Long term evolution (LTE): Spectrum and 3G metworksdiscoveryjournals.org/discoveryscience//current_issue/...Long-Term Evolution (LTE) allows operators to use new and wider spectrum

RESEARCH • COMPUTER SCIENCE

Ashish Kumar et al. Long term evolution (LTE): Spectrum and 3G networks, Discovery Sci., 2012, 2(4), 19-27, www.discovery.org.in www.discovery.org.in/ds.htm © 2012 discovery publication. All rights reserved

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Ashish Kumar1*,Ankur Arora2, Ch. Jahirul Islam3

1. B.tech (Computer Science and engineering), Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana, India 2. B.tech (Computer Science and engineering), Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana, India 3. B.tech (Computer Science and engineering), Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

*Correspondence to: B.tech (Computer Science and engineering), Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana, India, E-Mail: [email protected], Mobile No: 09871241253

Received 06 August; accepted 23 August; published online 01 September; printed 16 September 2012

ABSTRACT Long-Term Evolution (LTE) allows operators to use new and wider spectrum and complements 3G networks with higher data rates, lower latency and a flat IP-based architecture. To further improve broadband user experience in a ubiquitous and cost effective manner, 3GPP has been working on various aspects in the framework of LTE Advanced. Since radio link performance is approaching theoretical limits with 3G enhancements and LTE, the next performance leap in wireless networks will come from the network topology. LTE Advanced is about improving spectral efficiency per unit area. Using a mix of macro, pico, femto and relay base-stations, heterogeneous networks enable flexible and low-cost deployments and provide a uniform broadband experience to users anywhere in the network. This paper discusses the need for an alternative deployment model or topology using heterogeneous networks. To enhance the performance of these networks, advanced techniques are described which are needed to manage and control interference and deliver the full benefits of such networks. Range extension allows more user terminals to benefit directly from low-power base-stations such as picos, femtos, and relays. Adaptive inter-cell interference coordination provides smart resource allocation amongst interfering cells and improves inter-cell fairness in a heterogeneous network..

Keywords: Long Term Evolution, Interface, Protocol, Communication, Network, Wireless, Mobile Technology, Technology, Spectrum, Performance.

Abbreviations: LTE- Long Term Evolution, HSPA- High Speed Packet Access, 3G- 3rd Generation, USB- Universal Serial Bus, DSL- Digital Subscriber Line, FDD- Frequency Division Duplex, TDD- Time Division Duplex, IP- Internet Protocol, UTMS- Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service, GSM- Global System For Mobile Communication.

1. Introduction Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, and not just at home or in the office. Out of the estimated 1.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2012, some two-thirds will be mobile broadband consumers — and the majority of these will be served by HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks. People can already browse the Internet or send e-mails using HSPA-enabled notebooks, replace their fixed DSL modems with HSPA modems or USB dongles, and send and receive video or music using 3G phones. With LTE, the user experience will be even better. It will further enhance more demanding applications like interactive TV, mobile video blogging, advanced games or professional services. Figure 1 and Figure 2 demonstrate the various standards and releases in the mobile communication world. It mentions the releases in terms of generation and the year of release and implementation of the technology.

LTE offers several important benefits for consumers and operators:

1) Performance and capacity - One of the requirements on LTE is to provide downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s. The technology allows for speeds over 200Mbit/s and Ericsson has already demonstrated LTE peak rates of about 150Mbit/s.

Furthermore, RAN (Radio Access Network) round-trip times shall be less than 10ms. In effect, this means that LTE — more than any other technology — already meets key 4G requirements.

2) Simplicity - First, LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from below 5MHz up to 20MHz. LTE also supports both FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). Ten paired and four unpaired spectrum bands have so far been identified by 3GPP for LTE. And there are more bands to come. This means that an operator may introduce LTE in ‘new’ bands where it is easiest to deploy 10MHz or 20MHz carriers, and eventually deploy LTE in all bands. Second, LTE radio network products will have a number of features that simplify the building and management of next-generation networks. For example, features like plug-and-play, self-configuration and self-optimization will simplify and reduce the cost of network roll-out and management. Third, LTE will be deployed in parallel with simplified, IP-based core and transport networks that are easier to build, maintain and introduce services on.

3) Wide range of terminals - in addition to mobile phones, many computer and consumer electronic devices, such as notebooks, ultra-portables, gaming devices and cameras, will incorporate LTE embedded modules. Since LTE supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks, all these devices can have ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage from day one.

RESEARCH • COMPUTER SCIENCE Discovery Science, Volume 2, Number 4, October 2012

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Long term evolution (LTE): Spectrum and 3G metworks

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Long Term Evolution: LTE, marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements.



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2. IMPLEMENTATION 2.1. Spectrum Analysis In the near future, operators will be presented with, and challenged by, new and exciting opportunities to deploy LTE based mobile broadband services but like with any new network technology, comes the question of spectrum. Radio frequency is a valuable and finite resource and, today, there is simply not enough to satisfy demand. The need for spectrum is being driven by the pervasive convenience of mobile communications and increased penetration combined with improved performance and the falling costs of wireless devices & services. (Figure 3) This is where LTE can help - in effect, LTE boasts leading radio spectral efficiency, meaning that LTE operators will make the most of their existing and new spectrum assets and provide significant capacity to support existing and future services.In addition, LTE's ability to take advantage of new spectrum allocations

with bandwidth as large as 20MHz and the opportunity to potentially re-farm existing legacy spectrum with spectrum bandwidth as low as 1.4MHz is one of LTE's key feature that will enable early LTE deployments and open up markets that were previously inaccessible. Over the next several years the spectrum landscape will change along with the complex industry dynamics, subscriber migration and spectrum auctions in the 700MHz or 2.5-2.6 GHz bands will have a direct influence on the LTE ecosystem and in which band LTE will be deployed. Furthermore the identification of new IMT mobile bands at WRC-07 (450-470 MHz, 2300-2400 MHz, 698-862 MHz and 3400-3600 MHz) will help fulfill the projected need for future bandwidth as well as facilitate global roaming. Compared to HSDPA/HSDPA+, LTE is expected to substantially improve end-user throughputs, sector capacity and reduce user plane latency while delivering a significantly improved user experience and lower cost per bit. As such it is very likely that operators in the 3GPP market will wait to deploy LTE in the re-farmed 900/1800

Communication: Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.

Protocol: A communications protocol is a system of digital message formats and rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications. A protocol may have a formal description. Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities. A protocol definition defines the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication; the specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be implemented. A protocol can therefore be implemented as hardware or software or both

Figure 1 3GPP Releases Yearwise.

Figure 2 The various Mobile Telephony Standards



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MHz and newly licensed 2.5-2.6 GHz bands. Operators in the 3GPP2 market will deploy LTE in the recently auctioned AWS and 700 MHz bands and then will possibly deploy LTE in the re-farmed 850/1900 MHz bands after the former spectrum is consumed. As with any new networks, the early availability of highly functional and cost effective handsets and infrastructure equipment is essential to the success of LTE. As with the legacy network technologies, it is expected that the industry will agree on a unified LTE candidate band list in order to maximize availability and economy of scale as well as enable an LTE global roaming experience similar to what subscribers are enjoying today with GSM (Figure 4). Motorola's LTE roadmap supports a wide range of frequencies, aligning with the growing needs of service providers globally as new bands receive the necessary regulatory approval and service provider allocation. 2.2. UMTS to LTE Migration As mobile data traffic increases exponentially and ARPU falls almost as rapidly, network operators in virtually every market are coming to terms with the need to change the way they deliver services. Preparing the network to meet the growing subscriber hunger for bandwidth demands a strategic and

focused approach; only by making careful, well-planned choices in next generation technology will today's operators survive in an increasingly competitive market. LTE is the latest technology for 3GPP standards group, one that promises to deliver more throughputs and reduced latency while also reducing the cost of delivering the services subscribers demand. LTE deployment decisions today are driven by performance of today's voice centric networks, regulated licensed spectrum, competition, subscriber applications and, of course, CAPEX budgets. This document provides insight into an approach operators can apply now, with their existing networks, to get to LTE faster and more cost effectively. Motorola can offer a clear, direct transition path to LTE that makes use of the existing network coverage with seamless hand-over between HSPA and LTE. UMTS/HSPA to LTE migration is an option that allows operators to maximize the life and value of their existing assets while also achieving a truly 4G network. 2.3. CDMA to LTE Migration Motorola has led the way in cdma2000â„¢ innovation, with a deep heritage in developing world-class CDMA systems for our global customers. cdma2000â„¢ is a widely deployed technology for 3G networks, delivering high performance

Wireless: Wireless telecommunications refers to the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few metres for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometres for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones

Figure 3 LTE potential bands

Figure 4



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data services around the globe. The CDG (CDMA Development Group, April 2008) estimates that cdma2000â„¢ subscribers worldwide exceed 418 million, including over 90 million 1xEV-DO users (Figs.5 & 6). Over the course of the next decade, operators will find it increasingly difficult to fulfill the rapidly growing mobile broadband demand on cdma2000â„¢ legacy networks, and will be inspired to investigate next generation technology alternatives to maintain their competitive edge.

While there are several OFDM solutions being evaluated, it is expected that many traditional cdma2000â„¢ operators will want to take advantage of the benefits of LTE, and may choose to migrate along the 3GPP standards path. Migration of 3GPP2 service providers to LTE involves the overlay of the EPC elements (MME, SGW, and PDN-GW) and the potential to re-use the existing EV-DO BTS site, ancillaries and frame to deploy the LTE EUTRAN components. The migration of 3GPP2 service providers to

Figure 5 LTE & SAE

Figure 6 LTE Spectral Efficiency



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LTE's EUTRAN/EPC configuration involves updates to the 1x/DO-A network, allowing for seamless interworking, and hand-over of services between the two technologies.

2.4. GSM to LTE Migration GSM has been a tremendously successful technology serving over 3 billion subscribers worldwide, with an unsurpassed installed base infrastructure. Leveraging the GSM subscriber base, spectrum, coverage, and network infrastructure already in place will ensure continued profitability for GSM operators. LTE radio is expected to substantially improve end-user throughputs, spectral efficiency, and sector capacity, and the flat IP architecture will further reduce user plane latency. LTE can be deployed in a wide selection of spectrum bands including the existing GSM bands and because of LTE spectrum bandwidth flexibility (ranging from 1.4MHz to 20MHz), it offers GSM operators a practical solution for progressively re-farming their existing spectrum. In comparison, UMTS/HSPA with its fixed 5MHz bandwidth allocation is more challenging.In the emerging markets, the GSM operators that have not deployed 3G services may now choose to leapfrog 3G and deploy LTE directly.Motorola will provide a migration path based on the Motorola GSM Horizon II BTS to support both GSM and LTE access functionality in a single base station. The Horizon II operating in the 900/1800 band supports a smooth migration to LTE. Motorola's integrated GSM and LTE network will deliver a

significantly improved data user experience via LTE, and will seamlessly connect with ultra-low cost voice services via GSM at the same time (Figure 7).

2.5. LTE Inter-Technology Mobility - Enabling Mobility between LTE and Other Access Technologies The Internet revolution and the wide availability of broadband access are creating a tremendous new appetite for mobile data services. Existing wireless access technologies such as HSPA and EVDO go part of the way in meeting this demand, but spectral efficiency, cell-edge performance and high latency prevent them from providing the needed bandwidth, capacity and QoS to enable a true, reasonably priced and profitable broadband service. In response to these dynamics, the mobile operators are anticipated to shift toward LTE in order to accommodate mass market adoption of true mobile broadband services. A fundamental user requirement for LTE deployments is that users expect the new network to provide not only exciting new services but also to support all the services from the legacy network. From an operator point of view, they want to leverage their existing coverage and existing investments in applications and service coverage to support their

subscribers and allow for incremental rollout of an LTE network.

Figure 7 Legacy 2G

Figure 8 LTE Mobility combines with other technologies to create an explosion of potential access scenarios



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The solution is inter-technology mobility, which provides the ability to tie together disparate radio access network assets, based on different access technologies, into a single integrated bandwidth delivery vehicle. Inter-technology mobility can serve as a powerful tool for maximizing the value of existing access resources and assist in quickly realizing revenue from the deployment of new wireless broadband access technologies (Figure 8 & 9). By enabling data session continuity across multiple technologies, inter-technology mobility lets users maintain their application sessions as they move between different access technologies. No user actions are required to support the change in access technology and applications are

unaware that an access network change has occurred. This seamless access to applications can help operators who own multiple access network technologies rationalize their existing applications portfolio and also help them shorten the time needed to bring new applications to profitability. As new devices and standards become available, an operator with virtually any combination of broadband access assets will be able to extend existing applications across all of those assets, quickly creating new revenue streams with virtually no additional investment in their applications. LTE standards for HSPA, UMTS, GSM and EVDO mobility are all based on RAN level interconnection that maintains session continuity at the IP level. For LTE-WiFi

Figure 9 Sector Throughput (Capacity)

Figure 10 Commercially visable video over wireless boadband



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mobility, standards supporting single- or dual-transmit devices are also in development. These functions also maintain session continuity at the IP level. All these standards are due to be completed by the end of 2008 (Figure 10 & 11). 3. OUTPUT/RESULT 3.1. LTE Performance LTE introduces a number of innovations that, in aggregate, continue to push ever closer to the theoretical maximum data rates defined by Shannon's Law. Advances in multi-antenna techniques, OFDMA methods, wider bandwidth, and protocol efficiencies are fundamental to deliver the promise of 4G Mass Market Wireless Broadband. The amazingly high data rates and sector throughputs (capacity) per cell are fundamental to supplying the ever increasing demand for wireless broadband. LTE can be deployed in clear spectrum with bandwidth as wide as 20 MHz of paired spectrum (20MHz UL, 20 MHz DL). The high bandwidth of a single carrier radio will deliver unmatched economies when compared with multi-radio legacy approaches, and provides scope for significantly higher capacity compared to 3G-3.5G technologies camped to 5MHZ or smaller spectrum bandwidth. 3.2 Sector Data Peak Rate The recognized sector data peak rate for LTE are as per the below table (Table 1a) depending on the frequency spectrum bandwidth used. It is important to notice that this theoretical maximum does not account for error rate coding, without which in a real life environment, much of the bits will have to be sent several times reducing spectral efficiency to a low level. In consequence, if you take into account a reasonable 5/6 error rate coding, you reach a peak data rate (Table 1b) that is more realistic for field deployment.

3.3. Sector throughput While peak data-rates are important, the essential figure that defines the typical user experience, and more importantly network capacity(deployment cost & OPEX), is average

sector throughput. In other words, on average, how much data rate can be realistically achieved in serving all subscribers in a typical sector. Figure 9 compares the average sector throughput capacity of various cellular radio technologies.

As we can see in the above figure, LTE provide a significant improvement in throughput capacity at any bandwidth compared to legacy technologies. These capacity improvements are a key to achieving efficiencies necessary to reach the mass market and lower cost per bit achieved by LTE.

The difference in sector throughput achieved by LTE is achieved thanks to the following technical improvements:

Multiple antenna techniques to increase overall data rate.

Better multi-path signal handling capability than CDMA technologies.

No intra-cell interference, as the sub-carriers are for a single user in a time slot.

Enhanced Interference cancellation is better for reduced inter-cell interference.

Mitigation of the cell shrinkage vs. loading phenomena of CDMA technologies.

More efficient Multicast, Broadcast. Lowered and more efficient control overhead. Frequency Selective scheduling for additional

flexibility and efficiency.

3.4. User Peak and Expected Average Rate Expected user data rate is very hard to evaluate and will depend on many factors typical of radio technologies (distance to cell, cell loading, subscriber speed, indoor, outdoor, macro layer or hotspot...).

Figure 11 Adoption trends for 2G, 3G, and LTE. The space between UMTS/HSPA and LTE represents LTE adoption



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LTE is quite capable of meeting network requirements for a multi-megabit user experience at the edge of cell even on a macro layer, and effectively delivering wireless broadband to rural markets.Also thanks to MIMO, Smart antennas, users are likely to have a more consistent experience in comparison to the 3-3.5G experience.In an indoor environment or "hot spot"areas with dedicated coverage, via pico- and femto-cells, users can expect to reach speed near to the peak rates above.

3.5. Latency In addition to increased data rates, the latency enhancement is likely to provide a noticeable improvement in the user experience. With 3.5G networks, a user can expect a 2 second or longer delay to set up the first connection, and then a 50 ms latency (one way) afterwards. LTE being all IP and having a much flatter architecture, the initial data packet connection should be much faster, typically 50 ms, and then 5 ms latency (one way) afterwards. What this means, that after pressing buttons on the browser or media player, the user will perceive the LTE network as being very responsive, almost seeming instantaneous like a fixed line broadband connection. This will have a significant impact on user experience and satisfaction, especially when browsing, using netmeeting, streaming rich media, etc... and will enable applications that previously could only be delivered with wired broadband, such as online gaming. With improvement in both data rate and latency front, it is expected that applications on LTE will provide a user experience very similar to that experienced at home with the wired broadband network providing the true realization of a broadband services that goes anywhere you go.

3.6. Video on LTE Networks The explosion of video and multimedia content on the wired web has driven users to expect on-demand access to that content from their mobile devices. While 2G and 3G wireless networks have stumbled in attempting to deliver this service with an acceptable user-experience, new 4G technologies such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) offer the levels of performance required to support streaming video and multimedia services to a large number of consumers simultaneously, with a quality that most will find attractive. LTE technology allows for significantly higher capacity at a lower cost per bit, improving the commercial viability of video services. This white paper offers an overview of current wireless technologies and notable consumer trends related to video. It examines the demands that transport of video content places on a network, as well as key technology

factors that are advancing to allow LTE wireless networks to meet the needs forecast by those trends. As these technology factors evolve, they are allowing a true revolution in new types of personalized, predictive, and mobility-aware multimedia services that can be offered over wireless networks. The paper concludes with some example network deployment alternatives for operators to consider and a discussion of the relative benefits they provide.

4. PROPOSED WORKS This portion discusses the various works that are being performed (particularly in the Indian continent). Discusses the various plans and development in the Indian context.

4.1. India's Reliance Secures LTE TDD Partner India's Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL) to hold a nationwide license for Long Term Evolution Time Division Duplex (LTETDD), has secured a partner to help with the planning, rollout and access infrastructure development for its multi-billion dollar broadband wireless access (BWA) network. But that partner isn't any of the major international wireless infrastructure vendors -- it's Mumbai-based integrator and technology developer Rancore Technologies Pvt. Ltd. , a small (up to 200 staff) company that specializes in technology evaluation and validation, acceptance testing, operations management and standardization for LTE, WiMax, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), IPTV and service delivery platform (SDP) deployments. "We are working with Reliance [Industries] for its network rollout ... we are their technology partner," Rancore Vice President Atul Agarwal told Light Reading Asia. That's quite a coup for Rancore, as Reliance Industries is set to become one of the most influential broadband players in India in the coming years. Courtesy of its acquisition of Infotel Broadband Services in the wake of last June's BWA spectrum auction, Reliance Industries is the only company that holds licenses to operate in the 2.3GHz band in all of India's 22 circles (service areas). (See India's Billion-Dollar LTE Question, India's BWA Auction Ends in $8.2B Drama and RIL Takes Over Infotel).

And while that spectrum is suitable for WiMax services, Reliance favors the LTE TDD technology that is gaining support in a number of other markets, most notably China. (See Market Spotlight: LTE TDD and Europe's LTE TDD Creep.). In fact, Reliance Industries was one of a number of companies that expressed strong commitment to the development of a global LTE TDD ecosystem at the recent

Table 1a. LTE Peak Data Rates (Mbps) - No Error Rate Coding

Table 1b. LTE Peak Data Rates (Mbps) - 5/6 Error Rate Coding



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LTE TDD/FDD International Summit in Barcelona. (See Global TDD Initiative Launched at MWC 2011). While that ecosystem is still in the early stages of development, particularly with regards to user devices, Reliance intends to launch its initial services in a few cities during 2011. That's important not just for Reliance, Rancore and any other companies that are brought on board for the launch, but also for the other BWA license-holders, as Reliance's go-to-market strategy is expected to influence the decisions taken by the other five companies that successfully bid for 2.3GHz spectrum. (See Analyst: LTE TDD Will Reach India in 2011 and Ambani Faces Broadband Challenges.). All of which is significant for India's communications market too, as there is a strong push for faster and more extensive broadband penetration in India that the country's fixed-line operators have been unable to fulfil. As a result, widespread broadband penetration is likely to be achieved only if the BWA license-holders can successfully develop and market their services.

It's possible too, that Rancore's involvement in Reliance's plans may extend beyond testing, validation and planning. The Indian firm formed an alliance with wireless

processor specialist picoChip Designs Ltd. that enables Rancore to use picoChip’s wireless baseband technology for the development of "4G" base stations.

4.2. Bharti Airtel Operator to launch TD-LTE services this year in India’s fastest growing telecom circle Bharti Airtel, a leading operator in India, has selected Nokia Siemens Networks to build and operate its TD-LTE (time division duplex long term evolution) network in Maharashtra, one of the country’s largest telecom circles. TD-LTE is a 4G mobile broadband technology that delivers instant internet access and can support video streaming and high-definition video conferencing. The launch of commercial TD-LTE services later this year will offer Bharti Airtel subscribers in Maharashtra a much improved experience when using bandwidth-intensive applications, with more consistent network coverage and faster response times (low latency).

FUTURE ISSUES The US is adopting LTE faster than most of the world, and is expected to have good coverage for most of the country by the end of 2013. That said, older cellular technologies are not going away anytime soon. You might get a new version of the iPad each year, but cellular network technologies evolve on decade-plus time frames.(Figure 11)

The GSM 2G technology deployed in the early 1990s is only now hitting its peak adoption some 20 years later. Even at the end of this decade, the 3G HSPA will still be ten times as heavily adopted as LTE, he said. Today’s LTE phones fall back to 3G or 2G for voice calls, although operators are preparing voice over IP modes for LTE devices.

Unfortunately, LTE adopters who travel a lot may have difficulty getting on LTE networks everywhere they go. As of now, LTE phones from one US provider won’t work on another US provider’s network, and internationally “roaming is an issue because every country in the world is deploying on different bands,” he said. Long story short, you’ll be roaming on 3G for quite some time

LTE users who suffer from awful battery life may welcome the fallback to 3G. Rysavy said he’s hopeful that battery life will be sorted out, although if LTE users do consume more data than the rest of the world, batteries will drain more quickly regardless.

Still, there should be ways to manage all this. Video streams can be sent to a smartphone at 200 kilobits per second, instead of a megabit per second—while the difference might be noticeable on a tablet, it likely won't be on a phone, Rysavy said. Separately, new WiFi technology promises to make connection to public hotspots seamless and password-less, potentially offloading a lot of traffic from congested cellular networks, as we've noted in previous coverage.

Network operators will have to find ways to let consumers do the stuff they want to do on phones if they want to keep customers. But ultimately, Rysavy does believe managing the demand for bandwidth will take cooperation from the users.

“It’s going to take a whole bunch of approaches at the same time that will require people to be more aware of how much data they’re consuming,” he said.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT There is no financial support for this research work from the funding agency.

REFERENCES

1. http://4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com/, 4G Wireless Evolution - Digi International Intros Commercial-Grade Integrated 4G Routers, December 02, 2010

2. "An Introduction to LTE". 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia. December 3, 2010. 3. "Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview". Motorola. July 3, 2010. 4. http://www.cn-c114.net/2503/a588861.html, India's Reliance Secures LTE TDD Partner/ Updated:2011/3/17 16:59 5. http://www.mobilitytechzone.com/topics/4g-wirelessevolution/articles/lte-ericsson.htm,Long Term Evolution (LTE): an

introduction, October 2007 6. http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/news-events/press-room/press-releases/bharti-airtel-appoints-nokia-siemens-networks-to-

supply-manage-4g-network-in-maharashtra-m, Bharti Airtel appoints Nokia Siemens Networks to supply, manage 4G network in Maharashtra, February 29, 2012

7. http://www.ericsson.com/news/110929_lte_an_introduction_244188809_c,LTE: an introduction. What mobile operators need to know, Sep 29, 2011

RELATED RESOURCE

1. NORTEL WhitePaperLong-Term Evolution (LTE): The vision beyond 3G, 2008, NN114882-072208 2. Agilent Technologies, "LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design and Measurement Challenges", John Wiley & Sons, 2009 3. F. Khan, "LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband – Air Interface Technologies and Performance", Cambridge University Press, 2009

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Long term evolution (LTE): Spectrum and 3G metworksdiscoveryjournals.org/discoveryscience//current_issue/...Long-Term Evolution (LTE) allows operators to use new and wider spectrum