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3Manifest Destiny

Michael PierceJacob HollisterJack ReaganAlex HerringAndrew NguyenSarah AtkinsonChris Roach

AERO 426 – Fall 2012Texas A&M University

October 23,2012

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Mission Guidelines Functional Requirements Design Concept

Introduction Trade Tree Overview

Structures Trade Tree Power System Trade Tree Propulsion Trade Tree Mass Estimates Floor Space and Volume Power System Propulsion Food Source Comparison Life Support Design Advantages

Overview

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Mission Statement:Our mission is to expand the domain of humanity beyond the Earth for the betterment, preservation, and advancement of all humankind by creating a mobile habitat capable of long-duration, exploratory voyages while ensuring the physical and psychological well-being of its inhabitants.

Mission Guidelines

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Mission Requirements: Assume 12 crew members and trip times > 24 months. Minimum resupply from Earth A space-only craft (no atmospheric flight or re-entry) All technologies must be credible based on current

capabilities and trends; no “miracle cures”

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3Design Concept Introduction

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Our philosophy: make it affordable, make it buildable, and make it a reality

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

Interplanetary travel

Structures Propulsion Power

Physical and psychological well-

being of crew

Artificial gravity

Living space

Food supply

Radiation shielding

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3Design Concept Trade Tree

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Design ConceptToroid

Pros:1. Meets functional

requirements2. Simple shape

Cons:1. Complex construction2. Unproven technology

3. Too big

Lug Wrench

Pros:1. Meets functional

requirements2. Simple shapes3. Reduces size

Cons:1. Complex construction2. Unproven technology

Manifest Destiny

Pros:1. Meets functional

requirements2. Tried and true technology

3. Simple construction4. Expandable

Cons:1. Minimizes living area

2. Transportation between pods

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3Design Concept

Manifest Destiny6

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3Design Concept

Peas in a Pod7

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3Design Concept

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Payload

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Payload

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3Design Concept

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Load ConfigurationNumber of Launches

Launch Vehicle Cost Per Launch Launch Cost

Seven Truss Sections 14 Falcon 9 $ 50,000,000.00 $ 700,000,000.00 One Pea and Solar Panels 16 Falcon Heavy $ 100,000,000.00 $ 1,600,000,000.00 Fuel 5 Falcon Heavy $ 100,000,000.00 $ 500,000,000.00 Motors 5 Falcon 9 $ 50,000,000.00 $ 250,000,000.00

Total Launches: 40 Total Cost: $ 3,050,000,000.00

Launch Cost Analysis

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3Structures Trade Tree

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Radial Structure

Cable

Pros:1. Cheap2. Simple

3. Lightweight

Cons:1. Motion sickness can occur

2. Not sturdy enough

Pressurized Cylinder

Pros:1. Allows for complete

connectivity2. Multi-purpose

Cons:1. Expensive

2. Difficult to build3. Differential acceleration

Truss

Pros:1. Strong2. Simple3. Proven

Cons:1. Must EVA to central hub

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3Power System Trade Tree

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Power Systems

Photovoltaic

Pros:1.High specific power

2. Unlimited power3. Relatively inexpensive

Cons:1. Affected by orientation2. Low maneuverability

Radio-isotope

Pros:1. Low degradation

2. Unaffected by sun’s position

Cons:1. Expensive

2. Low specific power3. Low fuel availability

Nuclear Reactor

Pros:1. Low degradation

2. Unaffected by sun’s position3. High power range

Cons:1. Low specific power2. Low fuel availability

3. Very high nuclear threat

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Propulsion Trade Tree Engine Trade

Study Overview

ISS Zvezda Capsule Engines

Features

1. Two 3070N thrusters on ISS Zvezda, 2 axis

mounted2. Pressure fed

from 4 tanks3. Fuel: Nitrogen

tetroxide/ unsymmetrical

dimethyl hydrazine

Pros

1. Significant time spent in

space

Cons

1. Engines used only for

maintenance purposes

2. Complicated fuel

3. No throttling

SpaceX Merlin Vacuum 1C

Features

1. 569,000N thrust in vacuum

2. Fuel: RP-1, standard rocket grade kerosene

3. Can be throttled between

60%-100%

Pros

1. Much greater thrust capability2. Fuel readily

available3. Throttling capability

Cons

1. Has significantly less space heritage

than ISS engines

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3Bringing vs. Growing Trade Tree

Food Trade Overview

Bringing Food to Space

Pros

1. Less weight in equipment2. Quicker

3. More options4. Gives all needed

vitamins and minerals

Cons

1. Limited supply 2. Produces waste

in packaging

Growing Food in Space

Pros

1. Prolonged sustainability

2. Less weight in food3. Unlimited food supply4. Bioregenative process

Cons

1. Has not been done yet

2. More weight in equipment

3. More time spent preparing food4. Less options

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Mass Estimates Mass Estimates

• Pods (4) = 114,000 kg• Solar Panels = 88,900 kg• Truss= 96,000 kg• Engine/Rockets = 3,150 kg• Radiation Shielding = 220,000 kg• Fuel at Launch (assuming refuel at L1 point)=

90,000 kg • Food = 15,100 kg• Water = 66,400 kg

Total Mass• 767,000 kg (Including 10% margin)

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Floor Space Estimates1 FloorFloor Height = 3 mTotal Area per Pod =

113.59 m2

Total Floor Area = 454.38 m2

Volume EstimateTotal Volume per pod =

441.52 m3

Total Volume = 1766.11 m3

Floor Space and Volume

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Power System (1/2) Power Required

• Solar panels need to generate at least 110 kW to match ISS

• Power used for propulsion, homeostasis, and experiments

Power Storage• Lithium-Ion batteries store twice the

specific energy of Nickel-Hydrogen batteries (used in the ISS)

• Batteries used for “eclipse” times when there is no readily available sunlight

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Solar Power Array Design Array comprised of four separate dual-sided panels

arranged in the plane of the trusses Approximately 20,000 available for arrays Minimum of 4000 required for solar arrays Each panel is able to rotate independently about an

individual truss to receive maximum sunlight

Maximum Configuration Nominal Configuration

Power System (2/2)

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Propulsion Merlin Vacuum 1C chosen

Vacuum Thrust: 569kN Vacuum Isp: 304s

Proposed configuration: One Merlin Vacuum 1C in

center of spacecraft for translational maneuvers

One Merlin Vacuum 1C on each pod, mounted with ability to gimbal within plane of mounting○ Allows for maneuvering

redundancy in case of engine failure

○ Allows for main engine assistance with translational maneuvers, if necessary

○ Allows for establishment of artificial gravity for spacecraft simultaneously

References: http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/falcon9.html, http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php#merlin_engine 21

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The space shuttle carries about 3.8 pounds of food, including 1 pound of packaging, per astronaut for each day of the mission

The astronauts get three meals a day, plus snacks

Assuming 12 astronauts, 2 years: 15,100 kg

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Bringing Food

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Life Support (1/2)

Achieve multiple redundancy on critical functions

Life Support Must:

Shield crew from radiation

Provide atmospheric conditions

Provide air filtration system

Provide thermal and humidity

control

Provide water recycling

Design goal: To utilize flight tested hardware for maximum reliability

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High density Polyethylene radiation shield - Total mass: 220,000 kg

Atmosphere provided 14.7 psi, ~21% O2, 79% N2

Water electrolysis to produce oxygen Recyclable METOX canisters provide air scrubbing Multi-layer insulation and ammonia system featuring heat

exchangers to provide thermal control Humidity control via condenser/heat exchanger and rotary

water separator Highly efficient ECLSS water recycling system Design capable of multiple redundancies for critical life

support systems

Life Support (2/2)

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The majority of life support functions are currently utilized on the International Space Station

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All technologies proposed have already been successfully used in space

Components can be easily assembled in LEO Structure allows for comfort of astronauts while

being as small a system as is possible Propulsion system allows for different modes of

operation and accounts for possible engine failure Redundancies exist in life support system to account

for component failure

Manifest Destiny Advantages

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Contractor 3 would like to thank all reviewers for their time and will now open the floor for questions

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Questions?