Loviisa Power Plant

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Fortum’s nuclear power plant at Loviisa has been producing car-bon dioxide-free nuclear power for over thirty years now. Electric-ity production on Hästholmen will continue far into the future, as the operating licenses granted by the Government in 2007 are valid until 2027 for Unit 1 (Loviisa 1) and until 2030 for Unit 2 (Loviisa 2).

The Loviisa power plant locat-ed on the island of Hästholmen is Finland’s first nuclear power plant. It consists of two pressu-rised water reactor units. Loviisa 1 was commissioned in 1977 and Loviisa 2 in 1980. The building of the Loviisa plant, which took ap-proximately ten years, was a big international project, in which the East and the West cooperat-ed for the first time in the field of nuclear technology. When the plant was completed, it met even

the most advanced western safe-ty requirements of that time.

Availability and safetyOver the years, the safety and availability of the plant have been improved in comprehensive mod-ernisation projects, and currently the units fulfil the latest safety re-quirements. The figures reflecting the efficiency and the reliability of the plant, the load factors, have consistently been among the best in the world throughout these past thirty years.

The high safety level of the Loviisa plant is reflected by the events that are reported in accordance with the seven-stage International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). There have been a few of them during the entire op-erating life of the plant units, none of them above Level 2.

Nuclear power is carbon-neutralThe yearly output of the plant is approximately 8 terawatt hours, which corresponds to the annu-al consumption of approximate-ly 400,000 detached houses with electric heating and covers one tenth of the electricity consump-tion in Finland. Annual carbon di-oxide emissions into the atmos-phere are 6 million tons lower due to electricity being produced at the Loviisa plant. The nuclear power plants in the European Un-ion produce one third of the elec-tricity used within the EU. If it was produced using fossil fuels, the carbon dioxide emissions would increase by the amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by cars in the EU.

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Loviisa Power PlantPressurised water reactor plants (PWR)Boiling water reactor plants (BWR)

In the thirty years of operation, the availability of the Loviisa power plant has been at a world-class level even by interna-tional standards. During this time, there have been no accidents relat-ed to nuclear safe-ty or emissions to the environment.

The Loviisa power plant has been in operation for over 30 years without

any serious malfunctions affecting safety. Its usability makes it one of the

best nuclear power plants in the world.

safe and carbon dioxide-free

nuclear power

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The nuclear reactor produces heat when the uranium nuclei inside the fuel pins split when hit by a neutron. The split produces new free neutrons that split more ura-nium nuclei, and this results in a chain reaction generating continu-ous heat. The cooling water of the reactor is heated to approximate-ly 300 degrees Celsius. However, the water does not boil due to the high pressure (123 bar) in the pres-surised water reactor.

Primary circuitThe reactor coolant pumps cir-culate the 300-degree water into the steam generators and back to the reactor. Each plant unit con-tains six of these circuits working in parallel. Together they form the primary circuit of the reactor.

Secondary circuit

In the steam generators, the water of the primary circuit heats the wa-ter of the separate secondary cir-cuit. The water starts to boil, be-cause the pressure in the second-ary circuit (44 bar) is much low-er than in the primary circuit. The generated steam is led to the tur-bines. The turbine rotates the gen-erator, which converts the kinet-ic energy into electricity. The elec-tricity is routed through the main transformer to the national net-work at a voltage of 400 kilovolts.

Cooling water systemThe third separate circuit is the cooling water system. After the turbine, the low-pressure steam is led to the condensers. There

the steam is condensed with cold sea water back into water, which is then pumped through the pre-heaters into the steam genera-tors.

When both units are operational, it takes 40 cubic metres of sea wa-ter per second to cool the steam. The water used in the cooling is pumped back into the sea. It is 10 degrees warmer but its consist-ency is unchanged.

Well over one third (34.5%) of the heat created in the reactor is converted into electricity. The rest is transmitted to the cool-ing water in the condensers and from there to the sea, just like in other condensing power plants generating electricity.

REACTORSTEAM GENERATOR

Primary circuit

Secondary circuit

Cooling water system

CONDENSERGENERATOR

POWER GRID

TURBINE

A nuclear power plant differs from a conventional steam power plant

in the way it produces heat. Instead of a steam boiler, both units at

Loviisacontain a pressurised water reactor and steam generators.

Uranium is used as fuel in the production of heat.

This is how elecTriciTy is produced

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The residents around the nuclear power plant receive an annual ra-diation dose that is so low that it cannot be detected by any meter. In calculations it is estimated to be, at the most, around one thou-sandth of the dose from natural radiation.

During the operation of the power plant, radioactive substanc-es develop in the splitting of urani-um nuclei, and as the materials are activated in the neutron radiation of the reactor core. Most of the ac-tivity is within the fuel.

Systems that contain or may con-tain radioactive substances are lo-cated inside the radiologically con-

trolled area and are closely moni-tored. The controlled area is closed, and nothing can be brought out without careful measurements.

The rooms in the controlled area are classified according to their radiation regime. In most of the rooms, the radiation level does not differ significantly from natural background radiation. The rooms with higher levels of radiation are locked or inaccessible, which means that the radiation doses are minimal.

The radiation doses of each em-ployee working in the radiologically controlled area are measured with a personal radiation dose meter.

Approximately 90 per cent of the radiation doses accrue during the annual outage, when the plant’s components are inspected, main-tained and repaired.

The Loviisa plant’s personnel have been determined and suc-cessful in developing radiation protection measures and the plan-ning of work in the controlled ar-eas. The aim of the development work has been to keep the radia-tion doses as low as possible. Dur-ing the last ten years, the radiation doses received by personnel have decreased clearly.

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radiation protection Well TaKen care ofAt the Loviisa plant, measures are taken to ensure that the radiation

doses of the nearby inhabitants and the personnel remain low.

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One of the most important objectives of the Loviisa power plant is to

be able to operate with a minimal environmental impact. Emissions

in the environment have always been well below the maximum limits

set by the authorities.

enVironMenTal iMpacT is minimal

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The Loviisa power plant’s role as a producer of clean energy with regard to the environment has become more and more impor-tant over the years. The power plant has an environmental sys-tem accordant with the ISO 14001 standard. It is realised in compli-ance with the principle of contin-uous improvement in the opera-tions of both the power plant and the external companies operating within the power plant. Concern-ing the factors most important to the environment, the personnel is constantly working to further de-crease the heat load of the cool-ing water pumped back into the sea and the amount of emissions and waste.

The waste generated during the power plant’s operation is treat-ed either in conventional (non-ra-dioactive) or in radioactive waste management. Conventional waste is generated for example by trans-port, equipment and facility re-pairs, office work and cookery. It is sorted into energy waste, pa-per, metals and hazardous waste. The objective is to recycle as much

of the waste as possible.Radioactive waste is sorted ac-

cording to its source and original purpose into low-, medium- and high-level waste. Low- and medi-um-level waste is disposed of in a waste repository built 110 metres deep in the bedrock of Hästhol-men. The final repository intro-duced in 1997 has separate spac-es for different types of waste.

Low-active wasteMost of the radioactive waste generated in the power plant is low-active. It consists mostly of conventional maintenance waste, such as insulating material, old working clothes, machine parts, plastic and oil.

Medium-active wasteMedium-active waste is liquid and consists of the ion exchange masses from the process water purification systems as well as of the vaporisation waste generated during the cleaning of the sewage water. Medium-active waste is so-

lidified with cement for final dis-posal. This is done in the solidifica-tion plant built in the power plant area in 2007.

High-level wasteHigh-level waste is the spent fuel removed from the reactor. At the power plant, it is kept in the spent fuel storage pools. After this tem-porary storage, the fuel is placed in bedrock in capsules. This has been determined to be a safe so-lution in numerous studies and re-ports.

Spent fuel must be disposed of in accordance with the Finn-ish Nuclear Energy Act. The dis-posal of the fuel is handled by Po-siva Oy, which is owned by For-tum and Teollisuuden Voima. The final repository and the relat-ed capsulation plant are expect-ed to be operational in 2020. The spent fuel from Teollisuuden Voi-ma’s Olkiluoto power plant units will be disposed of in the same fa-cility in Eurajoki together with the fuel from Loviisa.

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1. Steel containment2. Spray system outside for containment3. Air filters4. Reserve emergency cooling pumps5. Uranium fuel core6. Emergency cooling pumps7. Safety injection pumps

8. Emergency feed water pumps 9. Electricity connection from the hydropower plant10. Emergency diesel generators11. Containment pipe system12. Hydrogen ignitors and recombinators13. Ice condensers14. Emergency accumulators

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SAFETY SYSTEMS

The safety systems designed to manage any situation consist of multi-layer insu-lations, parallel operations that back up each other, as well as high quality. Sever-al consecutive structural barriers prevent the radioactive substances formed in the fuel from being released into the environ-ment, even in the worst-case scenarios.

Systematic annual outages and funda-mental improvement and modernisation projects ensure that the equipment al-ways complies with current requirements. Equipment ageing and tightening interna-tional safety requirements have consider-

ably increased the number of fundamen-tal improvements. For example, sever-al challenging alterations were made to manage serious reactor accidents in an extensive safety project realised between 1997 and 2002.

A license is required for the production of nuclear energy in Finland, and the li-cence is issued by the Council of State. All systems and processes related to produc-tion are supervised and approved by the authorities. In Finland, the authority mon-itoring nuclear safety is the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK).

strong commitment To safeTyUsing nuclear energy to produce electricity is one of the most thoroughly studied and

secured processes in the world. The safety and the good load factors of Fortum’s

Loviisa power plant are based on the extremely high level of reliability of equipment

and operations. There is ongoing development work in this area to further improve

the safety and safety culture.

Returning home safe and soundThe Loviisa power plant is strongly committed to improving the safety of its person-nel. The aim is to ensure the safety of the personnel so that everyone can return home safe and sound after the working day. Both Fortum’s personnel and external personnel are trained and development suggestions are collected for creating a saf-er work environment. In 2007, the Loviisa power plant received the international OHSAS 18001 occupational health and safety certificate, which indicates that at our power plant, occupational health and safety is managed through preventive means. We aim to be a model for other workplaces.

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annual ouTaGe is an intensive project

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Each year, both units of the Loviisa power plant are shut down for

maintenance, which takes approximately 16 to 42 days depending on the

cycle. Approximately one third of the reactor fuel is replaced, and the

necessary inspection, maintenance and alteration works are performed

during the outage. High quality annual outage guarantees safe and reliable

functioning in the subsequent operation periods, and prolongs

the technical operating life of the plant.

Every four years there is a long-er annual outage, when more ex-tensive inspections and fundamen-tal improvements are performed in addition to the regular mainte-nance work. The longest mainte-nance shutdown (42 days) of the annual outage cycle takes place

every eight years. That is when the most extensive and thorough inspections of the machine, auto-mation and electricity systems are performed.

The annual outage is an intensive and carefully planned project, dur-ing which the number of personnel

at the plant increases considerably. In addition to Fortum’s own person-nel, 800 to 1,000 professionals are contracted from approximately 100 different companies.

The Loviisa power plant’s own training simulator makes it possible to train safe-ly for possible dis-turbance and emer-gency situations in an environment cor-responding to actual circumstances. Shift supervisors and con-trol room personnel practice on the simu-lators for eight days a year.

The Loviisa plant’s personnel consist of over 470 skilled people from different fields.

Most have basic training in process, machine, electricity or automation technology.

Special know-how in reactor or radiation physics and in chemistry is required of those

working as experts at the nuclear power plant. In addition, approximately 100 students

from different fields work as trainees at the power plant every year.

MoTiVaTed and Trained personnel

The tasks are divided into power plant operation and monitoring, maintenance and repairs, as well as supporting techni-cal and administrative tasks. The operat-ing personnel and fire department work in continuous shifts, and other personnel work normal hours.

The competence of the personnel is en-sured and maintained through compre-hensive and versatile training targeted for different tasks. A personal training plan is drafted for all new personnel. It defines the additional training required to secure professional competency and its development. New persons familiar-ise themselves with the power plant’s operations and general procedures, after which they receive task-specif-ic training. Usually an experienced ex-pert in nuclear power participates in the

training, ensuring that so-called tacit knowledge is passed on.

Comprehensive training systemThe shift supervisors and control room personnel responsible for the operation of the power plant receive the most compre-hensive task-specific training, which takes four years. The training includes tradition-al classroom teaching, practical training with an experienced person as well as simulator training.

The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Au-thority issues the control room personnel and shift supervisors a license to work as supervisors only after successfully com-pleted tests. Their competence is evalu-ated regularly with oral licence examina-

tions monitored by the Radiation and Nu-clear Safety Authority and with compe-tence-based examinations performed in the training simulator.

Workforce from outside the company neededIn addition to Fortum’s personnel, more than 100 people from other companies work permanently on the Hästholmen is-land, where the plant is located. Their work concerns mostly cleaning, property main-tenance and planning. During the annual outages, the number of external person-nel rises to nearly 1,000. The external em-ployees receive a briefing and task-specif-ic orientation training. All personnel work-ing at the power plant must have a valid work safety card.

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The long-term investment plan in-cludes approximately a hundred alteration, refurbishment and modernisation projects whose implementation is planned in de-tail for the following three to four years and on a more general level until the end of the plant’s planned operating life. During a year, 10 to 30 projects are completed.

As a result of the strategic long-term planning, in 2005 an extensive – even on a global scale – modern-isation of the automation systems was launched at the Loviisa pow-

er plant. It covers the automation systems of Loviisa 1 and Loviisa 2, including the control rooms and the training simulator. The mod-ernisation project will be complet-ed in 2014.

The aim of the automation mod-ernisation project is to replace the analogue automation systems of the power plant with digital sys-tems in four phases over ten years. The new automation systems are delivered by the French-German Areva-Siemens consortium. The systems are installed and commis-

sioned during the annual outage, which ensures the availability of the power plant during the entire mod-ernisation project. The project was started by building new automation buildings, which enables the pre- installation of new systems while the existing systems are still in use.

With the new refurbishment and modernisation projects based on long-term planning, the Loviisa power plant will be able to meet the latest safety requirements and generate electricity for Finns for a long time to come.

At the Loviisa power plant, long-term planning is one of the most

important strategic functions, aiming to ensure an operating life of at

least 50 years for both plant units. Technical and financial measures

and resources are allocated systematically in the long term, and a

comprehensive, balanced and proactive operating culture is promoted.

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an eye to the disTanT fuTure

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responsible energyFortum is an energy company that offers first-class power

and heat services. We feel that our customers have the right to receive

high quality energy at all times with the highest security of supply.

Our core business is the generation, distribution and sale of electricity

and heat, as well as the operation and maintenance of power plants.

The number of employees is approximately 16,000.

• In the Nordic countries, we are among the top energy companies, and in the Baltic region – Poland, the Baltic countries and Russia – we are continuously developing our operations.

• We work in a responsible manner and respect nature. We take climate change seriously and participate in its mitigation in many ways.

• The Loviisa plant is part of the Fortum Generation business unit, which generates electricity.

• Fortum Corporation is listed on the OMX Helsinki Stock Exchange.

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Fortum Generation Loviisa Power Plant

P.O.B 23, FI-07901, Loviisa, Finlandwww.fortum.com/loviisa

tel. +358 10 45 55011, fax +358 10 45 54435