àma§[^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$mmooc.nios.ac.in/mooc/pluginfile.php?file=/12728/... · àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$m¶ZrVr - I 2 àma{^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$m (D.El.Ed) Notes

$Page 1: àma§[^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$mmooc.nios.ac.in/mooc/pluginfile.php?file=/12728/... · àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$m¶ZrVr - I 2 àma{^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$m (D.El.Ed) Notes$
àma§[^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$m(S>r. B© Eb. BS>r)

Aä¶mgH«$‘ - 501^maVmVrb àma§{^H$ {ejU gm‘m{OH$

gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdén

JQ> - 2

^maVmVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejU EH$ AmìhmZ - I

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

A – 24/25, Institutional Area, Sector – 62, NOIDA

Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP – 201309

Website : www.nios.ac.in

JQ> - 2

^maVmVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejU EH$ AmìhmZ - I

JQ> KQ>H$

KQ>H$ 5 : àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$m¶©ZrVr

KQ>H$ 6 : àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmg§~§Yr H$m¶©ZrVr II

KQ>H$ 7 : gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo Am¶moOZ d ì¶dñWmnZ

nmR>çH«$‘

A.Z§. KQ>H$m§Mo Zmd n¥ð> H«$‘m§H$

1. KQ>H$ - 5 : àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$m¶©ZrVr 1

2. KQ>H$ - 6 : àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmg§~§Yr H$m¶©ZrVr - II 20

3. KQ>H$ - 7 : gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo Am¶moOZ d ì¶dñWmnZ 31

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$m¶©ZrVr - I

JQ> - 2 : ^maVmVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejU EH$ AmìhmZ - I 1

Notes

KQ>H$ 5 : àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$m¶©ZrVr

KQ>H$ :

5.0 àñVmdZm

5.1 AÜ¶¶Z C{ÔîQ>ço

5.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU

5.3 {d{dY amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o àmW{‘H$ {ejUm§Mo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo àH$ën

5.3.1 CÎma àXoem‘Yrb ‘yi ~o{gH$ {ejH$ àH$ën

5.3.2 {~hma ‘yb yV {ejU àH$ën / ¶moOZm

5.3.3 bmoH$ O§på~e

5.3.4 {ejm H$‘u ¶moOZm

5.3.5 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmer g§~§{YV ‘hmamï>mV H$m¶m©pÝdV Agboë¶m {d{dY ¶moOZm -EH$ Ho$g AÜ¶¶Z

5.3.5.1 gm‘m{OH$arË¶m d§{MV ~mbH$m§gmR>r ¶moOZm

5.3.5.2 ‘wbtgmR>r AgUmè¶m ¶moOZm

5.3.5.3 Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm AàJV / ‘mJo AgUmè¶m ‘wbm§gmR>r ¶moOZm

5.3.5.4 XÿañW joÌmV amhUmè¶m ‘wbm§gmR>r ¶moOZm

5.3.5.5 emim~mø ~mbH$m§gmR>r ¶moOZm

5.3.5.6 {deof ~mbH$m§gmR>rÀ¶m ¶moOZm ({dH$bm§J, XodXmgr ‘wbo)

5.4 S>r. nr. B©. nr. ({Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejU n[a¶moOZm)

5.4.1 S>r. nr. B©. nr Mo CÔoí¶

5.4.2 S>r. nr. B©. nr Mo ‘w»¶ KQ>H$

5.4.3 S>r nr. B©. nr A§VJ©V H$m¶m©pÝdV ¶moOZm

5.4.4 H$m¶©{Z{V AWdm {H«$¶mH$ën

5.4.5 gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmda n[aUm‘

5.5 gmam§e

5.6 eãXmW© / eãXmdbr

5.7 g§X © J« §W

5.0 àñVmdZm

Ogo Vwåhr OmUVm H$s ^maVmÜ¶o àmW{‘H$ {ejU hm EH$ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU d {Z¶moOZR>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ Amho. amÁ¶ Am{U H|$Ð ¶m XmoÝhr gaH$maMm {df¶ Amho. {ejU hmñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimnmgyZ {ejUmMo Xm{¶Ëd ho amÁ¶ gaH$maH$S>o Amho. 1986 ‘Ü¶o H|$Ð gaH$maZoXoIrb amï>r¶ {ejU {ZVrA§VJ©V ~è¶mM àm¶mo{OV H$m¶©H«$‘m§Mr gwédmV Ho$br H$s Á¶mMr’$bàmßVr åhUyZ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr pñWVr {dH${gV Pmbr Amho. gÜ¶m ^maVmVrb {d{dYamÁ¶mVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr pñWVr H$m¶ Amho? ¶m g§X^m©V AmnU gÜ¶m Hw$R>o AmhmoV?àmW{‘H$ {eUjmV gwYmaUmË‘H$ ~Xb KS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶ gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$moUVo à¶ËZ Ho$bo OmVAmhoV? darb gd© àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m àH$aUmMm Aä¶mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.


2 àma§{^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$m (D.El.Ed)

Notes

¶mì¶{V[a³V ¶m àH$aUmV AmnU Aem H$m¶©ZrVtMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV H$s Á¶m‘wio àmW{‘H${ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU à^mdrnUo KSy>Z Ambo.

5.1 AÜ¶¶Z CpX²XîQ>ço :

¶m àH$maÀ¶m AÜ¶¶ZmZ§Va Vwåhr

‘hmamï> amÁ¶mÀ¶m EH$m g§emoYZmZh§Va AÜ¶¶Zmdê$Z, GER (Gross Enrollment Ratio)

Am{U NER (NET Enrollments Ratio) ñdénmV Amnë¶m amÁ¶mMr àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMrpñWVrda Ahdmb V¶ma H$aUo e³¶ hmoB©b.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH${H$aUmg§X^mV àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m {d{dY amÁ¶mVrb ¶moOZm§MmAä¶mg dm nS>VmiUr H$aVm ¶oB©b.

Amnë¶m amÁ¶mVrb {d{dY {ZVr Am{U ¶moOZm ¶m§Zm AZwgê$Z àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ¶m àJVrMm Aä¶mg H$aVm ¶oB©b.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r S>r. nr. B©. nr Ûmao Adb§~{dÊ¶mV Amboë¶m {d{dYH$m¶©ZrVrMr ¶mXr d dU©Zo {b{hVm ¶oVrb.

Amnë¶m amÁ¶mVrb {d{dY {OëømVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmdarb S>r. nr. B©.nr. Mm à^md ¶mMr VwbZm H$aVm ¶oB©b.

5.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU (¶y. B©. B©.)

AmnU gdmªZm EH$ Jmoï> Z³H$s ‘m{hVr Amho H$s, Amnë¶m amÁ¶mV àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbmàmW{‘H$ {ejU àXmZ H$aVmZm ¶oUmè¶m àË¶oH$ AS>MUtMm gm‘Zm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$R>moa n[al‘m§MrAmdí¶H$Vm Amho.

~mbH$m§Zm emioV OmÊ¶mgmR>r ¶oUmè¶m {d{dY AS>MUr {d{dY amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o doJdoJù¶m AmhoV.nwT>o OmÊ¶mAJmoXa Imbr ~m°³g‘Ü¶o {Xboë¶m CXmhaUmda Ñ{ï>jon Q>mHw$¶mV.

àH$me JUoe nmQ>rb hm Sy>‘H$m {OëømVrb ‘mohmS>r ¶m JmdmVrb MdWrÀ¶m dJm©Vrb EH${dÚmWu Amho. Ë¶mMm EH$ N>moQ>m ^mD$ XwgarÀ¶m dJm©V Va EH$ ‘moR>r ~hrU ghmdrMr {dÚmWuZrAmho. àH$meMo dS>rb bmohma AgyZ Vo ~¡bm§À¶m nm¶mbm Zmb bmdÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$aVmV. D$g VmoS>H$aUmao bmoH$ D$gmMr dmhVyH$sgmR>r Ë¶m§À¶mgmo~V ~¡b AmUVmV. Ë¶m‘wio JUoebm Iyn à‘mUmVH$m‘ {‘iVmV. ghm ‘{hZo Vmo D$gVmoS> H$m‘Jmam§gmo~V amhVmo. JUoe Ë¶mÀ¶m nardmamgmR>r {XdmirAJmoXa àË¶oH$ dfu H$maImÝ¶mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ¶oVmo.

H$maImÝ¶mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr Amë¶mZ§Va àH$me Ë¶mMo {ejU Mmby R>odÊ¶mgmR>r {OëhmnarfXoÀ¶m emioV OmD$ BpÀN>Vmo. ‘mÌ JmdmVrb emioVyZ {Oëhm n[afXoÀ¶m emioV OmÊ¶mgmR>remioMm XmIbm {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r ¶oUmè¶m à{H«$¶oVrb AS>MUt‘wio Ë¶mMo XmoZ df} dm¶m OmVmV.eodQ>r...........AmVm Imbrb àíZm§da Ñï>rjon H$ê$Z AWdm Vwåhr H$m¶ H$ê$ eH$Vm Vo gm§Jm.

àH$me {dMma H$aV Amho H$s Ë¶mZo Ë¶mMo {ejU ~§X H$amdo Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m d{S>bm§À¶mì¶dgm¶mV Ë¶m§Zm ‘XV H$amdr.

Vwåhr àH$meÀ¶m d{S>bm§Zm H$em àH$mao ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$ eH$Vm H$s OoUoH$ê$Z àH$meMo {ejUMmby amhrb.



Notes

¶m àH$maÀ¶m AS>MUtÀ¶m {ZagZmgmR>r ‘hmamï> gaH$maZo 2001 ‘Ü¶o C^maboë¶m ~mbH$m§Mo{ejU ‘Ü¶oM Wm§~y Z¶o åhUyZ ‘gmIa emim gwê$ Ho$ë¶m. ¶m gmIa emim nyU© df© a MmbVZmhr. ‘mÌ e¡j{UH$ dfm©À¶m Xþgè¶m gÌm‘Ü¶o MmbVmV. gm‘mÝ¶nUo, emim J«rî‘ F$VyÀ¶mgwQ>çmZ§Va OyZ ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m gwédmVrbm gwê$ hmoVmV. D$g bmJdS>rÀ¶m ‘mog‘mV D$gVmoS> H$m‘JmaH$maImZm joÌmV Odinmg ¶odyZ amhVmV H$s, Oo Am°³Q>mo~a, Zmoìh|~a ‘[hÝ¶mV gwê$ hmoVmV. ¶mñWmZm§VaUm‘wio Ë¶m§Mr ‘wbo ~aoM ‘{hZo emioV OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV. Am{U nwT>À¶m dfu ‘mM©-E{àb ‘{hÝ¶mV Ooìhm Vo Amnë¶m nardmamgmo~V JmdmV naV ¶oVmV Voìhm Vo Ë¶m§Mo {ejU OoWo ~§XHo$bo hmoVo VoWyZ nwT>o-Mmby R>ody eH$V ZmhrV. Ë¶m‘wio Vo emim ~mø hmoVmV Ë¶m§Zm JiVr åhUVmV.Ë¶mgmR>r gmIa emim§‘Ü¶o ñWmZm§VaU H$mimV (6 ‘{hZo) ¶m ~mbH$m§gmR>r gmIa H$maImÝ¶mÀ¶mAmgnmg Ë¶m§À¶m gmo¶rZygmaÀ¶m gw{dYmOZH$ doioV emim CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶m OmVmV. ¶memim§Zm {ÛVr¶ gÌ emim åhQ>ë¶m OmVmV.

¶m AÜ¶¶ZmMr ’$bàmár åhUOo. AmnU àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMr ì¶m»¶mImbrb àH$mao H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU åhUOo ~mbH$m§À¶m {d{dY Amdí¶Ho$Zwgma Am{UOmJoZygma gd© {R>H$mUr {ejUmMr CnbãYVm H$ê$Z XoUo hmo¶. ^maVmV embo¶ {ejUmbm ‘w»¶V:Imbrb ñVam§‘Ü¶o dJuH$aU H$aVm ¶oB©b.

D$g joÌmV gmIa emim

{~Z q^VrMr emim

nyd© àmW{‘H$ {ejU : nyd© àmW{‘H$ {ejU d¶ 3 Vo 6 n¶ªV

àmW{‘H$ {ejU : àmW{‘H$ {ejU d¶ 6 Vo 11 n¶ªV (dJ© I Vo V n¶ªV)

: CÀM àmW{‘H$ {ejU d¶ 11 Vo 14 (dJ© IV Vo VIII n¶ªV) d¶mn¶ªV.

‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU : ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU d¶ 15 Vo 16 d¶mn¶ªV

(dJ© IX Vo X n¶ªV) d¶mn¶ªV

Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ : 17 Vo 18 dJ© (dJ© XI d XII)

àmW{‘H$ Am{U CÀM àmW{‘H$ {ejUmg àmW{‘H$ {ejU åhUVmV. àmW{‘H$ {ejU hoAmnë¶m {ejU àUmbrÀ¶m {na°{‘S>Mo AmYma ñV§ Amho. Á¶mda Xhmì¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoV gd©{ejm A{^¶mZ Ûmao {deof â XoÊ¶mV Ambobm Amho. gd© {ejm A{^¶mZm‘wio àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m



Notes

gd© joÌm§‘Ü¶o {dH${gV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r gwb^Vm àmá Pmbr Amho. Á¶m‘wio àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm ‘mJ©gwJ‘ ~Zbm Amho.àmW{‘H$ {ejmMm gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo KQ>H$àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMr Imbrb à‘mUo ì¶m»¶m gm§JVm ¶oB©b.

àË¶oH$ ì¶p³Vbm ñdV:bm gw{e{jV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r emim Am{U {ejUmÀ¶m g‘mZ g§YrCnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hmo¶.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo àm‘w»¶mZo VrZ KQ>H$ AmhoV Vo nwT>rb 5.1 ¶m AmH¥$VrV XmI{dboboAmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr 5.1

gmd©{ÌH$ e¡j{UH$ àdoe :{dÚmÏ¶m©gmR>r emioMr gwbârVrZo CnbãYr H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo àË¶oH$

{H$bmo‘rQ>a A§Vamda EH$ àmW{‘H$ emim ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr ¶moOZm AmIbobr Amho. emioÛmamdfm©À¶m gwédmVrbm emioÀ¶m A{YH$ma joÌmV gd}jU gd© Hw$Qw>§~m§Mo Ho$bo OmB©b emioV ¶oÊ¶mgnmÌ ~mbHo$ Am{U Oo emioV OmVM ZmhrV Aem {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ¶mXr H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b H$sOoUoH$ê$Z ¶m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ¶m ~mbH$m§Zm emioV AmUVm ¶oB©b. Ooìhm emim gwê$ hmoVrbË¶mdoir EH$ AmR>dS>m ZmdZm|XUr AmR>dS>m åhUyZ Agmdm ¶m‘wio gd© emioV ¶oUmè¶m nmÌ~mbH$m§Mo 100% ZmdZm|XUr H$aUo e³¶ hmoB©b.

CnpñWVr d Ad~moY :A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wbm§Mr ZmdZm|XUr H$aUo VgoM d§{MV KQ>H$mVrb ‘wbm§Mr ZmdZm|XUr H$aUo

A{YH$ H$ï>mMo H$m‘ Amho hm AZw d A{YH$ à‘mUmV ¶oV Amho. VgoM 14 df© d¶mÀ¶m gd©~mbH$m§Zm emioV R>odUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. VgoM. ~arM Aer Hw$Qy>§~ AmhoV H$s Á¶m§À¶m ‘wbm§Zm emioV{Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ¶mgmR>r X¡{ZH$ CnpñWVr ‘bm, ‘mo’$V ¶mÌm nmg, ‘mo’$V ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ ¶m gma»¶mgmo¶rgw{dYm {Xë¶m OmVmV. VgoM Ë¶m§À¶m CnpñWVr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r ZdZdrZAÜ¶¶Z V§Ìm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

{ejUmMr JwUdÎmm :{ejUmÀ¶m JwUdÎmo‘Ü¶o ho Ano{jV Amho H$s, àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm Ë¶mÀ¶m j‘VoZwgma

CÀMÎm‘ {ejUmÀ¶m g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo H$s Á¶m‘wio Vmo {ejUmMr {H$‘mZ nmVir àmá H$ê$eHo$b. ¶m~amo~aM ‘wb yV gw{dYm§gma»¶m Ogo {nÊ¶m¶mo½¶ nmUr em¡Mmb¶, {ejH$ à{e{jU VgoM{dÚmWu {ejH$ JwUmoÎma ¶m‘Ü¶o gwYmaUmË‘H$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVm ¶oB©b.

gmd©{ÌH$e¡j{UH$ CnbãYVm

Zm|X Zm|XUr

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMogmd©{ÌH$sH$aU

{ejUmMrJwUdÎmm

CnpñWVr dAd~moY



Notes

{H«$¶mH$ën - 1

H$ënZm H$am. H$s, EH$m emioV gOrX Am[U Ë¶m§Mr ~{hU àË¶oH$ e{Zdmar AZwnpñWVAgVo Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r Vo Ë¶m§À¶m {ejH$m§Zm ImoQ>r H$maUo gm§JVmV. EH$ {ejH$ åhUyZ Ë¶m§À¶mAZwnpñWVrMr nS>Vmir H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vw‘Mo n{hbo nmD$b H$m¶ Agob ?........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5.3 {d{dY amÁ¶m§‘Yrb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$s H$aUmgmR>rÀ¶m àH$ën /

¶moOZm :

21 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m àma§ mnyduM ^maV gaH$maZo 14 df© d¶mn¶ªVÀ¶m ~mbH$m§gmR>r ‘mo’$V dgp³VMo {ejU XoÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ {Xbo Amho. ho AmídmgZ amï>r¶ {ejU ¶moOZm (1986) VgoMamï>r¶ {ejU ¶moOZm AmamIS>m (1992) ¶m A§VJ©V XoÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. hm hoVy gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>rCn¶w³V H$m¶©H«$‘m§Mo Cn¶moOZ EH$m {‘eZÀ¶m énmV Ho$bo Jobo. Á¶mMm hoVy hm H$s, ¶moOZoVrbgdmªgmR>r ‘mo’$V d g³VrMo {ejU d¶ df© 14 df}n¶ªV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m‘Ü¶o hoVy, ñdê$n,Cn¶moOZmMo joÌ, doi Am{U {ZpíMV narUm‘m§Mr gr‘m B. Jmoï>rMo {ZYm©aU H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶mì¶{V[aº$ ‘mnZ ¶mo½¶ {Zîn{ÎmMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Jobo. VgoM àË¶oH$ ñVamda ¶mo½¶ Vr ‘XV XoÊ¶mVAmbr.

5.3.1 CÎma àXoemVrb ‘wi / ~o{gH$ {ejU ¶moOZm :

CÎma àXoe gaH$maZo 1993 ‘Ü¶o OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$À¶m ~XVrZo ‘yb yV {ejU ¶moOZoMr

gwédmV Ho$br. ¶m ¶moOZoMo Zmd {Xbo ‘g^r Ho$ {bE {ejm n[a¶moOZm n[afX’ {ejU ¶moOZmn[afX ZmdmÀ¶m g§ñWoH$S>o gmon{dÊ¶mV Ambo.

¶moOZoMo CX²Xoí¶ :- {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU : ¶m A§VJ©V XmoZ Jmoï>r àm‘w»¶mZo ‘m§S>Ê¶mV Amë¶m.

H$) 14 df} d¶mÀ¶m gd© ~mbH$m§Zm àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr CnbãYVmI) Omon¶ªV ~mbH$ Am¡nMm[aH$ VWm Abm¡nMm[aH$ arË¶m {ejU nyU© H$aV Zmhr. Vmon¶ªV

gmd©{ÌH$ gh^m{JËd JaOoMo Amho.- VéUm§gmR>r H$m¡eë¶ {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘ ¶moOZm- {ZåZñVa AÜ¶¶Z nmVirgmR>r OmJ{VH$ g§nmXUyH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ ¶moOZm- ‘{hbm g~brH$aU VgoM {ejUmV A{YH$m{YH$ b¢{JH$ g‘mZVm- AZwgy{MV OmVr VgoM AZwgy{MV O‘mVr ¶mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ g‘mZ g§YrMr CnbãYVm

H$m¶©Zr{V :- ¶m ¶moOZoA§VJ©V Imbrbà‘mUo {d{dY H$m¶©Zr{V ñdrH$maÊ¶mV Amë¶m.- ¶moOZm ~Z{dUo - {Z¶moOZ VgoM ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ‘XV XoÊ¶mgmR>r {Oëhm ñVamda EH$

‘O~yV AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

- {ejUmVrb JwUdÎmo‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r nyd© àmW{‘H$ Aä¶mgH«$‘, VgoMnmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo nwZ©aMZm godm§VJ©V à{ejU, ‘{hbm d ‘wbtMo {ejU VgoM embo¶ì¶dñWmnZ ‘O~yV ~Z{dUo.



Notes

- à{VHy$b gw{dYm joÌm§‘Ü¶o A{YH$m{YH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejU VgoM Cƒ n«mW{‘H$ emim ñWmnZH$ê$Z 10 {Oëøm§‘Ü¶o ‘yb yV {ejU nÕVr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aUo Am{U d§{MV AgUmè¶m~mbH$m§gmR>r AZm¡n[aH$ {ejUmgmR>r gwYmarV AmamIS>m H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g‘W©ZXoUo.

{H«$¶mH$ën :- g§ñH¥$Vr VgoM g§àofUmg§~§Yr e¡j{UH$ {H«$¶m H$ën- {dkmZ Am{U n¶m©daU- gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ ^mdZoMr OmUrd {Z{‘©Vr

H$m¶©ZrVr :¶m n[afXoMo {H«$¶mH$ën CÎmam§Mbg{hV CÎma àXoemVrb 63 {Oëøm‘Yrb 10 {ZYm©arV{Oëøm§‘Ü¶o gH|${ÐV hmoVo. ¶m {Oëøm§‘Ü¶o - dmamUgr, Bbmhm~mX ~m§Xm, BQ>mdm, grVmnya,AbrJT>, ghmaZnya, JmoaInya, nm¡ar VgoM Z¡ZrVmb ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. 1993 nmgyZgwédmVrbm ¶m ¶moOZoMm H$mbmdYr {ZYm©arV 10 [OëømgmR>r 5 df} R>odÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm.na§Vw. 2003 n¶ªV ¶mMm {dñVma 17 {OëømV H$aUo Agm hmoVm.

5.3.2 {~hma‘Yrb e¡j{UH$ ¶moOZm :

¶m ¶moOZoMm ‘w»¶ hoVy amÁ¶mVrb e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm gwYmaUmda AgyZ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMogmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo Agm hmoVm. hr ¶moOZm CÎma àXoemVrb ‘yb yV ¶moOZm VgoM {VbmH$m¶m©pÝdV H$aUmar EO|grÀ¶m CnbãYrda AmYm[aV hmoVr. AWm©VM {~hma {ejU ¶moOZoMo CÎmaXoIrb CÎma àXoe ~o{gH$ {ejU ¶moOZobmM gmon{dÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. hr ¶moOZm ¶w{Zgo’$ ^maVgaH$ma VgoM {~hma amÁ¶ gaH$ma ¶m§Mo gh¶moJ {Z{‘©V ¶moOZm hmoVr. ¶m ¶moOZoMm {deof â hmg‘mOmVrb gw{dYmd§{MV dJm©Mo {ejU Ogo H$s, AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O‘mVr VgoM‘{hbm§da hmoVm. hr n{hbr Aer ¶moOZm hmoVr H$s Á¶mMo {dÎmr¶ à~§Y amÁ¶mV ZgyZ ~mhoê$Z hmoVo.¶m ¶moOZoÀ¶m gwédmV àW‘ am§Mr, amohVme VgoM npíM‘r M§nmaU ¶m {Oëøm§‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mV AmbrAm{U Z§Va 1992 -93 ‘Ü¶o ¶mMm {dñVma A{YH$ Mma {Oëøm‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. ¶m ¶moOZoMo CX²Xoí¶ :

- {ejUmMo Ago gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$s, Á¶mVyZ gd© 14 df© d¶mÀ¶m ~mbH$m§Zm {ejU VgoMAÜ¶¶ZmÀ¶m Ý¶yZV‘ ñVamMr àmárgmR>rMm EH$ g§¶w³V H$m¶©H«$‘ g‘Obm OmVmo.

- {ejU nÕVrMo Ago CX²~moYZ H$aUo H$s Á¶m‘YyZ ‘{hbm§Zm g‘mZVm VWm ge³VrH$aUhoCX²Xoí¶ nyU© hmoD$ eH$Vrb

- àm¡T> VgoM Jm¡U OmVr O‘mVr g‘wXm¶mVrb VgoM Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Jar~ dJm©Vrb ‘wbm§Zmg‘mZ {ejUmÀ¶m g§Yr XoÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vo à¶ËZ H$aUo.

- {ejUmVrb ZmdZm|XUr j‘Vo‘Ü¶o dmT> H$aUo VgoM {deofV: AZwgy{MV OmVr / AZwgy{MVO‘mVr‘Yrb {dÚmWu d ‘wbt‘Yrb JiVrMo à‘mU H$‘r H$aUo.

H$m¶©ZrVr :¶m ¶moOZoA§VJ©V Imbrb H$m¶©ZrVtMm pñdH$ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.- OdiOdi 11,000 àmW{‘H$ VgoM CÀM àmW{‘H$ dJmªMr ñWmnZm- gw‘mao 16000 A{V[a³V {ejH$m§Mr âVr- Zd{Z¶w³V {ejH$m§Mo à{ejU- ZdrZ C^maboë¶m dJmª‘Ü¶o Amdí¶H$ gmYZ gm‘wJ«rMr VaVyX- {Z¶moOZ Am{U H$m¶©dmhr‘Ü¶o gh^mJ



Notes

- ‘{hbm g‘jm KQ>H$m‘Ü¶o H$m¶©dmhr

{H«$¶mH$ën :- J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘qVMo {Z¶moOZ VgoM gm‘m{OH$ gh^mJ dmT>dyZ VimÀ¶m KQ>H$mnmgyZ

H$m¶©dmhr H$aUo.- EZ. Or. Amo (Non Goverment Organization) ¶m§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU- amÁ¶ñVar¶ H$m¶©emim§Mo Am¶moOZ : g§gmYZ {ejH$ d àmW{‘H$ {ejH$ ¶m§Zm à{e{jV

H$aUo.- ‘{hbm§gmR>r EH$m H$moAa g‘yhmMr amÁ¶ñVamda ñWmnZm H$aUo.- ZmdZm|XUr A{^¶mZ- nmoñQ>a H$m¶©emim : J«m‘rU J«§Wmb¶m§Mm {dñVma- ‘{hbm g{‘jm : emim§gmR>r ñWm{ZH$ CÎmaXm{¶ËdmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo. nyU© ~më¶mdñWoMr

XoIaoI Am{U {ejU VgoM AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU H|$Ð, ghmæ¶H$ emioVrb {Z¶moOZm‘Ü¶og{H«$¶ gh^mJ XmI{dUo Am{U J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘Vr‘Ü¶o gh^mJr hmoUo.

Cn¶moOZ :{Oëhm qH$dm amÁ¶ñVamda {Z¶moOZ g§aMZm, ‘{hbm g~brH$aU, {dñVm[aV g‘wXm¶

g§KQ>Z, ~o{gH$ {ejUmV A{YH$m{YH$ amï>r¶ / Am§Vaamï>r¶ AmdS> {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§KQ>Z B.Mr. ñWmnZm H$aUo, dJmªMr {ZdS>, ¶moOZoMo n¶©dojU VgoM J«m‘rU ñVamda ¶moOZmg§~§Yr gyú‘¶moOZm§Mo {ZYm©aU H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.

hr ¶moOZm CÎma àXoe {~hma ‘Yrb 12 {Oëøm§‘Ü¶o am~{dÊ¶mV Ambr.

5.3.3 bmoH$ Opå~e :

bmoH$ Opå~e, Á¶mbm gd© {ejUmMo bmoH$ A{^¶mZ g‘Obo OmVo. amOñWmZ gaH$maZo‘pñd{S>e B§Q>aZoeZb S>oìhbn‘|Q> A°Wm°[aQ>r’ (SIDA) À¶m gh¶moJmVyZ 1992 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Ho$br.

¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMm ‘w»¶ hoVy hm Am¡nMm[aH$ dm AZm¡nMm[aH$ ‘mJm©Zo VgoM àË¶j gmjaVoÀ¶m‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ g§VmofOZH$ ñVamn¶ªV àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ¶m hoVybm gmÜ¶ H$aUoAmho. ¶mMm ‘w»¶ â hm ‘wbtMr gmjaVm Am{U {dH$mg ¶mda Amho. gmjaVoZ§Va VgoM {Za§Va{ejUmgmo~V bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mV g{H«$¶Vm ¶oVo.

¶moOZoMo CX²Xoí¶ :- bmoH$ g§KQ>Z Am{U gh^mJmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ df© 2000 n¶ªV gdmªgmR>r {ejU CnbãY

H$aUo- ‘wbr Am{U ‘{hbm ¶m§À¶mda {deof bú¶ H|${ÐV H$ê$Z ‘wbtMr ZmdZm|XUr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm

H$aUo.- {ejUmbm g‘mZVoMo gmYZ ~ZdyZ ‘{hbm ge³VrH$aU H$aUo.- ‘{hbm Am{U nwê$f XmoÝht‘Ü¶o 15 Vo 35 df© d¶m‘Ü¶o 80 Q>³Ho$ n¶ªV gmjaVm dmT>{dUo.- AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o JwUmË‘H$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à{ejU VgoM Vm§{ÌH$ g§gmYZo,

ghmæ¶H$ g§aMZm àUmbrMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.- {OWo ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmH$S>odmarMm g§J«h Ho$bm OmVmo. V§ÌmMm dmna H$aUo H$s Á¶m§Mm àË¶j

g§~§Y Ë¶m à{H«$¶oer ¶oVmo, Ë¶m‘Ü¶o JwUmË‘H$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo.

‘w»¶ KQ>H$ :- H$m¶©H«$‘m§Mr gwédmV H$aUo VgoM Ë¶mMo {Z¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ Aer ñdm¶Îmm g§ñWm

{Z‘m©U H$aUo, Á¶m‘Ü¶o ge³V g{‘Vr Agob Am{U Ë¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z àJVrMo nwZnarjUH$amdo.



Notes

- J«m‘rU ñVamda {dÚmb¶mMo ‘mnZ Am{U gyú‘ ¶moOZm ho bmoH$ Opå~eÀ¶m ‘w»¶g§MmbZmË‘H$ hoVyMo gmXarH$aU H$aVmV. ho H$m‘ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶}H$V}, {ejH$ Am{U bmoH$Opå~eMo H$m¶©H$V} ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z {ejUmMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. Á¶m‘wio àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mMrì¶p³VJV àJVrMr ‘m{hVr g‘OVo.

H$m¶©ZrVr :

- ‘yb yV ñVamda EH$ aMZmV§Ì {Z‘m©U Ho$bo Ogo àoaH$ Xb, ^dZ {Z‘m©U g{‘Vr, J«m‘rU{ejU g{‘Vr, ³bñQ>a, I§S>, ñVar¶ {ejU {Z¶moOZ g{‘Vr (Level management)

Am{U ãbm°H$ ñQ>r¶atJ g‘yh ho nmM {Oëøm§‘Ü¶o {d{dY à¶moJm§VyZ H$m¶©H«$‘mgmR>r ghmæ¶VmXoV hmoVo. VgoM Ë¶m§Mo {Z¶moOZ XoIrb H$aV hmoVo.

- nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mm {dH$mg VgoM {ejH$m§Zm àoaUm ¶mgmR>r ñWmZrH$ {ejH$ d {ejH$ {dH$mg

- ‘{hbm§ gh^mJ dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r AÜ¶m{nH$m ‘§M V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.

- gd© ñVamda H$m¶©H$Ë¶mªMr g§»¶m dmT>{dÊ¶mg Ambr OoUoH$ê$Z Ë¶m joÌmVrb g§nyU©O~m~Xmar nyU© H$aVm ¶oB©b.

- H$bñQ>a VWm I§S> ñVamda gd© H$m¶©H$Ë¶mªMr g‘rjm ¶moOZm {‘qQ>JMo / MM}Mo Am¶moOZàË¶oH$ ‘{hÝ¶mbm Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. H$maU Ë¶m‘wio AJmoXaÀ¶m H$m‘mMo nwZa©narjU hmoD$eH$V Ago Am{U Ë¶mdê$Z nwT>rb ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m ¶moOZoMr H$m¶©dmhrMr énaofm R>a{dÊ¶mV ¶oVAgo.

- àdoemoËgd : àdoemoËgd EH$ Aer KQ>Zm Amho. H$s Á¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ ~mbH$m§‘Ü¶o, emio‘Ü¶oVgoM g‘wXm¶m‘Ü¶o gH$mamË‘H$ Am{U g¥OZmË‘H$ dmVmdaUmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aVm ¶oB©b.

{H«$¶mH$ën : ¶m ¶moOZoVrb {H«$¶mH$ën Imbr {Xboë¶m gmaUr 5.2 ‘Ü¶o XmI{dbo Amho.

gmaUr 5.2

‘Xago âVnya H$m°‘Z ãbm°H$‘Yrb ‘wgb‘mZ ‘wbm§gmR>r hm H$m¶©H«$‘ Mmbdbm hmoVm.

ghO {ejU H|$ÐmMog§ñWmZrH$aU

hm H$m¶©H«$‘ H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ~mbH$m§À¶m JaOm§Mr nyVugmR>r EH$ AZm¡nMm[aH$àH$maMm {ejU H$m¶©H«$‘ Amho.

{dÚmb¶r ñdmñÏ¶

H$m¶©H«$‘

¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMm hoVy emioVrb ~mbH$m§Zm Amamo½¶g§~§Yr OmUrdOmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©UH$aUo Ago hmoVo.

Am§JUdmS>r H|$Ð

hm nyd© àmW{‘H$ emiobm ‘O~yVr XoÊ¶mgmR>r VgoM ¶mMm g§~§Y àmW{‘H${ejUmbm OmoS>Ê¶mMm H$m¶©H«$‘ Amho. CÎma àXoeÛmam Am¶mo{OV EZ.Or.Amo.

{dhmZ Zo 245 Am§JUdmS>çm§Mo CÎmaXm{¶Ëd KoVbo hmoVo.

Am{Xdmgr ~mbH$m§gmR>rdgVrJ¥h

h§Jm‘r ñWbm§VarVm§À¶m Amdí¶H$VoZwgma VgoM Oo emionmgyZ Xÿa {R>H$mUramhVmV.

‘{hbm {ejU {dhma15 d¶mÀ¶m emim~mø ‘wbtgmR>r {Zdmgr¶ nmR>çH«$‘ Mmb{dÊ¶mV ¶oVmo.Á¶m‘Ü¶o J«m‘rU ^mJmVyZ Amboë¶m ‘wbtZm JwUdÎmmnwU© {ejU XoÊ¶mV ¶oVo.

~m{bH$m {ejU {dhma9 + d¶mÀ¶m emim gmoS>boë¶m ‘wbtgmR>r 6 Vo 8 ‘{hZo {e~ramMo Á¶m‘wio‘wbtZm Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmV nwÝhm gm{‘b H$aVm ¶oUo e³¶ Pmbo.

‘w³Vm§JU {H$eZJ§O {OëømVrb I§S>obm ¶oWrb Am{Xdmgr ‘wbm§gmR>r ¶moOZm



Notes

5.3.4 {ejmH$‘u ¶moOZm :

{ejmH$‘u ¶moOZm EH$ e¡j{UH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ AgyZ amOñWmZ gaH$maZo 1987 nmgy4Z pñd{S>eB§Q>aZ°eZb S>oìhbn‘|Q> A°Wm°arQ>r À¶m ghmæ¶mZo {ejmH$‘u ~moS>uÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Mmbdbo OmVo.

¶m ¶moOZoA§VJ©V {ejH$m§À¶m AZwnpñWVr da bj {Xbo Jobo H$s Oo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMogmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>rMm ‘w»¶ AS>Wim hmoVm. àW{‘H$ emioÀ¶m {ejH$mbm EH$ {ejH$s emioMrñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m OmoS>rbm XmoZ ñWm{ZH$ {Zdmgr, Á¶m§Zm {ejmH$‘u åhQ>bo Jobo Ë¶m§Zm‘XVrgmR>r {Xbo Jobo.

ñWm{ZH$ {Zdmgr ì¶p³V ({ejmH$‘u) ¶m§Mr {Z¶w³VrgmR>r {eYaH$mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ e¡j{UH$nmÌVoMr Amdí¶H$Vm ‘w»¶ Z ‘mZVm {Z¶w³Vr Z§Va Ë¶m§Zm ¶mo½¶ Vo à{ejU VgoM e¡j{UH$ ‘XVXoÊ¶mV Am{U OoUoH$ê$Z Vo EH$ {ejH$ åhUyZ à^mdr H$m‘ H$ê$ eH$Vrb.

¶moOZoMo CX²Xoí¶ :

- àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ¶m EH$ g§¶w³V H$m¶©H«$‘ g‘Obm Jobm Á¶m A§VJ©V 6-

14 df© d¶mÀ¶m gd© ~mbH$m§gmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr CnbãYVm VgoM AÜ¶¶ZmMr{ZåZV‘ ñVam§da gmd©{ÌH$ AmH$bZ g‘m{dï> Agob.

- {ejU àUmbrM CX²~moYZmVyZ ‘{hbm§Mr g‘mZVm Am{U ge³VrH$aUmMm hoVy gmÜ¶ H$aVm¶ody eHo$b.

- àm¡T> VgoM Aëng§»¶m§H$ Z¥OmVr¶ gm‘m{OH$ dJ©, Am{U g‘mOmVrb Jar~m§À¶m ‘wbm§Zm{ejUmÀ¶m g‘mZ g§Yr àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUo.

- ZmdZm|XUrVrb ‘w»¶ g‘ñ¶m VgoM ‘wbm§Mr JiVrMo à‘mU (àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wbr) ¶mg‘ñ¶m§da Cnm¶ emoYUo.

H$m¶©ZrVr :

¶m ¶moOZoV§J©V Imbrb H$m¶©ZrVtMm Adb§~ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.

- {ejmH$‘u ¶moOZoÀ¶m nwZnaujUmgmR>r SIDA Ûmam EH$ ‘m°ZrQ>atJ {‘eZ {Z¶w³V dfm©VyZXmoZXm ¶moOZoÀ¶m àJVrMr nS>VmiUr H$aob.

- àË¶j AZw d Am{U EH$‘oH$m§À¶m gh‘VrZo KoVboë¶m {ZU©¶mda AmYm[aV ZdrZ ¶moOZoMo{ZYm©aU Ho$bo Jobo.

- A{YH$m{YH$ {dH|${ÐH$aU VgoM g‘wXm¶mMo gh^m{JËd- {ejUmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo qbJ VgoM, gm‘m{OH$ g§doXZerbVoMo g‘W©Z

H$m¶m©pÝd¶Z / Cn¶moOZ :

¶moOZm {ZX}eH$mgmo~V amOñWmZ gaH$ma VgoM ñd¶§godr g§ñWm EH$Ì ¶odyZ H$m‘ H$aVAmhoV Á¶m‘wio {ejmH$‘vMo à{ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. H$m¶©H«$‘m§Mo Am¶moOZ Vgm g§MmbZHo$bo OmVo. ¶m ì¶{V[a³V {ejmH$‘vÀ¶m à{ejUmMo {ZarjU XoIrb Ho$bo OmVo.

¶m ¶moOZoÀ¶m CpX²Xï>nyVugmR>r J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb gw{dYmd§{MV dJm©À¶m JaOm§À¶mnyVugmR>r Ho$boë¶m e¡j{UH$ à¶ËZm§Zm n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr, {ejmH$‘u gh¶moJr {deof {deofkñd¶§godr g§ñWm Am{U J«m‘rU g‘wXm¶m§Mo g‘W©Z H$aUo A{Zdm¶© Amho.

{H«$¶mH$b : ¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘w»¶ {H«$¶mH$ën gmaUr 5.3 à‘mUo ñnï> H$aVm ¶oVrb.

Ooìhm àmW{‘H$ emim hr {ejmH$‘vH$Sy>Z Mmb{dbr OmVo Voìhm Ë¶mg S>o-H|$Ð ho Zmd {XboOmVo.S>o- H|$Ð



Notes

gmaUr 5.3

{H«$¶m H$ën 2

1. Amnë¶m ^mJmVrb H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g§ñWobm oQ> Úm H$s Or emim~mø ‘wbm§gmR>r H$m¶©H$aV Amho. Imbrb {Xboë¶m ‘wX²Úm§À¶m A§mYmao Ahdmb V¶ma H$am.

gm‘mÝ¶ gyMZm : g§ñWoMo Zmd, nÎmm, ’$moZ Z§, H$m¶©joÌ gr‘m, {dÚmWu, amÁ¶ñVar¶/ amï>ñVar¶ Amho H$m / Zmhr.

CX²Xoí¶ Am{U AÝ¶ {H«$¶mH$ën

ZmdZm|XUr CnpñWVr, Ad~moYmgmR>r / AÜ¶¶ZmgmR>r H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo à¶ËZ

5.3.5 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmer g§~§{YV ‘hmamï>mV H$m¶m©pÝdV Agboë¶m ¶moOZm - EH$Ho$g ñQ>S>r

5.3.5.1 gm‘m{OH$arË¶m d§{MV ~mbH$m§gmR>r ¶moOZm :

gdmªgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejU hr ^maVmVrb amÁ¶mV ¶moOZm am~dVmZm ‘hmamï>mVrb {MÌH$go Amho Vo nmhÿ.

Xhmdrn¶ªV {eî¶d¥Îmr

‘mo’$V JUdoe Am{U nwñVHo$

dgVrJ¥h

gaH$mar Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm§Mr dgVrJ¥ho

EZ². gr. B©. Ama. Q>r Ûmao ñWm{nV amï>r¶ àkmemoY ~moS>m©H$Sy>Z AZwgy{MV OmVr /O‘mVtÀ¶m ‘wbm§Zm ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU nyU© Amë¶mda {eî¶d¥Îmr {Xbr OmVo.

CnpñWVr ^Îmm Aml‘emim ~wH$~°H$ ¶moOZm

5.3.5.2 ‘wbtgmR>r ¶moOZm :

Hw$Qy>§~ VgoM g‘mOmgmR>r ‘wbm§Zm {ejUmMo ‘hÎd ¶m Jmoï> bjmV R>odyZ amÁ¶emgZmZo¶m§À¶m {ejUmgmR>r {d{dY ¶moOZm§Mr gwédmV Ho$br Amho.

CnpñWVrgmR>r ^Îmm - dJ© 1 br Vo 5 dr n¶ªV JiVrMo à‘mU H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d§{MVdJm©Vrb gd© ‘wbtgmR>r Xa{Xder EH$ ê$n¶m ‘bm {Xbm OmVmo. na§Vw Vr emio‘Ü¶o 75%

emioÀ¶m H$m‘mÀ¶m {Xder CnpñWV Agbr nm{hOo.

¶m ¶moOZoMm â {ejmH$‘u åhUyZ ‘{hbm§Mr âVr H$aUo Am{U ‘{hbm {ejm H$‘u à{ejUH|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mda hmoVm ¶m H|$Ðm§Zm ‘{hbm àH$meZ H|$Ð åhUVmV hm ñWm{ZH$‘{hbm§Zm {ejm H$‘uMo à{ejU XoV Ago

‘{hbm àH$meZH|$Ð

EH$m gd}jUmZygma ho ñnï> Pmbo Amho {H$. 14 df© d¶mMo KmQ>mob d ~bmoÌm ãbm°H$‘Ü¶o6% ~mbHo$ emar[aH$ A§nJËdmZo {n{S>V AgVmV. Ë¶m§Mr H$miOr KoÊ¶mgmR>r {ejmH$‘u¶moOZm§‘Ü¶o ¶m ‘wbm§Mm g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.

g§K{Q>V CnmJ‘

Ooìhm H$mhr H$maUmñVd ‘wb§ ho H|$Ðmda {eH$Ê¶mgmR>r ¶ody eH$V ZgVrb Am{U VoamÌrÀ¶m doir ¶ody eH$V AgVrb Va Ë¶mg n[ahma nmR>embm åhQ>bo OmVo.n[ahma nmR>embm



Notes

A{hë¶m~mB© hmoiH$aÛmao ‘wbtgmR>r ‘mo’$V àdmg nmg ¶moOZm - 1997 ‘Ü¶o gaH$maZoJ«m‘rU ^mJmVrb ‘wbtgmR>r ‘mo’$V àdmg nmg ¶moOZoMr gwê$dmV Ho$br OoUoH$ê$Z ‘wbr{eUmnmgyZ d§{MV amhUma ZmhrV. hr ¶moOZm Oo emio‘Ü¶o 75% H$m‘mMo {Xdg hOa AgVrbË¶m§ZmM bmJy nS>Vo.

‘mV¥ à~moYZ ¶moOZm - J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMm hoVy gmÜ¶H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmB©bm ~mbH$m§Mo {ejU, Amamo½¶, Am{U d¡¶p³VH$ {dH$mg ¶m~m~V {e{jV

H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hm H$m¶©H«$‘ am~dbm OmVmo. Am‘u ñHy$b / emim - ‘hmamï>mVrb ‘wbtZm [ejUmgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo

Zm{eH$ ‘Ü¶o ^moa ¶m {R>H$mUr Am‘u emim§Mr gwê$dmV Ho$br Amho. {OWo ‘wbtZm H$mhr à‘mUmV{eî¶d¥Îmr {‘iVo. VgoM Oa Ë¶m emar[aH$ ÑîQ>çm ge³V AgVrb Va nwT>o à{ejUmMr g§YrXoIrb {Xbr OmVo.

g‘yh {Zdmgr emim - ¶m emim Aem {dÚm{W©ZrgmR>r AmhoV Á¶m Iyn XÿaÀ¶m {R>H$mUramhVmV. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m emioV ¶ody eH$V ZmhrV Aem ‘wbtgmR>r g‘yh {Zdmgr emim AmhoV.

5.3.5.3 Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm d§{MV OmVrVrb ~mbH$m§gmR>r ¶moOZm :

g‘mOmV H$moÊ¶mhr OmVr Y‘m©Vrb {dÚmWu Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm H$‘Omoa Agy eH$VmV. Jar~r‘wioAgo {dÚmWu ‘Ü¶oM emim gmoSy>Z Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r H$‘mB© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r OmVmV. Aem ‘wbm§gmR>r H$mhr¶moOZm Imbrà‘mUo :

{eî¶d¥Îmr - 1978 ‘Ü¶o ‘hmamï> gaH$maZo Am[W©H$ ÑîQ>çm d§{MV {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r {eî¶d¥Îmr¶moOZm bmJy Ho$br Amho. ¶mA§VJ©V àË¶oH$ {dÚmÏ¶mªg 70 é. à{V ‘{hZm Am{U {dÚmWuZrbm80 é à{V‘{hZm {Xbo OmVmV.

Am{W©H$arË¶m d§{MV OmVr - ‘hmamï> gaH$maZo hr ¶moOZm 1957 ‘Ü¶o gwê$ Ho$br. ¶m A§VJ©VAm{W©H$ Ñï>rZo Jar~ dJm©er g§~§{YV ~mbH$m§Zm {eî¶d¥Îmr {Xbr OmVo. Oa Vo 75% CnpñWVAgVrb Va Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m AmB© d{S>bm§Mo CËnÞ {ZYm©arV gr‘onojm H$‘r AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

nmofU Amhma - ¶m ¶moOZoMm Ama§ 1995 ‘Ü¶o Pmbm AgyZ ¶m A§VJ©V àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mg Omo{Z¶{‘V emioV CnpñWV Agob Aem ‘wbm§Zm ‘Ü¶mÝh ¶moOZ {Xbo OmVo.

gm{dÌr~mB© ’w$bo XÎmH$ - nmbH$ ¶moOZm - 1993 ‘Ü¶o hr ¶moOZoMr gwédmV Pmbr ¶m¶moOZoA§VJ©V emioMo ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$, H$moUVmhr A{YH$mar AWdm g‘mOmVrb Aj‘ ì¶p³VH$moUË¶m hr EH$m H$Ý¶obm XÎmH$ Kody eH$VmV na§Vw Vr Jar~r‘wio emioV ¶oD$ eH$V Zgob{Vbm Am[W©H$ ‘XV à{V‘{hZm Xody eHo$b na§Vw hr gd© à{H«$¶m emioÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ H$aVm ¶odyeH$Vo.

~wH$ ~±H$ ¶moOZm - àmW{‘H$ emioVrb ‘wbtgmR>r ‘mo’$V nwñVHo$ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVmVdfm©À¶m eodQ>r hr nwñVHo$ O‘m H$ê$Z KoVbr OmVmV. Ooìhm {dÚmWuZr nwT>À¶m dJm©V àdoeH$aVo Ë¶mdoir Ë¶m dJm©Mr nwñVHo$ {Vbm {‘iVmV.

5.3.5.4 XÿañW joÌm§V amhUmè¶m ~mbH$m§gmR>r ¶moOZm :

‘hmamï> gaH$maZo 1970 ‘Ü¶o XÿañW ^mJmV amhUmè¶m ‘wbm§gmR>r Imbrb ¶moOZm AmhoV.

nmofH$ Amhma ¶moOZm - ¶mMm hoVy 6 df© d¶mn¶ªVÀ¶m ‘wbm§Zm XO}Xma Amhma XoUo hm hmoVm.Am§JUdmS>r Am{U ~mbdmS>rÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ XoÊ¶mV ¶oV Amho. B. 1 Vo 5 drn¶ªVÀ¶m ‘wbm§gmR>rhr ¶moOZm hmoVr.



Notes

Aml‘emim - Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg g§MmbZmb¶mZo ¶m ¶moOZog H$m¶m©pÝdV Ho$bo. A{Ve¶ Jar~{dÚmÏ¶mªZm ¶m Aml‘m§‘Ü¶o àdoe {Xbm OmVmo. Ë¶m§Zm ‘mo’$V {ejU, Aml¶, VgoM JUdoemMrgw{dYm AgVo. ¶m Aml‘emioV n{hbrnmgyZ Xhmdrn¶ªV {ejU {Xbo OmVo. Am{U ¶mMon¶©dojU gH$maH$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo. Aml‘emim ¶m àH$maÀ¶m hmoË¶m.i) ‘yb yV Aml‘emim - dJ© n{hbr Vo gmVdrii) nam ~o{gH$ Aml‘emim - dJ© nmMdr Vo Xhmdr

{dÚm {ZHo$VZ - OZOmVr¶ à[V^membr ‘wbm§gmR>r hr EH$ ZdrZ ¶moOZm AgyZ 1981 ‘Ü¶o’$³V EH$ [H§$dm XmoZ {Oëøm§V gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶m‘Ü¶o XoIrb ‘mo’$V {ejU {Xbo OmVoAgo. ‘wbtgmR>r gwÕm Z§Va {dÚm{ZHo$VZ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶màH$mao àË¶oH$ g§ñWoVAm{Xdmgr ‘wbm§gmR>r 10 OmJm amIrd R>odÊ¶mV ¶oV.

~mb{ejm ¶moOZm - ¶moOZm ‘hmamï> gaH$maZo 1982 ‘Ü¶o ¶w{Zgo’$À¶m ‘XVrZo gwédmVH$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§Zm AmH$f©H$, gw§Xa {MÌo AgUmar nwñVHo$ ‘mo’$V {Xbr OmVAgV. Á¶m‘wio ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o nwñVH$m§àVr AmdS> {Z‘m©U hmoB©b. VgoM ‘wb§ emioV {Z¶{‘VCnpñWV amhVrb.

Hw$aU emim : lr‘Vr Vmam~mB© ‘moS>H$ d lr‘Vr AZwVmB© dmK ¶m§Zr dZmVrb ‘wbm§À¶mOrdZ‘mZmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m emim gwê$ Ho$ë¶m. ¶m ‘wbm§Zm AZm¡nMm[aH$[aË¶m Mm§Jë¶mgd¶r, ñdÀN>Vm ^mfm, Am¡fYmonMma ¶mgmR>r {’$aË¶m emim gwê$ Ho$ë¶m.

Am{Xdmgr ‘wbm§gmR>r ¶moOZm : ¶m ‘wbm§Mr ~mobr^mfm doJir AgVo amÁ¶mVrb ^mf|gmR>r g‘m§VaAer {‘l^mfoMr ‘hmamï> amÁ¶mZo nwñVHo$ V¶ma Ho$bobr AgyZ {ejH$ à{ejU Am¶mo{OV Ho$boOmVo.

5.3.5.5 embm~mø ~mbH$m§gmR>r ¶moOZm :

~è¶mM à‘mUmV {dÚmWu Jar~r qH$dm AÝ¶ H$maUmñVd emioV ¶oV ZmhrV Am{U Oar¶oVmV Vo ‘Ü¶oM H$mhr emim gmoS>VmV. Aem ‘wbm§gmR>r ¶oOZm nwT>rbà‘mUo

goVy emim - ¶m emim§Mm hoVy åhUOo Aem {dÚmÏ¶mªZm nwÝhm emioV AmUUo H$s, Á¶m§Zr ‘Ü¶oMemim gmoS>br Amho Am{U Oo AÜ¶¶Z Ho$bo Amho Vo {dgabo AmhoV, Aem ‘wbm§Zm Amnbo {ejUnyU© H$aÊ¶mg nwÝhm g§Yr XoUo hmo¶. Aem ‘wbm§Zm 45 {Xdg doJio {eH$dbo OmVo Am{U nwÝhm{Z¶{‘V emioV ZmdZm|XUrgmR>r nmR>{dbo OmVo.

B§S>g ~mb l‘ ¶moOZm - H$mhr Ago {dÚmWu AgVmV H$s Oo Hw$R>o Zm Hw$R>o ‘OXÿar H$aVmVAm{U emioV OmV ZmhrV ¶m ¶moOZoMm hoVy åhUOo ~mbl‘ Wm§~dyZ Ë¶§Zm gmja ~Z{dUo hmo¶.¶m ¶moOZog ‘hmamï>mV 5 {Oëøm§V H$m¶m©pÝdV Ho$bo Jobo. {Oëho - Jm|{X¶m, A‘amdVr, OmbZm,Am¡a§Jm~mX, ‘w§~B© - ¶mMo Xm{¶Ëd H$mhr ñd¶§godr g§ñWm‘Yrb Aem ì¶p³VZm {Xbo hmoVo Oo{R>H${R>H$mUr Aem ‘wbm§Mr N>mZUr H$aVrb Oo H$maImZo, CÚmoJ, hm°Q>ob B. ‘Ü¶o ~mbH$m‘JmarH$aVmV. Aem ‘wbm§Zm AmUyZ emioV âVr Ho$bo OmV Am{U Ë¶§Zm ({eî¶d¥Îmr {Xbr OmVo.) Ë¶m‘wbm§Mm H$b nmhÿZ ì¶mdgm¶{ejU {Xbo OmVo. Aem emioV 50 ‘wbm§Zm àdoe {Xbm OmVmo.

gmIaemim - Aem emim D$gVmoS> H$m‘JmamÀ¶m {R>H$mUr AgVmV Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m ‘wbm§Zmgmja H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$aVmV. H$maU Ë¶m§Mo AmB© - dS>rb D$gVmoS> ‘mog‘mV gmIaH$maImÝ¶mÀ¶m Amgnmg dñVr bmdV Am{U H$mhr Amnë¶m Hw$Qw>§~mgmo~V amhVmV. Aem ‘wbm§Mo{ejUmgmR>r gmIaemim gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë¶m ‘wbm§Zm {ejU {Xbo OmVo. ¶m§Zm {ÛVr¶¶ go{‘ñQ>a /gÌ emim åhUVmV. ¶m emim Ho$di Ë¶m D$g h§Jm‘mV H$m¶©aV AgVmV Ooìhm {dÚmWuAmB©d{S>bm§gmo~V naV OmVmV Voìhm gmIaemimXoIrb ~§X AgVmV.



Notes

dñVremim - ¶m Aem àmW{‘H$ emim AgVmV Á¶m S>m|Jar ^mJmV, Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV VgoMXÿañW ^mJmV AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU XoVmV. {H$. OoWo EH$ {H$. ‘r. A§Vamda H$moUVrhr emimCnbãY Zmhr. ¶m ‘wbm§Zm 1-4 Wr n¶ªVMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ {eH${dÊ¶mV ¶oVmo. hH$ dñVremimMmb{dÊ¶mgmR>r J«m‘ n§Mm¶VH$S>o H$‘rV H$‘r 15 {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ZmdZm|XUr AgUo Amdí¶H$AgVo J«m‘rU {ejm g{‘Vr ¶mo½¶ {ejH$mMo {Z¶moOZ H$aVmV. ¶m [ejH$m§Zm {deof à{ejUS>mB©Q> (DIET) H$Sy>Z 30 {Xdgm§Mo à{ejU {Xbo OmVo.

Ho$n àH$ën - hm ñd¶§ AÜ¶¶Z CnH«$‘ AgyZ {ejUemó ‘hm{dÚmb¶m§er gb¾ àH$ënAmho. 25/30 ‘wbm§Zr gmoB©Zwgma emioV ¶mdo d ñdV: Aä¶mg H$amdm.

5.3.5.6 {deof JaOm AgUmè¶m ~mbH$m§gmR>r ¶moOZm ({dH$bm§J / An§J) XodXmgr‘wbr B.):

{deof JaOm AgUmè¶m {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ ñVam§‘Ü¶o OmVr, Y‘©, VgoM e¡j{UH$ ÑîQ>çmd§{MV ~mbHo$ Am{U An§J ~mbH$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. hr ‘wbr H$moUË¶m Z H$moUË¶m H$maUmñVdAmnbo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV ¶m§À¶mH$S>o {deof bj nwa{dUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. XodXmgr ‘wbm§gmR>r ¶moOZm - XodXmgr d dmam§JUm na§nam hr EH$ g‘mOmMr ZH$mamË‘H$ na§nam

Amho. A§Y{dídmgm‘wio ~è¶mMí¶m XodXmgr gm‘m{OH$ AWdm Am[W©H$ ÑîQ>çm d§{MV AmhoVVgoM Ë¶m Amnë¶m ‘wbm§Zm {ejU Xody eH$V ZmhrV ¶m§À¶mgmR>r V¶ma Ho$boë¶m ¶moOZoV nwT>rbgw{dYm {Xë¶m OmVmV. ñZohmb¶, ór - à~moYZ VgoM ‘mo’$V nmg ¶moOZm, ~wH$ ~±H$ ¶moOZm,CnpñWVr ^Îmm B.

An§J ‘wbm§gmR>r {ejU ¶moOZm - Aem ‘wbm§Zm Ano{jV {ejU {Xbo OmVo. ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘mo’$V{ejU gw{dYm g‘m{dï> AgVmV Á¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU MmbVo {’$aVo {dÚmb¶,CnMmamË‘H$ {ejU nmQ>© Q>mB©‘ {ejU, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU B. {Xbo OmVo.

Xÿ~©b ‘wbm§gmR>r {ejU - ‘hmamï> gaH$maZo Aem ‘wbm§gmR>r {deof emim ñWmnZ Ho$ë¶mAmhoV. 1985 ‘Ü¶o ‘w§~B©‘Ü¶o ‘yH$~{Ya {dÚmb¶mMr ñWmnZm Ho$bbr VoWo hr ‘wbo gm‘mÝ¶‘wbrà‘mUo dmMZ - boIZ {eHy$ eH$VmV. Z§Va Ëm§Zm gm‘mÝ¶ emim§‘Ü¶o àdoe {Xbm OmVmo. ¶mnÕVrbm g‘mdo{eV {ejU nÕVr åhQ>bo OmVo.

{H«$¶mH$b 3

Vwåhr Vw‘À¶m amÁ¶mV MmbUmè¶m ¶m àH$maÀ¶m ¶moOZm§Mm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Mr VwbZm‘hmamï> amÁ¶mV Mmbdë¶m OmUmè¶m ¶moOZm§er H$am ¶m§À¶m g‘mZ ~m~r d {d{^ÝZ Zm|X H$am.

5.4 S>r. nr. B©. nr. ({Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejU ¶moOZm)



Notes

S>r nr. B©. nr hr EH$ OmJ{VH$ ñVamda gdm©V ‘moR>r ¶moOZm§‘Yrb EH$ ¶oOZm AgyZ 1995

‘Ü¶o gwédmV Pm. ¶m ¶moOZoMm hoVy àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌjH$aU Agm Amho. ¶mgmR>r gd©ñVamda {Oëhm {d{eï> ¶moOZm {dH|$ÐrH¥$V {Z¶moOZ gh^mJrËd H$m¶©H«$‘, ge³VrH$aU Am[Uj‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr da â XoÊ¶mV Ambm Amho. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmbm nwÝhm ZdrZ e³Vr XoUo VgoM CÀMàmW{‘H$ {ejUmbm nwÝhm ZdrZ e³Vr XoUo VgoM CÀM àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m hoVy§Mr nyVr© H$aUo ho¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMm ‘w»¶ hoVy Amho.

hr ¶moOZm H|$Ð gaH$maMr ¶moOZm AgyZ OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z ghmæ¶Vm XodyZ nmM amÁ¶mVH$m¶©aV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Z§Va ¶mMm [dñVma AÝ¶ amÁ¶mV H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. ¶m ¶moOZoA§VJ©V¶moOZoMr gwédmV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$ amÁ¶mbm nmM {Oëøm§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo. A{YH$‘mJmg{Oëho Ago AgmdoV. {OWo ‘{hbm gmjaVm amï>r¶ XamÀ¶m H$‘r Agob, {OWo Q>r. Eb. gr., (g‘J«gmjaVm A{^¶mZ) ¶eñdr Pmbobm Agmdm Am{U Á¶mMr ’$bàmár åhUyZ {VMo àmW{‘H${ejUmMr ‘mJUr dmT>bobr AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

5.4.1 S>r. nr. B©. nr Mo CX²Xoí¶ :

¶m ¶moOZoMo CX²Xoí¶ Imbrbà‘mUo : Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ 6 Vo 14 df© d¶mÀ¶m ‘wbm§Zm {ejUmÀ¶m

100% gmo¶r gw{dYm§Mr CnbãYVm 100% ZmdZm|XUr XO}Xma {ejUmÀ¶m {H$‘mZ {Zåå¶mBVH$s nmVir emioVrb AàJVr Am{U JiVrda {Z¶§ÌU [ejH$ Am{U g‘mOmMr j‘Vm {Z‘m©U - A{YH$m{YH$ {dH|${ÐH$aU Am[U g‘wXm¶ gh^mJrËd g‘mOmVb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mH$Sy>Z ZmdZm|XUrV dmT> H$aUo.

5.4.2 S>r. nr. B©. nr Mo ‘w»¶ KQ>H$ :

¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘w»¶ Mma KQ>H$ AmhoV.

{gpìhb H$m¶© : ZdrZ Aem emioMo ~m§YH$m‘ Á¶m‘Ü¶o XmoZ dJ© Am{U EH$ dam§S>m Agob, OoWo5 dr n¶ªV dJ© dmT> VoWo em¡Mmb¶, nmUr gw{dYm, emioMr S>mJSw>Or {ejH$m§gmR>r Imoë¶m.‘{hbm dgVrJ¥h ¶m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mMo {Z¶moOZ Amho.

H$m¶©H«$‘ : ~è¶mMí¶m d¡H$pënH$ àdmhm§Mr gw{dYm {‘iy eH$Vrb ¶mgmR>r S>r. nr. B©. nr ZoH$mhr {deof {H«$¶mH$ën {ZYm©[aV Ho$bo AmhoV.

ì¶dñWmnZ : {Oëhm ñVamda ì¶dñWmnZ g§aMZm ì¶dñWmnZ gyMZm àUmbr V¶ma H$aUoVgoM Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ ¶m {d{dY g§ñWm§da amï>r¶ amÁ¶ VgoM {Oëhm ñVamda àH$ënmMoA§Vr‘ Q>ßß¶mV g‘mdoeZ H$aÊ¶mMo YmoaU R>a{dbo Amho.

emim ‘mnZ Am{U gyú‘ ñVa ¶moOZm {Z¶moOZ : ¶mMm CX²Xoí¶ ZmdZm|XUr‘Ü¶o ¶oUmè¶mAS>Wio - AS>MUr ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo VgoM àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV g‘wXm¶mMo gh^m{JËd{ZpíMV H$aUo Agm Amho. gyú‘ ¶moOZm A§VJ©V J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrÀ¶m H$m¶m©bm ñWyb ê$nXodyZ CÎmaXm{¶Ëd {ZYm©[aV H$aUo hmo¶.

5.4.3 S>r. nr. B©. nr A§V½m©V H$m¶m©pÝdV ¶moOZm :

{dH|${ÐH$aU {Z¶moOZmMm àma§ amï>r¶ g§ñWmÛmao amÁ¶ VgoM {Oëhm ñVamda ì¶mdgm{¶H$ghmæ¶Vm XodyZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. S>r. nr. B©. nr H$Sy>Z Imbrb nm¶è¶m§Ûmao {dH«|${ÐH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm‘yV© ñdê$nmV AmUÊ¶mgmR>r J§ ra à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.



Notes

¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m§VJ©V {dH|$[ÐH¥$V e¡j{UH$ {Z¶moOZmbm àma§ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {Oëømbm EH$ KQ>H$‘mZbo Jobo.

¶m A§VJ©V g§gmYZmg§~§Yr {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶ ñVa Vo ñWmZrH$ ñVam§n¶ªV à¶ËZH$aÊ¶mV Ambo.

¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m§VJ©V Am¶moOZ à{H«$¶obm ‘O~wV H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm OoUoH$ê$ZA{YH$ g„m‘gbV, gh^mJnyU© VWm nmaXeu hmoD$ eHo$b.

¶m A§VJ©V ì¶mdgm{¶H$ g§JR>ZmË‘H$ ì¶dñWm Vgo ~r. Ama. gr Am{U gr. Ama. gr. ¶m§À¶m‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ e¡j{UH$ {H«$¶mH$ënmg ì¶mdgm{¶H$ g§gmYZ ghmæ¶Vm {‘idyZ XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZHo$bm OmB©b.

¶m A§VJ©V àË¶oH$ {dÚmb¶mg 2000 ê$. dm{f©H$ Am{U àË¶oH$ {ejH$mg 500 é dm{f©H$AZwXmZ {Xbo OmB©b.

{Z¶moOZ à{H«$¶oÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {Oëhm Am{U Cn{Oëhm ñVam§da ñWm{ZH$ j‘VoMm {dH$mgH$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVmV.

5.4.4 : H$m¶©ZrVr / {H«$¶mH$ën :

CnbãYVm : XÿJ©‘, Am{Xdmgr joÌm§‘Ü¶o ZdrZ àmW{‘H$ emim C^maUo, Aem joÌmV ~hÿloUrAÜ¶¶Z H|$Ð, d¡H$pënH$ emim C^maUo H$s Á¶m‘wio àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr n¶m©¶r emim åhUyZ{dH${gV hmoB©b.

Am{Xdmgr Am{U gmJa {H$Zmè¶mdarb {ejU : n§Mm¶V, ñd¶§godr g§ñWm, d ì¶p³VÛmaoZmdZm|XUr A{^¶mZ, à~moYZ, H$m¶©H«$‘ Am{U Am{Xdmgr, gmJar {H$Zmar ^mJmV {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r‘mo’$V nmR>çnwñVHo$ XoUo.

JwUdÎmm gwYma : {H«$¶m AmYm[aV {ejU nÕVr Ûmao OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z {ejH$ à{ejUH$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dUo.

g‘wXm¶ g§KQ>Z : J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Am{U n§Mm¶V ‘m°{ZQ>atJ H$j ¶m§Zmà{ejU VgoM nmbH$m§Mo CX²~moYZ

{Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ : emim AmYm[aV ¶moOZogmR>r ¶moOZm ~Z{dUo, dm{f©H$ {Z¶moOZH$aUo. Á¶mgmR>r JQ> g„mJma g{‘Vr, {Oëhm g„mJma g{‘Vr Am{U {Oëhm H$m¶©dmhr g{‘Vr¶m§À¶m ~¡R>H$m KoÊ¶mV ¶mì¶mV.

g§emoYZ Am{U ‘wë¶‘mnZ : {H«$¶mË‘H$ g§emoYZ ãbm°H$ g§gmYZ H|$Ð Am{U {Oëhm ñVamdaAÜ¶¶Z H$aUo.

{dH$bm§J ~mbH$m§Mr AmoiI Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m {ejUmMo ì¶dñWmnZ (IEDE) : ì¶dñWmnZ¶mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zm {deof à{ejU Amdí¶H$ g§gmYZo Am{U AÝ¶ gm‘J«r XoUo. nmbH$m§MoCX²~moYZ BË¶mXr.

‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmg àmYmÝ¶ : ‘mo’$V nwñVHo$ à~moYZ H$m¶©H«$‘ VgoM {ejH$ g§doXZerbH$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dUo.

ì¶dñWmnZ gyMZm àUmbr (MIS) : gd© S>r.nr. B©. nr. À¶m {Oëhm H|$Ð EH$‘oH$m§Zm ZoQ>ZoOmoS>Uo, S>m¶baMr nyV©Vm H$aUo VgoM g§JUH$ H$Ë¶mªMr {Z¶w³Vr B. g‘m{dï> Amho.

J«m‘rU {ejU Zm|XUr Am{U {ejU Zm|XUrMr gwédmV H$aUo



Notes

{‘{S>¶m : {Oëhm, JQ> n§Mm¶V nmVirda àXe©Z â{dUo.

5.4.5 gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmda H$m¶© H«$‘mMm n[aUm‘

¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mg / A{^¶mZ ñdê$nmV Mmbdbo Jobo. ¶m g§X^m©V Imbrb {ZîH$f© g‘moaAmbo.

ì¶mßVr ({dñVma) (248 {d^m{OV {Oëho) g‘m{dï> {Oëho 219

’o$O I (1994 - gßQ>| 2001) 42

’o$O II (1996 - 2002) 80

’o$O III (1998 - 2003) 27

BVa ’o$O 70

amÁ¶ H$m¶©H«$‘ gwédmV 18

¶moOZm A§VJ©V {dÚmWu 513 bmI EHy$U {ejH$ 11 bmI

emim ¶moOZoA§VJ©V emim 3,75,000

ZdrZ emim 10,000

B©. gr. S>r B©. gr. S>r. g|Q>a 56124

EHy$U {dÚmWu 21 bmId¡H$pënH$ emim (Alternaive schools)

EHy$U H|$Ð 56124

EHy$U {dÚmWu 21 bmIZmdZm|XUr ZmdZm|XUr Xa 102%

ewÕ Zm|XUr Xa 90%

gmaUr 5.3

ómoV : S>r. nr. B©. nr. ’°$³Q> erQ>, I§S> VII g§»¶m 11

Zm|X : GER VWm NER Mr JUZm H$aÊ¶mg§~§Yr ’$m°å¶w©bo KQ>H$mÀ¶m eodQ>r {Xbobo AmhoV.

5.5 gmam§e

^maVmMr {ejU àUmdbr A{YH$ {demb Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o EHy$U 300 Xebj {dÚmWu Am{U6.5 Xebj {ejH$ AmhoV. Zm|XUr gw‘mao 100 % Amho, 120 Xebj {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ{Xbo OmVo. gmjaVm Xa 2001 À¶m VwbZoV 65% nmgyZ 75% n¶ªV Amho. {ejUmg EH$ g§nÝZOrdZmH$S>o OmÊ¶mMo bjU g‘Obo OmVo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aUmÀ¶m hoVy àmárgmR>r {d{dY ¶moOZm§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {d{dYH$m¶©ZrVtMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. CÎma àXoe ~o{gH$ ¶moOZm,{~hma ~o{gH$ {ejU ¶moOZm, bmoH$Opå~e ‘wbtgmR>r {ejU ¶moOZm VgoM {ejH$ AZwnpñWVr ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r {ejmH$‘u ¶moOZmAmhoV.

1990 À¶m XeH$mMm ‘Ü¶mV Á¶m {Oëøm§‘Ü¶o ‘{hbm gmjaVm Xa H$‘r hmoVm {VWo S>r. nr.B©. nr. ¶moOZoMr gwédmV Ho$br. ¶m ¶moOZoZo AZoH$ ZdrZ ‘mJmªMo Cn¶moOZ Ho$bo. Á¶m‘wio



Notes

emim~mø {dÚmÏ¶mªZm gmja H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶mMr {deofVm åhUOo hr ¶moOZm {dH|${ÐH¥$V hmoVr VgoMg‘wXm¶mMo gh^mJ KoVbm Jobm. bmoH$ gh^mJ hr ^mdZm JmdmÀ¶m ñVamda ngabr AgyZ Ë¶m‘wio{H«$¶mH$ënmMo Cn¶moOZ ¶eñdrnUo Pmbo Amho. J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrZo {d{^ÝZ {OëømV A§XmOo100% Jmdm§Zm gh^mJr Ho$bo Amho. ¶m gH$mamË‘H$ nardV©Zmgmo~V ^maV bdH$aM àmW{‘H${ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo bú¶ àmßV H$aVm ¶oB©b Aer Amem H$aVm ¶oB©b.

5.6 eãXmdbr

{ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU : ~mbH$m§À¶m JaOoZwgma VgoM gd©Ì AZwê$n {ejUmMr CnbãYVm{ZpíMV H$aUo.

gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo VrZ KQ>H$ : ghOVm ¶oB©b, ZmdZm|XUr H$aVm ¶oB©b hOa amhVm ¶oB©b AgoJwUdÎmm àYmZ {ejU

Or. B©. Ama (GER) : gH©$b ZmdZm|XUr Xa

EZ. B©. Ama. (NER) : ewÕ Zm|XUr Xa

S>r. nr. B©. nr. (DPEP) : {Oëhm àmW. {ejU ¶moOZm

¶y. nr. ~r. B©. nr. : CÎma àXoe ~o{gH$ {ejU ¶moOZm

¶y. B©. B©. (UEE) : àmW. {ejU gmd©ÌrH$sH$aU

~r. B©. nr (BEP) : {~hma {ejU ¶moOZm

gyÌ :

GER =

NER =

GER =

NER =

5.7 g§X^© J«§W

1. Lok Jumbish : the sixth report Reviewshttp://books Volume 1/1970 - Volume41/2011

5.8 KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg

1. ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶mMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Jmiboë¶m OmJm âm.a) ............. n§Mdfu¶ ¶moOZoV gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmbm

A{YH$ àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo Amho. (Xhmdr / AH$amdr)b) gZ 2009-10 ¶m dfu gdm©{YH$ emim§Mr g§»¶m ................. amÁ¶mV hmoVr.

(‘. àXoe / C. àXoe)

àmW{‘H$ emioV ZmdZm|XUr Pmbobr EHy$U {dÚmWu

àmW{‘H$ emioVrb d¶mMo {dÚmÏ¶mªMr EHy$U g§»¶m

àmW{‘H$ emioÀ¶m d¶mMr emioV ZmdZm|{XV EHy$U {dÚmWu

àmW{‘H$ emioÀ¶m d¶mMo {dÚmWmªMr EHy$U g§»¶m

100% nojm A{YH$ Agob Va àmW{‘H$ emioÀ¶m d¶mnojm ‘wbm§Mo d¶ A{YH$ Amho.

100% nojm H$‘r Agob Va H$mhr ‘wbo emim~mø AmhoV qH$dm ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ dJm©V

AgVrb.



Notes

c) .............. Mm AW© Amho gdmªgmR>r {ejU bmoH$ A{^¶mZ (bmoH$ Opå~e / ‘{hbmg‘m»¶m)

d) S>r. nr. B©. Mr ‘wio Zmnmg hmoUmè¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMr g§»¶o‘Ü¶o gdm©V A{YH$ KQ> gw‘mao50% ........... ¶m amÁ¶mV Pmbr (‘. àXoe, Amgm‘)

e) amOñWmZ gaH$maÛmao 1987 ‘Ü¶o ................ Mr {dÎmr¶ ghm¶Îmm‘wio {ejmH$‘u ¶moOZmH$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. (SIDA) ({díd ~±H$)

f>) g‘mOmVrb gw{dYmd§{MV dJm©Mr {ejUmda ........... Mm {deof â Amho. (¶y. nr.-~r. B©./ ~r. B©. nr)

2. Imbrb pñWVrV H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aUmar ¶moOZoMo Zmd {bhm.H$) S>r. nr. B©. nr. À¶m gd© {OëømV / amÁ¶ ¶moOZm H$m¶m©b¶mg g§JUH$ VWm ZoQ>d{Hª$J

XoUo........I) ~mbH$m‘Jma àWm ~§X H$ê$Z Am{U Ë¶m§Zm {ejUmÀ¶m ‘w»¶àdmhmV AmUUo = ..............J) {ejmH$‘u à{W{‘H$ emim Ho$ìhm MmbdVmV = ..............

3. ¶mo½¶ OmoS>çm bmdm.JQ> ‘’$’ JQ> ‘I’

i) {~hma {ejU ¶moOZm H$) ‘wbtMo {ejUii) bmoH$ Opå~e I) {ejH$ AZwnpñWVriii) {ejm H$‘u J) àm¶-{ejUmV JwUdÎmoV gwYmaUm H$aUo

(CÎmao - i) J, ii) H$, iii) I )

4. Jmiboë¶m OmJm âm.i) {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$s H$aUmMm AW© åhUOo ~mbH$m§Mr {deof JaOm§Zwgma VgoM

{R>H$mUmZwgma ¶mo½¶ {R>H$mUr {ejUmMr .................. gw{ZpíMV H$aUo.ii) ^maV gaH$ma àmW{‘H$ ñVamdarb emim§À¶m g§X^m©V .............. {H$. ‘r. Xÿarda

àmW{‘H$ emioMr CnbãYVm {ZpíMV H$aVo.iii) ^maVmV S>r. nr. B©. nr. .............. ‘Ü¶o gwédmV Pmbr.vi) ‘hmamï>mV ‘wbtÀ¶m g§»¶obm àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo Zm{gH$‘Ü¶o ..............

À¶m {R>H$mUr Am‘u emioMr gwédmV Ho$br.5. EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.

i) H$moUË¶m emioMo Xþgao Zmd {ÛVr¶ go{‘ñQ>a emim Amho?ii) ~mbl‘ ¶moOZm§Mm amï>r¶ ~mbl‘ ¶moOZm H$m åhQ>bo OmVo?iii) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©ÌrH$aUmMr ì¶m»¶m {bhm.iv) ‘hmamï>mV Hw$aU emim H$moUr gwê$ Ho$ë¶m.v) {ejmH$‘u H$moUmg åhQ>bo OmVo?vi) DPEP Mr gm§p»¶H$s ‘m{hVr H$er {‘iVo?

6. EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.i) ¶w.B©.B©. åhUOo H$m¶? Ë¶mMo Ë¶m§Mo KQ>H$ H$moUVo?ii) {dÚmb¶ ‘mnZ VgoM gyú‘ ¶moOZm bmoH$ Opå~eMo à‘wI H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ ~Y§UmMo g‘W©Z

H$aVo. ñnï> H$am.iii) gH$b ZmdZm|XUr Xa (GER) åhUOo H$m¶? CXm. g{hV ñnï> H$am.iv) Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm d§{MV ~mbH$m§Zm amÁ¶ gaH$ma H$Sy>Z H$moUË¶m gmo¶rgw{dYm {Xë¶m

OmVmV?



Notes

v) ~o{gH$ {ejU ¶moOZoA§VJ©V CÎma àXoe gaH$maZo H$moUH$moUË¶m H$m¶©ZrVr Va{H«$¶mH$ënm§Mr ¶moOZm V¶ma Ho$br?

vi) ‘wbtgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r CnbãY Agboë¶m {d{dY ¶moOZm {bhm?vii) amOñWmZÀ¶m {ejmH$‘u ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o {ejmH$‘uMr y{‘H$m WmoS>³¶mV {bhm.viii) {dÚmÏ¶mªMr JiVr amoIÊ¶mgmR>r CnbãY ¶moOZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$am.ix) S>r. nr. B©. nr. Mo. CÔoí¶ ‘w»¶ KQ>H$ VgoM {d{dY H$m¶©ZrVr H$moUH$moUË¶m AmhoV Vo

ñnï> H$am.x) DPEP Mm UEE da Pmbobm n[aUm‘ ñnï> H$am.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmg§~§Yr H$m¶©ZrVr - II


Notes

KQ>H$ 6 : àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmg§~§Yr

H$m¶©ZrVr II

CnKQ>H$ :

6.0 àñVmdZm6.1 AÜ¶¶Z C{ÔîQ>ço6.2 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘ à‘wI bjU

6.2.1 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo à‘wI {deof bjU6.3 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘mMo CÔoí¶6.4 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMr ‘»¶ H$m¶©ZrVr6.5 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmg§~§{YV Am{W©H$ {ZH$f>6.6 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZm‘Ü¶o emim VgoM BVa g§~§{YV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg6.7 ‘mÜ¶mÝh ^moOZ ì¶dñWm VgoM gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmV ¶mMo ¶moJXmZ6.8 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmVrb ‘w»¶ Xmof / ÌwQ>r Am{U ¶mÀ¶m ¶eñdr H$m¶©ZrVrgmR>r

CnMmamË‘H$ Cnm¶6.8.1 CnpñWVr dmT>[dÊ¶mgmR>r CnMmamË‘H$ Cnm¶

6.9 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ qH$dm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘, 2009 ¶m§Mo EH$ÌrH$a6.11 g§X ©J«§W6.12 KQ>H$ Aä¶mg

6.0 àñVmdZm

àH$aU 5 ‘Ü¶o Vwåhr {d{dY amÁ¶mV bmJy Agboë¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU¶mer g§~§{YV {d{dY ¶moOZm§Mm Aä¶mg Ho$bm. Vwåhr S>r. nr. B©. Mm àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMogmd©{ÌH$sH$aU à^md XoIrb Aä¶mgbm ¶m àH$aUmV gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo ‘w»¶ bjUo,ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U n¶©dojUmMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>rXoemVrb EH$ ‘w»¶ A{^¶mZ Amho. gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo àmê$n ho 6 df© Vo 14 df© d¶mn¶ªVÀ¶m‘wbm§gmR>r {ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$bobo Amho. VWm{n XoemV àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m A{YH$mamV n¶m©áàJVr Pmbr Amho. na§Vw ¶m ì¶{V[a³V {d{dY amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o Ago ~aoM {dÚmWu emioV OmV ZmhrV.gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmÀ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mda MMm© H$aVmZm AmnU ¶mbm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘2009 ~amo~a OmoS>Ê¶mMm à¶ËZ H$é¶mV. Á¶m A§VJ©V àmW{‘H$ {ejUmbm ‘wb yV A{YH$mamMmXOm© {Xbm Jobm Amho.

6.1 AÜ¶¶Z CX²Xoí¶ :

¶m àH$aUmÀ¶m AÜ¶¶ZmZ§Va Vwåhr ¶mo½¶ ìhmb {H$.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMr nmíd© y‘r VgoM ¶mMo A{Zdm¶© ~mOy§Mo {ddaU XoVm ¶oB©b.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmÀ¶m CÔoí¶m§Zm ñnï> H$aVm ¶oB©b.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘mMr à‘wI H$m¶©ZrVrMr AmoiI H$aVm ¶oB©b Am{U Ë¶mMr ì¶m»¶mH$aVm ¶oD$ eHo$b.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘mMo ‘w»¶ {dÎmr¶ ‘mZX§S> gm§JVm ¶oVrb.

¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMr ¶eñdrVogmR>r ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ ì¶dñWoMo ‘hÎd {d{hVm ¶oB©b.



Notes

{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 Mo ‘hÎd Am{U gd© {eYm A{^¶mZmgmo~VMm g§~§Y dU©ZH$aVm ¶oB©b.

{ZajaVoMm Zm¶ZmQ> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo ¶moJXmZ ¶m§Mo {ddoMZ H$ê$ eH$mb.

6.2 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘mMo ‘w»¶ bjU

Ogo Vwåhr OmUVm {H$, gd© {eYm A{^¶mZ 6 df} Vo 14 df© d¶mn¶ªVÀ¶m ~mbH$m§ZmàmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr CnbãYr gw{ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maMm gd©loð> ‘hÎdnyU© H$m¶©H«$‘Amho. ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMo CX²Xoí¶ ~mbH$m§Mr ZmdZm|XUr, AÜ¶¶Z, VgoM {eYUmMr JwUdÎmm ¶m‘Ü¶ogwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo OoUoH$ê$Z {dÚmWu loUrg AZwHy$b AÜ¶¶Z ñVa àmá H$ê$ eH$Vrb ¶mMmCÔoí¶ qbJ oX VgoM {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ dJm©Vrb A§Va H$‘r H$aUo Agm Amho. 1998 ‘Ü¶oamÁ¶mMo {ejU‘§Í¶m§Zr H$m±J«ogÀ¶m {e’$maetMo ’$bñdê$n gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMr gwédmV 2009

‘Ü¶o Pmbr VWm{n g§{dYmZmVrb 86 ì¶m XþéñVr AZwgma Á¶m§Mo A{Y{Z¶‘ 2002 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶màmW{‘H$ {ejU ‘mo’$V d g³VrMo EH$ ‘wb wV A{YH$mamÀ¶m énmV pñdH$ma H$aÊ¶mMr MMm© Pmbrna§Vw EH$ A{Y{Z¶‘mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV hm Am°JñQ> 2009 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ g§gXoV hm H$m¶Xm gå‘VH$aÊ¶mV Ambm.

6.2.1 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo à‘wI bjU :

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMr Imbrbà‘mUo à‘wI bjUo {Xbobr AgyZ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMogmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo CÔoí¶m§À¶m ê$nmV {Xbobr Amho.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMm à‘wI CX²Xoe hm gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejU à^mdr H$m¶©H«$‘.

hm H$m¶©H«$‘ XoeâmV JwUdÎmmnyU© ~o{gH$ {ejUmàVr Anojm§Mo à{VCÎma Amho.

~o{gH$ {ejUmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶mg àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr Amho.

~mbH$m§Mo {ejUmV n§Mm¶Vr amÁ¶ g§ñWm emim ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr, J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrnmbH$ - {ejH$ g§K Am{U ñWm{ZH$ OZVog gh^mJr H$aÊ¶mMm EH$ à^mdr à¶ËZ Amho.

XoeâmV gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmàVr hr EH$ amOZ¡{VH$ BÀN>m e³VrMr A{^ì¶³Vr Amho.

hr àmW{‘H$ {ejUm§À¶m ì¶dñWmnZmV ñdm¶Îm g‘Ë¶m, d ‘yb yV d Ë¶m AmYm[aV g§aMZobmgm{‘b H$ê$Z KoVo.

¶m A§VJ©V H|$Ð, amÁ¶ VgoM ñWm{ZH$ emgZmMr ^mJrXmarMo ñdmJV Ho$bo OmVo.

amÁ¶mgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm ñdV:M ñdV:Mo Xe©Z {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mMr hr EH$ g§Yr Amho.

H$m¶©ZrVtÀ¶m àË¶j Cn¶moOZmV gaH$mar d ImOJr ^mJrXmar H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr Amho.

¶m ì¶{V[a³V gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘ ~mbH$m§‘Ü¶o ‘mZdr ¶moJXmZm‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm KS>dyZAmUÊ¶mMr g§Yr XoVo. H$s Oo EH$m A{^¶mZ ñdê$nmV g‘wXm¶mÛmam ñdrH¥$V JwUdÎmmnyU©{ejUmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ gmÜ¶ hmoVo.

6.3 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo Ü¶o¶ d CpX²XîQ>ço

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ Ü¶o¶o :gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo bú¶ Amho {H$, gZ 2010 n¶ªV 6 df© Vo 14 df© d¶mn¶ªVÀ¶m gd©

~mbH$m§Zm Cn¶w³V àmW{‘H$ {ejU àXmZ H$aUo hmo¶. ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMo AÝ¶ bú¶ Amho {H$,emioÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmV bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mMr g{H«$¶ gh¶moJmOyZ gm‘m{OH$, joÌr¶ Am{U qbJôX¶mVrb A§Va Xÿa H$aUo.



Notes

Cn¶w³V Am{U g§JV {ejm åhUOo Aer {ejU àUmbbr emoYUo {H$ Omo g‘wXm¶mnmgyZ{d‘w³V H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr. qH$dm g‘wXm¶mVrb ~§Yy md Am{U EH$Vm ¶mda dmT>ob Aer {ejUàUmbrMm CX²Xoí¶ Amho H$s, ~mbH$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m Z¡g{J©H$ dmVmdaUm‘Ü¶o {ejUmÀ¶m g§Yr àmáH$ê$Z XoUo Am{U Ë¶m dmVmdaUmbm Ago H$m{~O H$aUo H$s Á¶m‘wio ‘yë¶m§{Yï>rV {ejU XodyZnañnam§Vrb Mm§Jë¶m JwUm§Zm dmd XodyZ ñdmWm©bm Wmam Z XoUo d 1 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mMo {ejUmMogmVË¶ amhrb d ‘mZdr AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ d ^m¡{VH$ ñdénmV {dH$mg hmoB©b.

CX²Xoí¶ :

Ogo H$s darb I§S> 6.3.1 ‘Ü¶o ñnï> H$aÊ¶mà‘mUo gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ XoemV àmW{‘H${ejUmÀ¶m gmd©ÌrH$sH$aUmgmR>r Mmbdbo Jobobo EH$ à‘wI A{^¶mZ AgyZ ¶mMo CX²Xoí¶nwT>rbà‘mUo :

ho gw{ZpíMV H$aUo {H$ gd© ~mbHo$, emioV ¶mdoV Oo {dÚmWu embm~mø Amho, Ë¶m§Zm {deofemioÀ¶m {d{dY ¶moOZmZr, Ogo {ejU h‘r ¶moOZm, d¡H$pënH$ VWm ZdmMmar emim àUmbr¶m A§VJ©V ZmdZm|XUr H$amdr. ~°H$ Qy> ñHy$b (emioH$S>o Mbm) A{^¶mZ 2003 n¶ªV nyU©H$aÊ¶mgmR>r R>a{dÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo Á¶mbm Z§Va 2005 n¶ªV H$mbmdYr dmT>dÊ¶mV Ambm.

df© 2007 n¶ªV gd© ~mbHo$ 5 dfmªMr àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aVrb.

df© 2010 n¶ªV gd© ~mbHo$ 8 dfmªMr àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aVrb.

g§VmofOZH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmoda â AgyZ OrdZmgmR>r {ejU ¶mda {deof âAmho. ¶màH$mao JwUdÎmmnyU© àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV {dÚmÏ¶mªZm OrdZ H$m¡eë¶ {eH$dbo OmdoV.

df© 2010 n¶ªV gmd©{ÌH$ AdYmaUm / Ad~moY ¶m ì¶{Var³V àmW{‘H$ JwUdÎmmnyU©{ejUm‘Yrb qbJ oX, Am{U gm‘m{OH$ A§Va Zmhrgo Ho$ë¶mZ§Va gd© {dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶oàmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m nyV©VoZ§Va emim Z gmoS>Ê¶mda â {Xbm Jobm.

amï>r¶ {demb YmoaUmÀ¶m nm¶mda ñWm{ZH$ JaOm§da AmYm[aV {Z¶moOZ H$aUo.

6.4 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘ åhUyZ AmamIS>m

g§ñWmJV gwYmaUm : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo H$m¶©Hw$ebVm àJV H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo H|$Ð VgoMamÁ¶ gaH$ma Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m gwYmaUm H$aVrb. amÁ¶mMo e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ, emioVrbCnbãYrñVa, {dÎmr¶ KQ>H$, {dH|$ÐrH$aU {ejH$ âVr, ‘m°ZrQ>atJ Am{U ‘w»¶m§H$Z, g‘wXm¶ñdm{‘Ëd amÁ¶ {ejU A{^¶mZ, ‘wbtMo AZwgy{MV Om{V / O‘m{V Am{U d§{MV g‘whmVrb‘wbm§Mo {ejU VgoM nyd© ~më¶mdñWoMr XoI^mb g‘mdoeZ. ¶m§Mo {ejU àUmbrMo EH$ àH$maodñVw{Zð> ‘wë¶m§H$Z H$amdo bmJob. AZoH$ amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o Amnbr àmW{‘H$ {ejU àUmbrMo EH$àH$mao dñVw{Zð> ‘ë¶m§H$Z H$amdo bmJob. AZoH$ amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o Amnbr àmW{‘H$ {ejU àUmbrMrg§MmbZ à{H«$¶oV n{hë¶mnmgyZM ~aoMgo nardV©Z H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo AmhoV.

emídV {dÎmr¶Vm : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ ho ¶m VH$m©da AmYm[aV Amho {H$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMremídV {dÎmr¶Îmm hr {Za§Va am{hbr nm{hOo. ¶mgmR>r H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶mÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘VyZ {dÎmr¶^mJrXmar‘Ü¶o EH$ XrK©H$mbrZ hoVy§Mr AWdm KQ>H$m§Mr A{Zdm¶©Vm Amho.

g‘wXm¶ ñdm{‘Ëd : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmgmR>r ho Amdí¶H$ Amho H$s à^mdr {dH|${ÐH$aUmÛmaoemim AmYm[aV H$m¶©H«$‘m§‘Ü¶o bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mMo ghmæ¶ KoÊ¶mV ¶mdo. ¶m‘Ü¶o gwYmaUmH$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘{hbm, J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrÀ¶m gXñ¶ VWm n§Mm¶V amOÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zmgh^mJr H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo.



Notes

g§ñWm{ZH$ j‘Vm {Z‘m©U : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ§VJ©V EZ. ¶y. B©. nr. E. EZ. gr. gr. B©. Ama.Q>r, NIEPA / NCERT / NCTE / SCERT / SIEMAT/ DTET Am{U amÁ¶ ñVr¶r¶g§ñWm§Mr j‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr‘Ü¶o y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© g‘Obr OmVo.

JwUdÎmo‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm : JwUdÎmo‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {deofk Am{U g§ñWm§Mr EH$ AI§S>ghmæ¶H$ àUmbrMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo.

‘wb^yV e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZmV gwYmaUm : ¶mgmR>r g§ñWmJV {dH$mg, ZdrZ ZdrZ nÕVtMmà^mdr VWm ¶eñdr à¶moJ {ejU àUmbt‘Ü¶o H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

nyU© nmaX{e©H$Vo~am~oa g‘wXm¶AmYm[aV ‘m°{ZQ>atJ : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘m‘Ü¶o‘m°{ZQ>atJ àUmbrMm à¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ àUmbr, gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ, VgoMgd}YUmVyZ àmßV bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mÀ¶m gwMZm Am{U emim ñVamVrb AmamIS>çmV g‘Ýd¶ hmoUoAmdí¶H$ Amho. ¶m ì¶{V[a³V àË¶oH$ emiobm àmá AZwXmZmg{hV gd© àH$maÀ¶m gyMZm§Zm BVaemim§‘Ü¶o àgma H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.

dñVr {Z¶moOZ àH$aU ñdê$nmV : dñVr AmYm[aV ¶moOZm ¶m {Oëhm ¶moOZoMm AmYma~ZVrb

g‘wXm¶màVr CÎmaXm{¶Ëd : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZm§VJ©V {ejH$ Am{U nmbH$m§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZgh¶moJmMr H$ënZm Ho$br OmVo. VgoM ho gd© g‘wXm¶màVr CÎmaXm¶r Am{U nmaXeu AgVrb.

‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmg àmYmÝ¶ : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmV ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmH$S>o àm‘w»¶mZo AZwgw{MVOm{V / O‘m{V VgoM Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJm©Vrb ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmg àmYmÝ¶H«$‘ XoÊ¶mV AmbmAmho.

{deof g‘wXm¶m§da â : e¡j{UH$ à{H«$¶oV AZwgy{MV Om{V / O‘m{V, Aëng§»¶mH$ g‘whehar d§{MV ~mbHo$, BVa d§{MV g‘wh Am{U {deof JaOm AgUmar ~mbH$m§Zm g‘m{dï> H$aUoVgoM ^mJrXmar ~ZdÊ¶mda â {Xbm OmB©b.

{ejH$m§Mr ^y{‘H$m : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMm hm {dídmg Amho. {H$ {ejH$m§Mr y{‘H$m AË¶§V‘hÎdnyU© Am{U H|$pÝÐ¶ Amho. VgoM Ë¶m§À¶m {dH$mgmË‘H$ JaOm§d¶a â {Xbm OmVmo. ¶mgmR>rI§S> g§gmYZ H|$Ð ³bñQ>a g§Hw$b g§gmYZ H|$Ð, ¶mo½¶ {ejH$m§Mr âVr, nmR>çH«$‘m§g§~§{YVAmdí¶H$ gmYZgm‘wJ«rMm {dH$mg B. ‘Ü¶o gh^mJr H$ê$Z Am{U {ejH$m§gmR>r A{^Xe©Z àË¶joQ>tMo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo OmVo H$maU. {ejH$m§gmR>r A{^Xe©Z àË¶j oQ>tMo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo OmVo

H$maU {ejH$m§Mm ‘mZdr g§gmYZmÀ¶m ñdê$nmV {dH$mg hmoD$ eHo$b.

{Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejU ¶moOZm : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmÀ¶m AmamIS>çmZwgma àË¶oH$ {OëhmñdV:Mo EH$ {Oëhm ñVar¶ àmW{‘H$ {ejU ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aVrb Á¶m‘Ü¶o gd© àH$maÀ¶mjoÌmV Amdí¶H$ AgUmè¶m gwMZm§Mr A‘b~OmdUr H$aVm ¶oB©b.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmV gaH$maMr d ImOJr ^mJrXmar : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ ¶m Jmoï>rbm‘mZVmo {H$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUm§Mr à{H«$¶m ‘w»¶V: gaH$mar Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm§Mr ghmæ¶ÎmmKodyZM emioV nyU© hmoVo. na§Vw XoemVrb {d{dY ^mJm§‘Ü¶o ~è¶mM Aem g§ñWm AmhoV {H$ Á¶mImOJr AgyZ XoIrb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo CÎmaXm{¶Ëd pñdH$maV AmhoV. Jar~ dJm©Vrb Hw$Qy>§~XoemVrb {d{dY ^mJm§‘Ü¶o Mmb{dë¶m OmUmè¶m ImOJr emioV ewëH$ / {’$ Xody eH$V ZmhrV.na§Vw H$mhr Aem ImOJr emim AmhoV {H$ Ë¶m§Mo ewëH$ gm‘mÝ¶ AgVo Am{U OoWo Jar~{dÚmÏ¶mªZm {ejU XoÊ¶mMr à{H«$¶m MmbVo. ¶mVrb H$mhr emim§‘Ü¶o gw{dYm§Mr H$‘VaVm {XgyZ¶oVo Am{U {ejH$m§Zm H$‘r doVZ {Xbo OmVo. gaH$ma ¶mgmR>r gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ Am{U {ejUmg



Notes

àmYmÝ¶ XodyZ ghmæ¶Vm XoV Amho gaH$mar Am{U ImOJr gh^mJ BVa AZoH$ ^mJm§‘Ü¶onhm¶bm {‘iVmo. CXm. ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ XÿgarH$S>o Oa ImOJr joÌ Amnë¶m à¶ËZm§VyZ gaH$maremioÀ¶m pñWVr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUmË‘H$ ~Xb H$aV Agob Va gaH$mar Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm§Mogh^mJrËd A{Zdm¶© Amho.

6.5 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmg§~§{YV {dÎmr¶ ‘mZX§S>

¶m A{^¶mZmA§VJ©V H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶mH$Sy>Z àmßV ghmæ¶Vm Xa Zdì¶m. n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoVrb85:15 Mm Agob. Xhmì¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoV 75:25 Mm Agob Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va hm Xa 50:50

Agob.

^maV gaH$ma amÁ¶ gaH$mabm Am{U H|$Ðem{gV amÁ¶m§Zm ZdrZ AZwXmZ XoB©b Oa Agogw{ZpíMV hmoB©b {H$ ‘mJrb AZwXmZ a³H$‘ amÁ¶ H$m¶m©pÝdV gmogm¶Q>rÀ¶m ImË¶m§‘Ü¶o IM©Ho$bobr a³H$‘ / IM© Ho$bobm Agob VaM nwT>rb AZwXmZmMr a³H$‘ {‘iob.

àmW{‘H$ {ejm n{hë¶mnmgyZ Mmbboë¶m ZdrZ ¶moOZm, Zddr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoZ§Va EH${ÌVHo$ë¶m OmVrb. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr nmofUmË‘H$ ghmæ¶VmMo amï>r¶ H$m¶©H«$‘ (‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ)EH$ {d{eï> H$m¶©H«$‘ AgyZ Ë¶m‘Ü¶o AÝZ Am{U dmhZ IM© H|$Ð gaH$ma XoB©b Am{U AÝZ{eOdÊ¶mgmR>r ¶oUma IM© amÁ¶ gaH$ma XoB©b.

Omo {ZYr gwYmaUmË‘H$ à¶moJ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r emimAÜ¶mnZ, AÜ¶mnZ gmYZgm‘wJ«r ¶m§MrXoIaoI ¶mgmR>r ñWmZrH$ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr Ogo J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘Vr/ emim ì¶dñWmnZg{‘Vr, J«m‘ n§Mm¶V B. g‘wXm¶m§Zm A§V w©V Ho$bo OmB©b.

ñH$m°baern, ¶w{Z’$m°‘©Mm IM© gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmVyZ amÁ¶ gaH$ma H$aob.

6.6 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmV emim VgoM BVa g§~§{YV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg

Ogo AmnU OmUVmo {H$, àmW{‘H$ {ejU ho amÁ¶mMo CÎma Xm{¶Ëd Amho. na§Vw àmW{‘H${ejUmMo {dÎmr¶Vm H|$Ð gaH$maXoIrb H$aVo Ë¶mMo ’$bñdê$n amÁ¶ gaH$ma nm¶m yVgmo¶rgw{dYm {ejH$ âVr {ejH$ à{ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r A{Var³V {dÎmr¶ g§gmYZm§Mm à¶moJ H$ê$eH$VmV. VgoM gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ ^m¡{VH$ Am{U ‘mZdr g§gmYZ hoVybm {deofV: dJ©Imoë¶m,nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo dmQ>n, {ejH$ {Z¶wp³V Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo nyU© ¶e àmá H$ê$eH$bobo Zmhr.

d¡H$pënH$ VgoM ZdrZ {ejU nÕVr

i) AIE - gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr CnbãYVm gw{ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d¡H$pënH$Am{U ZdZdrZ nÕVtMr ‘hËdnyU© y{‘H$m Amho. Am{Xdmgr Am{U g‘yÐVQ>r¶ joÌm§VamhUmè¶m Cno{jV Am{U gw{dYmd§{MV g‘yhmVrb ~mbH$m§Mm {ejUmV gh^mJ {ZpíMVH$aÊ¶mgmR>r {d{dY H$m¶©ZrVr {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mV Ambobr AmhoV.

ii) bmoH$godm H$m¶© (Civil works) - gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmV bmoH$ godm H$m¶© EH$ ‘hÎdnwU©KQ>H$ Amho. ¶m KQ>H$mA§VJ©V ¶moOZoMo 33% Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao {ZénU Ho$bo OmVo emioMrnm¶m yV gw{dYm dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ~mbH$m§Mo {ejU Am{U Ad~moY dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ghmæ¶Vm{‘iVo Am{U ¶m XmoÝhr ~m~r gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo ‘hÎdmMo CÔoí¶ AmhoV. ¶m ì¶{V[a³V¶m§Zm e¡j{UH$ ghmæ¶Vm {‘iVo Ë¶mVyZ emioMm JwUdÎmm {dH$mg hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV {‘iVo.

iii) ZdZdrZ CnH«$‘ - gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ§VJ©V H$mhr Ago ZdrZ CnH«$‘ Mmbdbo OmVmV {H$Oo ~mbH$m§Zm emioV IoMyZ AmUUo Am{U AÜ¶¶Z H$aÊ¶mg ghmæ¶ yV AmhoV ¶mVrb H$mhr



Notes

‘hÎdnyU© ¶moOZmnyd© ~më¶mdñWm XoI^mb Am{U {ejU AZwgy{MV Om{V /O‘mqVMo {ejUAm{U g§JUH$ {ejU BË¶mXr. gd© CnH«$‘ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$aUmgmR>r nmofH$AgyZ ¶m‘wio ‘wbm§Zm {ejUmV ê${M, AmdS>, AmZ§X {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.

iv) g§emoYZ Am{U ‘wë¶‘mnZ - ¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m A§VJ©V g§emoYZ, ‘wë¶m§H$Z n¶©dojU, ‘m°{ZQ>atJ¶m ~m~r ¶oVmV {deofV: Imbrb {H«$¶mH$ënm§Mm ¶m‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

joÌ AmYm[aV ‘m°{ZQ>[aJgmR>r {deofkm§Mm g§M ~Z{dbm OmVmo.

{Z¶{‘V ñdê$nmV g‘wXm¶ AmYm[aV AmH$S>odmar EH${ÌV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo.

CnbãY narjU Am{U ‘wë¶‘mnZ AÜ¶¶Z Ho$bo OmVo.

g§emoYZ H$m¶} Ho$bo OmVmV.

{Oëøm§‘Ü¶o OoWo ‘{hbm gmjaVm H$‘r Amho {VWo {deof H$m¶m©da â {Xbm OmVmo.

AZwgy{MV Om{V O‘m{V‘Yrb ‘wbtMo {eUmMo {deof àH$mao ‘m°{ZQ>atJ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo.

{ejU ì¶dñWmnZ ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmda {deof IM© Ho$bm OmVmo.

Ñí¶ ‘m°{ZQ>atJ àUmbrgmR>r V³Vo, nmoñQ>a, ñHo$M noZ, Amo. EM. nr., ÑH²$lmì¶ CnH$aUoB. da IM© Ho$bm OmVmo.

v) emim AZwXmZ - ¶m ¶moOZo A§VJ©V àË¶oH$ emiobm 2,000 é. AZwXmZmÀ¶m ñdénmV {XboOmVo. ¶m AZwXmZmV 1000 én¶o emioÀ¶m J« §Wmb¶mÀ¶m gw{dYm§‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>rAm{U Cd©arV a³H$‘ 1000 é. Iam~ Pmboë¶m embo¶ CnH$aUm§Zm XÿéñV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$bmOmVmo. ¶m ì¶{V[a³V Cd©arV a³H$‘oMm Cn¶moJ emim gwemo{^H$aU - ’${Z©Ma Xÿê$ñVr, dmÚ¶§ÌmMr IaoXr dm Xÿê$ñVr Am{U emioMm gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.

vi) {ejH$ AZwXmZ - dJm©Zwgma g§nmXZm‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U {ejH$ghmæ¶H$ gmYZ gm‘wJ«r {Z{‘©VrgmR>r àË¶oH$ emiobm 500 ê$ Mr AZwXmZ a³H$‘ {Xbr OmVo.

vii) {ejH$ à{ejU - AmnU OmUVmo {H$, gd© ‘wbm§Zm JwUdÎmm nyU© {ejU àXmZ H$aUo ho gd©{ejm A{^¶mZmMm ‘w»¶ hoVy Amho. VgoM ¶m ¶moOZoA§VJ©V {ejH$m§Zm gVV ¶mo½¶ doirà{ejU XoUo ho XoIrb ¶m ¶moOZoMm hoVy Amho H$maU JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU ho JwUdÎmm¶w³V{ejH$mda AmYm[aV Amho.

¶m à{ejUmgmR>r {deof H$m¶©ZrVr nwT>rb à‘mUo gm§JVm ¶oVrb.

{ejH$m§Zm à{e{jV H$aUo VgoM nwZ: à{ejU XoUo.

¶m à{ejUmÛmao {ejH$m§Zm ZdrZ nmR>çH«$‘ Am{U nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z {XbrOmVo.

{ejH$m§Zm amï>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m (NCF) ¶mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo.

narjoVrb gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>rMo Cnm¶ gwM{dUo

loUr àUmbr Am{U ‘wë¶‘mnZ d J«oS>tJMo à^md ñnï> H$aUo.

{ejH$m§Zm g‘mdo{eV {ejUmgmR>r à{ejU XoUo.

JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejUmMr ¶moOZm ~ZdyZ Vr H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aUo.{ejH$ à{ejUmMo H$m¶© S>mBQ> (DIET) H$S>o Amho. DIET {ejH$ à{ejUmg§~§Yr JaOm

AmoiIyZ AZwHy$b {ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU ¶moOZm H$m¶©H«$‘ V¶ma H$aVmV. ¶m àH$mao à{ejUmMrJwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ¶mV gwYmaUm Ho$br OmVo. {Oëhm{Zhm¶ 300-350 g§gmYZ {ejH$ V¶ma Ho$boOmVmV.



Notes

àmW{‘H$ {ejH$m§Zm e¡j{UH$ à{H«$¶m, ~mb ‘mZgemó, AÜ¶mnZ, ‘wë¶‘mnZ, à{H«$¶mAm{U nmbH$ à{ejUmgmR>r à{ejU {Xbo OmVo.

XÿañW {ejU - XÿañW {ejU H$m¶©H«$‘ (DEP) hm gd© {ejm A{^¶mZm EH$ amï>r¶ KQ>H$AgyZ ^maV gaH$maÀ¶m ‘mZd g§gmYZÛmam g§M{bV Amho. XÿañW {ejU H$m¶©H«$‘mbmH$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mMo Xm{¶Ëd B½Zybm gmon{dÊ¶mV Ambobo AgyZ Ë¶m amÁ¶ d H|$Ðem{gV àXoeghmæ¶ XoV AmhoV. {ejH$ VgoM àmW. {ejUmer g§~§{YV gd© H$‘©Mmè¶m§Mo ge³VrH$aUH$aÊ¶mgmR>r gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMr ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© Amho. ¶mÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ dJ©AÜ¶mnZmbm ~hÿAm¶m‘r n°Ho$O gmaIo ñd¶§-AÜ¶¶Z gm{hË¶ ÑH$-lmì¶ H$m¶©H«$‘ ao{S>AmoAmH$medmUr ~«m°S>H$mñQ> Q>obr H$m°Ý’$aÝgtJ B. Zo ào[aV Ho$bo OmVo. emioMo XÿañW {ejUmerHo$di EH$ ‘moR>m OZg‘wXm¶ OmoS>Uo e³¶ Zmhr. ¶mÀ¶mer Vwåhr gh‘V Zgmb na§Vw ¶mÛmaogdmªZm EH$gmaIo g‘mZ à{ejU {‘iy eH$Vo.

6.7 ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ ì¶dñWm Am{U Ë¶mMo gd© {eYm A{^¶mZmVrb à‘wI ¶moJXmZ

‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ ¶moOZ (Mid day meal - MDM) ^maVmV EH$ bmoH${à¶ ^moOZm AgyZ{VMm àma§ 1960 À¶m XeH$mV Pmbm. ho AmnUmg ‘mhrVM Amho. ¶m ¶moOZoAZwgma emioÀ¶m gd©H$m‘mÀ¶m {Xder {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ‘mo’$V ^moOZ {Xbo OmVo. ¶m ¶moOZoMm ‘w»¶ hoVy Agm H$s, {dÚmWuemioV CnmernmoQ>r amhÿ Z¶oV, {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m ZmdZm|XUrV dmT> VgoM A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wbm§Mr CnpñWVrdmT>{dUo Agm Amho. ¶m ì¶{Var³V ¶m ¶moOZoMr ’$bàmár åhUOo gd© OmVr Y‘m©Mo {dÚmWu EH$Ì~gyZ EH$mM àH$maMo AÞ J«hU H$aVrb. Á¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$aUmV dmT> hmoB©b Am{UHw$nmofUmMm gm‘Zm H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶m ¶moOZoMm AàË¶j bm^ Agm hmoB©b H$s ‘{hbm§Zm ì¶dgm¶àmár hmoB©b d Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Mo gm‘m{OH$ ge{H$VH$aU hmoB©b.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmbm nmofU g§~§Yr ghmæ¶Vm XoÊ¶mgmR>rMo amï>r¶ H$m¶©H«$‘

¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m§À¶m à{H«$¶oA§VJ©V ^maV gaH$ma emim§Zm ‘mo’$V AÞYmÝ¶ XoB©b Am{U AÞ{eÎmO{dÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶w³V AÞ nXmW© gmYZ gm‘J«rMr IaoXrMr qH$‘V amÁ¶ gaH$ma XoB©b.

gd© {eYm A{^¶mZmVrb {d{dY ‘mZX§S>

1. d¡H$pënH$ VgoM ZdrZ {ejU nÕVr (AIE)

2. bmoH$ H$m¶©

3. ZdZdrZ {H«$¶mH$ën

4. {dÚmb¶ AZwXmZ

5. g§emoYZ Am{U ‘wë¶m§H$Z (R & E)

6. {ejH$ AZwXmZ

7. {ejH$ AZwXmZ

8. XÿañW {ejU



Notes

H$maU, A{YH$Va amÁ¶ gaH$ma ¶m H$m¶m©gmR>r gh‘V hmoVo. VogM, ^maV gaH$maH$Sy>Z àmáAÞYmÝ¶ {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m nmbH$m§n¶ªV gaH$maH$Sy>Z nmohM{dÊ¶mV ¶oD$ bmJbo. ¶m à{H«$¶obm Dry

Rations à{H«$¶m åhQ>bo Jobo. na§Vw Zmoìh|~a 2001 ‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mMo gaH$mabm gy{MV Ho$boJobo H$s Ë¶m A§VJ©V ‘wbm§Zm {eO{dbobo AÞ XoÊ¶mMr VaVyX XoÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶m AmXoembm OyZ2002 nmgyZ bmJy H$amd¶mMo hmoVo. na§Vw ~è¶mMí¶m gaH$maZo hm AmXoe ’o$Q>miyZ bmdbm. Ë¶mZ§VaÝ¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m X~mdmH$maUmZo Am{U ^moOZmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mÀ¶m H$maUmñVa amÁ¶ gaH$maZo{eOdbobo AÞ XoÊ¶mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. ‘o 2004 ‘Ü¶o H|$Ð gaH$maH$Sy>Z ho R>a{dÊ¶mV Ambo H$s,AÞmMm nyU© IM© H|$Ð gaH$ma H$aob Am{U BVa Am{W©H$ IM© amÁ¶ gaH$maH$Sy>Z XoÊ¶mMo {ZpíMVH$aÊ¶mV Ambo.

6.8 gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmVrb ‘w»¶ ÌwQ>r / CUrdm Am{U gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ

¶eñdr H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r CnMmamË‘H$ Cnm¶

Imbr {Xboë¶m gmaUrMm Aä¶mg H$am. gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ ho dV©‘mZ pñVVr‘Ü¶o àmW{‘H${ejUmMm ‘w»¶ KQ>H$mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. na§Vw ¶m A{^¶mZmVH$moUH$moUË¶m ‘w»¶ CUrdm AmhoV Am{U Ë¶m Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUH$moUVo CnMmamË‘H$ Cnm¶H$aVm ¶oVrb Vo Imbrbà‘mUo :

H«$. MyH$m / CUrdm CnMmamË‘H$ Cnm¶

1) AmYm[aV ñVamda bmoH$m§Mmgh^mJ H$‘r à‘mUmV Amho.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r AmYm[aVñVamda bmoH$m§À¶m gh^mJmbm àmoËgm{hV H$aUoA{Zdm¶© Amho. Ë¶m‘wio H$m¶©H«$‘ ¶eñdr hmody eHo$b.

2) J«m‘rU {ejU / ì¶dñWmnZAm{U {dH$mg g{‘VtMrAZwnpñWVr

A{YH$Va amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o JQ> qH$dm emim ñVamda J«m‘rU{ejU g{‘Vr / emim ì¶dñWmnZ / Am{U {dH$mgg{‘Vr / ehar PmonS>nÅ>r ñVamdarb {ejU g{‘VrnmbH$-{ejH$ g§K B. ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶m§Mry{‘H$m Am{U H$m¶© {ZpíMV ñdê$nmV ñnï> H$aUo

Amdí¶H$ Amho.

3) à{ejU JaOm§Mr Am{Ug‘wXm¶mMo gh^mJrËd ¶m§Mmà^md ‘wë¶‘mnZ H$aUo ~mH$sAmho.

bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mMm gh^mJ Am{U g§~§{YV {H«$¶mH$bmMr¶moOZm Am{U Ë¶mMo àË¶j H$m¶©Ýd¶Z ¶mda gyMZm{‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r à{ejU AmamIS>m Am{U gd© {ejmA{^¶mZmMr àJVr Ahdmb ¶m§Mr nS>VmiUr Ho$brnm{hOo. {d{eï> H$m¶©ZrVrgmR>r EH$ ñd§¶{MV AmamIS>m~Z{dUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.

4) Aëng§»¶m§H$ Am{U d§{MVdJm©À¶m ‘wbtZm {ejUXoÊ¶mgmR>r ZdrZ nÕVtMmA^md Amho.

‘wbtMo {ejU nyU© ~më¶mdñWm XoI^mb Am{U {ejUAZwgy{MV Om{V/O‘mVr Aëng§»¶m§H$ g‘wXm¶, gw{dYmd§{MV {dÚmÏ¶mªMo {ejU Am{U Cƒ àmW{‘H$ñVamgmR>r g§JUH$ {ejUmg àoaUm XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.

5) ¶moOZm {Z‘m©U à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶obmoH$g‘wXm¶mÀ¶m gh^mJnyU©nUo KoÊ¶mV Ambobm Zmhr.

¶moOZm ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r à{H«$¶oV bmoH$g‘wXm¶m§Mm nwaogmgh^mJ Agmdm. VgoM H$‘©Mmè¶m§M j‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr‘Ü¶oghmæ¶Vm {Xbr nm{hOo. ¶moOZm {Z{‘©Vr à{H«$¶oVñWm{ZH$ {d{eï>Vm Am{U bmoH$m§À¶m e¡j{UH$ JaOm



Notes

Am{U BÀN>m à{Vq~{~V Pmbo nm{hOo ho gd© H$m‘g‘wXm¶ Am{U BVa ~mø g‘whmÀ¶m MMm©Ë‘H$~¡R>H$sVrb {ZîH$fmªda AmYmarV Agmdr.

6) d¶ qbJmZygma ~mbH$m§À¶mg§»¶oda AÚ¶mdV gyMZoMmA^md

Zmd Zm|XUr Am{U emim~mø {dÚmÏ¶m©Mr g§»¶m 6-14

df© d¶mÀ¶m ~mbH$m§Mr AÚ¶mdV gyMZm Or qbJ d d¶AZwgma, AZwgy{MV Om{V / O‘m{V, Aëng§»¶m§H$J«m‘rU, ehar Ñï>rZo Agmdr.

7) e¡j{UH$ à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o g§JUH$dmnam~m~V gyMZoMm A^md

g§JUH$ ghmæ¶mZo AÜ¶¶Z (CAL) Á¶m‘Ü¶o gaH$mar¶y. nr. Eg. Mr gma»¶m bm^mVuMr g§»¶m g§JUH$ghm[a¶V AÜ¶¶ZmV à{e{jV {ejH$ ¶m§Mr g§»¶mVgoM EH$ dfm©V àmá hmoUmè¶m ¶w. nr. Eg. Mr g§»¶m¶mda nyU©nUo gyMZm XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.

6.8.1 CnpñWVr dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r CnMmamË‘H$ Cnm¶

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmg g’$bVmnyd©H$ bmJy H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶w³V Cnm¶m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z{dÚmÏ¶m©À¶m CnpñWVr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aVm ¶oB©b.

Imbr {Xboë¶m gmaUr 6.2 n{hë¶m H$m°b‘‘Ü¶o g§ mì¶ H$maUm§{df¶r gm§JÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoH$s Á¶m‘wio {dÚmÏ¶mªZm emioV ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r AS>MUr ¶oVmV, AWdm ‘wbo emim~mø AgVmV.Xþgè¶m H$m°b‘‘Ü¶o g§ mì¶ H$m¶©ZrVrdarb Cnm¶ gwM{dbobo AmhoV.

{dÚmWu emim~mø AgÊ¶mMr H$maUo dJm©V CnpñWVr dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r g§ mì¶ Cnm¶

‘wbm§Zm KamgmR>r CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>rH$m‘ H$amdo.

nmbH$m§Zm ho g‘OmdyZ {Xbo nm{hOo H$s,emioV OmUo ho AmB©-d{S>bm§gmR>r bm^àXJmoï> Amho.

{ZY©ZVm / Am{W©H$ H$maU e¡j{UH$ H$Omª‘Ü¶o dmT> H$aUo.

KaJwVr H$m‘m§‘Ü¶o ghmæ¶Vm ÚmdrbmJVo.

AmB©-d{S>bm§‘Ü¶o OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©UH$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho.

AmB© d{S>bm§Zm {ejUmMo ‘hÎdmMrOmUrd Zmhr.

nmbH$m§‘Ü¶o ¶mg§X^m©V OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©UHo$br nm{hOo.

N>moQ>çm ~hrU ^mdm§Mr XoI^mb H$amdrbmJVo.

nmbH$m§‘Ü¶o ¶mg§X^m©V OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©UHo$br nm{hOo.

emioMr pñWVr gw{dYmOZH$ Zmhr. {dÚÏ¶m©À¶m KamOdi emim ñWmnZ H$ê$ZË¶m§Zm ¶oÊ¶mOmÊ¶mgmR>r àdmgmÀ¶m gmo¶rgw{dYm {Xë¶m nm{hOo.

{dÚmWu emar[aH$ / ‘mZ{gH$[aË¶mAmOmar Agob Va

{ejH$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ Vo à{ejU {Xbo OmdoAm{U Ë¶m§Zm {deofV: ‘mZdr ì¶dhmamg§~§YrH$m¡eë¶m§Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo JaOoMo Amho.

{dÚmÏ¶mªMo d¶ emioV OmÊ¶mgmR>r H$‘rAgVo.

Cn¶w³V gmo¶rgw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶mnm{hOoV.



Notes

emioV AÜ¶mnZ H$m¶© AmZ§XXm¶H$Zmhr.

Ho$. Or. Mo dJ© dmT>{dÊ¶mV Ambo nm{hOoV.

{dÚmÏ¶mªgmo~V {ejH$mMo dV©Z ¶mo½¶Zmhr.

AÜ¶mnZmV AmYy{ZH$ AÜ¶mnZ nÕVtMmà¶moJ Ho$bm nm{hOo.

EH$mM B¶ÎmoV dma§dma Zmnmg hmoUo. {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 ‘Ü¶o{ZYm©arV Ho$boë¶m ¶moOZm§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bmOmdm.

{dÚmWu Aä¶mgmV éMr AmdS> KoVZmhr.

nmR>çH«$‘mg {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ¶mo½¶Vm Am{UAmdí¶H$VoZwgma énm§VarV H$amdo.

{H«$¶mH$ën - 1

1) {dÚmÏ¶m©Mr g§»¶m dmT>rgmR>r H$moUVohr nmM Cnm¶ gwMdm.

6.9 {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 Am{U gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo

EH$ÌrH$aU / g§¶moJrH$aU

1 E{àb 2010 nmgyZ {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ bmJy H$aÊ¶mV Ambm Amho. ¶mA{Y{Z¶‘mA§VJ©V 6 - 14 df© d¶mÀ¶m àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mg Ë¶mÀ¶m KamOdirb emioV àmW{‘H${ejU {Xbo OmB©b.

na§Vw ¶m pñWVr‘Ü¶o àmW{‘H$ Am{U CÀM àmW{‘H$ emim§À¶m H$‘VaVo‘wio A{YH$marñVamdarb àUmbr H$moUË¶m àH$maMo e¡j{UH$ A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mg e¡j{UH$ gÌmV bmJyH$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVr ¶moOZm ‘ZdVmV hr nmhÊ¶mgmaIr ~m~ Amho. gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmA§VJ©V{ZYm©arV ‘mnZX§S>mZwgma ~mbH$m§Zm ‘mo’$V VgoM g³VrMo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm A{YH$ma Amho. ^maVgaH$maÀ¶m ‘mZX§S>mZwgma àË¶oH$ 300 bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmè¶m ^mJm§gmR>r EH$ {H$. ‘r. A§VamdaàmW{‘H$ emim Agmdr Am{U 800 bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmè¶m ^mJm§gmR>r XmoZ {H$. ‘r. A§Vamda EH$Cƒ àmW{‘H$ emim Agmdr. gÜ¶m ~o{gH$ {ejU {d^mJmÀ¶m aoH$m°S>© AZwgma {OëømV 1032

àmW{‘H$ emim Am{U 352 Cƒ àmW{‘H$ emim AmhoV. ¶mì¶{V[a³V {OëømV 780 AÝ¶ ‘mÝ¶Vmàmá àmW{‘H$ emim Am{U 570 Cƒ àmW{‘H$ emim AmhoV. ¶m g§»¶m§Zm EH$Ì Ho$bo Va {OëømVEHy$U 1912 àmW{‘H$ emim AgyZ 929 Cƒ àmW{H$ emim AmhoV. na§Vw gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmÀ¶m‘mZX§S>mZwgma Á¶m {OëømV 31-38-671 bmoH$g§»¶m (2001 Mr OZJUZm) Agob, 10432

àmW{‘H$ emim VgoM 3923 Cƒ àmW{‘H$ emim AgUo JaOoMo Amho. VgoM àË¶oH$ {OëømV BVaAÝ¶ ImOJr, J¡agaH$mar emim Am{U ‘Xago AmhoV.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H|${Ð¶ gaH$maMo AË¶§V ‘hÎdnyU© H$m¶©H«$‘ AgyZ Ë¶mMr gwédmV2001 ‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶m Ambr. {ZYm©[aV doioÀ¶m AmV àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo hm¶mMm hoVy Amho. ¶m ¶moOZobm amÁ¶ gaH$ma A§VJ©V bmJy H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. emim~mø {dÚmWu(6-14 df© d¶mMo) ¶m§Zm {d{dY H$m¶©ZrVtMm dmna H$ê$Z {ejUmÀ¶m ‘w»¶ àdmhmV AmUUo Am{UË¶m§Zm 8 dfu¶ àmW{‘H$ {ejU XoUo hm ¶m ¶moOZoMm ‘w»¶ H|$Ðq~Xÿ Amho. ho H$m¶© 2010 n¶ªV nyU©



Notes

H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. na§Vw nyU© Pmbo Zmhr. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m 86 ì¶m g§{dYmZ XÿéñVrZwgma,àmW{‘H$ {ejUmbm ‘wb yV A{YH$mamMm XOm© XoÊ¶mV Ambm Amho Am{U AmVm 2009 ‘Ü¶o 1 E{àb2010 nmgyZ ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrMo {ejU A{YH$ma bmJy H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. ¶mMm AW© åhUOoàË¶oH$ ~mbH$ ~m{bH$m 6-14 df© d¶mVrb emioV Ambo nm[hOoV. ¶m ¶moOZoMr nyV©Vm H$aUo hoAmnbo H$V©ì¶ Amho.

amï>r¶ ñVamda A{Ib ^maVr¶ e¡j{UH$ gd}jUmZwgma XoeâmV 3878 ehar H|$Ð AgmdoVÁ¶mMr A§XmOo bmoH$g§»¶m 195 H$amoS> Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o EHy$U emim 74546 AgyZ àmW{‘H${ejUmÀ¶m gd© gmo¶rgw{dYm CnbãY AmhoV. ¶mì¶{V[a³V Vwåhmbm ¶mMr OmUrd Amho H$s 5 Vo 14

df© d¶mMo 12 bmI ^maVr¶ ~mbHo$ Ago AmhoV H$s Oo {Z{‘©Vr Am{U CËnmXZmgma»¶mYmoH$mXm¶H$ ì¶dgm¶mV H$m‘ H$aV AmhoV.

{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 À¶m gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMr ì¶mnH$Vm Am{UH$m¶©Ýd¶mMr H$m¶©ZrVtgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Amho Am{U ho A{Zdm¶© Amho H$s, gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMoñdê$n, H$m¶©ZrVr VgoM ‘mZX§S> ¶m§Mo {ejUmMo A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mgmo~V ‘oi Agbm nm{hOo. ¶mg§X^m©V ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb¶mZo lr A{Zb ~mo{S>©¶m ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr EH$ g{‘VrñWmnZ Ho$br Or gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ Am{U {ejU A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ ¶mgmR>r Cn¶w³VH$m¶©dmhrgmR>r Cnm¶ gwMdob.

6.10 gmam§e

darb àH$aU àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU g§~§Yr H$m¶©ZrVr II ¶m‘Ü¶o gd© {ejmA{^¶mZmMr nmíd© y‘r d Ë¶mÀ¶m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo. VgoM àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶mgmd©{ÌH$aUmV àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo ¶moJXmZ ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. VgoM nwT>o gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo CÔoe¶m A{^¶mZmMr ì¶yh aMZm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. ¶m g§X^m©V AmnU ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ ì¶dñWoÀ¶m¶moJ XmZmda MMm© Ho$br Am{U H$er {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m embo¶ Ad~moY Am{U CnpñWV d¥Õr Pmbr VoAmnU nm{hObo. gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmÀ¶m ‘mZX§S>mda {dMma Ho$bm. eodQ>r {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r {ejUmMrCnbãYVm dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r emioV H$moU H$moUË¶m gmo¶r gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm nm{hOo VgoM Ama.Q>r. B©. A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 Am{U gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ ¶m§Mo g§¶moJrH$aU ¶mMr g‘rjm Ho$br.

6.11 g§X^© J«§W

www.education for all india. com

www.indianexpress.com/news/lesson-learnt-mp-monitors-ss

depssa.ignou.ac.in/wiki/index.php/publicetions.

feb 2010 - Bhamika : A Hand Book on Roles as Responsibilities of HeadMastens/Head Techers under SSA Bihar, A Guide Book for Early child care.

6.12 KQ>H$ Aä¶mg

1) gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo ‘wb yV bjU H$moUVo Amho?

2) n[agamVrb 6 - 14 df© d¶mVrb {dÚmWu gd© {ejm A{^¶mZm§VJ©V {ejU KoV AgVrb VaË¶mMm Ahdmb V¶ma H$am.

gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo Am¶moOZ d ì¶dñWmnZ


Notes

KQ>H$ 7 : gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo Am¶moOZ dì¶dñWmnZ

CnKQ>H$ :

7.0 àñVmdZm7.1 AÜ¶¶Z CÔoí¶7.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmMo {dH|${ÐH$aU

7.2.1 H|${ÐH¥$V A§VJ©V {dH|${ÐH¥$V àUmbr7.2.2 {dH|${ÐH$aUmda ^maVmMm AZw d

7.3 gyú‘ ñVamda {Z¶moOZ7.3.1 {Z¶moOZmMm AW©7.3.2 bmoH$g‘wXm¶ à wËd7.3.3 gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ à{H«$¶oV g‘wXm¶ gh^mJr H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m {d{dY nm¶è¶m7.3.4 S>r. B©. Amo., S>r. Ama. gr. (S>mBQ>), ~r. B©. Amo (~r. Ama. gr.) Am{U gr. B©. Amo.

(gr. Ama. gr) ¶m§À¶m y{‘H$m Am{U H$V©ì¶7.4 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV A{YemgZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ g§~§Yr AS>MUr

7.4.1 A{êmgZmg§~§Yr g‘ñ¶m7.4.2 {ejH$m§Mr âVr Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ7.4.3 emim ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrMr y{‘H$m

7.5 emim ì¶dñWmnZoÛmao {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 (Ama. Q>r. AmB©. E³Q> 2009)

7.6 à^mdr ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U j‘Vm {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ZoQ>dH©$7.6.1 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$aUmÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r gyMZm VgoM g§àofU

V§ÌkmZ (AmB©. gr. Q>r.)7.6.2 emim ZoQ> H$m¶ Amho?7.6.3 emim ZoQ>Mo H$m¶© Am{U gw{dYm7.6.4 emim ZoQ> - EH$ e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ gyMZm àUmbr ñdê$nmV

7.7 Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWog§~§Yr AmamIS>m7.8 gmam§e7.9 g§X © J« §W7.10 KQ>H$ Aä¶mg

7.0 àñVmdZm

àH$aU 5 Am{U 6 ‘Ü¶o {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 ¶m A§VJ©V àmW{‘H${ejUmg gd© ~mbH$m§gmR>r (6 Vo 14 d¶ df©) ‘wb yV A{YH$ma ~Z{dÊ¶mV Ambm. ¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶oàmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aUmgmR>r Adb§{~bobr H$m¶©ZrVr gwÕm ñnï> H$aÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr. EH${ejH$mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV Amnbo ho H$V©ì¶ Amho H$s, {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ ¶mMr ‘yi ^mdZmAZwgma {Vbm emioV H$m¶m©pÝdV H$amdo. AmVmn¶ªVÀ¶m AZw dmVyZ gaH$ma gd© ~mbH$m§Zm Ae³VHw$nmo{fV, Aëng§»¶mH$ dJm©er g§~§{YV, àdmgr Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ~mbHo$ AZwgy{MV Om{V/O‘m{V,Am{Xdmgr ~mbHo$, embm~mø {dÚmWu Ago {dÚmWu H$s Á¶m§Mr ZmdZm|XUr Pmbobr Zgob, Vo‘Ü¶oM emim gmoS>bobo AgVrb Ë¶m§Zm AZoH$ à¶ËZm§VyZ emioV AmUÊ¶mM à¶ËZ H$aV AmhoV.



Notes

¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m H$m¶m©Ýd¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo danmgyZ {ZåZ ñVamn¶ªV {dñV¥V H$m¶©H«$‘ V¶maHo$bm Amho. H$maU {ejU gdm©n¶ªV nmohmoMbo Omdo. ¶m àH$aUmV AmnU {eH$Uma AmhmoV H$s, EH${ejH$mÀ¶m ê$nmV Vwåhr ¶m A{Y{Z¶‘ dm gaH$mar V§ÌmMm Cn¶moJ H$gm H$aUma AmhmV. OoUoH$ê$Z {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Ë¶m§Mm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mgmR>r ghmæ¶ H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶mgmR>r Vwåhmbm¶wB©. B©. Mm H$m¶m©pÝdV amï>r¶, amÁ¶, {Oëhm, VmbwH$m Am{U J«m‘rU ñVamda ¶moOZm~Õ H$go Ho$boOmVo. ¶m‘wio Vwåhmbm emiobm g§gmYZo CnbãY H$aÊ¶mgmR>rMo ‘mJ© ¶mgmR>r H$moUmer g§nH©$ H$amdmbmJVmo ho OmUyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV hmoB©b ¶m àH$maMo kmZ, emim VgoM ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ ñVamda{ZU©¶ à{H«$¶oV g‘W©nUo gh^mJr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ghmæ¶Vm H$aob.

7.1 AÜ¶¶Z CX²Xoí¶ :

¶m àH$aUmÀ¶m AÜ¶¶ZmVyZ AmnUmg ‘m{hVr hmoB©b H$s,

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©ÌrH$aUmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ g§gmYZmMr Zmdo gm§JVm ¶oVrb.

¶y. B©. gmR>r Cn¶w³V {d{dY ¶moOZm§Mo {ddoMZ H$aVm ¶oB©b.

emioÀ¶m Amgnmg joÌm§VyZ ¶oUmao {d{dY {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ¶oUmè¶m AS>Wù¶m§Mo {díbofU H$aVm¶oB©b.

Á¶m joÌmV emim AmhoV VoWo gXç bmoH$g‘wXm¶ g§gmYZm§À¶m CnbãYVoda MMm© H$aVm ¶oB©b.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmg ~mbH$m§gmR>r gwIX VgoM AZw mdYmarV ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r {deof[H«$¶mH$ënm§Mo {Z¶moOZ Am{U H$m¶m©Ýd¶ H$aVm ¶oB©b.

AÜ¶mnZ H$aVmZm Vw‘À¶mg‘moa ¶oUmar AmìhmZm§er gm‘Zm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmbH$, ñWm{ZH$àemgZ, ñWm{ZH$ ZoVo. {deofk VgoM AÝ¶ g§KQ>ZmÀ¶m y{‘H$m§Mo dU©Z H$aVm ¶oB©b.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©ÌrH$aUmÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZ VWm {Z¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r pñdH$mabobrH$m¶©ZrVr VgoM AmamIS>m ho EH$ g§X © q~Xÿ Mo H$m‘ H$aVo. CnbãY g§gmYZm§Mm Hw$ebVmnyd©H$Cn¶moJ H$aVmZm CÔoem§Mr àmár gmR>r EH$ gw{Z¶mo{OV ¶moOZm Agm A{^àm¶ ¶m H$m¶©ZrVr‘wio{‘iVmo.

7.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmMo {dH|$[ÐH$aU

H|${ÐV {déÕ {dH|${ÐV ì¶dñWmnZ

7.2.1 H|${ÐH¥$V {dH|${ÐH¥$V àUmbr

H$moUË¶mhr H|${ÐH¥$V {ejU àUmbr‘Ü¶o {ZU©¶ j‘Vm, ‘m°{ZQ>atJ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZmMo H$m¶©amï>r¶ ñVamda {ejU ‘§Ìmb¶mÀ¶m KmVm‘Ü¶o VgoM amÁ¶ ñVamda {ejU {d^mJmÀ¶m A§VJ©VH|${ÐV AgVo. H|$Ð VgoM amÁ¶ gaH$ma {ejU àUmbrÀ¶m gd© KQ>H$m§Mo {Z¶‘Z H$aVo. VgoM{Z¶§ÌU Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ, ¶moOZm {Z¶‘Z, {ejU doVZ, godmnyd© d godm§VJ©V à{ejU, nmR>çH«$‘{Z{‘©Vr AÜ¶¶ZmMm {ZåZ ñVamMr nmVir JmR>Uo B. H$m¶© H$aVo. H$maU H$mhr ~m~r Aem AgVmVH$s Á¶m§Zm emim H$‘©Mmar ñWm{ZH$ ñVamda g§nmXZ H$ê$ eH$VmV. na§Vw Ago H$m¶© Ogo H$sAä¶mgH«$‘, nmR>çnwñVH$ {ejUmMo ‘mÜ¶‘ B. À¶m {df¶m~m~V {ejH$mg A{YH$ A{YH$ma {XboOmVmV.



Notes

¶m ì¶{V[a³V EH$m {dH|${ÐH¥$V àUmbr‘Ü¶o ñWm{ZH$ / {Oëhm J«m‘rU nmVirda àmW{‘H${ejUmÀ¶m {d{dY KQ>H$mda n¶m©¶r A{YH$ma {Xbo OmVmV. VWm{n H$mhr g§~§{YV A{YH$ma H|$Ð,amÁ¶ qH$dm {Oëhm ñVamdarb A{YH$mè¶m§H$S>o AgVmo. ì¶dhmamV àmW{‘H$ {ejU àUmbr‘Ü¶oH|${ÐH¥$V Am{U {dH|${ÐH¥$V ¶m XmoÝhr àUmbr H$m‘ H$aVmV. ~è¶mMem amÁ¶ gaH$mam§Zr àmW{‘H$[ejUmÀ¶m {dH|${ÐH$aU à{H«$¶obm AJmoXaM gwédmV Ho$bobr Amho. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr gwédmVrMoCÎmaXm{¶ËdmMm AmamIS>m {H«$¶merb àUmbr V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ ZdrZ à¶ËZ Am{U Ë¶mMog§MmbZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ amÁ¶ gaH$mam§Zr ZdrZ H$m¶ÚmMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho. H$mhr amÁ¶gaH$mam§Zr {Oëhm ñVamda EH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejU àXmZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH$ g‘wXm¶ Am{U ImOJrg§KQ>Zm§{df¶r ghmæ¶Vm Am{U gh^mJm§Mo g‘W©Z Ho$bo Amho. gdmª{JU {dMma H$aVm EH$ H|${ÐH¥$VàUmbrnojm {dH|${ÐH¥$V àUmbrgmR>r énm§VaU hr EH$ ‘§X à{H«$¶m Amho. {ZU©¶ à{H«$¶oMm ’$moH$g hmË¶m-Ë¶m amÁ¶mVrb {Oëhm-Cn{Oëhm Am{U bmoH$ g‘wXm¶ ñVamda AmUyZ Xoe àmW{‘H${ejUmMo {dH|${ÐH$aUmÀ¶mH$S>o {dH${gV hmoB©b.

{dH|${ÐH$aUmMo ’$bñdê$n {Oëhm ñVar¶ Am{U Cn{Oëhm ñVar¶ A{YH$mè¶m§À¶m hmVm‘Ü¶oA{YH$m{YH$ CÎmaXm{¶Ëd gmon{dÊ¶mV ¶oVo. VgoM A{YH$mar e¡j{UH$ godm§Zm Cn^mo³Ë¶m§À¶m OdiAmUyZ {ejH$ emim VgoM ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmg ~mbH$m§À¶m Amdí¶H$VoZwgma {H«$¶merb ~ZdVo.

{dH|${ÐH$aUmMo ‘hÎdnyU© CÔoí¶ åhUOo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV {ZnjVm Am{U g‘mdoeZgw{ZpíMV H$aUo hm Amho. Omon¶ªV ho ~Xb gw{Z¶mo{OV hmoV ZmhrV Am{U H$m¶m©pÝdV hmoV ZmhrVVmon¶ªV ho CÔoí¶ nyU©nUo àmá hmoUma ZmhrV. Ogo amï>r¶ {ejU {ZVr 1986 Zo {dMma Ho$bm hmoVm.Am{U CÎmadVu ~è¶mM g{‘Ë¶m§Zr ¶mda â {Xbm, amï>r¶ gaH$ma g§ñWmJV ~Xbm§‘Ü¶og‘Ýd¶Z‘Ü¶o VgoM, amÁ¶ ñVamda àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo amï>r¶ bj àmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hmoUmè¶màJVrg ‘m°{ZQ>a H$aÊ¶mV EH$ y{‘H$m ~OmdV amhrb.

na§Vw {ejUmMo {dH|${ÐH$aUm‘Ü¶o H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm nU AmhoV. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm Am{W©H$ /{dÎmr¶, e³Vr Am{U CÎmaXm{¶ËdmMo {d^mOZ ñWm{ZH$ CÎmaXm{¶Îd Am{U Hw$ebVog à^m{dVH$ê$ eH$Vmo. ¶y. B©. B©. Mo CÔoí¶m§Mr àmár‘Yrb Ag’$bVog àË¶oH$ ñQ>oH$hmoëS>a EH$ Xþgè¶m§daXmofmamonZ H$aVmo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo {dH|${ÐH$aU Am{U ì¶dñWmnZmMm {dMma amï>r¶ {ejU YmoaU 1986

Ûmam ñWm{nV EH$ bú¶ Amho. {ejU {ZVrMr hr YmaUm Amho H$s, àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMoì¶dñWmnZmV J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrÀ¶m (UEC) ê$nmV àË¶j ñdê$nmV bmoH$g‘wXm¶mMm hñVjonAmho. ßbmZ Am°’$ E³eZ (POA) 1992 Zo àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mMr e¡j{UH$ àJVrda {Z¶{‘V ñdê$nmVÑï>r R>odÊ¶mÀ¶m à{H«$¶oÀ¶m ê$nmV gyú‘ Am¶moOZmda â {Xbm. nr. Amo. E. Mm CÔoí¶ hm àË¶oH$~mbH$ Amnë¶m ng§VrÀ¶m {R>H$mUr Aä¶mg H$aob Am{U H$‘rV H$‘r 8 dfm©Mo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU©H$ê$ eHo$b Ago gw{ZpíMV Ho$bo.

7.2.2 {dH|${ÐH$aUmda ^maVmMm AZw^d

¶m Jmoï>rer Vwåhr gh‘V Agmb H$s, {ejU àUmbr hr Ë¶m g‘mOmhÿZ doJio H$m¶© H$ê$eH$V Zmhr. Amnbr gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm, dJ©, OmVr, qbJ, VgoM Y‘© B. da AmYm[aV ~è¶mMñVamda {d^mJbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo. Iyn ‘moR>çm gw{dYmd§{MV loUrÀ¶m g‘mOmVrb dJmªgmR>r {Zdmam,nmUr, ñdÀN>Vm, drO, Amamo½¶ gw{dYm, {ejU B. gma»¶m ‘wb yV gw{dYm§Mm A^md Amho. ~o{gH${ejU àmá Ho$ë¶m{dZm OrdZ OJÊ¶mgmR>r hm JQ> g§Kf© H$aV Amho. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m 73 ì¶mAm{U 74 ì¶m g§{dYmZ Xþê$ñVrZo ñWm{ZH$ ñdemgZmgmR>r EH$ AZwHy$b dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U Ho$boboAgyZ Ë¶m‘Ü¶o EH$ A{YH$ J{Verb Am{U {H«$¶m AZwHy$b ^y{‘H$m àXmZ H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶m



Notes

nardV©ZmZo ‘{hbm, AZwgy{MV Om{V-O‘m{V, Aëng§»¶m§H$ VgoM AÝ¶ ì¶p³V§gmR>r AmdmO {XbmAmho. Ë¶m‘wio Vo Amnë¶m {damoYmV hmoUmè¶m AÝ¶m¶m{déÕ AmdmO CR>dy eH$VmV. ¶m g§X^m©VBVa AZw d {ZåZ{b{IV ¶moOZm§Ûmao à{Vq~{~V hmoVr.

g‘mdoerV ~mb{dH$mg ¶moOZm (ICDS) AZw dmZo Xe©{dbo Amho. H$s, OÝ‘mnmgyZ 6 dfm©À¶mgw{dYm d§{MV d Agwa{jV ~mbH$m§À¶m ñdmñÏ¶mg§~§Yr VgoM nmofUmg§~§Yr pñWVr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUmH$aÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdnyU© Amho.

amï>r¶ gmjaVm {‘eZZo ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, Ooìhm {Oëhm ñVamda gmjaVm dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>rA{^¶mZmMo ê$n pñdH$mabo Jobo Voìhm bmoH$m§Zr g{H«$¶Vm nyU© arVrZo ^mJ KoVbm Ë¶m‘wiogmjaVoMo à‘mU dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mMm à^md ‘moR>m hmoVm.

{Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejU H$m¶©H«$‘ (S>r. nr. B©. nr) Á¶mMr Zmoìh|~a 1994 ‘Ü¶o gwédmV Pmbr.ho ¶mo½¶ hmoVo H$s, gaH$maZo ¶w. B©. B©. gmR>r XoeâmV S>r. nr. B©. nr. H$m¶©ZrVrbm g§Mm{bVH$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm.

S>mBQ>bm {Oëhm e¡j{UH$ n{ejU g§ñWm AmnAmnë¶m amÁ¶mÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {Oëhm ñVamdaàmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr {dH$mg ¶moOZm ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘w»¶ Xm{¶Ëd XoÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m g§ñWm AemAmhoV Á¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m àJVrda ZOa R>odUo Am{U g‘Ýd¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r A§{V‘ñdê$nmV CÎmaXm¶r Amho.

{Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZm‘Ü¶o n[adV©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ejUmer g§~§{YV ì¶dgm{¶H$VgoM àemgH$ Oo ehar ñWmZr¶ àemgZmda Am{U n§Mm¶V amOg§ñWm ñVamda H$m¶© H$aV AmhoV.Ë¶m§Zm à{ejUmgmR>r ghmæ¶ XoÊ¶mMr ghmæ¶Vm XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶m CÔoemÀ¶m àmárgmR>r{ejUm‘Ü¶o ñWm{ZH$ ñVamdarb g§ñWm§Zm {d{dY amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o ‘O~yV ~Zdbo OmV Amho. H$maU B.gr. gr. B©. qH$dm Am¶ gr. S>r. Eg. Ûmao {Z{‘©V AmYmamMo ghmæ¶ KoUo Vwåhr ho OmUVm H$s, AmB©.gr. S>r. Eg Ûmao {Z{‘©V AmYmamMo ghmæ¶ KoUo. Vwåhr ho OmUVm H$s Am¶. gr. S>r. Eg emim nyU©~mbH$m§Mo ñdmñÏ¶ Am{U nmofUg§~§Yr pñWVr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm¶mÀ¶mg‘W©Zmda Adb§~yZ Amho. ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm¶mV gh^mJr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r AmB©. gr. S>r. Eg. bmAm§Vaamï>r¶ ñVamdarb gdm©{YH$ g’$b H$m¶©H«$‘m§‘Ü¶o EH$ ‘mZbo Jobo Amho.

ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm¶mMm g{H«$¶ gh^mJ KoÊ¶mgmR>r Imbrb g§ñWm§Zm gh^mJr H$aUo Amdí¶H$Amho.

n§Mm¶V amO g§ñWm

emim ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr

J«m‘rU / ehar dmS>© / ñb‘ ñVar¶ {ejU g{‘Vr

nmbH$-{ejH$ g§K

‘mVm-{ejH$ g§K

Am{Xdmgr ñdm¶Îm {dH$mg g{‘Vr

¶m ì¶{Var³V AÝ¶ V¥U‘yb ñVar¶ g{‘Ë¶m g§på‘brV AmhoV Á¶m§Mm hoVy àmW{‘H$ {ejUVgoM emim§Mo ì¶dñWmnZ Agm Amho.

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘ :

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo XmoZ ‘hÎdmMo Q>ßno AmhoV.



Notes

i) hr àmW{‘H$ {ejUmg§~§Yr ¶moOZm§À¶m H$m¶m©Ýd¶ZmgmR>r EH$ AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aVo.

ii) XoeâmV àmW{‘H$ {ejU àUmbrg ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>H$m§Zm ep³V XoÊ¶mgmR>r hr EH$ {deof ~OoQ>à{H«$¶m g‘doV EH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ Amho.

Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm 1

1) {dH|${ÐH$aUmH$Sy>Z H$moUVm A{^àm¶ Amho?

2) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aUmgmR>r EH$ {dH|${ÐH¥$V ì¶yhaMZm H$m Adb§{~br nm{hOo?

7.3 gyú‘ ñVamdarb {Z¶moOZ :

H$m¶©dmhrÀ¶m An¶em‘Ü¶o bmoH$m§Mm {d{dY ¶moOZm‘Yrb bmoH$ gh^mJmÀ¶m A^md ho‘hÎdmMo H$maU Amho. n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm§À¶m gwédmVrnmgyZ ¶m Jmoï>rda â {Xbobm Amho H$s,¶moOZm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Am{U {VÀ¶m àË¶j H$madmB©‘Ü¶o bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmUo Amdí¶H$Amho. ñWm{ZH$ ì¶p³V§Mm g{H«$¶m gh^mJ Am{U g‘W©Zm{edm¶ ñWm{ZH$ ñVamdarb dmñV{dH$JaOm Am{U Amdí¶H$ g§gmYZm§Mr ‘m{hVr KoUo e³¶ Zmhr. ¶mbmM ‘yb yV ñVamdarb {Z¶moOZqH$dm gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo ¶mMm AW© åhUOo 1) ‘wb yV JaOm§Mr ‘m{hVr KoÊ¶mgmR>rñWm{ZH$ ì¶p³V§Mm bm^mWvMm gh^mJ 2) Imbrb ñdê$nmV àmá g§gmYZm§Zm CnbãY H$aUo. i)

Cn¶moJmV ¶oUmar gm‘J«r ii) gh¶moJmË‘H$ H$m¶© nÕVr iii) àmoËgmhr à¶ËZm§Ûmao g§gmYZm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr3) CnbãY g§gmYZm§À¶m AmYmamda J«m‘rU ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aUo.

7.3.1 {Z¶moOZmMm AW©

gm‘mÝ¶ eãXm§‘Ü¶o {Z¶moOZmMo Imbrb gyMH$ AmhoV.

bmoH$m§À¶m JaOm nyVugmR>r AWdm C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nÕVeranUo Ho$bobr H$m¶©dmhr.

gdmªJrU hoVyÀ¶m àmárgmR>r H$m¶©ZrVtMr AmoiI Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m {dH$mgmÀ¶m à{H«$¶ogmR>r ¶moOZm~Z{dUo.

¶moOZm VgoM H$m¶©ZrVtZm H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§gmYZm§Zm EH${ÌV H$aUo. àJVrMr XoIaoIAm{U ¶m à^mdmMo ‘wë¶m§H$Z H$aUo.

7.3.2 gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ

emioÀ¶m Amgnmg amhUmè¶m gd© ~mbH$m§gmR>r {ejU àXmZ H$aUo. Ë¶m JmdmV amhUmè¶mgd© ~mbH$m§Zm àmW{‘H$ {ejU CnbãY H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ñdm{‘Ëd Am{U O~m~Xmar gm§ miÊ¶mMo{ZpíMV Ho$bo Amho. gd© ~mbH$m§À¶m JaOm§da ’$³V EH$ {ejH$ bú¶ Xody eH$V Zmhr. ¶mà{H«$¶oVrb gd© bm^mWu Ogo ‘{hbm g‘wh, J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrMo gXñ¶, n§Mm¶VamO g§ñWmgXñ¶ B. Z gh^mJ ¿¶mdm bmJob. gd© gh^mJr ì¶p³V§À¶m ‘XVrZo ho gw{ZpíMV H$amdo H$s,g‘mOmVrb gw{dYmd§{MV ~mbH$m§ghrV gd© ~mbH$m§Zm JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU XoVm ¶oB©b.



Notes

7.3.3 gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ à{H«$¶oV bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mMm gh^mJ KoÊ¶mgmR>rÀ¶m nm¶mè¶m /

Q>ßno

gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mMm gh^mJ KoÊ¶mgmR>r Imbrb nm¶è¶m§Mm g‘mdoeH$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

i) g‘wXm¶mMo g~brH$aU

¶mgmR>r J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘Vr (VEC) emim ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr (SMC) ‘mVm {e{jH$m g§KB. Zm à{e{jV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à{ejU H$m¶©emioMr ì¶dñWm Ho$br nm{hOo. VgoM Ë¶m§Zm j‘VoMm{dH$mg H$aUo Am{U Vo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r ~mbH$m§À¶m A{YH$mam§Mr AmoiI H$ê$ eH$VrbAm{U Ë¶m§Mr CÎmao emoYUo e³¶ hmoB©b.

{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mÀ¶m à{H«$¶oMr bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mg OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mgmR>rOmJê$H$Vm A{^¶mZ Mmbdbo Omdo. ¶m ì¶{V[a³V ¶m A{^¶mZmVyZ bmoH$ Amnbr y{‘H$m Am{UO~m~Xmar àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m g§X^m©V gaH$maÛmam Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m à¶ËZm§Mr OmUrd hmoB©b.¶m A{^¶mZm§VyZ Imbrb H$madmB©Ë‘H$ ¶moOZm§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVm ¶oB©b.

- ‘rZm A{^¶mZ

- ‘mVm-~oQ>r ‘oimdm

- ‘{hbm g§‘obZ

- {H$emoar ‘oimdm

- ~mbH$ {eew ‘oimdm

- à^mV ’o$ar

- ZmdZm|XUr A{^¶mZ

- gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m¶©H«$‘

nWZmQ>çm§‘Ü¶o {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ ‘wX²Úm§Mm g‘mdoe - Ogo ZmdZm|XUrVrb d¥ÕrXa JiVrMoà‘mU H$‘r H$aUo. emioVrb àdoemgmR>r à‘mUnÌ {‘i{dUo, ‘wbtMo {ejU gw{dYmd§{MV bmoH$g‘whOgo AZwgy{MV Om{V / O‘m{V, Am{Xdmgr / d§{MV dJ©, ^Q>Ho$ VgoM àmUr gm§ miUmao~mbH$m§Zm {‘iUmè¶m ¶moOZm§Mr d A{YH$mam§Mr ‘m{hVr XoUo B.

ii) {Z¶moOZ g§Km§Mr AmoiI :

{Z¶moOZmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ‘m{hVrbm EH${ÌV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ gaH$mar A{YH$mar Am{U EH${ejH$ nwaogm Zmhr. ¶w. B©. B©. À¶m àË¶oH$ KQ>H$m§da {dMma H$aUo Am{U Cn¶w³V ‘m{hVr àmáH$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moAa Xb / g§K ~Z{dÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgyZ Ë¶m‘Ü¶o bmoH$g‘wXm¶mMoñdm{‘ËdmMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U H$aUo, Ë¶m§Mr ghmæ¶Vm {‘i{dUo Am{U Vo ‘w»¶ gh^mJr åhUyZ ^mJKodyZ hoVy {ZpíMVr H$aUo VgoM, àmYmÝ¶ H«$‘mZo {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mgmR>r gH$mamË‘H$ ¶moJXmZ H$aVrb.¶m àH$maÀ¶m EH$m H$moAa {Z¶moOZ Xbmg g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mMr ¶moOZobm d¡YVm {Xbr nm{hOo.

¶m H$moAa {Z¶moOZ XbmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH$g‘wXm¶ Am{U bú¶ g‘wXm¶mer MMm©Ho$ë¶mZo Ë¶m gXñ¶m§Mr AmoiI ghOJË¶m hmoB©b. Á¶m§Zm ¶m g§Km‘Ü¶o gm{‘b H$ê$Z KoUoAmdí¶H$ Amho. ¶m g§Km§‘Ü¶o H$mhr gw{e{jV, H$mhr amOH$s¶ Ñï>rZo OmJê$H$ H$mhr gm‘m{OH$arË¶md¡MmarH$ bmoH$, H$mhr Ago bmoH$ H$s Oo Vk AmhoV AemMm g‘mdoe H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. VgoMH$mhr ‘hrbm Aëng§»¶mH$ {e{jV na§Vw ~oamoOJma ì¶p³V§Zm g‘m{dï> H$aVm ¶oB©b ¶m gdmªMmg‘mdoe Ho$ë¶mZo bmoH$g‘wXm¶ Am{U emim ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Ym§Mr OmonmgZm hmodyZ e³Vr dmT>ob ¶m



Notes

g§KmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aVmZm hr Jmoï> bjmV R>odbr nm{hOo H$s, ¶m‘Ü¶o H$mhr ¶moOZoer Agh‘VbmoH$m§Mm g‘mdoe H$amdm OoUo H$ê$Z Vo ¶moOZoVrb ZH$mamË‘H$ ~m~tda MMm© H$aVrb. àmW{‘H${ejU gdmªn¶ªV nmohmoMbo Omdo ¶mgmR>r g§Km‘Ü¶o gd© àH$maÀ¶m ì¶p³V Agmì¶mV. dmñV{dH$‘Ü¶ohm H$moAa {Z¶moOZ g§K Agm Agmdm H$s Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gd© bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmè¶mbmoH$m§Mm g‘mdoe Agmdm.iii) H$moAa {Z¶moOZ g§KmMr j‘Vm ~m§YUr

{Z¶moOZmMr JwUdÎmm H$moAa {Z¶moOZ g§KmÀ¶m j‘Voda Adb§~yZ Amho. àñVm{dV ¶moOZm{Oëhm ñVamda nyU© H$aVm ¶oÊ¶mgma»¶m àm¶mo{JH$ Agmì¶mV g‘ñV {Z¶moOZ à{H«$¶m gh^mJrñdê$nmV Agmdr Am{U e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmÀ¶m gd© KQ>H$m§da Ü¶mZ XoVm ¶oB©b Ago gw{ZpíMVH$amdo. Ë¶mM ~amo~a hr Jmoï> nU JaOoMr Amho H$s H$moUVm EImXm {d[eï> g‘wh Amnbo dM©ñd{Z‘m©U H$aUma Zmhr ¶mH$S>o bj Agmdo.

emim {dH$mg ¶moOZm§Mo g§KQ>Z H$aUo. hm H$moAa {Z¶moOZ g§KmMm ‘w»¶ hoVy Agmdm. hmg§K embo¶ {dH$mg ¶moOZoA§VJ©V J«m‘rU ñVamdarb emim§À¶m JaOm§Zm à^mdrarË¶m gmXa H$aob.J«m‘rU JaOm§Zm ãbm°H$ ñVamda VgoM ãbm°H$ ñVamdarb JaOm {Oëhm ñVamda gmXa H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zmgd© {ejm A{^¶mZmMo CÔoe, bú¶, ‘mnZX§S> B. Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mgmR>r XmoZ-VrZ doimH$m¶©emim§Mo Am¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Agy eH$Vo. Ë¶m§Zm hr ~m~ g‘OmdyZ XoÊ¶mMr JaOAmho H$s H$bñQ>a, ãbm°H$ Am{U {Oëhm ñVamda g§gmYZ åhUyZ nm{hbo OmVo.

iv) hñVjon H$aÊ¶m¶mo½¶ Amdí¶H$ ‘wX²Úm§Mr AmoiI :

{Z¶moOZ g§K / g{‘VrÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrZ§VaMm nwT>Mm Q>ßnm åhUOo Ë¶m ‘wX²Úm§Mr AmoiI H$aUoÁ¶m§Mm g§~§Y àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr CnbãYVm Zmd Zm|XUr, AdYmaUm, VgoM JwUdÎmoer AgobAm{U ¶m ‘wX²Úm§Zm J«m‘rU ñVamdaM H$go gmoS>dVm ¶oB©b ¶mMoXoIrb {ZU©¶ KoVbo OmdoV. AWdm{Oëhm dm I§S> ñVamda gmoS>{dÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Agob Va Vgo {ZU©¶ ¿¶mdoV. gXaMo ‘wÔo ho -

àemgZmg§~§Yr Agy eH$VmV.

¶moOZoV ~Xb H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Agy eH$VmV.

Ago {ZYm©arV Ho$boë¶m ‘mnZX§S>mZm AÚ¶mdV H$aUo.

gh¶moJmË‘H$ àíZ gmoS>{dÊ¶mg§~§Yr ‘wÔo Agy eH$VmV.

{Oëhm dm amÁ¶ ñVamdarb A{YH$mè¶m§Mr nm[R>§~m Agmdm.

¶m ñVamda g§gmYZm§Mr àmár H$aÊ¶mgmR>r emim, Jmd, JQ> AWdm {OëømÀ¶m ‘Ü¶o EH$ñnYm© bmJy eH$Vo Á¶m‘Ü¶o Vo Amnë¶m joÌm§Vrb g‘ñ¶m, AmìhmZo ¶m ‘wX²Úm§da BVam§nojm ñdV:MrAmdí¶H$Vm A{YH$ Agë¶mMo ñnï> H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶m narpñWVrV ¶m§Zm {ejU ¶moOZm XoÊ¶mgmR>r{ZYm©arV ñnï> g§»¶m§Mm AmYma AgUo Amdí¶H$ AgyZ Ë¶mÀ¶m AmYmamda àmYmÝ¶H«$‘ XoVm ¶oUoe³¶ Agob. ~è¶mMdoim AZw dmMr XodmU-KodmUgmR>r {OëhmA§VJ©V ¶moOZm H$m¶©emim§MoAm¶moOZ H$aVm ¶oB©b.

v) gm§p»¶H$s ‘m{hVrMo òmoV

gd© ¶moOZm ¶m doi{ZpíMV AgVmV Ë¶m‘Ü¶o {d{eï> C{Ôï>m§Mr àmár H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ñnï>AmXoe AgVmV H$maU {ejUmMm A{YH$ma Ad~moYmMo ñnï> H$WZ AgyZ gd© {dÚmWu AmR> dfm©MoàmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aVrb VgoM, ¶m g§X^m©V Imbrb ‘wX²Úm§da ¶mo½¶ gm§p»¶H$s ‘m{hVrMràmár H$aVrb.

14 df© d¶mMo gd© ~mbHo$ (‘wb§-‘wbr) ¶m§Mo VgoM ZmdZm|XUr Z Pmbobo Am{U ‘Ü¶oM emimgmoS>boë¶m§Mr ZmdZm|XUr



Notes

emim§Mr g§»¶m - gaH$mar, {dZm AZwXmZrV, ‘mÝ¶Vm àmá {dZm AZwXm{ZV d J¡a ‘mÝ¶Vm àmáImOJr emim.

ñd¶§godr g§ñWmÛmao (NGO) Mmb{dbo OmUmè¶m AZm¡nMm[aH$ emim

g§a{jV g§ñWm§‘Ü¶o AgUmao {dÚmWu

AZwgy{MV Om{V / O‘mVr - ^Q>³¶m O‘Vr A{YH$ d§{MV / ‘mJmg Om{V B. OZOmVrVrb~mbHo$.

An§Jm§À¶m emim

~mbH$m‘Jma emim

~mbJwÝhoJma ‘wbo

ñWbm§VarV {dÚmWr©

{dñWm{nV nardmamVrb ‘wbo

añË¶mdarb Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr amhUmao ‘wbo

JwÝhoJmam§Mo Am{U doí¶m ì¶dgm¶mVrb ‘wbo

BVa gmo¶rgw{dYm d§{MV ~mbHo$.

¶m‘YyZ àmá ‘m{hVr‘YyZ emioV ZmdZm|XUr H$aÊ¶m¶mo½¶ {dÚmÏ¶mªMm emoY KoVm ¶oB©b.

{Z¶moOZmMm AW© Amho H$s, {d{eï> d¶mÀ¶m g‘wX¶m‘Yrb, àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mda bj H|${ÐVH$aUo. VgoM ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmda àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mÀ¶m àJVrMr XoI^mb H$aVm ¶oB©b.

doJdoJù¶m dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {eH${dÊ¶mgmR>r doJdoJù¶m {ejU nÕVtMm ‘m{hVremgH$s¶ H$m¶m©b¶mV Agob. Amdí¶H$VoZwgma {ejH$ à{ejU {ejH$ à{ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘{dH$mg ¶m§Zm {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ g§gmYZ B. Mo {Z¶moOZ dm AmH$bZ H$aVm ¶oB©b.

darb gyMZm§Mm A{YH$m§e ^mJ emim / gaH$mar {d^mJm§V CnbãY AgyZ Ë¶mMm dmnaH$aVm ¶oB©b. ’$³V dV©‘mZH$mimgmR>r ‘m{hVr O‘m H$aUo hm EH$‘od ‘m{hVr EH$ÌrH$aUmMm hoVyZgyZ ¶m ‘m{hVrMm Cn¶moJ g‘ñ¶m§Mo {ZamH$aU, {d{eï> JaOm§Mr AmoiI, Ano{jV g§gmYZm§MoAmH$bZ AÜ¶mnZmMo {Z¶moOZ, VgoM g§gmYZm§Mr ‘mJUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$aVm ¶oB©b. ‘m{hVrAmYmarV {Z¶moOZ ho CnbãY g§gmYZm§Mm à^mdr dmna H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$aVm ¶oB©b. Hw$Qw>§~gd}jUÛmao EH${ÌV ‘m{hVr {Zdmgr ñVamdarb {Z¶moOZmgmR>r AmYma yV R>aVo. ¶mà‘mUo ‘m{hVrEH${ÌV H$ê$Z Vr g§JUH$mda gmR>{dÊ¶mgmR>r dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë¶mda Village Education

committee ‘Ü¶o MMm© Ho$br OmB©b.

vi) gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ Aä¶mg :

H$moAa {Z¶moOZ g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm, Ë¶m§Mr j‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr, Z§Va hñVjon H$aÊ¶m¶mo½¶H$m¶©{ZVrMm Adb§~, ‘m{hVrÀ¶m ómoVm§Mr O‘dmO‘d B. Z§Va gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ Aä¶mgmbm gwédmVHo$br OmVo. ¶m Aä¶mgm‘Ü¶o Imbrb ~m~tMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

ZmdZm|XUrMo C{Ôï>o, JiVr à‘mU, Ad~moY, {dÚmÏ¶mªMo CÎmrU©Vm à‘mU, {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶mdJm©Zwgma (OmVr / O‘mVr) {ejH$ {dÚmWu à‘mU ¶mda bú¶ H|${ÐV H$aUo. ¶m gd© ~m~rEH$m dfm©À¶m ‘m{hVrgmR>r O‘m H$am¶À¶m.

AÜ¶mnZmV KoÊ¶mV ¶oUmè¶m H$m¶©ZrVr R>a{dUo.

{H«$¶mH$ënm§Zm H«$‘dmar XoUo.



Notes

hoVy àmárgmR>r {d{dY Q>ßno {ZYm©arV H$aUo.

{d{dY {H«$¶mH$ënm§Zm H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§~§{YV A{YH$mar VgoM g§ñWmMr O~m~XmarR>a{dUo.

Amdí¶H$ doioMo {Z¶moOZ H$aUo.

àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mgmR>r bmJUmam IM© ¶mMm A§XmO KoUo.

¶moOZoMm àñVmd V¶ma H$aUo.

WmoS>³¶mV H$m¶©dmhrMm g§H$ën AmamIS>m V¶ma Ho$bm OmVmo. H$m¶©dmhrgmR>r AmamIS>çmMohoVy, g§~§{YV {H«$¶mH$ën, ì¶p³V Á¶m {H«$¶oMo g§nmXZ H$aob, H$m¶©dmhrMo doimnÌH$, {dÎmr¶{Z¶moOZ, Ano{jV {ZîH$f© ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmooVmo.

AÜ¶¶Z AÜ¶mnZ à{H«$¶m Am{U dJ© Am§Va{H«$¶m ¶m§À¶m ñdê$nmV Oo H$mhr g§nm{XV hmoVo Vo‘hÎdnyU© AgVo. H$maU ho gd© {Z¶mo{OV H$m¶©ZrVtÀ¶m {dH$mgmMo à{Vq~~ R>aVo. VgoM dJ©Am§Va{H«$¶mÛmam H$em àH$mao AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶oMo g§nmXZ hmoVo ho OmUUo ‘hÎdnyU© Amho.

dJm©‘Ü¶o AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ à{H«$¶oVrb ‘hÎdmMo KQ>H$ Imbrbà‘mUo :

dJ© dmVmdaU (^m¡{VH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ dmVmdaU)

dJ© ì¶dñWmnZ (~¡R>H$ ì¶dñWm, ê$naofm, AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ à{H«$¶oMo g§MmbZ, Aä¶mgmgmR>rgmYZgm‘wJ«r Am{U CnbãYVm, dmna)

{dÚmWu-{ejH$ à‘mU

AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr Am{U H$m¶©ZrVr

e¡j{UH$ gmYZgm‘wJ«r AWdm gm{hË¶mMr CnbãYVm Am{U dmna

dJm©Vrb {H«$¶mH$ënm§‘Ü¶o {dÚmÏ¶m©Mm gh^mJ (empãXH$ / AempãXH$)

dJm©V AÜ¶mnZmgmR>rÀ¶m AÚ¶mdV gmo¶rgw{dYm

{ejH$mÛmao Zm{dÝ¶nyU© àmg§{JH$ dm àm¶mo{JH$ AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr dmnaÊ¶mÀ¶m g§Yr

e¡j{UH$ VgoM ghmæ¶mMr AÜ¶m¶ZmgmR>r {deofkm§Mm dmna H$aVmZm ñWm{ZH$ {ejU ñZohrì¶³VrMr ghmæ¶Vm KodyZ nmbH$m§Mm g‘mdoe H$ê$Z g§~§YrV H$m¶©ZrVtMr H$madmB© H$aUo.

AÜ¶¶Z AÜ¶mnZ {H«$¶m Ho$di dJm©VM KSy>Z ¶oVo Ago Zmhr. ~è¶mMXm ‘wbm§Zm {ZgJm©À¶mgm{ZÜ¶mV KodyZ O¡d {d{dYVo{df¶r AÜ¶mnZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. ¶m à{H«$¶m§gmR>r ~OoQ> R>a{dUoAmdí¶H$ Amho. ¶mg {ejU ¶moOZm àgmam‘Ü¶o gm{‘b Ho$bo nm{hOo.

{dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m gdmªJrU {ejUmgmR>r VgoM {dÚmWu ì¶p³V‘Îd {dH$mgmgmR>r emim àW‘V:Ioi, ¶moJm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m¶©H«$‘, àH$ën ¶moOZm, {H«$¶mAmYmarV AÜ¶¶Z, OrdZ H$m¡eë¶{dH$mg ¶mgmaIo H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dbo OmVmV. ¶m‘wio emiobm EH$ gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWoÀ¶m ê$nmVgm‘wXm{¶H$ {H«$¶mH$ënm§Mm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Amho H$m¶m©Zw d {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ì¶mdgm{¶H$,eoVH$ar, {eënH$ma ¶m§À¶mer g§b{¾V H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm gm‘m{OH$ Am{U àmH¥${VH$ g§X^m©V àm{dÊ¶{‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV hmoB©b. {dÚmÏ¶mªMm gdmª{JU emar[aH$ gm‘m{OH$ ^md{ZH$ VgoM ‘mZ{gH${dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY H$m¶©ZrVtMm Adb§~ AÜ¶¶Z AÜ¶mnZ à{H«$¶oV H$aUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. ¶mH$m¶©ZrVtgmR>r Amdí¶H$ {Z¶moOZ, {dÎmr¶ {Z¶moOZ, {H«$S>m§JU, emar[aH$ {ejU, ¶moJm {ejH$,IoimMo gm{hË¶, Am§Va embo¶ IoimÀ¶m ñnYm© Am{U BVa ñnYm© ¶m§Mr gyú‘ ñVamda {Z¶moOZmVg‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mMr JaO Amho.



Notes

amï>r¶ {ejU ¶moOZm 1926 À¶m ¶moOZoZwgma {ejUmV {d{dY Zm{dÝ¶nyU© ¶moOZm - ISy> -’$im ‘mo{h‘, {ejH$ {ejU, AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU, ‘{hbm g‘ñ¶m, àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>rnmofUmg§~§Yr amï>r¶ H$m¶©H«$‘ Am{U H$mhr {deof ñdê$nmV {Z{‘©V {ejU ¶moOZm Ogo-{~hma, CÎmaàXoe, amOñWmZ, Am§Y« àXoe ¶m§À¶m ¶moOZm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m gd© ¶moOZm§Mm ‘w»¶ hoVygmjaVoMm àgma VgoM àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©ÌrH$aU Agm Amho.

Imbrb ~m~r ¶moOZoÀ¶m àñVmdmV AgVrb.emio‘Ü¶o Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m H$m¶m©Mm ’$moH$g ~mb-AZwHy$b emim ¶moOZm {Z‘m©U H$aUo hmo¶.

emim Aem O{‘Zrda ñWm{nV Agmdr H$s Or O‘rZ g§H$Q>mV Zmhr. (Ogo nmUr gmMob AgoCVmamdarb {R>H$mU, drOoÀ¶m Vmam AgUmao Ymo³¶mMo joÌ) gd© {dÚmWu ghOmghOr nmohmoMyeH$Vrb. emioMm narga H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ Am{U AmH$f©H$ Agmdm. dJmª‘Ü¶o ¶mo½¶ àH$me ¶moOZm, hdm,’$im {Xgob Aer OmJm Agmdr. a°ån, h±S>b, An§J ì¶dñWmnZ A{Zdm¶© Amho. ¶mì¶{V[a³Vem¡Mmb¶o, {nÊ¶mMo nmUr, {dÚwVrH$aU, Hw§$nUq^V, IoimMo ‘¡XmZ, àË¶oH$ emioV A{Zdm¶© Amho.H$m°åß¶wQ>a, e¡j{UH$gm{hË¶ ¶m gd© à{H«$¶ogmR>r {dÎm ì¶dñWm ~OoQ> AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë¶mgmR>rAmdí¶H$ OmUyZ KodyZ àñVmd H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ë¶mgmR>r g§~§{YV AmamIS>çmMo {Z¶moOZ(ànmoOb) H$aVmZm Imbrb ~m~r AgUo A{Zdm¶© Amho.

g§X © / nmíd© y‘r / g‘ñ¶m ¶m‘Ü¶o OZgm§p»¶H$s¶ ‘m{hVr Agmdr.

CÔoí¶

H$m¶©ZrVr

ñQ>m’$ g§~§Yr ‘m{hVr

AmYma yV gw{dYm

H$m¶©H«$‘ / {H«$¶mH$ën

{ejH$ à{ejU, nmR>çnwñVH$ g§emoYZ, ‘m°S>çwAb ¶mgmR>r Adb§{~boë¶m ì¶haMZm§Mo {ddaU

{dÚmWu {dH$mgmMo H$m¶©H«$‘

¶moOZm H$mimV gwê$ Ho$bobo ZdrZ H$m¶©

àH$m{eV Ho$bo OmUmao Ahdmb

gwé H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmao ‘wë¶m§H$Z gm‘m{OH$ Am°{S>Q>

àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mgmR>r bmJUmar A§XmOo a¸$‘

‘mJrb dfm©Vrb H|${Ð¶ VgoM amÁ¶mÀ¶m ^mJmVrb {ZYtMr pñWVr

AmdVu AZwXmZmÀ¶m ñdê$nmV IM© Z Ho$bobm {ZYr / a¸$‘ Or Am{W©H$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r aÔhmoVo.

‘mJrb dfu IM© Z Ho$bobr a¸$‘ Mmby dfm©À¶m ~OoQ>‘Ü¶o KoUo.

BVa ómoVm§H$Sy>Z {dÎmr¶ ghmæ¶

Mmby dfm©gmR>r Amdí¶H$ ~OoQ> ñQ>oQ>‘|Q>

{H«$¶mH$ënm§da IM© {ZYm©arV ‘mnZ X§S>mZwgma hmoB©b. ¶moOZoÀ¶m àñVmdmV H$madmB©Pmbobm Ahdmb, à{H«$¶obm g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r AmH$bZ, amÁ¶ ñVamdarb A{YH$mar àmá Z¡{VH$VWm àemgH$s¶ ¶moOZm, VgoM, ‘mnZX§S>m§Zm gmoSy>Z H$mhr ¶moOZoV gwYma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘V ì¶³VHo$bo AgVrb Va Ë¶m§Zm àmYmÝ¶ {Xbo nm{hOo.



Notes

¶moOZm à{VnmXZ à{H«$¶m ¶moOZm ~¡R>H$sMo {ddaU, H$m¶©emim Am{U go{‘Zma B. MoH$moAa ¶moOZm g§KQ>ZoVrb gXñ¶m§gmo~V Pmboë¶m gd© gwYmam§Zm ñnï> ñdê$nmV C„o{IV H$ê$Z{ejUmMm A{YH$ma ¶moOZoÛmam (RTE) EH$ Ano{jV g§{dYm{ZH$ à¶ËZ H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶m‘Ü¶o ~m°Q>‘An AÜ¶¶Z nÕVrMm à¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

~m°Q>‘ An nÕVr åhUOo H$moUË¶m J«m‘rU ^mJmÀ¶m joÌmV ImOJr, AZwXm{ZV, J¡aAZwXm{ZV, gaH$mar ñd¶§ {dH$mg ¶moOZoMo emim àñVmd V¶ma H$aVrb ‘ybV: gyú‘ {Z¶moOZà{H«$¶mXoIrb emioÀ¶m {Z¶moOZm‘Ü¶o bmJy nSy> eH$Vo.

dñVr ñVamda emioMo {Z¶moOZmMo àñVmdm§‘Ü¶o gaH$mar ghmæ¶m§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho.¶y. B©. B©. A§VJ©V EH$ g‘wXm¶ AmYmarV Ñï>rH$moZ Ambm Amho.


1) {Z¶moOZ åhUOo H$m¶? gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ åhUOo H$m¶?

2) ¶y. B©. B©. gmR>r gyú‘ {Z¶moOZmbm H$m pñdH$maÊ¶mV Ambo Amho?

3) gyú‘ Am¶moOZmÀ¶m nm¶è¶m H$moUH$moUË¶m AmhoV?

7.3.4 S>r. B©. Amo., S>r. Ama. gr. (S>mBQ>) ~r. B©. Amo., ~r. Ama. gr Am{Ugr. B©. Amo. gr. Ama. gr. ¶m§À¶m ^y{‘H$m d H$V©ì¶o

darb g§ñWm§À¶m y{‘H$m Am{U H$V©ì¶ ¶m§Mo {ddaU H«$‘~ÕarË¶m Imbrbà‘mUo XoÊ¶mVAmbo AmhoV.

H$) {Oëhm ñVa :

{Oëhm ñVamda {Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejUm{YH$mar (S>r. B©. Amo.) VgoM ¶mMo {Z¶moOZ Am{UAm¶moOZ H$aUmao g§~§{YV A{YH$mar, g‘Ýd¶, VgoM ‘m°{ZQ>a H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$amdo bmJVo.àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV Ë¶m§Zm nwT>rb O~m~Xmar nma nmS>mdr bmJVo.

~bH$mMo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$ê$ eH$Vrb Ago AZwHy$b dmVmdaU ~Zdmdo bmJVo.

àmW{‘H$ Am{U Cƒ àmW{‘H$ ñVamÀ¶m emim§À¶m gmo¶rgw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.

àmW{‘H$ ñVamdarb gd© d¶mÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r Ë¶m§À¶m OdinmgÀ¶m {R>H$mUr {ejUmgmR>r^m¡{VH$ Am[U gm‘m{OH$ gmo¶tMr CnbãYVm H$aUo.

Oo {dÚmWu emioV ¶oV ZmhrV. Ë¶m§À¶mgmR>r {deof CnH«$‘ am~dyZ Vo emioV ¶oVrb Am{U Ë¶m§Mo{ejU nyU© H$ê$ eH$Vrb Ago nmCb CMbUo. ¶mì¶{V[a³V Oa Ë¶m§Zm {ZdmgmMr gmo¶ ZgobVa Vr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. emim~mø, ñWbm§Va[aV, añË¶mdarb ‘wbo, SCST, ^Q>³¶mO‘mVr‘Yrb ‘wbo, An§J B. ¶m§Zm g§Yr XoUo.



Notes

{dÚmÏ¶mªMo aoH$m°S>© ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r 18 dfm©n¶ªVÀ¶m gd© ~mbH$m§À¶m OÝ‘mMr Zm|X H$aÊ¶mgmR>rA{^¶mZ Mmb{dUo.

emioVrb {ejH$m§À¶m [a³V nXm§Mr ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo d Vr Cƒ {ejU A{YH$mè¶mH$S>onmR>{dUo.

{OWo Amdí¶H$Vm Agob {VWo {ejH$ à{ejU Am{U nm¶m yV gmo¶r gw{dYm§Mo ì¶dñWmnZH$aUo.

{d{dY emim ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrÀ¶m j‘VoMm {dH$mg H$aUo, {ejH$m§Mr CnpñWVr {dÚmÏ¶mªMrCnpñWVr, e¡j{UH$ ñVa Am{U AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ gm‘wJ«r ¶m§Mr CnbãYVm H$ê$Z XoUo.

‘wbr Am{U {deof JaOm AgUmè¶m ~mbH$m§gmR>r ‘mo’$V dmhZ nmg / gw{dYm XoÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZH$aUo.

Oo {dÚmWu XÿJ©‘ dm nhmS>r ^mJmV amhVmV. {OWo emim ~Z{dUo e³¶ Zmhr Aem {dÚmÏ¶mªZm{ZdmgmÀ¶m gmo¶rgw{dYm XoUo.

AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ gm‘wJ«r, BVa CnH$aUo, ~mbñZohr Am{U AS>Wio‘w³V emim dmVmdaUmMr{Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.

ho {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gw{dYmd§{MV dJm©Vrb ‘wbm§Zm gmo~V J¡aì¶dhma hmoV ZmhrV, {d{dYjoÌm§Vrb {Oëhm ñVar¶ A{YH$mè¶m§gmo~V ghH$m¶© H$aUo. gw{dYmd§{MV g‘whmV AZwgy{MVOm{V/O‘m{VVrb {dÚmWu, ^Q>³¶m g‘whmVrb {dÚmWu, BVa ‘mJmg OmVr, ‘wgb‘mZ Am{UBVa Aëng§»¶m§H$ ‘wbr, ehar d§{MV ~mbHo$, J„r-J„t‘Ü¶o amhUmao {dÚmWu ~mbH$m‘Jmaàdmgr/ ñWbm§VarV nardmamVrb ~mbHo$ Am{U Agwa{jV ~mbH$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

VH«$ma {ZdmaU g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm H$aUo.

b¢{JH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ g‘mdoeH$VogmR>r BVa ‘wX²Úm§Mo gm‘m{OH$ Am°{S>Q> à{H«$¶m Agmdr.

EH$ {Oëhm {ejU g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gd© dJm©Mo {Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYtMm g‘mdoeAgmdm. CXmhUmW© : {deofU ‘mVm-{nVm (nmbH$) ‘{hbm, ~mb H$ë¶mU {d^mJ, Amamo½¶{d^mJ, nmo{bg {d^mJ, {ejH$, gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶©H$V} ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$ B. Mm g‘mdoe Agmdm.

dm{f©H$ narjm Zgmdr. {dÚmWu AZwÎmrU© Agy Z¶o. emar[aH$ X§S> Xody Z¶o VgoM {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶mH$moUË¶mhr àH$mamÀ¶m A{YH$mam§Mr hmZr hmoD$ Z¶o ho gw{ZpíMV H$aUo.

gJù¶mV ‘hÎdmMo åhUOo, {Oëhm {ejU A{YH$mar emim, Jmd, I§S>m§Ûmao V¶ma Ho$boë¶m¶moOZm àñVmdm§Zm g§K{Q>V H$aVmo Am{U {Oëhm ¶moOZm AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aVmo. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmerg§~§{YV dV©‘mZ pñWVrMm A§XmO KoÊ¶mgmR>r Ogo gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r WmoS>çm A§Vamda emimCnbãY Amho. BË¶mXr§gmR>r VrZ qH$dm Mma dfm©Mo emim§Mo ‘mZ{MÌU/‘mnZ Ho$bo Jobo nm{hOo.


1) ‘m°{ZQ>atJ åhUOo H$m¶? bmoH$ g‘wXm¶ ¶y. B©. B©. À¶m H$madmB©Mo H$go ‘m°{ZQ>atJ H$aVmo?

2) ¶y. B©. B©. À¶m H$m¶©dmhrgmR>j {Oëhm {ejUm{YH$mè¶mMo H$m¶© {bhm.



Notes

I) ñWm{ZH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ ‘mZ{MÌU :

AmgnmgMo {dÚmWu EH$mnojm A{YH$ emioV {ejU KoV AgVrb qH$dm EH$m emioV ¶oUmao{dÚmWu EH$mnojm A{YH$ {R>H$mUm§hÿZ ¶oV AgVrb Ago g§ d Agy eH$Vo. na§Vw, EH$m emiogmR>rhr à{H«$¶m gw{ZpíMV H$aUo e³¶ Zmhr H$s, gd© {dÚmWu emioV ¶oVrb Am{U {ejU à{H«$¶oVgm‘rb hmoVrb. H$mhr {R>H$mUr emim AgVrb. na§Vw {dÚmWu emioV ¶oV ZgVrb qH$dm Vo H$mhr‘{hÝ¶m§Z§Va emim gmoSy>Z OmVrb qH$dm ~aoM {Xdg emioV AZwnpñWV AgVrb Am{U ¶m‘wioAä¶mgmV BVa ‘wbm§nojm ‘mJo nS>Vrb. ¶mgmR>r embo¶ ‘mnZmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho.

embo¶ ‘mnZ :

Oo {dÚmWu gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ qH$dm ì¶dñWm g§~§{YV H$maUm§‘wio emioV ¶odyeH$V ZmhrV Ë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMm emoY KoUo.

e¡j{UH$ godm§gmR>r EH$ J{Verb Ñï>rH$moZ ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r ghmæ¶H$ AgyZ AmYma yV godmgw{dYm, {ejH$ Am{U Amdí¶H$ gmYZgm‘wJ«tMm g‘mdoe H$amdm Ë¶m‘wio gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªZm OmV,Y‘©, qbJ qH$dm A§VamMm {dMma Z H$aVm JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU XoVm ¶oB©b.

emim ‘mnZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

i) JmdmV dmVmdaU {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.

ii) J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrMr emim ‘mnZmgmR>r {Z{‘©Vr.

iii) J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zm embo¶ ‘mnZ à{H«$¶mgmR>r à{e{jV H$aUo.

iv) JmdmMo EH$ ñWm{¶H$ ‘mZ{MÌ V¶ma H$aUo.

v) Hw$Qw>§~mMo gd}jU H$aUo.

vi) {d{dY Hw$Qw>§~mVrb {dÚmWu g§»¶m Am{U Ë¶m§Mr ZmdZm|XUr pñWVr Xe©{dÊ¶mgmR>r A§{V‘‘mnZ V³Vm ~Zdmdm.

vii) Jmd / embo¶ {ejU AhdmbmgmR>r a{OñQ>a V¶ma H$aUo.

viii) V¶ma Ho$bobo ‘mnZ{MÌ Am{U Kam§Mo {díbofU bmoH$m§À¶m g‘moa gmXa H$aUo Am{U gË¶VmVnmgUo.

ix) bmoH$m§Mo ‘Vm§Mr Zm|X H$aUo.

embo¶ ‘mZ[MÌU V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {Oëhm g§gmYZ H|$Ð (DRC) Amdí¶H$ ghmæ¶VmàXmZ H$aVo. ¶m àH$maMr ¶moOZm {Oëhm ñVamda ¶w. B©. B©. À¶m àJVrg ‘m°{ZQ>a H$aÊ¶mgmR>r‘mJ©Xe©ZmMo H$m‘ H$aVo.

J) {Z¶moOZmgmR>r g§gmYZ H|$Ð :

S>mBQ> Am{U S>r. nr. B©. nr. Odi àË¶oH$ EH$ {Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.¶m àH$maUmMo ‘w»¶ H$m¶© {Oëhm VgoM dm{f©H$ {Z¶moOZ ~Z{dUo Amho. ³bñQ>a g§gmYZ H|$Ð.ãbmH$ g§gmYZ H|$Ðm§H$Sy>Z ho Ano{jV Amho H$s, dm{f©H$ Am{U {ejU {dH$mg ¶moOZm V¶maH$aÊ¶mgmR>r embo¶ ñVamda, {ejH$m§Mr, J«m‘ n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m H$‘©Mmè¶m§Mr VgoM n§Mm¶V g{‘Vrbm‘XV H$ê$ eH$Vrb

K) {Oëhm ¶moOZm§Mo ‘yë¶ {ZYm©aU :

{Oëhm ¶moOZobm A§{V‘ ñdê$n àmá H$aon¶ªV EH$m à{H«$¶oVyZ Omdo bmJVo Ë¶mg ‘wë¶{ZYm©aU Ago åhUVmV. ‘wë¶ {ZYm©aUmV Imbrb ~m~tMm g‘mdoe H$aVm ¶oD$ eH$Vmo.

Or ‘m{hVr nwa{dbobr Amho Vr dmñV{dH$ Amho H$s Zmhr Vo ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.



Notes

Amdí¶H$Vm§Mo Am¡{MË¶ à{VnmXZ {dídmgmh© Amho H$s Zmhr Vo ‘mhrV H$ê$Z KoUo.

dV©‘mZ pñWVr A[U ¶y. B©. B©. À¶m A§{V‘ C{Ôï>m§À¶m ‘Yrb A§Vamg ^ê$Z H$mT>ë¶mZo àJVrhmody eH$Vo.

àñVm{dV {ejU ¶moOZm {ZYm©arV doioZwgma H$m¶© H$ê$ eH$Vrb H$s Zmhr?

àñVm{dV ¶moOZm ¶m Am{W©H$, Vm§{ÌH$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{U amOZ¡{VH$ ñdê$nmV ì¶dhm¶© AmhoVH$s Zmhr Vo ‘mhrV H$ê$Z KoUo.

¶m ¶moOZoVrb H$‘VaVm Am{U g§YrMr OmUrd H$ê$Z KoUo.

gH$mamË‘H$ ‘yë¶ {ZYm©aU àmá Ho$ë¶mZ§Va {ZYm©arV ¶moOZm§Mo amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m {ejU{d^mJ, {db {d^mJ, ~mb Am{U ‘{hbm {dH$mg {d^mJm§Ûmam gyú‘ {ZarjU Ho$bo OmVo. amÁ¶mMogaH$mar {d^mJ ¶m ¶moOZm§Zm Am§{eH$ ê$nmV AWdm g§nyU© ñdê$nmV AZw‘moXZ Xody eH$VmV qH$dmH$maUo {dMmê$ eH$VmV AWdm bj àmárgmR>r ‘V ì¶³V H$ê$ eH$VmV. ¶m ñdrH¥$V ¶moOZm§ZmH$m¶©mpÝdV H$aÊ¶mMo Am{U H$adyZ KoÊ¶mMo H$m¶© {Oëhm {ejU A{YH$mar ¶m§Mr O~m~Xmar AgVo.Oo ImOJr emim, ñd¶§godr g§ñWm Am{U BVa H$‘©Mmè¶m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo ¶m ¶moOZm§Zm H$m¶m©pÝdVH$aVm ¶oVo.

S>) H$m¶m©Ýd¶ / H$madmB© :

{Oëhm ñVa AWdm {Oëhm ñVamdarb {Z¶moOZ ho EH$‘mÌ gwédmV Amho. ¶moOZm§ZmH$m¶©pÝdV H$amdo bmJVo. hr ~m~ ‘hÎdmMr Amho H$s {Oëhm {ejU g{‘Vr Agmo, JQ> {ejU g{‘VrAgmo AWdm emim ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr Agmo ¶m Amnë¶m H$m¶© nÕVt‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$ê$Z {ejH$,ñd¶§godr g§ñWm VgoM ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm¶m§À¶m à{V{ZYtMm g‘mdoe H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm {ZU©¶ à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ ~Zmdo bmJob. H$maU {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mÀ¶m AmXoemÀ¶m ¶mo½¶ ^mdZoMrH$madmB© KS>dyZ AmUVm ¶oB©b. {ejH$ g‘wXm¶mbm {Z¶moOZ à{H«$¶oV gm‘mdyZ KoÊ¶mÀ¶m hoVyZoåhUOo emioÀ¶m ^mJmVrb ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm¶m§gmo~V EH$Ì ¶odyZ ¶w. B©. B©. À¶m H$madmB©‘Ü¶o gh^mJrg§ñWm§À¶m ê$nmV nwT>o ¶ody eHo$b.

bmoH$g‘wXm¶mg {Z¶moOZ à{H«$¶oV g^mdo{eV Ho$ë¶m‘wio {dÚmb¶ joÌmVrb a{hdmgrAgUmè¶m bmoH$g‘wXm¶mgmo~V ¶w. B©. B©. À¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mV g§ñWm gh^mJr AmhoV.

JQ> {ejU A{YH$mar (BDO) Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ghH$mar JQ> g§gmYZ H|$ÐmÀ¶m ñdê$nmV H$m¶©H$aV AmhoV. àË¶oH$ dfu Zm{dÝ¶nyU© AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ gm{hË¶ gm‘wJ«rMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mgmR>rJQ> g§gmYZ H|$Ð àË¶oH$ emiobm ‘XV H$aob.

¶m ì¶{V[a³V, ~aoMgo g§Hw$b g§gmYZ H|$Ð Ago AgVmV H$s, àË¶oH$ 15 JmdmgmR>r EH$I§S> g§gmYZ H|$Ð qH$dm g§Hw$b g§gmYZ H|$Ð àË¶oH$ ‘{hÝ¶mVyZ EH$Xm emioMo gd}jU H$aVrbAm{U {ejH$m§Zm nmR>çH«$‘m{df¶H$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVrb.

¶w. B©. B©. À¶m C{Ôï> àmárgmR>r {Oëhm ¶moOZm§Zm H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$mhr BVag§ñWm§Mr y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© AgyZ nwT>o dU©Z H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo Amho.


1) embo¶ ñVamda àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r àñVmd V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m{hVrMoómoV H$moUVo AmhoV?



Notes

2) ¶moOZoMo ‘wë¶ {ZYm©aU åhUOo H$m¶? {Oëhm {ejU {dH$mg ¶moOZoMo ‘wë¶ {ZYm©aU H$moUH$aVmV?

gaH$mar Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm§‘Yrb gh^mJrËd :

Ho$di gaH$mar g§ñWm {ejUmÀ¶m dmT>Ë¶m ‘mJUrbm nyU© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV ¶m‘Ü¶o BVaImOJr g§ñWm§Mr ghmæ¶Vm A{Zdm¶© Amho. Am{U àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU (¶w. B©. B©) À¶mH$m¶m©V ImOJr g§ñWmZm gXñ¶ ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$ma ‘w³VnUo V¶ma AmhoV. amÁ¶ gaH$maAm{U ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ, BVa ImOJr g§ñWm§Zr EH$Ì ¶odyZ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo H$m¶© nyU©H$aÊ¶mgmR>r V¶ma AmhoV Am{U ¶m {XeoZo g‘n©H$ H$m¶© H$aV AmhoV. EH$ ì¶mnH$ ñdê$nmVgaH$maZo gd© ñVam§da EZ. Or. Amo. gmo~V gh^mJr H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm Amho. Á¶m ImOJrg§KQ>Z H$mhr dfm©nmgyZ g‘mOmÀ¶m {dH$mg H$m¶m©V H$m¶©aV hmoË¶m, AmO ho Ho$¶a g|Q>a, MmbVo-{’$aVo H|$Ð ~mbdmS>r, Hw$aUemim, àmW{‘H$ Am{U nyd© àmW{‘H$ emim MmbdV AmhoV Oo {dÚmWuemioV ¶oV ZmhrV. Ë¶m§Zm emioV AmUÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m gd© g§KQ>Zm§Mm gh^mJ Amdí¶H$ Amho.

EZ. Or. Amo. gmo~V ^m{JXmar ho emgZmMo YmoaU Amho.

H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$maÛmao {dÎm ghmæ¶ XoUo.

H$mhr {d{eï> amï>r¶ Am{U amÁ¶ g§gmYZ g§ñWm§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Am{U

bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mÀ¶m {H«$¶mH$ënmg H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘VrÛmao {dÎmghmæ¶ XoUo.

{ejUmMm A{YH$ma g§H$ënZo‘Ü¶o EZ. Or. Amo. gmo~V ^mJrXmar Imbrb joÌm§‘Ü¶o {dMmamVKoVbr Amho.

OmUrdOmJ¥Vr dmT>{dUo.

j‘Vm {Z‘m©U : {ejH$ à{ejU n[aUm‘H$maH$ j‘VoMm {dH$mg, bmoH$g‘wXm¶ j‘Vm {Z‘m©UAm{U g§ñWm§À¶m nm¶m yV gww{dYm§Mr j‘Vm {Z‘m©U, H$aUo d H$m¶©dmhr H$aUo.

g§emoYZ : ‘wë¶‘mnZ ¶w. B©. B©. Mo ‘m°{ZQ>atJ

Zm{dÝ¶nyU© AÜ¶mnZ nÕVtMm {dH$mg

embm~mø {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {ejU àdmhmV AmUUo.

gaH$mabm qbJ {ejUmg§~§Yr OmJ¥V H$aUo.

{deof JaOm AgUmè¶m ~mbH$m§gmo~V H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r

O~m~XmarMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r

nmaX{e©H$Vm {dH$mg : H$m¶©H«$‘ {Z{‘©Vr Am{U CnbãY H$m¶©H«$‘m§À¶m ‘yë¶ {ZYm©aUmVnmaX{e©H$Vm AmUUo.

7.3.4.1 emioMo {ZarjU Am{U n¶©dojU :

bmoH$g‘wXm¶mMr ^y{‘H$m :

emioÀ¶m H$m¶m©Mr XoIaoI Am{U n¶©dojU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH$ g‘wXm¶mMr y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU©Amho. ¶mg§X^m©V emioVrb CnbãY e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm§Mr XoIaoI Am{U {dÚmb¶m§Mo n¶©dojU H$aUo



Notes

{ejU g{‘Vr Am{U bmoH$g‘wXm¶mMo H$V©ì¶ Amho. ¶moOZm§À¶m H$m¶m©Ýd¶mMr XoIaoI Am{U n¶©dojUH$aUo ¶mgmR>r ‘hÎdnyU© Amho H$s,

gd© {dÚmWu {Z¶{‘V emioV ¶oVmV.

‘wbr Am{U BVa gw{dYm d§{MV g‘wXm¶m§À¶m {ejUmg§X^m©V ZmdZm|XUr Am{U Ad~moY {Z[ajUH$aUo.

{dÚmÏ¶mªZm JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU {Xbo OmVo.

ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {ejH$m§Mr âVr H$aUo.

emioMo doimnÌH$ J«m‘rU {ejU g{‘Vr Am{U nmbH$ ¶m§À¶m g‘Ýd¶mVyZ V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.

emim AmYmarV gw{dYm§Mm Cn¶moJ ¶mo½¶ hmoVmo.

AZwXmZ ¶mo½¶ arVrZo dmnabo OmVo H$s Zmhr Vo nmhUo.

n¶m©¶r embo¶ H|$ÐmMr ¶mo½¶ XoIaoI H$aUo.

AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ gmYZgm‘wJ«rMr CnbãYVm Am{U Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJ ¶mo½¶ hmoVmo H$s Zmhr VonmhUo.

JQ> {ejU A{YH$mar ^y{‘H$m :JQ> {ejU A{YH$mar Am{U Ë¶mA§VJ©V BVa A{YH$mè¶m§Mr Imbrb y{‘H$m AgVo.

àË¶oH$ emim, {dZm AZwXm{ZV ImOJr emim VgoM BVa Ë¶m§À¶m A{YH$ma joÌmVrb emim§MrnmhUr H$aUo.

emim B‘maV d gw{dYm {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ~¡R>H$ ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mo {ZarjU H$aUo.

emioVrb {nÊ¶mÀ¶m nmÊ¶mMr gmo¶, ñdÀN>Vm em¡Mmb¶o ‘Ü¶m§Z ^moOZ {eO{dÊ¶mMo ñd¶§nmH$Ka ¶m§Mr {deof nmhUr H$aUo.

{ejH$ Am{U ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$ ¶m§À¶m {d{dY Zm|XrMr VnmgUr H$aUo.

¶m VnmgUrA§VJ©V emiog Amdí¶H$ JaOm§Mr ‘m{hVr {Oëhm {ejU A{YH$mè¶mg XoUo.

narga VgoM emioÀ¶m ~m~VrV OUJUZmË‘H$ ‘m{hVr àmá H$aUo, Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Jmdm§Mr g§»¶m,n§Mm¶VtMr g§»¶m, g§Hw$b, {Zdmgr OmJm, AZwgw{MV Om{V/O‘mVr, d§{MV/‘mJmg OmVtMrg§»¶m emim AZw{MV ‘wbo d ‘wbtMr g§»¶m, VgoM emioV ¶oUmao d Z ¶oUmè¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMrg§»¶m {deof JaOm AgUmao {dÚmWu ¶m§Mr g§»¶m§Mr g§»¶m {deof JaOm AgUmao {dÚmWu¶m§Mr gm§p»¶H$s Zm|X KoUo.

emioV OmÊ¶m¶mo½¶ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {ejU XoUmè¶m ImOJr emim§Mr ‘m{hVr KoUo.darb (BDO) e¡j{UH$ AmamIS>m EH$ VnmgUr à{H«$¶oÀ¶m ñdê$nmV àmá Ho$bobm AgyZ

dm{f©H$ {Oëhm H$m¶© ¶moOZm / ~OoQ> V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶w³V nSy> eH$Vo.


1) gaH$mar ImOJr gh^mJrËd åhUOo H$m¶? Vo H$m Amdí¶H$ Amho?

2) {~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm (NGo) ¶m§Mr ¶w. B©. B©. ‘Yrb ^mJrXmar H$moUË¶m ñdê$nmV Amho?



Notes

3) ¶w. B©. B©. gmR>r gyú‘ {Z¶moOZm‘Ü¶o {Oëhm {ejU A{YH$mè¶mMr y{‘H$m ñnï> H$am.

7.4 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmVrb ì¶dñWmnZ d O~m~Xmar

7.4.1 emgZmË‘H$ O~m~Xmar

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU H$aVmZm H$mhr emgZmË‘H$ AS>MUr AgyZ Ë¶m§Mo {ZdmaUH$aUo JaOoMo Amho. EH$ Ago aMZmV§Ì ñWm{nV H$aUo JaOoMo Amho Á¶m‘Ü¶o ~mbH$mMm emioV¶oUmè¶m A{YH$ma A{YH$ à~b hmoB©b VgoM Ë¶m‘Ü¶o emim àdoemg§~§YrMo YmoaU gwb^ AgmdoAm{U àË¶oH$ emioZo EH$ dm{f©H$ Ahdmb V¶ma H$ê$Z Ë¶mÛmao AmdoXZ nÌ g§»¶m Am{U àdoeg§»¶m Kmo{fV H$amdr. H$mhr AZwXmZm§da Am§{eH$ ñdê$nmV amoH$ bmdUmè¶m VaVyXr Am{U à‘mUXOm© g§~§Yr {df¶mda {dMma H$aVm ¶oB©b. {dÚmÏ¶mªMo AmH$bZ H$go hmoVo {H$Vr à‘mUmV hmoVo?Ë¶mgmR>r H$moUVo n¶m©¶ AgmdoV? ¶m§Mr CÎmao gwM{dUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. H$‘rV H$‘r gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªMremioV ZmdZm|XUr gw{ZpíMV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶m gd© {df¶m§~m~V g‘mYmZH$maH$ g’$bVm{‘imbr Zmhr Va narUm‘r ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo {Xboë¶m g‘mZ e¡j{UH$ g§YtMr Ag’$bVmAgob.

emgZmg§~§Yr AS>MUr nwT>rbà‘mUo :

H|$Ð gaH$maH$Sy>Z ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§Zm {‘iUmao AZwXmZ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r Cn¶w³V Amho H$sZmhr qH$dm Ë¶mMm ¶mo½¶ dmna hmoVmo H$s Zmhr?

{d{dY ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§Zm AZwXmZ H$go {Xbo OmB©b?

àmá AZwXmZmÀ¶m dmnamgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mam‘Ü¶o H$moUVo ñdmV§Í¶ Agob?

Oa ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm ñdV: Amnë¶m AZwXmZmMr gmo¶ H$aV Agob Va H$moUVo ómoV Cn¶w³VR>aVrb?

Oa ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§Zm H$a bmdÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Agy eH$Vmo H$m H$s Á¶mÀ¶m‘wio nwaogm {ZYràmá hmoB©b?

ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWmÀ¶m àmá {dÎmmMo {ZarjU Am{U Am°S>rQ> H$moU H$aob?

¶m‘Ürb ~è¶mMí¶m àíZm§Mo {ZamH$aU {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘m‘Ü¶o gwM{dÊ¶mVAmbobo Amho.

7.4.2 {ejH$m§Mr âVr Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ

[ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘, {ejH$ {dH|${ÐH¥$V ì¶dñWmnZmg àmoËgmhZ XoVo. {ejH$m§Mr‘h©Vm, âVr H$aUo, ZmoH$arV R>odUo, ~T>Vr H$aUo ¶m g§X^m©V g§ mì¶ ómoV ¶m§Mo {ZamH$aUH$m¶Úm§VJ©V Ho$bo OmVo. Ooìhm AmnU åhUVmo. H$s, àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU ì¶mnH$g§ñWmJV {dH$mgmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. Voìhm Amnbo bj emgZmË‘H$ ì¶dñWmnZmda OmVo. g§nyU©à{H«$¶m XrK© {db§~mMr AgVo ho hmody Z¶o.

amÁ¶mbm Amnë¶m ‘mnX§S>m§Mo AZwH$aU H$aÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma d {Z¶‘mdbr EZ. gr. Q>r. B©.Ûmam {Z{‘©V {Z¶‘m§er gwg§JV AgVmV. gaH$ma {ejH$ âVr H$ê$ eH$VmV Am{U ¶m à{H«$¶oV



Notes

bmoH$g‘wXm¶mMm XoIrb A{YH$ma Agy eH$Vmo. na§Vw, JwUdÎmo~m~V H$moUVmhr g‘PmoVm Zgmdm.{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mZwgma amÁ¶m‘Ü¶o EH$hr EH$ {ejH$s emim Zmhr Ago AmídmgZXoUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. VgoM, 50% ‘{hbm {e{jH$m Agmì¶mV ¶mMo nmbZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

{ejH$m§À¶m nJmam~m~VrV {d{dYVm {XgyZ ¶oVo. ImOJr emim dm NGO Mmb{dë¶mOmUmè¶m emim§‘wio hm àíZ A{YH$ {~H$Q> Pmbobm Amho. VgoM {ejH$m§Mo dV©‘mZmVrb nJma hmEH$ OQ>rb {df¶ Agy eH$Vmo.

7.4.3 emim ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrMr ^y{‘H$m :{ejUmMr JwUdÎmm {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘hÎdmMr y{‘H$m ~Omdy eH$VmV. {ejUmMo gd©

KQ>H$ EH$Ì H$aÊ¶m‘Ü¶o hr EH$ ì¶mnH$ Am{U ¶mo½¶ {ZU©¶ à{H«$¶m Kody eH$Vo. àË¶oH$ emiog‘mÝ¶Vm {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r ghm ‘{hÝ¶m§À¶m AmV EH$ embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr Zo‘Uo Amdí¶H$AgVo. ¶mMr H$mbmdYr XmoZ df© AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr‘Ü¶o 75% gXñ¶ nmbH$m§‘YyZ AgVrb. 25% gXñ¶m§‘Ü¶o Imbrb {d^mOZ Amho. EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e gXñ¶ ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mar {Zdm©{MV gXñ¶m§‘YyZ EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e gXñ¶ emioVrb

AÜ¶mnH$m§‘YyZ, Cd©arV ‘gXñ¶ ñWm{ZH$ e¡j{UH$ H$m¶©H$V}’ Am{U {dÚmÏ¶mª‘YyZ AgVrbÁ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ g{‘VrVrb {Z¶w³V nmbH$ H$aVrb. g{‘VrÀ¶m y{‘H$m nwT>rbà‘mUo :

{dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m A{YH$mam§Mo ajU{dÚmÏ¶mªMo H$mhr ‘hÎdny© A{YH$ma AgyZ Ë¶mM§r gwajm A{Zdm¶© Amho.

OrdZ OJÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma

A{^ì¶p³V g§X^m©Vrb A{YH$ma

Amamo½¶ Am{U {dH$mgmMm A{YH$ma

J¡admna Am{U emofU g§~§Yr gwajm A{YH$ma

{ejUmgmR>r g‘mZ g§YrMm A{YH$ma

XOm© Am{U gÝ‘mZmZo OJÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma

g§ñH¥$Vr d dmagm.

JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejUmMm A{YH$ma

{H$‘mZ ‘yb yV gw{dYm§Mm A{YH$ma

nwñVHo$, ’$im, {dkmZ à¶moJ emim

¶w{Z’$m°‘©, nmofU Amhma, nwñVHo$ ‘mo’$V

H$a‘UyH$ H|$Ð{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mZwgma àm‘w»¶mZo {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m A{YH$mam§Mr nyVu H$aÊ¶mMo

Xm{¶Ëd {ejH$, ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$ VgoM embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrMo Agob.embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrÛmao embo¶ {dH$mg ¶moOZoMr {Z{‘©Vr :

embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr Am{W©H$ dfm©À¶m eodQ>r H$‘rV H$‘r VrZ ‘{hZo AJmoXa EH$embo¶ {dH$mg ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aob. hr ¶moOZm VrZ df} H$mbmdYrn¶ªV Mmbob Am{U ¶m‘Ü¶o VrZdm{f©H$ Cn¶moOZm AgVrb. ¶m ¶moOZm nwT>rbà‘mUo :

àË¶oH$ Am{W©H$ dfm©gmR>r dJm©Zwgma ‘mnZm|XUrMo {Z¶moOZ

âVr hmoUmao A{Var³V {ejH$ Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$ {df¶mZwgma {ejH$ VgoM nmQ>© Q>mB©‘H$m‘ H$aUmao {ejH$m§Mm g‘mdoe Agob ho gd© dJm©Zwgma Am{U {ZYm©arV ‘mnZ X§S>mAZwgmahmoB©b.



Notes

>A{Var³V AmYmarV gmo¶rgw{dYm Am{U Amdí¶H$ CnH$aUm§Mo {ZYm©aU‘mnZX§S>mZwgma hmoB©b.

VrZ dfm©gmR>r à{V‘{hZm Amdí¶H$ {dÎmr¶ {Z¶moOZ

{ejH$m§Zm {deof à{ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r {dÎmr¶ {Z¶moOZ

{dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r ‘mo’$V nwñVHo$ JUdoe, ñQ>oeZar B.gmR>r {dÎmr¶ {Z¶moOZ

gaH$mar {d^mJmÀ¶m g§X^m©V embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr ^y{‘H$m :

{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mZwgma àË¶oH$ ~mbH$ emioV OmUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. åhUOoM~mbH$m‘Jmar {‘Q>dUo hmoUo. {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mA§VJ©V g‘mod{eV {ejUmÀ¶m‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr gd© AZwgw{MV OmVr/O‘mVr e¡j{UH$ ÑîQ>çm AàJVdJm©er g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aob OoUoH$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m h¸$mÀ¶m gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVm¶oVrb.

embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vrbm Ë¶m gd© gaH$mar {d^mJm§gmo~V H$m‘ H$amdo bmJob Á¶m§Mmg§~§Y d§{MV {dÚmÏ¶mªMo {ejU {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mda â Agob. Ë¶m‘wio {deof JaOm AgUmè¶m{dÚmÏ¶mªZm {ejUmMo g‘mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVm ¶oVrb.

Aem àH$mao Jar~r {Z‘w©bZ H$m¶©H«$‘mV JVr AmUÊ¶mgmR>r embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrbmJ«m‘rU {dH$mg {d^mJ VgoM n§Mm¶V amOgmo~V H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. Ë¶m‘wio KaH$m‘d ‘OXÿar H$aUmao {dÚmWu emioV ¶ody eH$Vrb. embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vrg n§Mm¶V amOì¶dñWobm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ A§VJ©V Amnbo H$m‘ nyU© H$aÊ¶mMo gw{ZpíMV H$aUoJaOoMo Amho.

~mbH$ A{YH$mam§VJ©V emar[aH$ {ejm Am{U N>i ¶mnmgyZ gwajm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.VgoM embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrZo ~mbH$ A{YH$mam§À¶m amï>r¶/amÁ¶ Am¶moJm§er OdirH$ gmYmdrAm{U Ë¶m§Zm ghmæ¶Vm H$amdr. ¶mà‘mUo ‘hrbm Am{U ~mbH$ë¶mU {d^mJmZo ghmæ¶Vm H$ê$Z~mbH$m§Zm Xÿì¶©dhmamnmgyZ gwajm {‘imdr ¶mgmR>r ghmæ¶ H$amdo.


1) emio‘Ü¶o ~mbH$ A{YH$mamÀ¶m gwaMZogmR>r H$moU O~m~Xma Amho?

2) embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Mo H$m¶© H$m¶ Amho?

3) embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrMr O~m~Xmar H$moUVr Amho?

4) Vo gaH$mar {d^mJ H$moUH$moUVo AmhoV Ë¶mgmo~V g{‘Vr ~mbH$ A{YH$mam§Mr gwajmH$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$m‘ H$aVmV?



Notes

7.5 embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZmA§VJ©V {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 (RTE-ACT)

{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 À¶m AZwgma àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶mgmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmA§VJ©V (¶w. B©. B©.) emioÀ¶m H$mhr O~m~Xmè¶m AgVmV. gaH$mar emioì¶{V[a³VàË¶oH$ emim {OMr ñWmnZm ¶m A{Y{Z¶‘mÀ¶m bmJy ¶oÊ¶mAJmoXa VrZ ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV g§~§{YV{OëhmA{YH$mar ¶mg ’$m°‘© H«$‘m§H$ 1 da Imbrb ‘mnZX§S> qH$dm AQ>tÀ¶m nmbZmg§~§Yr Kmo{fVH$aob H$s,

H$) emim Á¶m g§ñWoÛmao Mmb{dbr OmV Amho Or g§ñWm§Mr ZmdZm|XUr A{Y{Z¶‘ 1860 À¶mAYrZ H$m¶© H$aVo Am{U EH$ gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWoÛmao Mmb{dbr OmV AgyZ Ë¶mMr g§{dYm{ZH$ñdê$nmV ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho.

I)emim H$moUVrhr ì¶³Vr ì¶p³Vg‘wh g§K AWdm BVa ì¶p³V§Zm bm^ {‘i{dÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZoMmb{dbr OmV Zmhr.

J) hr emim ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb {ZYm©arV ‘wë¶m§Zwgma Mmb{dbr OmV Amho.

K) emioMr B‘maV VgoM BVa ~m§YH$m‘, ‘¡XmZ ¶m§Mm dmna e¡j{UH$ H$m¡eë¶ {dH$mgmgmR>rH$aÊ¶mV ¶oVmo.

S>) emioMr VnmgUr H$moUË¶mhr amÁ¶ gaH$ma {ZYm©arV A{YH$mar dm ñWm{ZH$ àemgZA{YH$marÛmam Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo.

M) emioVrb Amdí¶H$ gw{dYm {Z¶‘mdbrà‘mUo AmhoV.

N>) emim doimodoir {Oëhm {ejU A{YH$mè¶mÛmao ‘m{JVboë¶m gyMZog§~§Yr Ahdmb gmXa H$aVAgVo Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$ma dm ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmÛmao {ZYm©arV ‘wë¶m§Mo nmbZ H$ê$Z emim‘mÝ¶VoÀ¶m AQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$aV AgVo Am{U emioÀ¶m g§MmbZmV ¶oUmè¶m H$‘VaVoMr CUrd^ê$Z H$mT>Ê¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aV AgVo.

{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ 2009 Mo H$b‘ ^mJ IV H$b‘ 7 (1, 2, 3) A§VJ©V OaH$moUVo gaH$ma, ghmæ¶Vm àmá AWdm J¡a ghmæ¶H$ àmá gaH$maH$Sy>Z ‘mÝ¶Vm {‘idy BpÀN>VAgob Va, Ë¶mg g‘mOmVrb Jar~ Am{U gw{dYmd§{MV g‘whmVrb {dÚmÏ¶mªZm àdoe Úmdm bmJob.Oa H$moUVrhr emim Ago H$aV Zgob Va Ë¶mg gw{MV H$ê$Z ‘mÝ¶Vm aÔ Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo.Xþgar ‘hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªgmo~V Agm‘mÝ¶ dV©dUyH$ H$aVm H$m‘m Z¶o VgoMgdmªà‘mUo g‘mZ {ejU XoÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. Ë¶m§À¶mgmo~V H$moUVmhr njnmVrnUm hmoUma Zmhr. Ogo,gw{dYm àmárMm h¸$, ‘mo’$V nwñVHo$, JUdoe, J«§Wmb¶, H«$sS>m, ICT ghembo¶ CnH«$‘ ¶mVoX^md H$aUma Zmhr.

H$mhr amÁ¶ gaH$ma / ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmZo H$mhr {d{eï> dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r hOoar^Îmm XoÊ¶mMr ¶moOZm Ho$br Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o d§{MV JQ>mVrb {dÚmWuZr, Xþ~©b dJm©Vrb {dÚmWu d§{MV{dÚmWr© ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.

emioH$Sy>Z hr Anojm Amho H$s, EZ. gr. Q>r. B©., EZ. gr. B©. Ama. Q>r. Zo {ZYm©arV Ho$boë¶mAh©Vmàmá à{e{jV {ejH$m§Mr {Z¶w³Vr H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. Va EImXr emim à{e{jV {ejH$ {Z¶w³VH$aV Zgob Va Ë¶m§Mr ‘mÝ¶Vm aÔ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo. Oa EImXo amÁ¶mV n¶m©á g§»¶oV {ejH$à{ejU g§»¶m ZgVrb Am{U Ah©Vmàmá {ejH$ CnbãY ZgVrb Va VodT>çm {ejH$m§MrAmdí¶H$Vm Amho VodT>çm§Mr g§»¶m amÁ¶ gaH$ma H|$Ð gaH$mabm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘2009 bmJy Pmë¶mZ§Va ¶m Ame¶mMo àmW©Zm nÌ nmR>dmdo bmJVo. Aem narpñWVrV H|$Ð gaH$ma{ZYm©arV Ah©Vm AQ>t‘Ü¶o H$mhr à‘mUmV gwQ> XoÊ¶mMm {dMma H$ê$ eH$Vo. ¶m AQ>rA§VJ©V {Z¶w³V



Notes

{ejH$m§Zm nmM dfm©À¶m AmV e¡j{UH$ A{YH$mamÛmam {ZYm©arV {ZåZV‘ AQ>tZm àmá H$amdo bmJVo.¶m AQ>r Ë¶m {ejH$m§Zm nU bmJy hmoVmV Oo {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ bmJy hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m doir{ZYm©arV Ah©VoAQ>rg nyU© H$aV ZmhrV.Vw‘Mr àJVr Vnmgm 7

1) {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ A§VJ©V H$moUË¶mhr ImOJr emiog ‘mÝ¶Vm àmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>rH$moUË¶m AQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$amdr bmJVo?

2) H$moUË¶mhr ImOJr emioH$Sy>Z gw{dYm d§{MV {dÚmÏ¶mªZm àdoe XoÊ¶mMr Anojm H$m H$aÊ¶mV¶oVo?

3) H$moUVrhr EImXr emim H$moUË¶mhr {dÚmÏ¶m©g àdoe XoÊ¶mg ‘ZmB© H$ê$ eH$Vo H$m?

4) H$moUË¶mhr à{e{jV / Ah©Vmàmá {ejH$mMr {Z¶w³Vr H$m H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo?

7.6 à^mdr ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U j‘Vm {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ZoQ>dH$sªJ (Omio)

g§¶w³V amï>r¶ {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘ (UNDP) À¶m A§VJ©V j‘VoMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rbà‘mUo Ho$bobrAmho. ì¶³Vr, g§ñWm, Am{U g§KQ>Zm§Zm à{H«$¶m nyU© H$aUo, g‘ñ¶m {Z‘y©bZ Am{U C{Ôï> {ZYm©arVH$aUo VgoM Ë¶m§Zm àmá H$aUoÀ¶m ¶mo½¶Vobm j‘VmAgo åhQ>bo Amho.

j‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr qH$dm j‘Vm {dH$mg Ago eãX ‘mZd Am{U g§ñWmË‘H$ j‘Vm {Z{‘©VrH$aÊ¶mgmR>r dmnabo OmVmV.

j‘Vm {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Cn¶w³V CXmhaU, Oo àm‘w»¶mZo {dH$gZXoemer gwg§JV Amho, Vo AmhonmUr, eoVr, nmofU, Amamo½¶ B. joÌeV H$m¶©aV à{V{ZYtZm à{ejU XoUo doJdoJù¶m g§ñWm dmg§KQ>Zm Ogo ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$g‘wXm¶, j‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr H$m¶©H«$‘mMo ‘hÎdnyU© g§àoaHo$ AmhoV Am§VarH$ì¶dñWmnZ g§aMZm ‘m{hVr Am{U g§àoUU V§ÌkmZmMr nmohmoM (AmH$bZ) VgoM ZoQ>d{Hª$JMog§ñWmË‘H$ j‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.



Notes

7.6.1 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aUmgmR>r ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r ‘m{hVr Am{Ug§àofU V§ÌkmZ (ICT) :

‘m{hVr Am{U g§àoUU V§ÌkmZ ho Ago V§ÌkmZ Amho H$s Á¶mMm dmna ¶w. B©. B© À¶m à^mdrhñVm§VaUmgmR>r ‘m{hVr àXmZ {Z‘m©U H$aUo. gmR>dUyH$ H$aUo, ì¶dñWmnZ VWm {d{Z¶moJH$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶moJ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. emim ZoQ>gmR>r dmnaH$Ë¶mªZm Am°ZbmB©Z g§àoofU H$aUo, ‘XVVgoM {d{Z¶moJ (AmXmZ-àXmZ) H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm {deofËdmZo ‘hÎdmMr Amho. øm g§X^m©V ‘m{hVrAm{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZMm g§Ho$V g§JUH$, g§JUH$ Omio, B§Q>aZoQ>/Am§Va Omb, Q>obr’$moZ, XÿaXe©Z,AmH$medmUr Am{U ÑH$ lmì¶ CnH$aUo Am{U BVa Ago gmYZo Ë¶m§Mm dmna Am§VaOmbmerg§~§{YV ¶mo½¶ gmYZm§‘Ü¶o hmoVmo. Á¶m ì¶³Vr ‘m{hVr Am{U g§àooU V§ÌkmZmer {d{dY{H«$¶mH$ënm§Ûmao gm{‘b hmody eH$VmV, VoM ¶m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ago g‘Obo OmVoH$s, ‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZ g§~§Yr Amdí¶H$ g§aMZm Am{U CnH$aUmMr CnbãYVmAgyZXoIrb ~è¶mMí¶m ì¶³VtMo {ejU hmody eH$V Zmhr. qH$dm Ë¶m§Mm dmna H$gm H$aUo ho ‘m{hVrZmhr. ‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofUmÀ¶m V§ÌkmZmg {S>{OQ>b {S>ìhmBg hr g§km {Xbr OmVo.

‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZmMo VrZ MmbH$ (S´>mBìha) AmhoV. (1) ^mfm - (Aem ^mfoMmCn¶moJ Á¶mMm dmna ì¶mnH$ ñdê$nmV Am§VaOmbmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.) gmraVm ({deofVm AÜ¶¶Zg§ñH¥$Vr) A{YJ‘ (e¡j{UH$ CnbãYr ñVa) Ago hmo¶. kmZ g‘mO, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Am{Ug§nÞVogmR>r {ejU ho EH$ ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. {ejU Ho$di gmYZ ZgyZ Ë¶mÛmao ì¶³Vr g‘mOAm{U AW©ì¶dñWoV ¶mo½¶ ^mJrXma ~ZVm ¶oVo. ‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m dmnamÀ¶màgmam‘Ü¶o hm nU EH$ ‘w»¶ MmbH$ Amho. ‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m {dH$mg AgodmVmdaU H$aob Á¶m‘Ü¶o ì¶³Vr kmZmMr ^mJrXmar H$ê$ eH$Vrb Am{U Á¶m Á¶m ì¶p³VtZm hokmZ {‘iob. Ë¶m§Mm kmZmË‘H$ {dH$mg A{YH$ hmoB©b.

‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZmMm Cn¶moJ {ejUmer g§§~§{YV AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mo {ZamH$aUH$aÊ¶mgmR>r hmody eH$Vmo Ogo - embo¶ àemgZ d AÜ¶mnZ H$m¡eë¶ dmT>{dUo, H$mhr {d{eï>joÌm§V (nmR>çnwñVH$, {ejH$m§gmR>r AÜ¶mnZ¶w³V gmXZ gm‘wJ«r) g§gmYZm§Mm {dH$mg Zm{dÝ¶ nyU©AÜ¶mnZ nÕVtMm pñdH$ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gÁO {ejH$m§Zm AÜ¶mnZmg§~§Yr ZdrZ AmìhmZm§Mmgm‘Zm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$bm Omdy eH$Vmo.

7.6.2 emim Omb (ZoQ>) åhUOo H$m¶?

emim ZoQ> AZoH$ emim§À¶m B§Q>aZoQ>bm OmoSy>Z àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r EH$ ‘m{hVr àUmbrV¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoVo, Á¶mÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {d{dY {dÚmWu, {ejH$ emim,àemgZmVrb KQ>H$ / g§ñWm, nmbH$ Am{U gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$ EH$‘oH$m§er OmoS>bo OmVmV Am{U‘m{hVrÀ¶m gmYZm§Mo AmXmZ àXmZ (XodmU KodmU) Ho$br OmVo. ¶màH$mao ho ZoQ>dH©$er g§~§YrVe¡j{UH$ g§ñWmÀ¶m H$m¡eë¶nyU© dm à^mdr ì¶dñWmnZmg ‘XV H$aVo. WmoS>³¶mV ñHy$b ZoQ>e¡j{UH$, àUmbr, emim, {ejH$, nmbH$, bmoH$ g‘wXm¶ Am{U ì¶mnH$ e¡j{UH$ g§gmYZm§Mo OmioAmho. ñHy$b ZoQ> hm eãX Am§Vaamï>r¶ ñVamda ñdrH¥$V g§km AgyZ Á¶mMm g§~§Y embo¶ {ejUàemgZ V§ÌmMr ‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZ AmYmarV B. ì¶dñWmnZ EH$ g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ ê$nmV{d{dY ñdê$nmV ApñVËdmV Amho. ñHy$b ZoQ> EH$ H$moUË¶mhr gaH$mar {d^mJmVrb ñWm{nVH$m¶©H«$‘ AgyZ hm ImOJr g§KQ>Z qH$dm ImOJr H§$nZr AWdm ImOJr emioV Agy eH$Vo hoH$moUË¶mhr H$monè¶mVrb g§~§YrV ì¶³Vrbm ¶w. B©. B©. À¶m g§X^m©V ‘m{hVr àmá H$aÊ¶m‘Ü¶o gj‘~ZdVo. Xþgè¶m eãXmV ñHy$b ZoQ> EH$ amï>r¶ amÁ¶ñVar¶ H$m¶©H«$‘ AgyZ Á¶mMm hoVy emio‘Ü¶o‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZmMm dmna {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.



Notes

àm‘w»¶mZo ñHy$bZoQ> g§ñWm§Zm EH${ÌV H$aUo, e¡j{UH$ ‘m{hVr V§ÌmÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmda{Z¶§ÌU Am{U à^mdr e¡j{UH$ godm XoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m{hVrMr AmYma àUmbr V¶ma H$aVo. VgoM Oa‘m{hVr g§àofU V§ÌkZmMm à^mdrdmna H$amd¶mMm Agob Va {d{dY gaH$mar {d^mJm§‘Ü¶ogwJ‘arVrZo ghmæ¶Vm XoÊ¶mgmR>r amîQ>r¶ ghmæ¶VoMr Amdí¶H$Vm nS>ob.

7.6.3 ñHy$b ZoQ>Mo H$m¶© / godm

V§ÌkmZmË‘H$ godm / H$m¶© :

OmoS>Ur (H$Zo³Q>r{dQ>r) g§~§Yr godm§gmR>r gaH$mar A{YH$mè¶m§gmR>r VgoM gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$m§gmR>rB§Q>aZoQ> gpìh©g àmodmBS>a (ISP) H$m¶© H$aVo Am{U {d{dY g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^mJrXmar gwJ‘ ~ZdVo.

emioÀ¶m Cn¶w³V g§gmYZm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo.

emio‘Ü¶o {ejU XoÊ¶mg§~§Yr ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r Cn¶w³V gm°âQ>doAa gmobyeZ {dH${gV H$aUo.

{df¶dñVyg§~§Yr H$m¶© :

{ejH$ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Cn¶w³V Am§VaOmb g§~§{YV ‘m{hVr XoÊ¶mgmR>r nmoQ>©b gmhæ¶ ~ZdUo

{deof V§km§Ûmao ‘wiVÎdmda ì¶mdgm{H$ ñVamda Ame¶ dñVy§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo.

gh¶moJmË‘H$ àH$ën :

Am°ZbmB©Z àH$ënm§‘Ü¶o {d{dY g§gmYZ H|$ÐmMm g‘mdoe dm gh¶moJ ghO ~ZdUo.

Xoe nmVirda gh¶moJmË‘H$ àH$ënm§Mo g§MmbZ VgoM AmamIS>m ~m§YUr H$aUo.

ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {dH$mg :

AÜ¶mnZ Am{U {ejUmVrb ‘m{hVr g§àooU V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z ‘m{hVr g§àofU V§ÌkmZH$m¡eë¶m§Mo {ejH$m§Zm godmH$mbrZ à{ejU XoUo.

g§emoYZ Zm{dÊ¶nyU©Vm / g‘n©Z :

{d{dY dmVmdaU / narpñWVrda AmYmarV àm¶mo{JH$ àH$ën

AÜ¶mnZmg§~§Yr gdm}Îm‘ nÕVtMm {dH$mg dm àMma-àgma H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m dmnamV Zm{dÊ¶Vm AmUÊ¶mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUo.

emim dm g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ :

{ZU©¶ à{H«$¶og§~§Yr ‘m{hVrMo AmXmZ àXmZ H$aUo.

¶moOZm {ZYm©arV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m{hVrMr XodmU-KodmU H$aUo.

7.6.4 ñHy$b ZoQ> EH$ e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ àUmbrÀ¶m ñdê$nmV

‘m{hVr Am{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m emioMr BV emim§nojm ‘m{hVr gmR>dUyH$sÀ¶m doJm‘Ü¶o‘hÎdnyU© gwYmaUm H$ê$ mH$Vo. Am{U àemgZmV bmJUmao l‘ H$‘r H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ago ~aoM ‘m{hVrAm{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZ VgoM àUmbr AmhoV Á¶m àemgZr¶ H$m¶m©V H$‘r H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZH$aVmV.

Ooìhm emim ñHy$b ZoQ>‘Ü¶o àdoe H$aVo Voìhm ~è¶mM Jmoï>t‘Ü¶o nardV©Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. ‘m{hVrAm{U g§àofU V§ÌkmZ H$m¡eë¶ A§VJ©V ~aoM H$m¡eë¶ ¶oVmV. Ogo B©‘ob nmR>dUo. Cƒ ñVar¶H$m¡eë¶ {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m ómoVm§Zm ‘m{hVr nwa{dUo d {dH$mg. Ë¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aUo, {díbofU dm



Notes

g§íbofU H$aÊ¶mMr ¶mo½¶Vm AgUo. ¶m gd© Cƒ ñVar¶ H$m¡eë¶m§Mm à¶moJ ì¶dñWmnZ g§~§Yr gd©joÌmV Ho$bm OmVmo.

7.7 Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWog§~§Yr AmamIS>m

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmÀ¶m g§MmbZmgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, ¶w. Ho$. gaH$ma B. Mo{dH$mgmV ghmæ¶Vm {‘i{dbr Amho. VgoM {d{dY ¶moOZm§Zm ghmæ¶Vm XoÊ¶mgmR>r AmZwXmZmMo{dVaUmV gd© H$m¶Xoera ~m~tMo nmbZ H$amdo bmJob. ¶mMm AW© Agm H$s Am§Vaamï>r¶ ñVamdaXoU½¶m àmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>r emim nmVir, Jmd, JQ> {Oëhm, amÁ¶ nmVirda H$m¶m©Mm Ahdmb Am{UIMm©Mm {dÎmr¶ Ahdmb doioda Úmdo bmJob.IM© {dVaUmMr ì¶dñWm : gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ H$m¶©H«$‘m§VJ©V Cn¶w³V IM© {dVaUmÀ¶mì¶dñWoda AmYmarV hmoVr. H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$ma‘Ü¶o ho JwUmoÎma AmYma Zddr n§Mdm{f©H$¶moOZo‘Ü¶o 85 : 15 hmoVr, Xhmdr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoV 75 : 25 Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va ¶mMm AmYma 50 : 50

H$aÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm. amÁ¶ gaH$maH$Sy>Z hr Anojm hmoVr H$s Vo ¶w. B©. B©. À¶m {dÎm ì¶dñWoH$S>oA{YH$ O~m~Xmar KoVrb. amÁ¶ gaH$maH$Sy>Z IM© {dVaUmgmR>r Ahdmb {b{IV ñdê$nmV KoVbmOmVmo.amÁ¶ H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z gmogm¶Q>r : amÁ¶ gaH$magmR>r gd© {ejm A{^¶mZm§VJ©V AZwXmZ àmáH$aÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶ H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z gmogm¶Q>rbm EH$ Y‘m©Xm¶ gmogm¶Q>rÀ¶m ê$nmV Zm|XUr H$aUoA{Zdm¶© Amho. ^maV gaH$ma ¶m àH$maÀ¶m AZwXmZ Ho$di amÁ¶ gaH$ma g§Kr¶ joÌm§Zm XoVo. amÁ¶gaH$ma AZwXmZmMm Xþgam {hñgm hm ¶m AJmoXa amï>r¶ dm amÁ¶ gaH$ma àmá {hñgm amÁ¶H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z gmogm¶Q>rV ñWmZm§VarV Pmë¶mda XoB©b. gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ A§VJ©V {Z¶w³V{ejH$mMo doVZ H|$Ð dm amÁ¶ gaH$ma Cn¶w³V KQ>H$mV {d^m{OV H$aVo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmVrb amï>r¶ nmofU ghmæ¶Vm H$m¶©H«$‘ (‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ) ho gd© {ejmA{^¶mZmMm ^mJ Zmhr. ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mV ImÚmÞ Am{U Ë¶mMm àdmg IM© H|$Ð gaH$ma XoVo VgoM^moOZ ~Z{dÊ¶mMm IM© amÁ¶ gaH$maH$Sy>Z {‘iVmo. H|$Ð gaH$maMo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmg§~§Yr Cd©arVgd© ¶moOZm Zdì¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoZ§Va gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmV g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. (amï>r¶~mb ^dZ d NCTE ì¶{Var³V) {Oëhm {ejU ¶moOZm§Zm {d{dY ¶moOZm§A§VJ©V CnbãY {ZYr /g§gmYZmMr ñnï> ‘m{hVr XoUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. ¶m ¶moOZm àYmZ‘§Ìr J«m‘moÚmoJ ¶moOZm, OdmhaJ«m‘rU g{‘Vr ¶moOZm, gw{ZpíMV amoOJma ¶moOZm, amÁ¶ ¶moOZm, {dXoer {ZYr (Agob Va) gd©ómoVm§H$Sy>Z àmá {ZYr emio‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo. B‘maVrMr XoI^mb, S>mJSw>Or,H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hmoB©b. AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ gm‘J«r Am{U ñWm{ZH$ emgZmÀ¶m j‘Vm {Z{‘©VrbmJ«m‘rU {ejU g{‘Vr/embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr, J«m‘rU n§Mm¶V B. Zm ñWmZm§VarV H$amdobmJob. àmá {ZYrMm ¶mo½¶ {ZH$fmÛmao gdm©{YH$ dmna H$aUo ho ¶m g§ñWoMo H$m¶© Amho.


1) H|$Ð d amÁ¶ gaH$maMr UEE À¶m IMm©~m~VÀ¶m VaVwXr H$moU Ë¶m?

2) UEE hm IMm©À¶m VaVwXr CXmhaUmgh {bhm.



Notes


1) ¶w. B©. B©. ‘Ü¶o H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$ma‘Yrb {dÎmr¶ O~m~Xmar {dH$aUmMm AmamIS>mgm§Jm.

{H«$¶mH$ën 1

Amnë¶m emioV Aëng§»¶mH$ dJm©Vrb ‘wbtMr ZmdZm|XUr dmT>{dUo Am{U Ë¶m§Zm emioVH$m¶‘ ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ ¶moOZm V¶ma H$am.

{H«$¶mH$ën 2

Cn¶w©³V {H«$¶ogmR>r ~OoQ> V¶ma H$am.

Vwåhr hr ¶moOZm Am{U Ë¶mMo ~OoQ> H$moUmH$S>o gwnyV© H$amb?

7.8 gmam§e

¶m àH$aUmV AmnU {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘ A§J©V ¶w. B©. B©. À¶m H$m¶m©Ýd¶mg{dH|$ÐrH¥$V Ho$bo Amho. VgoM ¶m nmR>mV AmnU {Oëhm, JQ>, Jmd Am{U emim ñVamda gyú‘{Z¶moOZmVyZ H$m¶ Ano{jV Amho Vo {eH$bmo. gyú‘ ñVamda {ejU {dH$mg ¶moOZm H$moU V¶ma H$ê$eH$VmV, {ejU {dH$mg ¶moOZoMr KQ>H$ H$moUVo AgVrb. ¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘wë¶{ZYm©aU åhUOo H$m¶Am{U ¶mbm H$go AZw‘moXZ KoVbo OmVo. Am{U ¶m ¶moOZoÀ¶m H$m¶©dmhrMr VnmgUr H$moU H$aVrb hoAmnU Aä¶mgbo.

¶m ì¶{V[a³V AmnU àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo {dH|$[ÐH¥$V ì¶dñWmnZm‘Ü¶o àemgZmg§~§Yrg‘ñ¶m§Mo AÜ¶¶Z Ho$bo Amho. VgoM ImOJr AZwXm{ZV {dZmAZwXm{ZV àmá emiobm ‘mÝ¶Vm H$moUXoVo ¶mMr à{H«$¶m H$moUVr Amho. Ogo H$s {ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘mV {ZYm©arV Ho$bobo Amho.

¶m àH$aUmV H$moUË¶mhr ~mbH$mbm emioV àdoe XoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘ZmB© H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.{dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m A{YH$mam§Mr gwaajog H$moU O~m~Xma Amho. àH$aUmÀ¶m CÎmamYm©V ‘m{hVr Am{Ug§àofU V§ÌkmZmMo Cn¶moJmVyZ ñHy$b ZoQ> d{Hª$J H$emàH$mao amï>r¶, amÁ¶, {Oëhm, I§S> Am{Uembo¶ òmda àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr A{YH$ CÎm‘ j‘Vm {Z{‘©Vr Am{U ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r ghmæ¶H$R>ê$ eH$Vo. VgoM àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m AZwXmZm~m~V ¶m {dÎmr¶ AmamIS>çm~m~VMm XoIrbAä¶mg Ho$bm Amho.



Notes

7.9 g§X^©

Education planning and management in small states: concepts and experiences.

By Godfrey Baldacchino, Charles Farrugia. Commonwealth Secretariat

A comprehensive Study of Education - By S. Samuel Ravi

http://ssa.ap.nic.in/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan

http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page112.html

http://scertdelhi.info/

7.10 àH$aU Aä¶mg

1. gyú‘ {Z¶moOZ åhUOo H$m¶? Amnë¶m joÌmV bmoH$ g‘wXm¶ ñdm{‘ËdmÀ¶m g§X^m©V {ddoMZñnï> H$am.

2. Amnë¶m {OëømV BRC d CRC ¶m§Mo àmW{‘H$ {ejUm~m~V Ë¶m§À¶m y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmar{deX H$am.

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