 1: FRESHWATER RESOURCES 12

Indicator 1: Freshwater availability per person 0

Indicator 2: Freshwater supply vulnerability 30

Indicator 3: Freshwater allocation (demand) 6

COMPONENT 2: ECOSYSTEM HEALTH 82

Indicator 4: Ecosystem stress 100

Indicator 5: Water quality 64

Indicator 6: Native fish population - - - -

COMPONENT 3: INFRASTRUCTURE 16

Indicator 7a: Demand for water services (water) 0

Indicator 7b: Demand for water services (wastewater) 0

Indicator 8a: Condition of infrastructure (water) 0

Indicator 8b: Condition of infrastructure (wastewater) 100

Indicator 9: Wastewater treatment 47

COMPONENT 4: HUMAN HEALTH 67

Indicator 10: Access to potable water 0

Indicator 11: Drinking water reliability 100

Indicator 12: Water-borne illness 100

COMPONENT 5: CAPACITY 67

Indicator 13: Financial capacity -

Indicator 14: Workforce education 52

Indicator 15: Operator training 83

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ASSESSMENT RESULTS

NUMBER INDICATOR

700,800 Average annual streamflow (m3/year)

3,679,200 Sustainable groundwater yield (m3/year)

4,380,000 Total renewable water resources (m3/year)

47,000 Population of community served

0 Renewable water resources per capita (m3/ year)

Runoff exceeded 5 percent of the year (litres/day)

Runoff exceeded 95 percent of the year (litres/day)

Runoff ratio

0 Percentage of wells with rising water levels

60 Percentage of wells with no change in water level

16 Percentage of water supply that is surface water

84 Percentage of water supply that is groundwater

4,117,200 Amount of water annually allocated (m3/year)

SCORE AND EVALUATION FOR EACH INDICATOR IN JERASH MUNICIPALITY

COMPONENT SCORE (CWSI) EVALUATION

Water availability 12 Requires improvement

Ecosystem health 82 Strength area

Infrastructure 16 Requires improvement

Human health 67 Strength area

Capacity 67 Strength area

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NUMBER NUMBERS NEEDED FOR EACH INDICATOR

4,380,000 Total renewable water resources (m3/year)

0.94 Ratio of water annually allocated to total renewable water resources

2,676,180 Annual amount of water consumed (m3/year)

700,800 Total annual renewable surface flow (m3/year)

0 Ratio of annual amount of water consumed to total annual renewable surface flow

64 WQI score: To calculate, see www.water-research.net/index.php/water-treatment/water-monitoring/monitoring-the-quality-of-surfacewaters

0 Percentage of culturally or economically significant fish populations that are increasing

0 Percentage of culturally or economically significant fish populations that are stable

47,000 Number of people that can be served at 100 percent capacity of existing water system

47,000 Number of people currently being served by existing water system

5.2 Annual rate of population growth (%)

33,229 Number of people that can be served at 100 percent capacity of existing wastewater system

33,229 Number of people currently being served by existing wastewater system

35 Percentage of system losses from water mains

0 Percentage of system losses from sewers

29.3 Percentage of population served by sewers without treatment

0 Percentage of population served by sewers with primary treatment

70.7 Percentage of population served by sewers with secondary treatment

0 Percentage of population served by sewers with tertiary treatment

7,332,000 Amount of accessible potable water available per day (litres/day)

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NUMBER NUMBERS NEEDED FOR EACH INDICATOR


73 Amount of accessible potable water available per person per day (litres)

30 Number of service disruptions experienced in a year

20 Number of people affected by EACH service disruption. Fill out annex below.

1 Duration of EACH service disruption in days. Fill out annex below.

0.012765957 Total service disruption days


0 Number of reported cases of waterborne disease and illness per year

Maximum provincial/territorial average for local government per capita surplus

Minimum provincial/territorial average for local government per capita surplus

Community's per capita surplus

53.5 Maximum provincial/territorial percentage of population aged 20 to 64 with a high-school education or higher

40.6 Minimum provincial/territorial percentage of population aged 20 to 64 with a high-school education or higher

47.3 Percentage of community’s population aged 20 to 64 with a high-school education or higher

Percentage of operators that are industry certified. CALCULATE FOR EACH PLANT. Leave blank. See Annex below

Percentage of operators that have some other form of training. CALCULATE FOR EACH PLANT. Leave blank. See Annex below

83 Training indicator score for water plants

83 Training indicator score for wastewater plants

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SUMMARY OF ALL INDICATORS FOR JERASH MUNICIPALITY: OVERALL CWSI SCORE IS 52/100

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Country Jordan

Name of LSG unit Jerash Municipality

LWS vision statement Excellent leadership to provide sustainable, best-practice, efficient water services to the community.

Action theme 1 Efficient use of water

Goal 1.1 Decrease (non-revenue) water losses from water pipes by 5% by 2018

OBJECTIVE STATEMENTREFERENCE TO PROBLEM STATEMENT

TARGETS

Objective 1.1.1

Rehabilitate/replace and modernisesmall-diameter water mains in about5% of the existing water network by2018

Lack of a regular networkmodernisation programme.

Water losses reduced from 61% to 51%by 2020; reduced number ofdisruptions in the water network.

Objective 1.1.2

Increase the skills/build the capacityof maintenance staff in themunicipality and Yarmouk WaterCompany and provide the necessaryequipment by 2018

• Lack of effective maintenance systemsat municipality level.

• Lack of equipment for maintenanceoperations

• Lack of adequate trainingprogrammes.

Improved capacity for maintenanceoperations in the water network, whichcould lead to greater control over waterlosses from the system.

Objective 1.1.3 Enforce laws that tackle the illegal useof water (water theft)

Most unbilled (non-revenue) water isdue to water theft and illegal use(commercial losses).

Commercial water losses due to watertheft and illegal use reduced by 10% by2018.

Annex 5: Problem tree analysis

PROBLEM PRIORITISATION MATRIX

PROBLEM STATEMENT. ONE OR TWO SENTENCES THATDESCRIBE THE PROBLEM. DO NOT LIST CAUSES ORSYMPTOMS.

RANKURGENCY OFFINDING ASOLUTION TOTHE PROBLEM

RANKIMPORTANCEOF FINDING ASOLUTION TOTHE PROBLEM

RANKFEASIBILITYOF SOLVINGTHE PROBLEM

RANK TEAMANDCOMMUNITYWILLINGNESSTO SOLVE THEPROBLEM

Protection and management of water resources in terms of stafftraining and legal frameworks.

1 1 1 1

Old and worn-out water network (infrastructure service connection +losses) and weak capacity of sewerage network.

6 6 6 6

Lack of awareness regarding water issues at community and administrative level.

2 2 3 2

Lack of technical maintenance team (staff) with effectivequalifications to control network losses.

3 3 2 3

Lack of a comprehensive database for the municipality on water securityissues (such as quality parameters + water consumption + losses).

4 4 4 4

Lack of enforcement of legislation concerning illegal water use. 5 5 5 5

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Goal 1.2 By 2020, improve water use efficiency in households and big businesses by 25% compared to a 2016 baseline


TARGETS

Objective 1.2.1Improve water use efficiency athousehold level through the use ofwater-saving tools

Lack of awareness of the importance ofusing water-saving equipment athousehold level.

Increased water use efficiency in 10% ofhouseholds by 25% compared withbaseline water use.

Objective 1.2.2

Promote water harvesting systems fora quarter of the population andintroduce the technical know-how forpreparing appropriate infrastructurefor rainwater harvesting by 2018

Lack of awareness and lack of sufficientexpertise among the population toharvest rainwater at home.

Increased use of rainwater harvestingsystems at household level by 2018.

Goal 1.3 Create and maintain a community that reflects both expertise in water use efficiency and the need to optimise water useefficiency by 2018

Objective 1.3.1

Support water use efficiency byproviding the necessary knowledge onproducts, technologies and bestpractices through guidance on waterreuse and water-saving techniques athousehold level by 2018. Continuepublic education outreach for allconsumers and ensure equitableaccess to water-saving tools andinformation.

Lack of community expertise regardingwater use efficiency.

• Value of water efficiency use raisedamong 50% of the community by 2018

• Water and wastewater bills reducedby 10% compared with currentsituation

Objective 1.3.2

Build capacities to improve the qualityof decision making, sector efficiencyand managerial performance for theplanning and implementation of watersector programmes and projects

Lack of special programmes to buildthe capacity of the Water Authority forplanning and sustainablemanagement.

• Improved capabilities for assessingwater resources.

• Better planning for sustainable waterresources development in the contextof national development planning.

Objective 1.3.3

Develop a promotional programmetoolkit and launch a promotionalcampaign to increase capacity andawareness of water use efficiencyamong the community by 2020

Lack of knowledge and publicawareness on efficient water use athousehold level.

Change in public behaviour towards theuse of water-saving devices andtechniques in 25% of the localcommunity.

Objective 1.3.4Reduce water consumption in bigbusinesses and maximise water reusein about 10 schools in the area by 2018

• Shortage of water in schools results inhigh demand for new water resources.

• Poor water use efficiency.

Water use efficiency in schoolsimproved/maximised (increase inwater availability by 25% of availableresources).

Objective 1.3.5

Construct appropriate infrastructurefor the collection of rainfall at fiveschools/hospitals/big businesspremises by 2018

• Shortage of water in schools results inhigh demand for new water resources.

• Poor water use efficiency.

Increased use of rainwater harvestingsystems at household level by 2018.

Objective 1.3.6Promote the use of grey water andorganise training programmes forhousewives, starting in 2016

Part of drinking water in households isused for garden irrigation.

Water use efficiency in householdsimproved/maximised (increase inwater availability by 20% of availableresources).

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TARGETS

Goal 1.4 Develop a strategy at local level to increase community awareness of water issues, starting from 2017

Objective 1.4.1 Organise awareness workshops in 30 schools by 2019

Inefficient use of water in householdsdue to lack of awareness programmes.

Improved water use efficiency amongstudents in 30 schools by the end of 2019.

Action theme 2 Water resources conservation (clean water supply)

Goal 2.1 Establish a water resources protection system and quality monitoring plan by 2018

Objective 2.1.1

Establish an early warning system formonitoring the quality of the existingwater supply and treatment systems,and provide digital water testingmeters and water quality testing kitsby 2018

Low potential and capability inequipment(s) and staff for themunicipality (Health directorate) tomeasure/Monitor the quality of water

Increased water security; increasedcommunication between municipality(Water Authority) and customers.

Objective 2.1.2

Improve the security and reliability ofsupply by protecting 10 springs andwells via the introduction of innerprotection zones and fencing with aradius of 10 to 20 m by 2018

Some spring and wells are subject toillegal use from citizens and foractivities posing a risk of contamination(e.g. farming, grazing, firing,application of pesticides and fertilizers,construction of latrines, use ofchemicals, etc.)

Decreased pollution and better controlover illegal use of water resources bycitizens. Environment protected from thepotential adverse effects of untreatedwastewater on the environment andgroundwater.

Action theme 3 Water-related infrastructure

Goal 3.1 Increase the proportion of population using the sewerage network by 30% by 2022

Objective 3.1.1

Increase the potential for connectionand facilitate connections to thesewerage system for 200 householdsin dense urban areas by 2020

High percentage of people are usinglocal septic tank system at homeswhich by its effluent and seepage canaffect the groundwater resources.

Infrastructure built for (300) householdsto be connected to a sewerage system.Reduced groundwater vulnerabilitycaused by septic tanks.

Objective 3.1.2 Build the financial resources to connecthouseholds to the sewerage network

Lack of periodic capacity expansionprogram for the sewerage network.

200 homes connected by 2019.

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Annex 6: Identification of actions

Country Jordan

Name of LSG unit Jerash Municipality

LWS vision statement Excellent leadership to provide sustainable, best-practice, efficient water services to the community.

No. Action

Description of action(including listof activities)

Experience with thistype of action to date

General suitability forproblem solving Relevant

location(s)(if applicable)Already

beingrealised

Alreadyplanned

Addressedproblem(s)

Effects onproblem(s)/risk reduction

Action theme 1 Efficient use of water

Goal 1.1 Decrease (non-revenue) water losses from the water network by 5% by 2018

Objective 1.1.1 Rehabilitate/replace and modernise small-diameter water mains in about 5% of the existing water network by 2018

1.1.1.1

Developing andmaintaining thesmall-diameternetwork

The Ministry of Water andIrrigation is responsible for themanagement and operation ofthe water sector in Jordan. Themunicipalities have a role in thepreparation of waterinfrastructure and theinstallation of rainwaterdrainage networks. They alsohave a key role in raisingawareness among citizens aboutwater use and encouragingthem, through the issuing ofbuilding permits, to use waterharvesting systems at home.During 2018, the municipalitywill rehabilitate and modernisethe small-diameter water mainsnetwork. This will include (butwill not be limited to):• building the capacity of

technical water managementstaff;

• assessing the efficiency of thecurrent network to detectleakages in the system; and

• undertaking a feasibility studyto select priority points in thenetwork.

No No

Infrastructureproblems: thepublicnetworkrequiresmaintenance.

• Decreasingnon-revenuewater.

• Shortages insupply.

• Over-abstractionfromgroundwaterresources tocover waterdemand.

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No. Action





beingrealised

Alreadyplanned

Addressedproblem(s)


Objective 1.1.2 Increase the skills/build the capacity of maintenance staff in the municipality and Yarmouk Water Company and provide thenecessary equipment by 2018

1.1.2.1

Developing atrainingprogramme formaintenance staffof Yarmouk WaterCompany

In 2018, the municipality willestablish technical teamsqualified in the maintenanceand development of watersystems through theimplementation of variousprogrammes:• preparing an annual training

plan;• offering four-month technical

training courses incooperation with theVocational TrainingCorporation; and

• preparing a training manual incooperation with theVocational TrainingCorporation.

No No

Technicalteams in themunicipalitydo not haveadequatetraining on therehabilitationandmaintenanceof the waternetwork.

This action willaddress particularmaintenanceproblems, helpingto reduce lossesfrom the network.

Objective 1.1.3 Enforce laws that tackle the illegal use of water (water theft)

1.1.3.1

Preparing astakeholder actionplan for the city ofJerash to curb theillegal use of water

• Establish a monitoring/auditsystem that is able to controlall water use.

• Raise public awareness inlocal communities about thenewly published regulation.

• Establish a steeringcommittee comprising allstakeholders and distributingtasks to ensure there is noduplication.

• Distributing tasks via thetechnical committee toachieve an integrated process.

• Building the managementcapacity of the technicalcommittee.

• Addressing unauthorised andillegal consumption usingformal channels.

No No

According tofigures fromthe Ministry ofWater andIrrigation,administrativelossesrepresentabout 50% oftotal losses.There is a lackof awarenessin the localcommunityabout theimportance ofwater.

• Low revenue. • Shortage of

supply. • Over-

abstraction of waterresources.

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No. Action





beingrealised

Alreadyplanned

Addressedproblem(s)


Goal 1.2 By 2020, improve water use efficiency in households and big businesses by 25% compared to a 2016 baseline

Objective 1.2.1 Improve water use efficiency at household level through the use of water-saving tools

1.2.1.1

Providing specialtraining forhousewives on theuse of tools torationalise waterconsumption

• Install high-efficiency toilets, orretrofit water-saving devices onexisting toilets.

• Install faucet aerators andlow-flow shower heads inmunicipal buildings for 5% ofthe community.

• Raise the awareness of womenin three neighbourhoods in thecity of Jerash about theimportance of rationingconsumption.

• Train target groups on the use ofwater-saving tools throughcooperation with the VocationalTraining Corporation.

No No

Lack ofawareness oftheimportanceof usingwater-savingequipment athouseholdlevel.

The main demandfor water inJerash is fordomestic use.However,households to notmake use ofwater-savingtools, which putspressure on themunicipality’slimited waterresources.

1.2.1.2

Constructingrainwaterreservoirs in publicgardens

Rainwater harvesting forlandscape irrigation may only bepractical in locations whererainwater can be collected insufficient quantities.Jerash Municipality has five publicgardens, where concrete storagetanks can be constructed to collectrainwater during rainy seasons tobe used in summer and dryseasons.

No

Yes, butnot imple-mented

To provide asustainablewater supplyfor theexisting treesand plants inthe gardensduring dryseasons.

The harvestedwater will forman importantsource of waterthat cansubstitute thelimitedfreshwatersupplies.

Public gardens

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No. Action





beingrealised

Alreadyplanned

Addressedproblem(s)


Objective 1.2.2 Promote water harvesting systems for a quarter of the population and introduce the technical know-how for preparing appropriateinfrastructure for rainwater harvesting by 2018

1.2.2.1

Developing andelaborating a localwater harvestingpolicy andintroducingincentives for waterharvesting

A strong relationship should becreated between municipalinstitutions linked to decisionmaking and local organisationsworking in the field of water inorder to help them formulatespecial surface water harvestingpolicies through several measures:• enforcing the construction of

rainwater harvesting tanks vianew building licences in themunicipal area;

• developing soil conservationmeasures in the catchments ofexisting and future reservoirs;

• standardising the planning anddesign norms for rainwaterharvesting for various end users;

• developing treatmenttechnologies (mechanical andchemical) (collected rainwatermay be unfit for direct use,especially drinking, as it isusually contaminated bybacteria and microbes,impurities, sediment and dust,although there are manyprocesses that can be used topurify water from pollutants,including simple surfacetreatment systems);

• minimising evaporation losses; • treating tanks/reservoirs to

minimise seepage losses; • harvesting rainwater from

domestic rooftops for drinkingwater supply; and

• constructing storage tanks/cisterns from local materials.

There are someinternationalorganisationssupportingsimilar activitiesby civil societyorganisations(e.g. UNDP,USAID and RSCNin Jordan).

No

Householdslack adequateknowledgeabout waterharvestingpractices,leading to theneglect ofwaterharvestingtechniques.

Changes in socialhabits take time,so communityparticipation isessential for thesuccess of thisactivity.

1.2.2.2

Training somemembers of thelocal community onrainwaterharvestingtechnologies

This activity will be carried out incollaboration with civil societyorganisations, in partnership withthe Water Authority. The aim is topromote the idea of usingrainwater to irrigate gardens, forexample, via training.

There are someinternationalorganisationssupportingsimilar activitiesby civil societyorganisations(e.g. UNDP,USAID, and RSCNin Jordan).

No

Lack oftraining andawarenessabout the useof waterharvestingtechnologiesamonghouseholdsand localfarmers.

The NationalWater Strategy2016–2025encouragesfarmers toimproveefficiency in theprovision of waterfor irrigation.

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No. Action





beingrealised

Alreadyplanned

Addressedproblem(s)


1.2.2.3

Implementing acommunityoutreach campaignto improve wateruse efficiency

• Improve communityawareness through three-monthly workshops incollaboration with theEnvironmental AwarenessCentre in Jerash.

• Broadcast hour-long waterawareness programmes onthe local radio.

• Publish brochures for schoolstudents on the importance ofrationalising waterconsumption.

No No

Lack ofknowledgeand publicawarenessaboutefficientwater use athouseholdlevel.

Changes in socialhabits take time,thus communityparticipation isessential for thesuccess of thisactivity.

Local community

Action theme 2 Water resources conservation (clean water supply)

Goal 2.1 Establish a water resources protection system and quality monitoring plan by 2018

Objective 2.1.1 Establish an early warning system for monitoring the quality of the existing water supply and treatment systems, and providedigital water testing meters and water quality testing kits by 2018

Objective 2.1.2 Improve the security and reliability of supply by protecting 10 springs and wells via the introduction of inner protection zonesand fencing with a radius of 10 to 20 m by 2018

2.1.1.1

Ensuring theprotection of waterresources andmonitoring waterquality through theactive involvementof the municipalityand the WaterAuthority

This activity aims to establish awater resources monitoring andprotection system incoordination with allstakeholders. This will involve:• forming a steering committee

comprising the municipality,the Water Authority and theHealth Directorate in order toreconsider the establishedprocedures for the control ofwater resources;

• launching communityawareness campaignsthrough the EnvironmentalAwareness Centre in JerashMunicipality, in cooperationwith the Water Authority toemphasise the importance ofprotecting water resources;

• prohibiting the issuing ofmunicipal building permits inthe vicinity of water sources;

• building the capacity of WaterAuthority staff through theirparticipation in trainingsessions in coordination withthe Training Centre of theMinistry of Water and Irrigation,enabling them to use moderndigital control equipment; and

• establishing technical teamson the ground to strengthencontrols over water sources.

Someordinancesalready exist.

No

Lack ofhumanresourcespotential andlack ofequipment inthemunicipality(HealthDirectorate)to measure/monitorwater quality.

• Contaminationof watersources.

• Illegal use ofwaterresources.

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No. Action





beingrealised

Alreadyplanned

Addressedproblem(s)


Action theme 3 Water-related infrastructure

Goal 3.1 Increase the proportion of the population using the sewerage network by 30% by 2022

Objective 3.1.1 Increase the potential for connection and facilitate connections to the sewerage system for 200 households in dense urbanareas by 2020

Objective 3.1.2 Build the financial resources to connect households to the sewerage network

3.1.1.1

Developing anaction plan anddefining priorityareas forconnection to thesanitation network

This activity will beimplemented in coordinationwith the Department of GIS andthe municipal Water Authorityand will identify target areasand the division of labour intechnical teams so as tocommence implementationwithin a defined timetable.

Someordinancesalready exist.

No

Lack of aperiodiccapacityexpansionprogrammefor theseweragenetwork.

Increasing theproportion ofhomes connectedto the seweragenetwork will leadto thesafeguarding ofwater sourcesfrom pollutionand reduce theenvironmentalimpact ofcesspits.

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Country Jordan

Name of LSG unit Municipality of Jerash

No. Action Title

Category

Main responsibleinstitution

Complexity of action

Costs

Negative external

impacts

Infrastructure

Capacity building

Policy/governance

Good management

practices

Time aspects of

planning and realisation

Technical/legal complexity

Acceptance by stakeholders

1.1.1.1

Developing andmaintaining thesmall-diameternetwork in thecity centre ofJerash

x Yarmouk Water CompanyShortterm

There are no legalbarriers to this action.

Acceptance from allstakeholders.

None

1.1.2

Increase theskills/build thecapacity ofmaintenancestaff in themunicipality andYarmouk WaterCompany andprovide thenecessaryequipment by2018

x

• Yarmouk Water Company• Jerash Municipality• Vocational Training

Corporation

Mediumterm

Insufficient capacity oftechnical teams

This is a no-regretaction.

None

1.1.3

Enforce laws thattackle the illegaluse of water(water theft)

X X

• Local community and civilsociety

• Water Authority• Jerash Municipality Local

Development Unit • Jerash Governorate

Longterm

• There are no legalbarriers to this action.

• The action willrequire significantcommunication skillson the part of allinvolvedstakeholders. In thisregard, carefulplanning is crucial, asis the engagement ofcommunicationspecialists.

Maintenance staff inJerash Municipality and Water Authority in Jerash.

None

1.2.1.1

Providing specialtraining forhousewives onthe use of tools to rationalisewaterconsumption

X X

• Civil societyorganisations/housewives(local community)

• Jerash Municipality LocalDevelopment Unit

• Jerash Water Authority

Mediumterm


Local communitygroups (farmers andhousewives).

None

Annex 7: Specification of actions

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No. Action Title

Category

Main responsibleinstitution

Complexity of action

Costs

Negative external

impacts

Infrastructure

Capacity building

Policy/governance

Good management

practices

Time aspects of

planning and realisation

Technical/legal complexity

Acceptance by stakeholders

1.2.2.1

Developing andelaborating alocal waterharvesting policyand introducingincentives forwater harvesting

X• Jerash Municipality Water

Authority • Civil society

Longterm


• Technical staff ofthe municipality

• Civil society • Farmers

None

1.2.2.2

Training somemembers of thelocal communityon rainwaterharvestingtechnologies

x

• Civil societyorganisations/housewives(local community)

• Local Development Unit • Jerash Municipality • Jerash Water Authority• Farmers

Shortterm


• Civil societyorganisations

• Housewives (localcommunity)

• Farmers

None

1.2.2.3.

Implementing acommunityoutreachcampaign toimprove wateruse efficiency

X

• Civil society organisations• Housewives (local

community)• Local Development Unit• Jerash Municipality • Jerash Water Authority

Shortterm

There are no legalbarriers to this action

• Civil societyorganisations

• Housewives (localcommunity)

• Farmers

None

1.2.1.2

Constructingrainwaterreservoirs inpublic gardens

X

Responsible: • Jerash Municipality

Partnership• Private sector

Mediumterm

There are no legalbarriers to this action. The action will requiresignificantcommunication with theprivate sector afterproviding the requiredbudget.

It is acceptable. None

2.1.1.1

Ensuring theprotection ofwater resourcesand monitoringwater qualitythrough theactiveinvolvement ofthe municipalityand the WaterAuthority

X

• Ministry of Water andIrrigation

• Yarmouk Water Company• Jerash Municipality• Health Directorate • Jerash Governorate

Shortterm

There are no legalbarriers to this action

• Yarmouk WaterCompany

• Jerash Municipality• Health Directorate • Jerash Governorate

None

3.1.1.1

Developing anaction plan anddefining priorityareas forconnection to thesanitationnetwork

X• Yarmouk Water Company• Jerash Municipality

Mediumterm


• Yarmouk WaterCompany

• Jerash Municipality None

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Weightingfactor ofcriterion

CRITERIA

Overallpriority

Priority rank

Costs Feasibility EffectivenessAvailability ofresources

Urgency Coverage Acceptance

0.3 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.15

SUM = 1

ACTION

Developing andmaintainingthe small-diameternetwork in thecity centre

2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1.80 Medium

Increase theskills/build thecapapcity ofmaintenancestaff in themunicipalityand provideequipment

3 3 1 2 1 1 2 2.05 High

Enforce lawsthat tackle theillegal use ofwater (watertheft)

2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2.30 High

Providingspecial trainingfor housewiveson the use oftools torationalisewaterconsumption

1 1 2 2 3 1 2 1.50 Medium

Developing andelaborating alocal waterharvestingpolicy andintroducingincentives foruse

1 3 2 1 1 1 3 1.65 Medium

Training somemembers ofthe localcommunity onrainwaterharvestingtechnologies

2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1.80 Medium

Annex 8: Prioritisation of actions

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Weightingfactor ofcriterion

CRITERIA

Overallpriority

Priority rank

Costs Feasibility EffectivenessAvailability ofresources

Urgency Coverage Acceptance

0.3 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.15

SUM = 1

ACTION

Implementinga communityoutreachcampaign toimprove wateruse efficiency

3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2.75 High

Ensuring theprotection ofwater resourcesand monitoringwater qualitythrough theactiveinvolvement ofthe municipalityand WaterAuthority

1 2 1 2 3 1 3 1.60 Medium

Developing anaction anddefiningpriority areasfor connectionto thesanitationnetwork

3 2 1 3 3 2 3 2.45 High

Constructingrainwaterreservoirs inpublic garden

3 1 2 3 3 3 1 2.35 High

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Annex 9: Synthesis of objectives

GOAL 1.1 Decrease (non-revenue) water losses from the water network by 5% by 2018

DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE

Water supply network losses are an international problem, especially in countries suffering from water scarcity, such as Jordan.Jordan is one of the poorest countries in terms of its water resources and is estimated to be below the water poverty line. Water losses are defined here as non-revenue water, which comprises:• technical losses resulting from breakages or leaks from the distribution pipes or due to breakdowns in the distribution

network, sometimes in underground pipes, which are difficult to fix; and• administrative losses, due to broken water meters, human error (e.g. issuing incorrect bills), incorrectly installed meters,

illegal water use, centralisation and weak governance.

Half the water losses from the network are due to leakages, illegal use and lack of awareness about efficient water use.Responses to maintenance problems are also slow.Reducing water losses, using a scientific approach, will contribute to increasing the water supply, decreasing water losses andpreventing excessive water demand. In Jerash Municipality, the proportion of system losses from the water mains is about 35%, due to pipe breakages, water theftand illegal use. With this amount of losses, it is estimated that the amount of accessible potable water available per day isabout 7,332,000 litres, which means that 56 litres of accessible potable water are available per person per day.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS

Assessing the current situation and determining the pressure on grid points in the investigation area in order to determine theweakest points in the water mains system in terms of water losses and supply issues.

Building the capacities of a technically qualified team to undertake a study to detect illegal use and leakages from the system.

Raising public awareness of water saving.

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS This activity aims to increase cooperation among stakeholders, leading to an increase in the amount of available water.

GOAL 1.2 By 2020, improve water use efficiency in households and big businesses by 25%, compared to a 2016 baseline


The skills and capacities of maintenance staff in the municipality should be improved, and appropriate equipment provided,enabling technicians to undertake operation and maintenance work safely and effectively in a way that ensures their personalsafety, the safety of the equipment they are operating, and the protection of the environment in which they are working.In 2018, the municipality will build technical teams qualified in the maintenance and development of water systems throughthe implementation of several programmes:• preparing an annual training plan;• providing four-month technical training courses for teams in cooperation with the Vocational Training Corporation; and• preparing a training manual in cooperation with the Vocational Training Corporation.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS

• Preparing an annual training plan. • Building rainwater reservoirs in public gardens.• Providing four-month technical training courses for teams in cooperation with the Vocational Training Corporation. • Preparing a training manual in cooperation with the Vocational Training Corporation.

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS

• Yarmouk Water Company• Jerash Municipality• Vocational Training Corporation

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OBJECTIVE 1.1.3 Enforce laws that tackle the illegal use of water (water theft)


Ensure the enforcement of existing laws and regulations to clearly prohibit the illegal use of water resources and imposeappropriate penalties against violators, as set forth in the amended Water Authority Law, No. 22/2014.There are many laws imposing penalties on those who damage water sources, and Jerash Municipality is seeking to take anactive role in the protection of water resources, in collaboration with stakeholders and partners.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS

Establishing a monitoring/audit system suitable for controlling various inaccuracies associated with consumer metering anddata handling errors (meter readings).

Developing an hour-long slot on local radio to raise awareness about water use.

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS Maintenance staff in Jerash Municipality and Jerash Water Authority.

OBJECTIVE 1.2.1 Improve water use efficiency at household level through the use of water-saving tools


The main demand for water in Jerash is for domestic purposes, although households misuse water and do not make use oftools to rationalise consumption, which leads to the over-consumption of the municipality’s limited water resources. Raisingawareness of water issues at all levels is therefore critical for the successful implementation of water conservation programmesand activities. Jerash Municipality is fully aware of shared responsibility for water use efficiency, and in particular the efficientuse of water by families. There is therefore a need to raise awareness of the importance of water-saving tools at householdlevel, especially among housewives. This is a municipal and local government responsibility, and the municipality must also beseen to be adopting efficient water use activities and promoting awareness among families. In this sense, it is important todevelop a policy from the bottom up, in order to successfully enhance efficient water use in the community.

Communities need to identify local water issues and establish channels of communication with local leaders. Communityinvolvement adds value to programmes for enhancing the efficiency of water use through the articulation of local views, valuesand expectations in the decision-making process. It also encourages long-term commitment on the part of the community toprogramme ownership and increases the community’s desire to see programmes succeed.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS Providing special training for housewives on the use of tools to rationalise water consumption

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS Members of local communities (e.g. farmers and housewives).

OBJECTIVE 1.2.2 Promote water harvesting systems for a quarter of the population and introduce the technical know-how for preparingappropriate infrastructure for rainwater harvesting by 2018


Among the most important water-related challenges that Jordan must address is balancing demand with the availableresources, especially in the face of increasing demand due to natural population growth (2.8%) and immigration, which aremaking the water deficit more severe. Per capita availability is less than 146 m3 per year, or less than 15% of the level of theinternational water poverty line. Water sector institutions in Jordan, represented by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, mustbe managed in an integrated manner to ensure the efficient use of every drop of available water and to search for new waterresources, both conventional and non-conventional.In response to the increased demand for water from traditional sources, particularly groundwater, water sector institutions arepromoting private water harvesting systems and the collection of rainwater in the winter from building rooftops. The constructionof a tank for the collection of rainwater in all new buildings will have multiple benefits: schools, mosques and public institutionsconsume large amounts of water, which affects the available share of drinking water and leads to water shortages.Water harvesting consists of a wide range of technologies used to collect, store and provide water with the particular aim ofmeeting demand for water for human activities and livestock. There is strong evidence to support the view that the properdevelopment and use of water harvesting systems can regenerate ecosystem productivity and suppress the degradation ofecosystem services caused by soil erosion and flooding; improve environmental flows by increasing base flow wheregroundwater is recharged; improve agricultural production, regenerate degraded landscapes and supply water for smallhorticulture and livestock; and improve incomes and food security. However, households currently lack adequate knowledgeabout water harvesting practices, and water harvesting is neglected.

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ENVISAGED ACTIONS

• Elaborating a local water harvesting policy and incentives for use.• Training some members of the local community on rainwater harvesting technology.• Developing a promotional toolkit and promotional campaign to increase the capacity and awareness of the community on

water use efficiency (raising community awareness of water problems).

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS• Technical staff of the municipality• Civil society • Farmers

OBJECTIVE 2.1.1OBJECTIVE 2.1.2

Establish an early warning system for monitoring the quality of the existing water supply and treatment systems, andprovide digital water testing meters and water quality testing kits by 2018Improve the security and reliability of supply by protecting 10 springs and wells via the introduction of inner protectionzones and fencing with a radius of 10 to 20 m by 2018


Domestic water resources in Jordan comprise surface waters and groundwater, while the use of treated wastewater inirrigation is increasing, especially in the Jordan Valley. Surface water sources in the valleys comprise:• floods caused by heavy rainfall;• water and runoff from underground water bodies; and• water from wastewater treatment plants.

Primary runoff, flooding and groundwater are considered conventional water sources, while water release from wastewatertreatment plants is regarded as a non-conventional source. Jordan relies on rain as a source of water, although the quantitiesof rainfall vary greatly between seasons.Nearly 5% of rainfall penetrates underground, where it feeds groundwater aquifers. More than 3% is collected in the form ofrunoff, while more than 90% is lost as a result of evaporation and transpiration. Some water sources near residential areas areexposed to pollution and subject to illegal use.In this context, the municipality will implement following actions to protect its available water resources:• developing a water resources protection system and quality monitoring plan by 2018; • establishing an early warning system for monitoring the quality of the existing water supply and treatment systems, and

providing digital water testing meters and water quality testing kits by 2018; and• improving the security and reliability of supply by protecting 10 springs and wells via the introduction of inner protection

zones and fencing with a radius of 10 to 20 m by 2018.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS Ensuring the protection of water resources and monitoring water quality through the active involvement of the municipality and

the Water Authority.

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS

• Yarmouk Water Company• Jerash Municipality• Health Directorate • Jerash Governorate

OBJECTIVE 3.1.1OBJECTIVE 3.1.2

Increase the potential for connection and facilitate connections to the sewerage system for 200 households in dense urbanareas by 2020Build the financial resources to connect households to the sewerage network


The treatment of wastewater in the area will improve water quality, and will increase the amount of water available for use.This will also improve livelihoods, protect the health of users and safeguard the local environment from pollution.Population growth and the presence of large numbers of refugees have led to increased pressure on infrastructure, requiringthe development of strategies, projects and services to cope with the new reality, including sewerage services.The sewerage system:• provides a renewed and increasingly important water source to maintain the water balance;• helps protect the environment, improve health, and protect water sources from pollution;• contributes to the expansion of the agricultural region by increasingly meeting the water needs of the agricultural sector; and• provides job opportunities and encourages teamwork and community service.Through the present plan, Jerash Municipality is seeking to increase the number of subscribers to sanitation services, raising theproportion of the population using the sewerage network by 30% by 2022.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS Developing an action plan and defining priority areas for connection to the sanitation network

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS• Yarmouk Water Company• Jerash Municipality

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Laušević, R., S. Milutinović, J. Petersen-Perlman, M. Reed, A. Graves, M. Bartula, S. Sušić, A. Popović(2016). Local Water Security Action Planning Manual.Szentendre, Hungary: Regional Environmental Center. ISBN 978-963-9638-69-3.http://documents.rec.org/publications/LWSAP_Manual_April2016.pdf

References

LOCAL W


LOCAL W


watersum.rec.org

Documents

Local Water Security Action Plan - REC Publicationsdocuments.rec.org/publications/2Jerash_Jordan.pdfThe local water security action plan 11 Implementation ... wet winters. According