LOW GERMANIC1 LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN

LINGUISTICA BRUNENSIA 60, 2012, 1–2

ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁ

LOW GERMANIC1 LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE

AbstractThis article provides a list of English loanwords which were borrowed in the European contact area from Low Germanic varieties, namely from Dutch, Low German, Flemish and Frisian. The loan-words are divided according to the century in which they were first attested in English; individual items consist of a definition of the English lexeme, possible source word/words and if necessary, it is followed by a short commentary. A further analysis regarding the development of the process of borrowing, number of borrowings according to the individual varieties and their semantic field is offered in the Introduction.

Key wordsEnglish; Low Germanic; loanwords

Introduction

This article focuses on the Low Germanic loanwords in English which were taken over from people speaking Low Germanic varieties through their mutual contact with English in Europe. English has a special position among the West Germanic languages as it developed in a relative isolation on the British Isles. While the languages on the continent were much more prone to be influenced by each other thanks to various socio-cultural and political factors, the English speaking population separated from them by the sea was exposed to different in-fluences than the Low Germanic varieties were. Despite the natural barrier there was (and of course still is) mutual contact between these two groups. One of the ways of observing the frequency and intensity of their contact is to study their languages and find out whether and to which extent they were influenced by one another. According to the sociolinguistic research, the lexical level is the least

1 In this article, the terms “Low Germanic” and “Low German” are used in order to differentiate between all the West Germanic languages on the continent which did not undergo the Second Sound Shift and the varieties spoken in Northern Germany also known as Plattdeutsch, respectively.

212 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁ

stable during a contact period between two cultures therefore I concentrated on this level of language to see which varieties of Low Germanic languages exerted the greatest influence on English, when the contact occurred and which spheres of language were influenced.A thorough study of English vocabulary proved that mutual contact between England and Low Countries exerted a certain influence on the English lexis. In this study, 243 borrowings were attested in English which had been taken over from Low Germanic between the 13th and 20th C. As the varieties of Low Germanic are closely related and mutually influenced by one another, difficulties arise when trying to determine which variety is responsible for a particular loanword. Therefore, in questionable cases, possible source words are listed from more varieties, all of which are counted as a source word for the graphs.

Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English according to their original variety

From Figure 1, it is immediately obvious that Dutch represents the major source of borrowings, 234 Dutch lexical items were taken into English. This overwhelm-ing lead can be accounted to the fact that Dutch is the only standardised language; its formation falls into the 10th and 11th C and since that time the economical and political power of Dutch people assured their language an overt prestige, which ultimately led to its standardisation and establishment as a national language. However, it can be observed in Fig. 2 that in the 13th C Low German enjoyed a higher prestige than Dutch due to a larger amount of loanwords; this can be ex-plained by the existence of the Hanseatic League, thanks to which Low German spread to almost every port in Europe. Low German, Flemish and Frisian have never disposed of a standard variant, which resulted in lesser interest devoted to these varieties as far as writing dictionaries and grammar books are concerned. Moreover, as non-standard variants these languages were used by fewer people and were suppressed by the Dutch, French and German when being under their rule. These facts are reflected by the number of possible source words for borrow-ings; Low German, Flemish and Frisian could have provided the source for 75, 12 and 10 English loanwords respectively. However, in almost every case there

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dutch Low German Flemish Frisian

Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English

Number of loanwords in English

213LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE

is also a Dutch word, which can be considered a source for the loanword; and it is also important to realize that in some cases an unattested word from one of the non-standard variety might have served as a source for the English loanword. The development of the process of borrowing from Low Germanic languages can be observed in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing

In the following tables the relevant English loanwords are listed alphabetically according to the century in which they were first attested in English. It can be ob-served that no grammatical words were taken over and the lexical words mainly prove that the historic contact areas between English and Low Germanic people were mainly concentrated on the nautical, commercial and military domains.

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing

Dutch

Low German

Frisian

Flemish

214 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁ

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13th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

boun

ce (o

r. bu

nsen

) ‚ap

plic

atio

n to

loud

ex

plos

ive

nois

e‘

bum

sen

LG

bow

line

‚rop

e co

nnec

ting

the

wea

ther

si

de o

f a sa

il w

ith th

e bo

w‘

bōlīn

e M

LGbo

echl

ine

M.D

u

bow

spri

t ‚sp

ar e

xten

ding

from

the

bow

of

a sh

ip‘

boch

spre

t MLG

dote

‚to

be fo

olis

h, ra

ve‘

dote

n M

LGdo

ten

M.D

upr

obab

ly fr

om M

LG, o

f unk

now

n or

igin

driv

el ‚s

erva

nt‘

M.F

lem

dre

vel

freig

ht, f

ragh

t ME

vrac

ht, v

rech

t M

LGvr

acht

, vre

cht M

.Du

orig

inal

LG

M a

nd M

.Du

wor

d m

eant

‚cos

t of

trans

port‘

, it m

ay b

e cr

eate

d fr

om a

lost

Old

Fr

isia

n w

ord

from

P.G

mc

*fra

-aih

tiz ‚a

bsol

ute

poss

essi

on, p

rope

rty‘

guild

, gild

‚con

frat

erni

ty fo

r mut

ual a

id‘

gild

e M

LGgi

ld D

uhu

ckst

er (o

r. hu

cste

r) ‚p

etty

trad

esm

an‘

*huk

- orig

. LG

stem

, LG

hu

cste

r

hoke

ster

M.D

u ‚p

eddl

er‘

luff

‚an

obsc

ure

naut

ical

dev

ice‘

loef

O.D

u ‚w

indw

ard

side

of a

ship

‘pe

rh. v

ia O

F fo

l

poll

‚a sa

mpl

ing

or c

olle

ctio

n of

opi

nion

s on

a su

bjec

t‘po

l MLG

‚hea

d,

top‘

pole

M.D

u

shor

e ‚la

nd b

orde

ring

a la

rge

body

of

wat

er‘

scho

r MLG

‚s

hore

, he

adla

nd‘

scor

re M

.Du

‚land

w

ashe

d by

the

sea‘

snat

ch (o

r. sn

ecch

en) ‚

to g

rab,

take

, get

se

cure

sudd

enly

or h

astil

y‘sn

acke

n M

.Du

‚to

snat

ch, c

hatte

r‘st

ockfi

sh ‚fi

sh sp

litt a

nd d

ried

in th

e ai

r w

ithou

t sal

t‘st

okvi

sch

(M)

LGst

okvi

sch

(M)D

u

tack

le (o

r. ta

kel)

‚app

arat

us, g

ear‘

take

l ‚rig

ging

of

a sh

ip‘

take

l Du

216 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁE

nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

esw

iggl

e ‚to

mov

e w

ith sh

ort,

quic

k m

ovem

ents

‘w

igel

en M

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‚to

rock

‘w

igel

en M

.Fle

m

14th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

bale

‚bun

dle,

pac

kage

‘ba

le M

.Du,

baa

l Du

prob

. orig

. fro

m O

F ba

le ‚r

olle

d-up

bun

dle‘

via

D

utch

beak

er ‚o

pen

larg

e-m

outh

ed v

esse

l‘bi

keri

OS

beke

r M.D

u ‚g

oble

t‘al

tern

ativ

ely

from

ON

bik

arr

bick

er ‚t

o sk

irmis

h, fi

ght‘

bick

en M

.Du

‚to sl

ash,

st

ab, a

ttack

‘bl

are

‚to w

ail‘

bler

en M

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‚to b

leat

, cr

y, b

awl,

shou

t‘bl

aze

‚mak

e pu

blic

blas

en M

.Du

‚to b

low

(o

n a

trum

pet)‘

bloc

k ‚s

olid

pie

ce‘

bloc

k M

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‚trun

k of

a

tree‘

from

OF

bloc

‚log

, blo

ck‘ v

ia M

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booz

e (o

r. bo

use)

‚drin

k de

eply

‘bū

sen

M.D

u, b

uize

n D

u bo

w ‚f

ore

end

of a

boa

t‘bo

og L

Gbo

ech

M.D

ude

rives

eith

er fr

om th

e D

u bo

ech

or fr

om O

N b

ogr

boy

‚you

ng m

ale

child

‘ (or

ig. b

oie

‚ser

vant

, com

mon

er, k

nave

‘)bu

obe

LGbo

ef D

u ‚k

nave

‘bo

i E.F

ris

‚you

ng

gent

lem

an‘

unce

rtain

orig

in, m

igt b

e at

tribu

ted

to E

.Fris

. boi

, or

OF

embu

ie ‚o

ne fe

ttere

d‘

braw

l ‚a

nois

y qu

arre

l‘ or

ig. b

raul

en ‚t

o cr

y ou

t‘br

alle

n D

u ‚to

boa

st‘

bund

le ‚a

gro

up, q

uant

ity w

rapp

ed fo

r ca

rryi

ng‘

bond

el M

.Du

‚bin

d‘

cam

bric

(ear

lier c

amer

ike)

‚clo

th‘

Kam

erik

(Fl)

blen

ding

of F

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bra

and

Fl K

amer

ik -

the

Fl

beco

me

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ty w

here

the

fabr

ic w

as o

rig. m

ade

cloc

k ‚a

n in

stru

men

t for

mea

surin

g tim

e‘cl

ocke

M.D

u, k

lik D

u


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

dam

‚wat

er b

arrie

r‘da

m M

.Du

alte

rnat

ivel

y fr

om O

N d

amm

rdr

ug ‚m

edic

amen

t, na

rcot

ic‘

drog

e-va

te

MLG

. ‚dr

y-ba

rrel

s‘

drog

e-va

te M

.Du

of u

nkno

wn

orig

in, i

t may

com

e fr

om O

F dr

oge

‚sup

ply,

pro

visi

on‘ o

r fro

m M

LG/M

.Du

drog

e-va

te o

r dro

ge w

aere

‚dry

war

es‘

hobb

le ‚f

aste

n to

geth

er th

e le

gs o

f a

hors

e‘ho

bbel

en M

.Du

‚toss

, ro

ck fr

om si

de to

side

‘ho

ppel

en

earl.

Fle

m.

kild

erki

n ‚c

ask

for l

iqui

ds, fi

sh e

tc;

mea

sure

of c

apac

ity‘

kind

ekijn

M.D

u

kit ‚

circ

ular

woo

den

hoop

ed v

esse

l‘ki

tte M

.Du

‚col

lect

ion

of p

erdo

nal e

ffect

s‘lin

g ‚lo

ng sl

ende

r cod

-like

fish

‘le

ng D

u, e

arlie

r le

nghe

, lin

ghe

prob

ably

of D

utch

or L

G o

rigin

lolla

rd ‚c

onte

mpt

uous

nam

e fo

r cer

tain

he

retic

s‘lo

llaer

d M

.Du

‚mum

bler

, mut

tere

r‘m

easl

es ‚a

n ac

ute

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se‘

mas

el M

.Du

‚ble

mis

h‘pr

ob. o

f M.D

u or

igin

, the

re m

ight

hav

e be

en a

n O

E ve

rsio

n, b

ut is

not

reco

rded

mud

‚wet

, sof

t ear

th‘

mud

de M

LG

‚thic

k m

ud‘

mod

de M

.Du

offa

l ‚w

aste

par

ts, r

efus

e‘of

val M

.Du

rub

‚to m

ove

back

and

forth

as a

gain

st

anot

her s

urfa

ce‘

rubb

elin

g LG

M

‚rou

gh, u

neve

n‘ru

bben

E.F

ris

‚to sc

ratc

h,

rub‘

scoo

p ‚u

tens

il fo

r bai

ling

out‘

sche

ppen

LG

‚to

draw

wat

er‘

scho

pe M

.Du

‚buc

ket

for b

ailin

g w

ater

‘sc

our ‚

clea

nse

by ru

bbin

g‘sc

uren

M.D

u ‚to

po

lish,

cle

an‘

Poss

ibly

orig

inal

ly a

tech

nica

l ter

m a

mon

g Fl

emis

h w

orkm

en in

Eng

land

, pro

b. a

dopt

ed fr

om

OF

escu

rer.

scum

‚a fi

lm o

r lay

er o

f fou

l; lo

w,

wor

thle

ss o

r evi

l per

son‘

schu

me

M.D

u ‚f

oam

, fr

oth‘

skip

per ‚

capt

ain

or m

aste

r of a

ship

‘sc

ippe

r M.D

u fr

om

scip


nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

essl

ing

‚impl

emen

t for

thro

win

g st

ones

‘sl

inge

MLG

‚s

ling

slin

ge O

.Fris

from

an

unid

entifi

ed c

ontin

enta

l sou

rce

(cf.

OH

G

slin

gan,

M.S

wed

slon

ga)

snac

k ‚to

bite

or s

nap‘

sinc

e 18

C ‚l

ittle

m

eal‘

snac

ken

M.D

u ‚to

sn

atch

, cha

tter‘

snor

t ‚to

snor

e‘sn

orte

n LG

pr

ob. r

elat

ed to

snor

e or

to th

e LG

exp

ress

ion

splin

t ‚pl

ate

of a

rmou

r‘sp

linte

, spl

ente

M

LG ‚t

hin

piec

e of

iron

‘

splin

te M

.Du

rela

ted

to M

LG

spoo

l ‚a

cylin

dric

al p

iece

on

whi

ch

som

ethi

ng is

wou

nd‘

spoe

le M

.Du

‚a sp

ool‘

ster

n ‚h

ind

part

of a

ship

‘st

iarn

e O

Fris

‚r

udde

r‘or

from

ON

stjo

rn ‚a

stee

ring‘

trad

e ‚th

e pr

oces

s of b

uyin

g an

d se

lling

‘tr

ade

MLG

‚tr

ack,

cou

rse‘

trad

e M

.Du

intro

duce

d by

Han

sa m

erch

ants

wai

nsco

t (or

. way

nsco

t) ‚im

porte

d oa

k of

su

perio

r qua

lity‘

wag

hens

cote

M.D

u ‚s

uper

ior q

ualit

y oa

k w

ood,

boa

rd u

sed

for

pane

lling

‘

wag

hens

cote

M

.Fle

m.

wra

ck ‚w

reck

ed sh

ip‘

wra

k M

.Du

‚wre

ck‘

15th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

boor

‚hus

band

man

‘ bū

r MLG

boer

Du

prob

. of G

mc

*bū-

‚dw

ell‘,

IE *

bhu,

rein

trodu

ced

due

to D

utch

form

boe

rbo

oty

‚plu

nder

‘bu

te M

LGbu

ten

M.D

ubr

ake

‚app

arat

us fo

r ret

ardi

ng th

e m

otio

n of

a w

heel

‘br

ake

MLG

brae

ke M

.Du

brui

n ‚c

omm

on o

r bro

wn

bear

‘br

uin

Du

‚bro

wn‘


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

bulw

ark

‚ram

part,

forti

ficat

ion‘

bo

lwer

k M

.Du

or M

HG

bol

wer

k ‚b

allis

ta, f

ortifi

catio

n‘bu

ng ‚a

stop

per f

or th

e op

enin

g of

a c

ask‘

bong

e M

.Du

‚sto

pper

‘bu

oy ‚m

arke

d flo

at‘

boje

, boe

i M.D

uD

utch

pro

babl

y bo

rrow

ed th

is w

ord

from

F b

oie,

bu

ie ‚c

hain

, fet

ter‘

from

whi

ch it

ent

ered

Eng

lish

corf

‚bas

ket,

(late

r) sp

ecifi

cally

for

min

ing‘

korf

MLG

korf

Du.

curl

‚to

form

into

coi

ls a

s the

hai

r‘kr

ull M

.Du

‚cur

ly‘

krul

l E.F

ris

‚lock

of h

air‘

dapp

er ‚e

lega

nt‘

dapp

er M

LG

‚bol

d, st

rong

, st

urdy

‘

dapp

er M

.Du

deck

‚pla

tform

ext

endi

ng fr

om si

de to

si

de o

f a sh

ip‘

dec,

dek

M.D

u ‚r

oof,

cove

ring‘

exci

se ‚t

oll,

tax‘

exci

js M

.Du

firki

n ‚c

ask;

qua

rter o

f a b

arre

l‘vi

erde

lkijn

M.D

u go

lf ‚a

gam

e‘co

lf, c

olve

M.D

u ‚s

tick,

clu

b, b

at‘

take

n fr

om S

cotti

sh g

ouf w

hose

sour

ce w

as D

u co

lf

groo

ve ‚m

inin

g sh

aft,

min

e‘gr

oeve

M.D

u ‚f

urro

w,

ditc

h‘gu

ilder

‚coi

n of

the

Net

herla

nds‘

guld

en D

ugu

lden

Fle

mho

ist ‚

to ra

ise‘

hiss

en, h

iese

n LG

hyss

en M

.Du;

hi

jsch

en D

u ‚to

hoi

st‘

orig

inat

ed p

rob.

from

M

.Du

hop

‚hop

pla

nt, h

umul

us lu

pus‘

hopp

e M

LGho

ppe

M.D

uho

y ‚s

mal

l sai

ling

vess

el‘

hoei

, hoe

de, h

eude

M

.Du

leak

‚to

let w

ater

in o

r out

‘le

ken

‚to d

rip, t

o le

ak‘

eith

er fr

om M

.Du

or O

N le

ka m

ight

be

an

alte

rnat

ive

sour

celo

iter ‚

idle

, lin

ger i

ndol

ently

‘ le

uter

en M

.Du

‚wag

ab

out,

leut

eren

Du

‚sha

ke, t

otte

r, da

wdl

e‘

perh

aps i

ntro

duce

d by

vag

rant

s fro

m th

e Lo

w

Cou

ntrie

s


nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

eslu

ck ‚g

ood

fortu

ne, h

appi

ness

‘lu

k LG

ghel

ucke

M.D

u, g

eluk

D

upr

obab

ly o

rigin

ally

intro

duce

d as

a g

ambl

ing

term

mar

line

‚sm

all l

ine‘

mar

lijn

Du

mar

t ‚m

arke

t‘m

arct

M.D

ufr

om L

mer

catu

s ‚tra

de‘

mee

rkat

‚mon

key‘

mee

rkat

Du

‚mon

key‘

nap

‚dow

ny su

rfac

e of

clo

th‘

nopp

e M

LGno

ppe

M.D

u ‚n

ap, t

uft

of w

ool‘

prob

ably

intro

duce

d by

Fle

mis

h cl

oth-

wor

kers

orlo

p ‚th

e lo

wer

mos

t of f

our o

r mor

e de

cks a

bove

the

spac

e at

the

botto

m o

f a

hull‘

over

lōp

MLG

ov

erlo

op M

.Du

‚cov

erin

g, a

n ov

er-

leap

‘pi

ckle

‚sal

t liq

uor i

n w

hich

food

is

pres

erve

d‘pö

kel L

Gpe

kel M

.Du

‚pic

kle,

br

ine‘

päke

l E.F

ris

pill

‚med

icam

ent‘

pille

MLG

pille

M.D

upi

p ‚d

isea

se o

f bird

s‘pi

ppe

M.D

u ‚m

ucus

‘pl

acar

d ‚f

orm

al d

ocum

ent a

uthe

ntic

ated

by

an

affix

ed se

al‘

plac

ken

M.D

u ‚to

pa

tch,

to p

last

er‘

orig

. pro

b. fr

om M

F pl

acqu

ard

pum

p ‚a

ppar

atus

for f

orci

ng li

quid

or a

ir‘pu

mpe

MLG

pom

pe M

.Du

‚wat

er

cond

iut,

pipe

‘ra

ck ‚f

ram

e w

ith b

ars‘

rakk

LG

rec

M.D

u ‚f

ram

ewor

k‘se

lvag

e ‚e

dge

of w

eb o

r clo

th so

fini

shed

as

to p

reve

nt ra

velin

g‘su

lfegg

e LG

zelfk

ant D

use

lveg

ge

M.F

lem

a co

rrup

tion

of se

lf+ed

ge a

rose

as a

n an

alog

y of

M

.Fle

m se

lveg

gesl

ed ‚a

sled

ge u

sed

for t

rans

port

of h

eavy

go

ods‘

sled

de M

.Du

slip

‚nar

row

strip

‘sl

ippe

MLG

slip

pe M

.Du

‚cut

, slit

‘sm

elt ‚

to fu

se o

r mel

t (or

e)‘

smel

ten

LGsm

elte

n D

usn

ap ‚q

uick

, sud

den

bite

or c

ut‘

snap

pen

LGsn

ap(e

n) D

u st

ove

‚hea

ting‘

stov

e M

LG

‚hea

ted

room

‘st

ove

M.D

u


16th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

aloo

f ‚at

a d

ista

nce,

rese

rved

‘lo

ef D

u, lo

f M.D

u ‚th

e w

eath

er si

de o

f a sh

ip‘

anke

r, al

so a

ncho

r ‚liq

uid

mea

sure

in

Nor

th S

ea a

nd B

altic

trad

e‘an

ker D

uM

.L. a

ncer

ia, a

nche

ria

‚a sm

all v

at‘

bele

ague

r ‚to

surr

ound

with

mili

tary

fo

rces

‘be

lege

ren

LG

‚to b

esie

ge‘

bele

gere

n D

ua

wor

d fr

om th

e Fl

emis

h W

ars,

spel

ling

influ

ence

d by

leag

uebl

ink

‚to o

pen

and

clos

e th

e ey

e‘bl

inke

n M

.Du

‚to g

litte

r‘of

unc

erta

in o

rigin

boom

‚a lo

ng sp

ar, fl

oatin

g tim

ber

barr

ier‘

būm

schi

p M

LG,

bum

boot

LG

bu

mbo

at D

u

boom

‚lon

g po

le‘

boom

Du

‚tree

, pol

e,

beam

‘fr

om S

cotti

sh b

oun

whi

ch w

as b

orro

wed

from

D

u br

ack

‚sal

ty, b

riny‘

brak

Du

‚wor

thle

ss‘

buck

whe

at ‚a

pla

nt, F

agop

yrum

es

cule

ntum

‘bo

ecw

eite

M.D

u ‚b

eech

w

heat

‘bu

gger

‚sod

omite

, vul

gar c

oars

e‘bo

ugre

M.D

uvi

a D

u fr

om th

e (O

)F b

ougr

e (o

rigin

in

Bul

garia

ns w

ho w

ere

cons

ider

ed to

be

here

tic

as m

embe

rs o

f Eas

tern

Orth

odox

Chr

istia

ns)

bully

‚a b

lust

erin

g, q

uarr

elso

me,

ov

erbe

arin

g pe

rson

‚ or

ig. ‚

swee

thea

rt‘bo

el D

u ‚lo

ver,

brot

her‘

bum

pkin

‚aw

kwar

d co

untry

fello

w‘

bom

mek

ijn M

.Du

‚littl

e ba

rrel

‘bu

rghe

r ‚ci

tizen

‘bu

rger

Du

burg

omas

ter ‚

chie

f mag

istra

te o

f a D

utch

or

Fle

mis

h to

wn‘

burg

emee

ster

Du

dock

‚bed

or h

ollo

w in

whi

ch a

ship

rest

s at

low

wat

erdo

cke

MLG

dock

e, d

ok M

.Du

of u

nkno

wn

orig

in


nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

esdo

ck ‚s

olid

fles

hy p

art o

f a h

orse

‘s ta

il,

crup

per‘

do

cke

(M)

LG ‚b

undl

e of

st

raw

‘

dock

e M

.Du

dok

Fris

. ‚b

unch

, bal

l (o

f tw

ine)

‘do

it ‚a

n ol

d sm

all c

oppe

r coi

n of

the

Net

herla

nds,

a bi

t or t

rifle‘

duit

M.D

u

dolla

r ‚cu

rren

cy‘

dale

r LG

from

G ta

ler,

abbr

evia

tion

of J

oach

imst

alle

r ‚g

ulde

n of

Joac

him

stal

‘do

min

eer ‚

to ru

le a

rbitr

arily

, tyr

anni

ze‘

dom

iner

en D

u ‚to

rule

‘fr

om M

.F d

omin

erel

ope

‚to ru

n of

f‘(o

nt)lo

pen

M.D

u ‚r

un

away

‘pr

obab

ly re

borr

owin

g fr

om M

.Du

filib

uste

r ‚pi

ratic

al a

dven

ture

r‘vr

ijbui

ter D

u. ‚f

ree-

boot

er‘

fitch

, fitc

hew

‚pol

ecat

and

its f

ur‘

vits

che,

vis

se, fi

sse

Du

appa

r. of

OF

orig

in fi

chea

uflu

e (o

r. flo

ow) ‚

chim

ney,

smok

e du

cts

in it

‘vl

oe M

.Du

vluw

e W

.Fle

m

fois

t ‚in

trodu

ce su

rrep

titio

usly

or

unw

arra

ntab

ly‘

vuys

ten

M.D

u ‚to

take

in

the

fist‘

forl

orn

hope

‚hop

eles

s ent

erpr

ise;

, de

sper

ate

adve

ntur

ers,

play

ers‘

verl

oren

hoo

p D

u ‚lo

st

troop

‘fre

eboo

ter ‚

pira

tical

adv

entu

rer‘

vrib

uete

r M.D

ufro

lic ‚j

oyou

s, sp

ortiv

e‘vr

olijk

(M.)D

u , v

ro

‚gla

d, jo

yous

‘ga

s ‚a

subs

tanc

e po

sses

sing

per

fect

m

olec

ular

mob

ility

‘ga

s Du

prob

. fro

m G

k kh

aos ‚

empt

y sp

ace‘

, firs

t use

d by

Fle

mis

h ch

emis

t J.B

. van

Hel

mon

tgr

ab ‚t

o se

ize

sudd

enly

or q

uick

ly‘

grab

ben

MLG

‚to

gra

b‘gr

abbe

n M

.Du

gruf

f ‚co

arse

, coa

rse-

grai

ned‘

grof

MLG

‚c

oars

e in

qu

ality

, thi

ck‘

grof

M.D

u

hack

but ‚

wea

pon‘

hāke

buss

e M

.Du

(fro

m F

ha

queb

ut)

MF

ha(r

)que

busc

h ca

me

to E

nglis

h vi

a D

utch


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

haw

ker ‚

itine

rant

, sel

ler‘

hoke

r, ha

c M

LG

heuk

er D

upr

ob. o

f LG

orig

inho

yden

‚a b

oist

erou

s, bo

ld, a

nd c

aref

ree

girl‘

heid

en D

u ‚r

ustic

, un

iciv

ilize

d m

an‘

of u

nkno

wn

orig

in, p

erha

ps fr

om D

u

inte

rlop

er ‚u

naut

horiz

ed tr

ader

tre

spas

sing

on

priv

ilege

s of c

harte

red

com

pani

es‘

loop

er D

u, lo

per M

.Du

‚run

ner,

rove

r‘

isin

glas

s ‚ge

latin

obt

aine

d fr

om a

ir-bl

adde

r of s

turg

eon‘

huiz

enbl

as D

u hu

ysen

‚s

turg

eon‘

+ b

las

‚bla

dder

‘

stur

geon

s bla

dder

late

r ass

imila

ted

to ‚g

las‘

kerm

ess,

kirm

ess ‚

a lo

cal,

annu

al o

utdo

or

fair

or fe

stiv

al‘

kerm

is D

u fr

om M

.Du

kerk

-mis

se ‚c

hurc

h-m

ass‘

land

scap

e ‚p

ictu

re re

pres

entin

g na

tura

l in

land

scen

ery‘

lant

scap

M.D

u fr

om

land

‚lan

d‘ +

scap

‚-sh

ip,

cond

ition

‘; or

igin

ally

in

trodu

ced

as a

pai

nter

s te

rmlin

stoc

k ‚s

taff

to h

old

a lig

hted

mat

ch‘

lont

stok

Du

‚mat

ch st

ick‘

litm

us ‚b

lue

dye

obta

ined

from

cer

tain

lic

hens

‘lij

kmoe

s M.D

u, la

kmoe

s D

um

anik

in ‚j

oint

ed fi

gure

use

d by

arti

sts‘

man

neke

n D

u ‚li

ttle

man

‘m

argr

ave

‚gov

erno

r of a

Ger

man

bor

der

prov

ince

‘m

arcg

rave

M.D

u or

igin

ally

from

OH

G m

arcg

ravo

min

ikin

‚dar

ling‘

min

neki

jn M

.Du

min

x ‚p

et d

og, p

ert g

irl‘

min

neki

jn M

.Du

of u

ncer

tain

orig

in p

erha

ps a

shor

teni

ng o

f Du

min

ikin

‚girl

, wom

an‘

muf

f ‚w

arm

cov

erin

g fo

r the

han

ds‘

mof

Du

‚a m

uff‘

sh

orte

ned

from

M.D

u m

offe

l ‚m

itten

, muf

f‘pa

d ‚b

undl

e of

stra

w to

lie

on‘

pad

LG ‚s

ole

of

the

foot

‘pa

d D

u

pals

grav

e ‚a

cou

nt p

alat

ine‘

pals

grav

e M

.Du

pals

‚p

alac

e‘ +

gra

af ‚c

ount

‘


nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

esqu

acks

alve

r ‚ch

arla

tan,

qua

ck d

octo

r‘kw

akza

lver

Du

rant

‚to

be u

proa

rious

ly m

erry

‘ra

nten

M.D

u ‚to

talk

fo

olis

hly,

rave

‘ra

vel ‚

to u

ntan

gle,

unw

ind‘

rave

len

M.D

u ‚to

tang

le,

fray

, unw

eave

‘re

ef (r

iff) ‚

ridge

und

erw

ater

‘ri

ffe D

upr

ob. v

ia D

u fr

om O

N ri

f ‚rid

ge‘

rix-

dolla

r ‚an

y of

var

ious

silv

er c

oins

‘ri

jksd

aler

Du

rove

r ‚se

a ro

bber

, pira

te‘

rōve

r MLG

rōve

r Du

‚rob

ber,

pred

ator

, plu

nder

er‘

scon

e ‚th

in, fl

at c

ake‘

scho

nbro

d LG

scho

on b

rood

Du

‚fine

br

ead‘

shal

lop

‚kin

d of

ligh

t boa

t‘sl

oep

Du

‚slo

op‘

orig

. F c

halo

upe

cam

e to

E v

ia D

usi

skin

‚car

duel

ine

finch

es‘

czītz

e M

LG

sijs

ken

M.D

u fr

om L

Gor

ig. f

rom

Sla

vic,

Lus

atia

n cy

ž, C

zech

číž

snap

hanc

e ‚a

sprin

g lo

ck fo

r dis

char

ging

a

firea

rm‘

snap

haan

Du

‚a g

un,

orig

inal

ly, t

he sn

appi

ng

cock

of a

gun

‘sn

ip ‚s

mal

l pie

ce o

f cut

-out

clo

th‘

snip

pen

LGsn

ippe

n D

u. ‚t

o cu

t in

smal

l pie

ces‘

spat

ter ‚

to sc

atte

r or d

ash

in sm

all

parti

cles

or d

rops

‘sp

atte

n LG

spat

ten

Du

‚to b

urst

, sp

out‘

splic

e ‚to

join

toge

ther

, to

unite

‘sp

lisse

n M

.Du

‚to sp

lice‘

split

‚to

divi

de, s

epar

ate‘

split

ten

M.D

usp

lita

OFr

is,

split

te F

risst

iver

‚nic

kle

coin

of t

he N

ethe

rland

s, th

e sm

alle

st p

ossi

ble

amou

nt‘

stui

ver D

u

sutle

r ‚pe

rson

who

follo

ws a

n ar

my

to

sell

food

to so

ldie

rs‘

sute

ler,

sude

ler

MLG

‚per

son

who

per

form

s di

rty ta

sks‘

soet

eler

M.D

u ‚s

mal

l tra

desm

an‘,

zoet

elaa

r Du

swab

from

swab

ber ‚

mop

mad

e of

rope

or

yar

n‘zw

abbe

r Du

swab

ber

W.F

ris ‚m

op‘


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

upro

ar ‚i

nsur

rect

ion,

tum

ult‘

opro

er D

u ‚tu

mul

t, rio

t‘w

aggo

n ‚w

heel

ed v

ehic

le‘

wag

en D

uit

cam

e in

to E

ng. d

ue to

Fle

mis

h im

mig

ratio

n,

Dut

ch tr

ade

or th

e C

ontin

enta

l war

sw

isea

cre

‚wis

e pe

rson

‘w

ijs-s

egge

r M.D

u fr

om

MH

G w

eis-

sage

rya

cht ‚

a lig

ht, f

ast-s

ailin

g sh

ip‘

jach

t MLG

ja

cht D

uin

to E

ng. v

ia M

LG fr

om th

e N

orw.

jagh

tyo

unke

r ‚yo

ung

nobl

eman

‘jo

nker

Du,

jonc

kher

M

.Du

17th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

abel

e ‚th

e w

hite

pop

lar t

ree‘

abee

l Du

via

Dut

ch fr

om o

rig. O

F ab

el, a

ubel

avas

t ‚a

naut

ical

inte

rject

ion

„hol

d!,

stop

!“‘

houd

vas

t Du

‚hol

d fa

st‘

blun

derb

uss ‚

shor

t gun

with

larg

e bo

re‘

dund

erbu

s Du

bran

dy (e

arlie

r bra

ndw

ine)

bran

dew

ijn D

uco

mm

odor

e or

ig. c

omm

ando

re ‚s

enio

r ca

ptai

n in

the

navy

‘ko

man

deur

Du

prob

. fro

m D

u ko

man

deur

whi

ch c

ame

orig

inal

ly

from

F c

omm

ande

ur O

F co

man

deor

cope

r ‚se

ller o

f hor

ses‘

cope

r ‚m

erch

ant‘

M.D

ucr

imp

‚to p

ress

into

smal

l reg

ular

fold

s, to

cur

l‘kr

impe

n LG

‚to

shrin

k, c

rimp‘

crim

pen

M.D

u

crui

se ‚t

o sa

il, tr

avel

aro

und‘

krui

sen

Du

‚to c

ross

, sa

il to

and

fro‘

deco

y ‚p

ool w

ith n

ette

d ap

proa

ches

for

the

capt

ure

of w

ildfo

wl‘

kaue

MLG

de k

ooi D

u ‚c

age‘

perh

. bac

k to

L. c

avea

‚cag

e‘

Dop

per ‚

Bap

tist‘

doop

er E

MD

u


nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

esdr

ill ‚b

ore

a ho

le; t

rain

in m

ilita

ry

evol

utio

ns‘

drill

en M

LG

‚rol

l, tu

rn‘

drill

en E

MD

u ‚b

ore,

tu

rn in

a c

ircle

, br

andi

sh‘

duck

‚stro

ng fa

bric

use

d fo

r sai

ls a

nd

sailo

rs‘

doec

k D

u ‚li

nen

clot

h‘, d

oec

M.D

udu

ffle,

duf

fel ‚

coar

se w

oolle

n cl

oth

with

a

thic

k na

p‘D

uffe

l Du

tow

n in

B

raba

nt‚to

wn

in B

raba

nt w

here

the

clot

hes w

as o

rigin

ally

so

ld‘

ease

l ‚st

andi

ng fr

ame

to su

ppor

t a

pict

ure‘

ezel

Du

furl

ough

‚mili

tary

a v

acat

ion

or le

ave,

te

mpo

rary

layo

ff fr

om w

ork‘

verl

of M

.Du

ver-

‚c

ompl

etel

y, fo

r‘ +

laf,

lof ‚

perm

issi

onga

rboa

rd ‚fi

rst r

ange

of p

lank

s or p

late

s la

id o

n th

e ke

el‘

geer

boor

d D

u

gher

kin

‚sm

all c

ucum

ber u

sed

for

pick

ling‘

gurk

en E

MD

u. ‚s

mal

l pi

ckle

d cu

cum

ber‘

augu

rk

E.Fr

is

‚cuc

umbe

r‘ha

nker

‚lin

ker,

loite

r‘hu

nker

en D

u ‚to

ha

nker

‘ha

nker

en

Flem

of

unk

now

n or

igin

, pro

b. fr

om F

lem

., re

late

d to

Du

hols

ter ‚

leat

her c

ase

for a

pis

tol‘

hols

ter M

.Du

prob

. OE

heol

ster

, hel

ustr

‚con

ceal

men

t, hi

ding

pl

ace‘

rein

forc

ed b

y D

u ho

lste

rho

witz

er ‚a

can

non‘

houw

itser

Du

via

Dut

ch fr

om B

ohem

ian

houf

nice

‚a c

atap

ult‘

hust

le ‚s

hake

to a

nd fr

o, p

ush

abou

t ro

ughl

y‘hu

tsel

en (M

.)Du

huss

elen

, hut

sele

n ‚to

sh

ake,

to to

ss‘

the

stem

s hot

-, hu

t- ap

pear

in b

oth

HG

and

LG

‚a

shak

ing

mov

emen

t‘

jib (v

aria

nt o

f gyb

e) ‚t

riang

ular

stay

sail‘

gijb

en D

u re

late

d to

gi

jk ‚b

oom

or s

par o

f a

saili

ng sh

ip‘

keel

haul

‚to

haul

und

er th

e ke

el‘

kiel

hale

n D

uki

nk ‚t

wis

t or c

url‘

kink

Du

‚twis

t in

a ro

pe‘


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

knap

sack

‚bag

for c

loth

es a

nd o

ther

su

pplie

s‘kn

apsa

ck

knap

zak

Du

orig

in in

MLG

laym

an ‚l

ay fi

gure

, non

-exp

ert‘

leem

an D

u m

aels

trom

‚whi

rlpoo

l off

the

north

wes

t co

ast o

f Nor

way

‘M

aels

trom

Du

‚grin

ding

-stre

am‘

orig

. fro

m D

an m

alst

røm

mau

lstic

k ‚li

ght s

tick

used

by

pain

ters

to

supp

ort t

he p

aint

ing

hand

‘m

aals

tok

Du

from

m

alle

n ‚to

pai

nt‘+

st

ock

‚stic

k‘m

oras

s ‚w

et, s

wam

py tr

act‘

mor

eas D

u ‚m

arsh

, fe

n‘

orig

. fro

m O

F m

arai

s ‚m

arsh

‘

onsl

augh

t ‚an

ons

et, a

ssau

lt‘aa

nsla

g D

u ‚a

ttack

‘ou

tland

er ‚a

fore

igne

r, an

out

side

r‘ui

tland

er D

upa

troon

‚mas

ter o

f a sh

ip‘

patro

on D

upl

ug ‚a

pie

ce u

sed

to st

op u

p a

hole

‘pl

uck

MLG

plug

Du,

plu

gge

M.D

u ‚b

ung,

stop

per‘

pold

er ‚l

ow-ly

ing

land

recl

aim

ed fr

om

the

sea‘

polre

M.D

u

sham

ble

‚to w

alk

with

a sh

uffli

ng g

ait‘

scha

mpe

len

M.D

u sk

ate

‚ice

skat

e or

rolle

r ska

te‘

shak

e LG

‚leg

‘sc

haat

s Du,

scha

etse

M

.Du

it w

as b

roug

ht to

Eng

land

afte

r the

Res

tora

tion

by e

xile

d fo

llow

ers o

f Cha

rles I

I who

had

take

n re

fuge

in H

olla

nd, o

rig. f

rom

F e

scac

he ‚a

stilt

, tre

stle

‘sk

etch

‚rou

gh d

raw

ing

inte

nded

to se

rve

as th

e ba

ses f

or a

fini

shed

pic

ture

‘sc

hets

Du

(a lo

anw

ord

from

It sc

hizz

o)

sloo

p ‚a

sing

le-m

aste

d sa

iling

ves

sel‘

sloe

p D

u ‚s

loop

‘ pr

ob. f

rom

F c

halo

upe

slur

‚del

iber

ate

slig

ht‘

slur

en M

LG ‚t

o tra

il in

mud

‘sl

oren

M.D

u‘to

dr

aggl

e‘sl

uren

E.F

ris

‚to g

o ab

out

care

less

ly‘

from

ME

slor

e, c

ogna

te w

ith M

LG,M

.DU

and

E.

Fris

form

s

slur

p ‚to

inge

st w

ith lo

ud su

ckin

g no

ises

‘sl

urpe

n D

usm

ack

‚sin

gle-

mas

ted

sailb

oat‘

smak

LG

‚s

ailb

oat‘

smac

ke M

.Du


nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

essm

uggl

er ‚t

o tra

nspo

rt (g

oods

) ille

gally

‘sm

ugge

ln L

Gsm

okke

len

Du

snic

ker ‚

to la

ugh

in a

hal

f-su

ppre

ssed

m

anne

r‘sn

ikke

n D

u ‚to

gas

p,

sob‘

poss

ibly

of i

mita

tive

orig

in

snuf

f ‚po

wde

red

toba

cco

to b

e in

hale

d‘sn

uffe

n M

.Du

snuf

Fle

m

‚sho

rtene

d fo

rm o

f snu

ftaba

k‘

span

cel ‚

a no

osed

rope

with

whi

ch to

ho

bble

an

anim

al‘

span

sel L

G

deriv

ativ

e of

sp

anne

n ‚to

st

retc

h‘

span

sel M

.Du

spel

ter ‚

zinc

, esp

ecia

lly in

the

form

of

ingo

ts‘

spia

lter L

Gsp

eaut

er M

.Du

of u

ncer

tain

orig

in, b

ut a

kin

to M

.Du

and

LG

still

life

‚pai

ntin

g of

inan

imat

e ob

ject

s‘st

illev

en D

ust

ippl

e ‚to

pai

nt, e

ngra

ve b

y m

eans

of

dots

or s

mal

l tou

ches

‘st

ippe

len

Du

‚to m

ake

poin

ts‘

stok

e ‚to

feed

and

stir

up a

fire

in a

fir

epla

ce‘

stok

en D

u ‚to

stok

e‘

from

stok

en M

.Du

‚to

poke

, thr

ust‘

stri

pe ‚a

line

or b

and

in c

loth

‘st

ripe

MLG

‚s

tripe

, stre

ak‘

stri

pe M

.Du

stum

‚unf

erm

ente

d gr

ape

juic

e‘st

om D

u, st

amer

en

M.D

usw

amp

‚a tr

act o

f wet

, spo

ngy

land

‘su

mp

MLG

‚s

wam

p‘so

mp

M.D

u

tatto

o ‚s

igna

l cal

ling

sold

iers

or s

ailo

rs to

qu

arte

rs a

t nig

ht‘

tapt

oe D

u ‚f

auce

t of

a ca

sk‘

trig

ger ‚

caus

e, in

itiat

e‘tre

kker

Du

‚trig

ger‘

fr

om tr

ekke

n ‚to

pul

l‘w

alru

s ‚a

larg

e m

arin

e m

amm

al‘

wal

rus D

u, p

rob.

folk

et

ymol

ogy

wal

vis

‚wha

le‘ a

nd ro

s ‚h

orse

‘


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

yaw

l ‚ty

pe o

f shi

p‘jo

lle M

LG ‚a

Ju

tland

boa

t‘jo

l Du

of u

nkno

wn

orig

in

18th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

gene

va (s

horte

r gin

) ‚sp

irit fl

avou

red

with

th

e ju

ice

of ju

nipe

r ber

ries‘

jene

ver,

gebe

ver D

u fr

om O

F ge

nevr

e as

sim

ilate

d to

the

nam

e of

G

enev

a in

Sw

itzer

land

colz

a ‚c

oles

eed‘

kōls

āt L

Gko

olza

ad D

ude

lftw

are

Del

ft ‚to

wn

in H

olla

nd w

here

the

glaz

ed e

arth

enw

are

was

mad

e‘ro

ster

‚lis

t, ro

ll or

regi

ster

‘ro

oste

r Du

‚tabl

e, li

st

hale

‚dra

g, su

mm

on‘

hale

n O

.Du

spill

ikin

‚a ja

ckst

raw

‘sp

elle

ken

M.D

uca

boos

e ‚c

ook-

hous

e (g

alle

y) o

f a sh

ip‘

kabh

use

MLG

‚w

oode

n ca

bin

on sh

ip‘s

dec

k‘

cabū

se, c

ombū

se

EMod

.Du

, kab

uis D

upr

obab

ly a

com

poun

d w

hose

ele

men

ts c

orre

spon

d to

Eng

lish

cabi

n an

d ho

use

wen

tletr

ap ‚e

pito

nii‘

wen

teltr

ap D

u ‚s

pira

l st

airc

ase‘

etch

ing,

etc

h ‚th

e ar

t of e

ngra

ving

‘et

sen

Du

iceb

erg

‚a la

rge

float

ing

mas

s of i

ce‘

ijsbe

rg D

u lit

. ‚ic

e m

ount

ain‘

parti

al lo

an-tr

ansl

atio

n of

Du

scow

‚lar

ge fl

at-b

otto

med

boa

t‘sc

houw

Du

‚a fe

rry

boat

, pun

t‘, sc

ouw

e M

.Du

cam

‚mac

hine

ry, d

isc

havi

ng a

n irr

egul

ar

form

‘ca

m D

u ‚c

og o

f a

whe

el‘

dune

‚san

d hi

ll on

the

sea-

coas

t‘dū

ne M

.Du,

dui

n D

u

230 ZUZANA MALÁŠKOVÁtr

ass ‚

a lig

ht-c

olou

red

type

of v

olca

nic

tuff‘

tras

Du

via

Du

from

the

It te

rraz

za

ahoy

‚nau

tical

, int

erje

ctio

n‘ho

i Du

‚hi,

hello

‘

19th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chfle

nch,

flen

se ‚c

ut u

p th

e fa

t of a

wha

le, s

kin

a se

al‘

flenc

h, fl

inch

Du

hook

y ‚u

njus

tifiab

le a

bsen

ce fr

om sc

hool

, wor

k‘ho

ekje

Du

‚hid

e an

d se

ek‘

mol

ly ‚m

olly

maw

k, a

sea

bird

‘m

alle

mok

Du

(mal

‚foo

lish‘

+ m

ok ‚g

ull‘)

pink

ie ‚t

he li

ttle

finge

r‘pi

nkje

Du.

pit ‚

hard

seed

‘pi

t Du

‚ker

nel,

seed

, mar

row

‘po

ppyc

ock

‚rub

bish

, non

sens

e‘pa

ppek

ak D

u, p

appe

M.D

u ‚s

oft d

ung‘

schi

pper

ke ‚a

Bel

gian

bre

ed o

f sm

all d

og‘

skip

perk

in D

u ‚li

ttle

boat

man

‘sp

ecst

ione

er ‚t

he c

hief

har

poon

er‘

spek

-sni

jer D

usp

ook

‚a g

host

‘sp

ook

Du,

spoo

c M

.Du

‚spo

ok, g

host

‘w

affle

‚a b

atte

r cak

e‘w

afel

MLG

waf

el D

uw

itloo

f ‚en

dive

‘w

itloo

f Du

lit ‚w

hite

folia

ge, w

hite

leaf

‘

20th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

dsE

nglis

hD

utch

Stijl

‚a g

roup

of D

utch

arti

sts‘

De

Stijl

Du

bazo

oka

‚met

al tu

be ro

cket

laun

cher

‘ba

zuin

Du

‚trum

pet‘


DOLNONĚMECKÉ VÝPŮJČKY V ANGLIČTINĚ PŘEVZATÉ V RÁMCI VZÁJEMNÉHO KONTAKTU V EVROPĚ

Tento článek předkládá seznam anglických výpůjček, které do angličtiny pronikly z dolnoněmčiny (v širším smyslu) díky kontaktu v evropském prostoru, tedy z holandštiny, dolnoněmčiny, vlámštiny a fríštiny. Výpůjčky jsou rozděleny podle století, ve kterém byl jejich výskyt v angličtině poprvé zaznamenán. Součástí jednotlivých hesel je definice anglického lexému, pravděpodobné slovo zdrojového jazyka/jazyků a v případě potřeby heslo doplní krátký komentář. Další analýza zahr-nující vývoj procesu přejímání výpůjček a jejich počet a rozdělení podle jednotlivých variet, stejně jako základní informace o jejich sémantické povaze, tvoří úvodní část.

Zuzana MaláškováÚstav jazykovědy a baltistikyFilosofická fakulta Masarykovy universityArna Nováka 1602 00 BrnoČeská republikae-mail: [email protected]

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