masa leolam 1. - Kabbalah Mediafiles.kabbalahmedia.info/mekorot/heb_o_ml-sefer-masa-le... · 2006. 1. 9. · bgcp fncyf egpknc \kpkrvf fvkb[f:"frgp\ nmg nsv ln f[t\ bn .krv nt okzib

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The Path of Kabbalah

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www.kabbalah.infowww.kab1.comwww.kab.tv

Copyright ' 2005 by Laitman Kabbalah Publishers127 Ramblewood Lane

Thornhill ONT. L4J 6R3, CanadaAll rights reserved

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PCGB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

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BCZFOPDNFFEZL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

CKQFCGZBNRCZB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

F\V\IG\FR[PF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

F\TGZZG\FRYGEF[CNC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

FYCNFMBPXTK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

SKPRKEZL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

PNPTNFNPJF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

SKCFGPSGCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

PFCKQFTGNOFHFNTGNOFCB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

BPGRFPTNNET\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

NVTGNPTNNJCT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

F\ICZG\NBGZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

PJZ\FCZKBF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

ECYG\CPJZF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

FMZ\FZT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

v]MRe\FR[PF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

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DKNGK\MGRG\ZGIRKG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

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MKXENNM\CEZL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

[MZZGIRK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

D[ZC\FNKLFF\YEPG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

[KNGCFTGNPG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

FDGUCDPZ\KYGQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

C\VKNFGCID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

TCGEF[CNC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

P[PTG\FIDKO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

YCN\BGZGFID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

IDMBPXTK\KYGQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

YCNF,E\GPET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

YCNFMPIYZBGCKKYJKCK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

FHKYFNKFEG\{FBOK[RF?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

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NFVZKLETFYEGPF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

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FBEONGPEB\TXPG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

BGEG\FNKPGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

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BGVQFNKPGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

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[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

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[KTGZ2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

[KTGZ3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

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[KTGZ6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282

[KTGZ7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288

[KTGZ8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294

[KTGZ9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

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[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

RSVI:PG[DKKSGECPCRFFCZKBF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322

RSVI:T[ZFBGZG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329

RSVI:PEZDG\FF\TNG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332

RSVI:SVKZ\FPNMG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

RSVI:MGGRFBNJZGBKSJK\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339

NGIPG[DKO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345

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PEGCZTNK,GMNHFYKKOBK[OC\GMK.MNFTGNPG\FBNF,FVZXGVKO,

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NMN\NPKEKB[ZJZIGNNYJGNTZGLB\FIGPZFMNGNCSVZHF,

R\GRF\GE\K.

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PCGB9


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C[GDDMNBEOM"ZCDEGN".BNB[YKKOFCENPFG\K,CKQKGETK\GZF

NCKQPYGCNKO:CIGMP\FYCNFZCFGBKG\ZPZC;FGBPGZFZGIRK.

FPGZF[TGCZB\FEZLFZGIRK\KIETO\NPKEKG.

PJZ\FPGZFFKBNBNTGZZVIEGMCGEBNKGCYZC\NPKEKG,

BNBNTGZZCFO,CTHZ\FNKPGE,\IG[\KZBF,GBFCFMNVKFCGZB,

NFTPKEOK[KZG\PGNTGXP\FCGZB,GNNPEOBKLNVRG\K[KZG\BN

XTEKFNKPGE 198

FCGZB.MNPK[TGCZF\V\IG\ZGIRK\,IGGFC[NCPSGKKO\IG[\

RIK\G\,IGN[F,BDGBKHOG[VNG\ZXGRG\KG.

NBIZ[BEOIGGFB\F\IG[G\FBNF,[GCBKRGPSGDNNFKG\DB

CTXPG,CFCKRG[MNPF[FGBPYCN{FGBPFCGZB.NMQPGZFCIGMP\

FYCNF,FKRGBEOV[GJGXRGT,[IKB\IKKFKGPKGOCEKGYMPGMN

BIEPB\RG,GNBIMOFPRG\YPFTGNOFHF.

CIGMP\FYCNFFQFZCGFQ\NPKEKGNBRGFDKOC[IXRG\GBKRO

MGVKOB\ET\OTNBIZKO,BGPJKVKONFOPGSZ.PJZ\FZCFKB

NFVRG\B\F\NPKENMKGGQFCGZB,NNPEBG\GNVRG\CMNECZBNKG,GNB

BNFPGZF.GBKNGCMN[KJG\FFEZMFFBIZG\,BVKNGBNGFPGD[G\

CBXJNF[NIGMP\FYCNF,\NPKEZGI[MCGEGKZBFMNVKFPGZF

FZGIRK,GNBMNVKFCGZB.

IGMP\FYCNF{FKBFPET[CGFMNRCEYCXGZFPT[K\,CKEK

F\NPKETXPG.NMQPGZFZGIRKFGBPEZKL,[TGCETOF\NPKE[NG.GDO

BOF\NPKENB\PKEI[CML,FZCMNFHPQTGHZNGGPMGGQBG\G.

FKMQNPXGBPGZFZGIRK?

P[KPFY[FFKBNPXGBPGZFZGIRK.FXNI\FBEOCPXKB\ZCG

FKBRSDEGN.CZXGRRGBG[NBCZXGRRG,FTGNO[NRGP\YEONYZB\

F\KYGQ.FCGZBPD[KOB\F\GMRK\FMNNK\[NFCZKBFNNBZXGRRG.

FGBB[ZPV\IBG\RG,TENPXC[RGMNN[PGTB\[KCY[NGPZNRG.

N[OMLREZ[\PQFBEOF\V\IG\[MNK\GJMRGNGDK\,[FGEG\NF

FBEOK\IKNNFBPKQ,[T[GKG\NFKG\PFKZGKG\DCGFG\TEBKRSGU,

FTCZF[NBRZDKFGPI[CG\NPZIYKO,FVKM\SGDBIE[NIGPZNSGD

BIZ,YVKXG\CINNGCHPQGTGE.

B\FF\V\IG\FHB\P[KDFFBRG[G\,[RPXB\CDCGNG\FFCRF[N

FZXGQFBDGBKSJK[NF.REPFNRG,[K[K\ZGRG\CF\V\IG\HG,BUTN

VK[BRIRGP\YZCKONFKVLFDPGZ{NFCRF[FF\V\IG\XZKMFNFKG\

VRKPK\{ZGIRK\C\GLFBEO,GNBPIGXFNG.

FCGZBPCKBBG\RGNF\V\IG\JMRGNGDK\.TOHB\,FGBDOPYKKO

B\FF\V\IG\FVRKPK\,CMNBIEPB\RGCRVZE,GCBRG[G\MGNF.N[O

MLK[NCGZB[NKIKO,PYGCNKORS\ZKO,FIKKOCYZCRG.

FBEONGPEB\TXPG|[BNG\G\[GCG\199

BRIRGNBPGETKONYKGPO.FORPXBKONKEKRG,TGCEKOGIKKOCEKGY

MPGRG,GRGSUNML,SGVDKON\GMOB\ZXGRG\KRG,PI[CG\KRGGB\

F\TRGDKOGFKSGZKO[NRG.DOF"BRK"FBDGBKSJK[NRGRMNNC\GMO,

C\GLFZXGRG\FBNJZGBKSJKO[NFO,GMLTGCZ\KYGQ,MEKNFCKBMN

BIEPB\RG,NKMGN\FY[CFNZTKGRG\ZGIRKKO,GNYCNO.

FZXGRG\FBNJZGBKSJKOFZGIRKKO[NPYGCNKORS\ZKOBNF,

FMNKO[NFO,FOTXGPKOCF[GGBFNZXGRG\FBDGBKSJKO[NRG,MK

FZXGQ[NFOFGBN\\FMNNCGZB,GBKNGFZXGQ[NRG,FGBCSLFMN

N[BGCTGRD,PPF[RPXBPGNTKRKRGCTGNOFHF.NMQMNPYGCNRS\Z

MHF,SGVDN\GMG,NNBPBPW,ZXGRG\[NPKNKGRKBR[KO,P\YROCMNNG\,

GPYZCONPXC,[MNBIEPFOK\IKNB\\KYGRGFVZJK.

K\ZFPHB\,GHFTRKKQY[FNFCRF,FTGNO[NRGYKKOFGEG\NBR[KO

BNF.DOFOHYGYKONDRKKNEKO,SVZKO,FNC[FGMG’,GNMQK[FXEYF

NYKGPO[NMNFECZKOFBNGCTGNPRG,MNGPZHMG\RGNML,BKRFYKKP\

[NBCHMG\O{GXZKLNGPZHB\.

MKXENPXGBPYGCNKORS\ZKOBNF?GCMQ,BKBV[ZNPXGBBG\OMKGQ

[F[NKIG\[NFOCTGNO[NRGFKBVTGNFI[BK\CYZCMNFBRG[G\.

B[ZN[BNFMKXENPXGBPGZF,MNBIEIKKCNIV[CTXPGGFPYGO[CG

KK[BZCSGVG[NECZ,[OPYGPG.

FECZFI[GCCKG\ZCIKVG[KOBNG,FGBNBNT[G\[YZCRV[L

GNGPZ,[B\FMCZRPXBCPYGOFP\BKONL,NBNFSMKO,GNBNF\V[Z

TOTXPL,NBNFKZDT.

MEKNPXGBPYGOP[NG,BEOIKKCNFY[KCZYNTXPGGNBNBIZKO.

TNKGNFZDK[BOFGBRZDTVRKPK\CPYGO[CGFGBRPXB,GBOR[P\G

PXBFB\"PHGRF".

K[CKRKRG[P\CGRRKOCFPGQGTG[KOMPGFG,P[\KYKOC\GMOB\

YGNF[NFR[PFFEGZ[\F\V\IG\ZGIRK\.FOBGRSKOTXPO,CML

[TGXPKOTKRKKO,GPS\VYKOCIGMPFKC[FGNBCF\V\IG\ZGIRK\.

PZDT[BEORMNNTOFFPGQ,FGBPYCN\IG[\CKJIGQ,BLHGFK

FGRBFTXPK\,MKGQ[\IG[FHGXZKMFNF\YCNPY[ZBK[KTO

FCGZB.

XTEKFNKPGE 200

NMQPK[FGNLCEZL[NF\V\IG\BK[K\PZDK[VIG\CJGI,GKG\Z

\NG\K.\IG[G\BNG[GNIFCGZBNBEO,EGGYBMEK[FGBKHEYYNG.

TYCML,FBDGBKHOTXPG,C[BKV\GNCKJIGQ,KMZKIB\FBEONPXGB

Y[ZTOFCGZBGHGPJZ\FCZKBF.

FBEONGPEB\TXPG|BGEG\FNKPGE201

\NPKEIMO

"\NPKEIMO"FGB\GBZ[NPK[PCY[NNPGEBXNCGZBFTGNO

TXPG.PFRK\QNNPGEPFCGZB?\MGR\GFKIKEF[NFCGZBFKBNFTRKY

FRBFNRCZBKG.BEO[PCY[NZMG[\MGRFHG,EFKKRGN\\FRBFNCGZB,

YZGK"\NPKEIMO",\NPKEG[NFCGZB.

TNF\NPKENF[YKTPBPXKOZCKOCTCGEFZGIRK\,MEK[\K[PT

\VKN\G.TNKGNF[GG\\MGRG\KGTOFCGZB.BEO[NKCGZKY,GFGB

P[\GYY,NMBGZF,NF[KDZGIRKG\,BLPJZ\GFKBNFXKDNTKRKBIZKO

B\TCGE\G,NBKYCNECZ.BKBV[ZNFGNKL[GNNB\FNCGBUNBB\

FCGZB.

MB[ZFBEOBKRRGZGXFECZ,BNBB\FCGZB,GFGBP[YKTB\MN

MGIGGPZXGCF[D\PJZFHG{ZXGRGK\PNBCKEKFCGZB.NPK[FGNL

CEZLZGIRK\BSGZNECZTNFEZDF[CFFGBRPXB,PVRK[CPYGO[CG

P\IKNFFFZD[F{RT\YG\FPKNKO.

CZB[GCZB[GRF,TNKGNET\ZYPF[FGBHYGYN[O\KYGRGFGB.FGB

TEKKQBKRGPCKQTE\GO,PFGMNKFZBGKNYCNBGZTNKGQ,GPFGFBGZFHF

CTXPG.BEO[CBN[KTGZKYCNFGPY[KC,P\TGZZ\CGFMZF,MKFGB

BKRGPCKQECZ,GCMLMCZFDKTNBP\MN[FK.FCGZBPTRKYNG\IG[FHG,

P[GO[FGBZGXFNYZCGBNKG.PBKEL,BOFCGZBBKRGIVWCBEO,FGB

PTRKYNGSKVGYCNKPGEKO,CTCGEFGCP[VIF.KGXBPML,[F\V\IG\

ZXGKFBV[ZK\,BLGZYP\GL\IG[F[NIGSZSKVGY.

K[RFEZLBIZ\NF\V\IG\G[NBEO,BGNIKRGMG,GFKBNV\ICG

\IG[\[NPG\,BLCMLFPIRLPGRTPIRKMGMNBV[ZG\[NRVKNFBG

TNKF.CTXOIKRGLHFPPK\B\FBEO,PVRK[FGBPSVYB\FBDGBKHO

GP[YKJBG\G.

CF\V\IG\FZGIRK\,EGGYBTGXP\BK=FSKVGY[BEOI[,FKB

FYGCT\B\TGXP\[BKV\GNXB\P\GLF[DZF,FP\RFN\CTXN\KKO,

GHFGMGIB[ZKEIGUBG\GBNEZLFTNKFFZGIRK\.ZYPBPWGKDKTF

PSVKYKOCMPG\OGCBKMG\O,[FOKIGEKKONMNBIEGBIEPB\RGNVK

XZMKG=FGB,KCKBGB\FBEONPJZF.

XTEKFNKPGE 202

FKETCYCNFBKRGBPK\K,MNTGENBTCZEZLNCGGZD[G\KG[NFBEO.

B\MNFPETKO[CTGNOKMGNFBEONNPGE,PCNK[K[RFB\\MGRG\KG;

BKQPET[\GCTPFPETQN[RG\B\F[YVG\KG,GN\YQB\TXPG.GFSKCF

NMLFKB,[MNSGDKFPETTGSYKOCXCKZ\KET,BGEG\INYGFIKXGRK[N

TGNPRG.TOHB\,DOFPETP\IKNNDNG\MKGO,B\F\NG\[CKQ\GXBG\KG

[NRKSGKNCKQ\MGRG\KGFBK[KG\[NFPETQ,[TZLBG\G.CT\KEKDNG

BR[KFPET,[B\MNFKETFBPK\KRK\QKFKFNF[KD,ZYBOK[\GGF

FIGYZC\MGRG\KG,NJCTG[NFRG[BFRIYZ.

NVKML,BOZXGRRGNFCKQB\PCRFFTGNO,CEZDFCFRGNEKOMNBKZGTK

FTGNOFHF,CFMNR[PG\KRG[GFG\,JZOZE\QBNFTGNOFHF,GBNKG

IGHZG\NBIZ[KXBGPPRG,GBOZXGRRGNZBG\B\\PGR\FPXKBG\,NNB

\NG\CHPQF[GNJCTGNPRG)INGPO[NVKSKYBKOZCKO(,TNKRGNFKEPG\

CTXPRGNBG\FPXKBG\TNKGRF.

FYCNFPNPE\MKXERK\QNZMG[FZD[F[NFZCEKOFTNKGRKO[N

FPXKBG\.BGZIGMPFKMGNNYCNBLGZYMNK[FGM[ZNML,TNKEK

F\YEPG\CPXC[YZGK"BPGRFNPTNFPET\".FECZFRVNBCMN

F\FNKL,FGB[MNKZGIRKP\IKNNFKGGXZ,ZYNBEOFP\IKNNBJNBJ

NT[G\VTGNG\TNPR\NF[VKT.BLBEO[NGPE,GR[BZCZPF[NET\G,

MNGPZR[BZTOKET[ZM[CEZD\"IK"{KEKTG\KGZYPHKRG\NGB\

FBDGBKHO,GNBPSKKTG\NGCCRKK\MNKTOPSL.

BEOXZKLNVYGITKQTNFZXGRG\FPGVKTKOCG.MNZXGRG\KRGR[NIKO

BNKRGPNPTNF,FQFZXGQNBGZGFQZXGRG\RGSVKONMCGE,MSU,GKET.TN

FBEONCYZB\FZXGRG\FP\TGZZKOCGCMNZDTGZDT,GNCIGZB\

FZXGQ[TNKGNPP[,NBP\GL\IG[F,BNBTNSPLFYCNF.

NMBGZFY[FNRGPBGENGG\ZTN\TRGDG\FTGNOFHF,B[ZPGXTKO

NRGCPNGBFIGVQ,GMN[TNKRGNT[G\HFZYN\VGSBG\OGNKFRG\PFO.

NBRZBFNRG,MKRK\QNGG\ZTNKFONPTQBKH[FG\TRGDZGIRKT\KEK,

[BKRGPGCQNRGMNNGTKYZ.

BLNBIZ[R\YZCPTJNCGZBC\MGRG\KRG,RGMNNFCKQB\TGPY

FB[NKF[C\TRGDG\FTGNOFHF;RGMNNIG[B\IGSZF\GIN\GB\

FS\PKG\[CFO,NTGP\BG\GPTJPHTKZB[ZRYCNCHMG\ECYG\RG

FBEONGPEB\TXPG|\NPKEIMO203

CCGZB.BHKRTEKU,PJCTFECZKO,B\FFRBFFZGIRK\=BDGBKSJK\TN

VRKFD[PK\=BDGBKSJK\.

NMNBIEGBIERK\RG\FHEPRGKG\NF\IKNNRGTCMKGGQFRMGQ.I[GC

NHFG\B\BG\QFHEPRGKG\[R\QFCGZB.TNKRGNI\GZNTCZFCGZB

CNCE,GNF[\ENNZBG\B\F[DI\GCMNB[ZYGZFNRG,GCMNPI[CF

CNCRG.

FPYGCNKOFDEGNKO\BZGCSVZKFO,B\FBGVQCGIKKCBEO

NF\YEO,CEZLNTGNOFZGIRK;FCGZBRG\QNRG,PTNGPTCZNPF[RIGW

N[OFF\YEPG\FZGIRK\,GBRGXZKMKONFKG\BSKZK\GEFNCGZB

GNPYGCNKOFPTRKYKONRGMNHB\.

PGZKRG,[PSZGNRGPFGZXGRG[NFCGZB,GPFQPJZG\F[DI\GTNKRG,

RKXCGCEZD\F[DFZGIRK\MFDCGFF,TEMKNBRGMNN\BZNTXPRG

BG\F,MN[MQCJZOF[DRG,BUB\FRPGMF[CPEZDG\FBNG.

CEZDG\B[ZCFQRPXBKOPGZKRGFZGIRKKO,FPG[D"NYCNN\GTN\

TXPG"MNNBKRGYKKO.BVKNGB\F\TRGD[FOPYCNKO,PFPDTTOBGZ

FCGZB,FOPKKTEKONCGZB.

FPYGCNKOFDEGNKOPXBGPKNKOPKGIEG\,MEKNCJBNPTRRGB\

VTGNG\FCGZB:FO"FNCK[G"B\BGZG,GB\VTGNG\KGCPKNKO

GCBPZG\.FPYGCNKOM\CG,CZPF[BG\FRGMNNYNGJ,BUC\IKN\

EZMRG,GBHCFP[LFEZL,CBPXTG\NKPGEZXKRKGF[YT\PBPXKO,

CTGERGVGSTKONYZB\FCGZB,RGMNNFZDK[B\MNBGZGCBGVQK[KZ,

GCPNGBF[NPG\.

XTEKFNKPGE 204

SCKC\FNKPGE

TNVKPI[C\FCZKBF,IKKCKONFDKTNPXC,[CGBV[ZNIKG\

GNF\YKKOTNVKIGYKOZGIRKKO.MNFXZG\,[CBG\TNKRG,TNMNBIE

PB\RG,MNFBSGRG\,PGVKTKOMEKNFCKBMNBEOGB\MNFBRG[G\,

NYKKOB\IGYKFCZKBFCFKG\RGIKKOCTGNOFHF.

GMLMG\CCTNFSGNOCPBPZIGMP\FYCNFGPFG\F:"MKIMPFHG

FKBNBVIG\GNBKG\Z,BNBSEZ[N[Z[KOFP[\N[NKOTNEZL

YGEOGRP[L,CIGYKOYCGTKOGPGINJKO,FP\ICZKOGYGNTKONPJZF

BI\PBERTNF,FRYGCFC[O"DKNGKBNYG\GK\’NRCZBKGCTGNO

FHF".

MNGPZYCNFFKB[KJ\FGZBFTNF\DNG\FCGZBNRCZBKO,[IKKO

CTGNOFHF.CYCNFBKQMG\CKOTNPF[KYZFNRGNBIZFPGG\,BNB

EGGYBTNPF[IKKCNF\ZI[CIKKOCTGNOFHF.CYCNFPEGCZZYTN

PF[FBEOXZKLNCXTCTGNOFHF,TNPF[FGBIKKCNF[KD,[BONB

MQKIKFB\IKKGN[GGB,G[GCK\DNDN,MEKNYKKOBG\OFECZKO,[NB

YKKOYGEO.GPSKCFHB\{IGMP\FYCNF,FKBFPETFRIGWGFPT[K

CKG\ZCTGNO.

GBKBV[ZNF[\PJP\VYKERGNF[KDB\PJZ\FIKKO,[MQFIKKO

TXPOPIKKCKOBG\RGNVTGNML,GCSGVO[NMNFKSGZKOBRIRGIKKCKO

NFDKTN\KYGQPNB[NTXPRG,NDPZ\KYGQ.CDPZ\KYGQ,KP[KLFTGNO

NF\YKKOMPYGEO:BG\GKYGO,BG\OMGMCKO,XKVZKO,TXKO.FECZ

FKIKE[K[\RFFGBFFMZF[NFBEO,FF[DF[NFPXKBG\FPYKVF

BG\G,MKGGQ[FBEOCTXPGK[\RF.MNF[BZNBXZKLNF[\RG\,BNB

XZKLNFP[KLNVTGNNVKIGYKFJCT,NVKFEZM\G[NFCGZB.ZYFBEO

KFVGLPKXGZIK,M[BZFKXGZKO,NBEOBPK\K[FGBCXNOFCGZB.

RK\QNF[KDHB\,TNKEKNKPGECYCGXFPKGIE\,TNVKSVZKNKPGE

RMGRKOGCFRIKK\ZC=PGZFZGIRKBPK\K.M\GC[MMN[F\NPKEP\IKN

NFCKQKG\ZPFTNKGNT[G\,CPKEFHGFGBPYZCN[NKPG\B\TXPG,

B\FYCGXFGB\FNKPGE.TNMLMG\CCTNFSGNO.FGBP\BZNVRKRG

\PGRFBKLXZKLNFKZBG\MEGZFBZW[NRGCPXCFP\GYQ.

FBEONGPEB\TXPG|SCKC\FNKPGE205

CF\INFNGPEKOTNF[\N[NG\MNFTGNPG\,VZXGVKOGSVKZG\

PNPTNFNPJF.C[NCF[RK,FBEO,MEKN\YQB\TXPG,XZKLNTNG\

CPEZDG\FZGIRKG\,[MCZFGMRGC[CKNGPNPJFNPTNF,CFP[KMG

NIKG\CTGNOFHF.FPSVZFMGNN[NFPEZDG\,[PVZKEG\BG\RG

PFCGZB,[BG\QBRIRGIKKCKONTCGZCEZMRGNPTNFCTGNPG\FZGIRKKO,

FGB.125BG\Q125PEZDG\FQ[NCKF[D\FCGZB.

T\FBRKVGTN,NVKFCR\KB\FJCTFBDGBKSJK[NK.P[FGFGBCTKRK

ECZJGC,GP[FGZTCTKRK.GFZKRKNGPEPFSCKCF[NK,GVGTNCF\BO

NHF.GCBG\FPKEF[BRKP\ICZNSCKCF,MLBRKPZDK[CFIGV[K

KG\Z.FTGNOFSGCCP[\RF,CF\BONXGZF[CFCRKFBEOZGXKO

NZBG\G.

MNEGZPBGVKKQNVKFR[PG\[CG,FRCENG\PFEGZFYGEOGPFEGZ

FCB.BRIRGZGBKOB\DGENG[NF[GRKCKQ[RKEGZG\FSPGMKO

NRG{FGZKRGGKNEKRG,GTEMPFFO[GRKOPB\RG.FR[PG\FKGZEG\

NTGNO[NRGCMNEGZGEGZ,XGCZG\RKSKGQCMNFDKNDGNKO,GCF\BO

NHF,FZXGRG\[NFQDEGNKOPB[ZCEGZFYGEO,GPFYGEPKONG.P[GO

ML,MNEGZIE[[GBUNDKNGKKOIE[KO,PF[DGZONF\V\IG\FGNM\

GDENF[NFBRG[G\.

MB[ZBEOP\IKNNIYGZB\TGNPGFZGIRK,FGBREIUN[RG\GNMGGQ

B\SCKC\GGB\FTGNOMGNGML[K[\GGTOFCGZB.C[NCFBIZGQ[N

F[KRGKFHF,FTGNOKFKFCF[\GG\XGZFPNBFTOFCGZB.FEGZFHF

YZGK"FEGZFBIZGQ",NBP[GO[BIZKGFMNIKKCKFKFNFKTNO,BNB

P[GO[EGZHF,FGBFPG[NOCKG\Z,GNBHYGYNFP[LF\KYGQ.

TNFF\V\IG\[NBIZPMQBKQPEGCZ,MKFKB[KKM\NS\ZKF\GZF.

BNBPEGCZTNFBGVQ,[CGXZKLNFCKBB\FBRG[G\NEZDF[N"FEGZ

FBIZGQ".MNF\GZFPECZ\BLGZYTNF=125PEZDG\[CF[D\

FCGZB.

"SCKC\G[NFBEO",FKBPXEBIE,FPYGO[CGFGBPYKKOB\

FIGYKOFZGIRKKO.PXE[RK,R[PZ\NBEOFBV[ZG\NF[\RG\TO[KRGK

FSCKCF:PF[RT[FNXGZL[KRGKFSCKCF,CBGP[RFB\FBEOTXPG,

CMGIF[GGFNMPG\FRMNNKOCBG\FSCKCF.NP[NYCGX\\NPKEKO

PFGGFPYGO[N\KYGQ,GCGCHPQPYGZ[N\KYGQNMNBIECF.GBO

XTEKFNKPGE 206

PK[FGTERGIN[,GNBKMGNN\ZGOECZNYCGXF,FZKMPYEPF,FGB

PYCNPFYCGXFMGIN\KYGQTXPG.

NMQMNBIEIKKCNCRG\NTXPGSCKCFRMGRF,MEKN[BGCPPRFMGIG\

N\KYGQZGIRK,GMGIG\NTNKFBIZKKZKEF.CYCGXF,[TEKKQNBPSGDN\

N\ZGOMGIG\N\KYGQCXGZFPSVY\,ZCKOKFKG[ZGKKOCPXCZGI

KZGE,CDNNFTEZMGIG\NF\YEPG\.CSCKCF[PSGDN\N\ZGOMGIG\

MBNF,FPXCKOFBNFCMNHB\PGVKTKO,BCNRP[MKOHPQYXZ.

F\YEPG\CPEZDG\ZGIRKG\

MNPEZDFCRGKFCBGVQFCB:P"KPKQ"RPXBFMGIFBNJZGBKSJK[N

FCGZB;P"[PBN"RPXBFMGIFBDGBKSJK,[NZXGQFRCZB;CBPXT,

CKRKFO,RPXBFBEO.MLFGBPZDK[B\TXPG.FBEOXZKLNYI\

MPG\PSGKP\,C[KTGZFRMGQ,PMGIG\FKPKQGF[PBN,GCTHZ\ONTNG\

NPEZDFFCBF.

CZGZ,[FPG[DKO"KPKQ"G"[PBN",GMQ[BZFPG[DKO,FOSPNKKO,

GP[\P[KOCFOC[V\FYCNF,MEKNFDEKZC[O,B\F\MGRG\[N

FTGNPG\FTNKGRKO.

GMLFNBF,TENPEZDFF=.125125PEZDG\BNGP\INYG\N=5TGNPG\,

25PEZDG\CMNBIE.FTGNOFZGIRKFZB[GQPNPJF,FRPXBPTN

FTGNO[NRG,YZGKTGNOFT[KF.BIZKGTGNOFKXKZF,TGNOFCZKBF,

BXKNG\G=BEOYEPGQ.FTGNO[NRGRPXBNPJFPFNPEZDFFBIZGRF

[NTGNOFT[KF,GRVZEPPRGTNKEKFPISGO.

MGIG\FKPKQGF[PBNFNNG,CP[G\U,TGHZKONBEONF\DCZTNMN

FY[KKO,CPTCZPPEZDFNPEZDF.MB[ZFBEOPNM\IKNFRMRS

NTCGEFRDEFBDGBKHO[NG,CFKG\GCXEFKPKQ)[NMGIG\FCGZB(,PGVKT

BXNGZXGQGMGIG\NTNKF.HFGF[NCFZB[GQ.

F[NCF[RKPS\MOCML,[FBEOTGCZNXE[PBN,GPGSKUNTXPG

BDGBKHO.FPXC[NGMBQFVGLNINGJKQ,PMVK[FKFCXEKPKQ:PXC

ZGIKZGE,EKMBGQ,\[K[G\.BGNO,NFKG\CXEKPKQCPXCFF\IN\K,

ECZHF\NGKNBCBEO,BNBCCGZB.XZKLNFKG\CXE[PBN,MEK

NFZDK[B\FBDGBKHO,GHPQF[FG\CXE[PBN\NGKCBEOTXPG.FGB

KMGNNYXZB\[FG\G[ONPKRKPGO.


MNFZT[FBEOPZDK[,\NGKCHPQ[FG\GCYG[PBN.BOFBEOPCKQ

[PXCGFRGMIKFDZGTPGVKTCPJZFN\YQB\FT\KE[NG,BHFGBKTZKL

B\PXCGFRGMIKMJGCGNBMZT.GBHFKSGZKOKGZD[GMECZFMZIK,

GP[GOHFMECZJGC.

CBGVQMHFP[\RFFFCRFGFFZD[F[N"ZTGJGC".C\KYGQFZD[G\

FNNGKMGNG\NTHGZFYCGXF,FSCKCF,[PFQFBEOKMGNN[BGCMGIG\

ZGIRKKO,CHPQ[FGBTEKKQNBRPXBCTGNOFZGIRK.MNFCZKBG\PFGG\

DGUBIE,"BEOFZB[GQ",GZYM\GXBFPFZXGRG\FNBP\GYRKO,FQ

RVZEG\TNKEK"DGVKO","ZXGRG\".

Y[ZTOR[PG\BIZG\

MB[ZFBDGBKHOPS\NY,BRIRGKMGNKONYCNPKETPR[PG\BIZG\

GNFZDK[BG\Q.XZKLNCRG\YCGXFCTN\PJZFBI\,PJZFHGXZKMF

NFKG\[NOBIE,CTNZGIBIKEFPCVRKO.K[NFYVKETNKISBIKE

CKQICZKFYCGXF,GMGNOXZKMKONFKG\\PKEPGMRKONTHGZBIEN[RK;

MNBIEIKKCNF\MNNC[RKGCMGNOKIE.

CPKEFCFMNBIEKGMNNCJNB\F"BRK"[NG,MNVKFBIZKOGMNVK

FYCGXFCMNN,CPKEFFHB\FGBKYCNPMNBIEMVZJ,GPFYCGXF

MMNN.YJQKMGNNYCNPDEGN.GC[CKNHF,TNKNFI[KCB\F[RKMKG\Z

DCGFPTXPK.

YCGXF\PKEXZKMFNFKG\CPXC[KTEGFTKYZKFGBZGPPG\FCGZB.

PJZFHGIKKC\NFM\KCMNVTGNF.GBHMNBIEKGMNNYCNPFYCGXF

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MNEZDF[NR[PG\CGRFNTXPFSCKCFFP\BKPFNEZDFFHG.FMN

\NGKCEZDF,CZPFFVRKPK\[NFR[PG\.CMNTGNOFSCKCFFHB\

IKKC\NFKCRG\TNVKIGYKOBIZKO.

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FTCGEF,FP[VIFCTGNOFHF,FIKKOFCFPKKOCDGUFD[PK,KFKG

IKKCKONF[\RG\CFP[L,CF\BONZGIRKG\[NICZKFYCGXF.HFPF

[FCGZBEGZ[PB\RG.

XTEKFNKPGE 208

FDGU[NRGKGSKUNFKG\CTGNOFHF,GBKNGFR[PFCTGNOFZGIRK.GMMN

[FR[PF\CXTKG\ZVTGNG\ZGIRKG\,CBG\G[KTGZFDGUK\BKOB\

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FTNKGRKO[NTGNOBXKNG\.

BEOFZB[GQRGXZCMGGRFML,[FDGU=FZXGQ[NGRMNNPZXGRG\[N

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FPNMG\,[NBKMGNNYNGJN\GMG\MGRG\[NJ’FSVKZG\FZB[GRG\,

\MGRG\FCGZB.

PFSKCFFHG,BSGZFKFNG,NBEOFZB[GQ,BVKNGNTGZZC\GMGB\

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RPXBCINYFHF[NFPNMG\,GFGBKXBNTGNO{F\TZCCTO[BZ

FINYKO,J’FSVKZG\FZB[GRG\.

FBEOFZB[GQIJBCHF[XKVFNYCNBGZN\GLFPNMG\P\[T

FSVKZG\aTNPR\NF[VKTNCGZB,BLCVGTN,PBIZ[FPNMG\NB

PSGDN\NZMG[BG\FMGGRFBNJZGBKSJK\NTXPF,FGBYKCNB\

FBGZaTNPR\NYCN.GM\GXBFPMLR[P\GF\VZYFN=000,600R[PG\

RVZEG\,[NBPZDK[G\B\FR[PFF[NPF[FK\F,GNBMN[MQNB

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CML[PTNKOBG\GC=125PEZDG\,FKKRGMNVTON\YQ125/1CMNBI\

P=000,600FR[PG\FZXGRG\.CMNVTO,[MNINYTGCZNXEKPKQ,GBIZK

HFNXE[PBN,GBIZKHFRMNNNYGBPXTK,FR[PFNGYI\PKPKQB\MGI

FCGZB{ZXGQNF[VKT,P[PBN{ZGM[\ZXGQNYCN,GCYGFBPXTKPGVKT

FSMGO:ZXGQNYCNTNPR\NF[VKT.

PNPTNF\PKERG\RKOMGIG\CPKEFMHG,[KFKFBV[ZCTHZ\ONF\DCZ

TNFBDGBKHO[NXE[PBN,FKKRGN\YQB\FINYFBDGBKSJKFFMZIK,

MEKNYCNTNPR\NF[VKT.GRG\RKOZYPF[FBEOPSGDNNSCGN.BOBEO

NBYKCNMGIG\PNPTNF,BHNBKKR\QNGDOPXCZT.

BOICZYCGXFP[\GYYNF\YEOZGIRK\,\PKEXZKMFNFKG\NG

FBV[ZG\NYI\PFYCGXFFQZGIRKG\GFQBDGBKHO.PSKCFHG[\K


F\MGRG\FNNGIKKCG\NFKG\[ZGKG\KIEKGMNFT\CYCGXF.NFKG\

CYCGXF{P[PTGNFKG\PIGCZBNKFVRKPK\.

BONBEOTEKKQKYZKOKG\Z\TRGDKFTGNOFHF,GFGBNBKMGN

NF\R\YPFO,SKPQFGB[TGENBFDKTHPRG,GBKQNGPYGOCYCGX\

NKPGE.R[P\GNBPGMRFNYCNTNTXPFB\FIGYKOFZGIRKKOFVGTNKO

CKQR[PG\.GMB[ZBEOTGCZB\MNF\TRGDKO[NFTGNOFHF,RG\RKO

NGEIKVFNZGIRKG\.

N[OMLFGBNBIKKCCBP\NFKPXBCMNRSKCG\FIKKO[NFTGNO

FHF,GNF\R\YPFO,NBIZ[DKNFBG\OMNBRIGXKO.FGBP[KDB\

HFTNKEKYCN\FGMIG\RIGXG\PNPTNF,FKKRGNBIZ[I[C[VNG\

FIKVG[BIZ\TRGDKOD[PKKO.

FPISGO

FKGOPF[PG[LBG\RGNZGIRKG\,HG\IG[\F\TRGDPFTGNOFZGIRK.

RZBFNRG[FKBDEGNFKG\ZP\TRGDG\FTGNOFIGPZK,GNMQBRGMF

IG[YKOCZGIRKG\.BKQMBQ[GOFGRBF.MNFTGNO[NRGIKGRKHGQ

PRKXGWYJQ[NBGZZGIRK,B[ZVZWEZLFPISGOGIEZNTGNO[NRG.

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BNF\TRGDKORPXBKO[O!

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PEGCZCPG[D[MGNGVSKMGNGDK:[CMNPYZFBHMFCFRBF,GI[GCZY

CBKHGMGGRF,N[OPFBGN[OPK.

FKMQBKVGBPS\\ZBG\G[S\GO,[BG\GXZKLNSGCCMEKNF[KD

B\HF?

XTEKFNKPGE 210

FGBRPXBCDCGNCKQFBDGBKHO[NFTGNO[NRGGCKQFBNJZGBKHO

ZGIRK,GYZGK"PISGO"{[PTKETNPKE\FFMRF[NFBEO,[RT[FC[N

NTCGZC\IG[G\[NGNTGNOFZGIRK.TNPR\NFDKTNPXCMHF,EZG[F

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ZXGQNZGIRKG\TENPKEFFPSVY\.BHP\ZI[\"VZKXF"VRKPK\,

GFBEOP\IKNNYCNPNPTNFPGETG\GMGIZGIRKKO.


BGVQFNKPGE

SVZKO

CMNEGZFCGZB[GNIBNFTGNO[NRGR[PG\PKGIEG\[KKTGEQN\YQ

B\FTGNOFHF,GNFTCKZNBRG[G\KETTNFCGZB,MVK[RBPZ:"ZBF

FCGZBMKBKQPSVKYIMPKOGIKNYBG\ONMNEGZ".NMQCMNEGZK[RO

PRFKDKOGPGZKOZGIRKKO,[P\BKPKOB\IGMP\FYCNFN\MGRG\

FKIGEKG\[NFEGZ[NFO.

PFPYGZFZB[GQCIGMP\FYCNF,FSVZ"ZHKBNFPNL"[M\CBEO

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FBIZGRKO{IGCZGCPZGX\FHPQPBG\SVZKOCRG[BIGMP\FYCNF.

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CIGMP\FYCNF.FGBRM\CCPBFF[RKFNSVKZF,CKEKZCK[PTGQCZ

KGIBK.

FPYGCNCQHPRRG,FZCKFGEFB[ND)1884=1954(M\CVZG[NSVZ

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CKPKRG,GCF\BONSGDFR[PG\[KGZEMKGOBNFTGNO,ZYSVZ"FHGFZ"

GSVZKFBZ"KTOVZG[FZCB[ND,GSVZKFZCB[NDTXPGFOFPYGZG\

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FZGIRK.

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T[ZFSVKZG\".

MPGMQPGPNWNNPGEB\IGMP\FYCNFEGGYBNVKSVZKG[NPYGCN

DEGNHF,[MQFOM\GCKOC[VFV[GJFGCZGZF,GRK\QNFCKQCBPXTG\O

XTEKFNKPGE 212

B\MNF\GCRG\FRS\ZG\[NSVZ"FHGFZ",G[NPYGZG\YCNFBIZKO

NVRKG.MQPGPNWNNPGEB\SVZKFZCCZGLB[ND,CRGCMGZGGPP[KL

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CEKGYRM\C[O,NFCEKNCKQPYGZG\IGMP\FYCNFFBPK\KKONCKQ

PHGKVKO,GNFCEKNCKQFMG\CKO,FBPGRG\,GFHZPKOF[GRKO.

[VF

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GC\ZDGON[VFBIZ\,V[GJNBRK\QNFTCKZB\MNFPKETFHF.

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FBEONGPEB\TXPG|BGVQFNKPGE213

[TG\FNKPGE

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K[RKO,GNNGPEKOBKQFVZTG\CPI[CG\KFOFBDGBKSJKG\.FPBPXKO

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PSDZ\FNKPGE

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EGZPYGCNKOFGBPYKOYCGXG\\NPKEKO.NKPGEKOCYCGXFTEKVKO

CFZCFTNNKPGEKOBKREKCKEGBNKKO,NBGZPF[RBPZTNKEKCTN

FSGNO)ZBFVZY"BGEG\FNKPGE"(,HB\P[GO[SCKCMNPK[NGPE

B\IGMP\FYCNFRGXZBGZPYKU,[PJFZGPMKQB\FBEONYCN\

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TGXP\FBGZFPYKUFHF,\NGKFCDGENZXGRG[NFBEONF[KDB\

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CBG\OECZKO[PTRKKRKOB\FSGCCKOBG\G.MLDOF\KBCGQDEN,MB[Z

BRGPCKJKOCPK[FGCBMKN\G.BEO[P\CGRQCICZKGFNGPEKOYCNF,

P\IKNNYRBCFO,GMLP[VKTCBGVQIKGCKTNF\V\IG\ZXGRG\KG

FZGIRKKO,GTNKEKHFPDEKNB\TGXP\FBGZFPYKU.

K\ZFPHB\,BOMPFBR[KONGPEKOKIEKG,BKQHFBGPZ[FOS\O

KG[CKOCKIECIEZGYGZBKOSVZ,BNBFOCTNKZXGRG\P[G\VKO,

MGGRG\PBGIEG\,[GBVKONFKR\YPFBDGBKHO[NFOGNF\KKISNICZKO

MPGBNTXPO.CPYZFMHFFZXGRG\NF\V\IG\FZGIRK\[NFO

P\BIEKO,GPG[MKOBGZPYKUCTGXPFBEKZF,[P[VKTTNMNBIE

NIGEGTNMGNOKIE.NMQYNCFZCFNFDKTN\GXBFCYCGXFMHG,PB[Z

NFDKTN\GXBF,BEOCMGIG\TXPG.

XGZ\FNKPGE[NIGMP\FYCNFXZKMF,BOMQ,NF\CSSTNTCGEF

YCGX\K\.TOHB\,K[N[KOED[TNTCGEFTXPK\.CTNFSGNOGFZC

CZGLB[NDM\CGZCG\,TNML[BRGXZKMKONCIGQPI[CG\GZXGRG\[N

XTEKFNKPGE 214

ICZKO.BOCHPQFNKPGEICZ[GBN[BNF,TNMNBIEPFRGMIKOC[KTGZ

NRSG\N\VGSGNFCKQB\FNLFPI[CF[NG.HFPF[YZGKF\MNNG\BK[

CZTFG{[CMNICZPFYCGXFRPXB\FYCGXFMGNF.

MEKNFDKTNML,IKKCBEONFPTKJCTZLTXPGMNVKICZKG,GMLMN

BIEKGMNNYNGJPFBIZKOB\PI[CG\KFO,ZXGRG\KFO,\MGRG\KFO

FVRKPKG\GFZGIRKG\.CBGVQHFMNBIEPFOKZGGKIGK\T[Z.PTCZ

NNKPGETXPG,NBPGPNWNECZHFTOHFCRG[BKOZGIRKKO.M[B\O

PECZKORK\Q,MPGCQ,NFSCKZ\FNKMKOZGIRKKO,FRNPEKOC[V\

FYCNF:VZXGVKO,SVKZG\,TGNPG\,CIKRG\,BKHFBGZRKMRSGBKHFBGZ

KGXBGMKGX"C.

PJZ\FNKPGE

B\FCR\MOCIGMP\FYCNFB\OKMGNKONFTCKZNBIZKO,BLNBB\

FRT[FC\IG[G\KMOFVRKPKG\,GZXGRG\KMO.C\IKNF,M\GXBFPFNKPGE

BEOPCY[CZKBG\,BIZKMQFGBZGXFNF\YEOCTCGEF{MBGPZ,BGNK

FYCNF\THGZNKNDNG\B\FT\KE,NET\PFKFKFPIZCCGZSFBG

NHMG\CNGJG?MNGPZFBEOP[\GYYN[VZB\IKKG.CMNTCGEFCTGNO

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HB\PMKGGQ[BKQFGBPTGRKQNFZDK[KSGZKO,MNGPZDOFGBPIV[

FYNFGFJCFCPXCG.

F[KYGNKOP[\RKOMNFHPQ.FECZFI[GCCKG\ZFGBNCZZ[KYGNKO

BNG,NFCKQN[OPFBRKTG[FPT[FHFBGBIZ.

FBEONGPEB\TXPG|BGVQFNKPGE215

FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\

M[BEORPXBCEZDFPSGKP\,FGBCTXPGYGCTKISNPF[PPNB

BG\G,GPCIKQCKQZXGRG\JFGZKOG[BKROJFGZKOC\GMG.KISHF,FGB

B[ZYGCTB\FEZDFFZGIRK\,[CFBEORPXB.CMLBEOP[VZB\

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BNBPF[P[\RF,FGBFKISCKQINYGFP\GYQ)FBNJZGBKSJK(

GFNBP\GYQ)FBDGBKSJK(,GHFPF[YGCTB\EZD\G,B\ZP\

F\V\IG\GFZGIRK\.MGNOR[BZKOCBG\GPXCVKSK,BNB[PCVRKO

FMNP[\RF{INFTNKFVRKPK\PFTGNOFHFNTGNOFT[KF,NTGNO

FKXKZF,FCZKBF,BXKNG\,BEOYEPGQGTETGNOBKQ=SGU.MRDE

TGNPG\BXKNG\GBEOYEPGQ{GHB\[NBMTGNPG\CZKBF,KXKZF,

T[KF{BKQMGIG\BDGBKSJKONBP\GYRKOFKEGTKOCYCNF

M"TGNPG\EYNKVF".FTNKFCTGNPG\FKBNVKF\V\IG\FPSLC=5

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CFYEPFN\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\M\GC,[BOBEONGPENVK[KJF

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FBEO.BKQHFBGPZ,[NVK[TFXZKMKOFNGPEKONGG\ZTNFMN.RFVGL

FGB,TNKFONTCGE,NNPGE,NNE\,NF\PGEETOMNFCTKG\GFY[KKO,

[PXKCKOFIKKO.MNBNGFQEZMKONF\V\IG\TXPK\.

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BIZKMNFTKSGYKOFFMZIKKO.BOMNFHPQFVRGK[RG\Z,KG[YT

CNKPGEFYCNF{HFKFKFPSVKYCFINJ.

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P[NG[BGBZCTNVRG\CGYZTE[[CCGYZ.B\FHPQFHFBEONGYIZY

PTXPG.2=3[TG\FBNGPSVKYG\.I[GCNNPGE\GLMGGRFRMGRF{CFCRF

PEGTBRKTG[FHB\.FMGGRFFKBFTKYZ.

XTEKFNKPGE 216

MBPGZ,RK\QNF[KDZGIRKG\\GL[NG[TEIP[[RKO,BL\FNKLHF

TNGNNYI\DO[[[RKOBGKG\Z.CMNPYZFTNFBEONT[G\HB\,

BONBCIKKOFBNF,BHCIKKGFCBKOBGCTGE10DKNDGNKO.BEOIKKC

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EIKVFPNPTNFGKGXBNTGNOFZGIRK.

EZK[\\DPGN

N[OPFBRKHYGYNNKPGEKO,NTCGEF,NIKKO,NBQBRKBPGZNFDKT

CSGVG[NECZ?CMNPT[KRGBRIRGXZKMKONZBG\B\FCGZB,NF[\GYY

GNFKECYCG,GMNFHPQNCZZGNI[GCPFZXGRGPB\RG.PJZFHGXZKMF

NFKG\DNGKFNRGMNFHPQ.BOFPJZF\FBPCGZZ\BXNFBEOMN

FHPQ,HFKFVGLBG\GNPYGCN,GFGBK\IKNNFZDK[B\FPKET,FPXGK

CTGNPG\FZGIRKKO.

NZP\FKYUFKET[NFBEO,BKQP[PTG\ZCF.CTHZ\FKETBRG

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PT[K?F[YT\K[TG\TCGEFZCG\,FVSE\KMSUZC,MKBKRKTGCECHPQ

FNKPGEKO,BRKRPRTPNF[YKTHPQZCCP[VIF,PVSKEBV[ZGKG\

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XTEKFNKPGE 218

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XTEKFNKPGE 222

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NXCGZRKSKGQCDGUFD[PK,RK\QBLGZYCXGZFMHB\.

MNPF[YGZFCTGNO[NRG,RMVFTNKRGCPMGGQ.TOHB\,TNKRGNI[GC

[K[NRGIGV[CCIKZ\FPT[FFT\KEK.CTRKKQHF,FBEOIKKCNGPZ

NTXPG,[K[NGIGV[CIKZF.GMB[ZFGBTGNFNPEZDFTNKGRFKG\Z,FGB

ZGBF[NBFKFNG[GOIGV[CIKZF.

CPKNKOBIZG\,MNHPQ[BEORPXBCPXC,[CGXZKLNCIGZCKQ

ECZKO{TNKGNV\GZB\FCTKFCTXPG,GNBNGPZ[HF\VYKEG[N

FCGZB,[HGCTKF[NGGNB[NK,BNB[B\FCTKFFHB\FXKCNVRK

FCGZB.GFBOK[NKCBP\IGV[CIKZFBPK\KNFINKJP[FG,BG[PF

FFINJFRT[K\TNKEKF\MGRG\[FCGZBFMRKSN\GMK,BGCF[VT\

FICZFFSGCC\BG\K{MNHFNBI[GCGNBXZKLNTRKKQBG\KTM[KG.

BRKXZKLNZBG\,B\PF[RPXBNVRK,GNV\GZB\FTRKKQCBPXTKO

FTGPEKONZ[G\K.


BEOXZKL\PKENV\GZB\CTKG\KGCTXPG,GZYNBIZ[KV\GZBG\Q

NJGCBGNZT{TNKGNI[GC[MNHFHGPQNGPXEFCGZBPZB[,

G[F\[GCFRYCTFPZB[.FRKDGE,FYGJCKG\,CKQF\INFGSGU,PTGZZ

CRGCNCGNIHY.

BKRRGPCKRKOBKLNF\KKISNMNHF,MKC\GMRGRPXBKOPG[DKOMPG:

TCZ,FGGFGT\KE.MNTGEBRGRPXBKOCDCGNG\FTGNO[NRG,GTE

[FPGETG\[NRG\KMRSNIGYKG\[NSKCFG\GXBF,NBRK\QCEZD\RG

CTGNOFHF,NFCKQPFKRXIKG\,BG\FFEZDF[CFECZNBP[\RF.

BOBKQBRKNK,PKNK

PNM\IKNFBEOIKKCNRFGD,MBKNGFGBNBKGETMNGO,GZYFGBRG[B

CPXCKO,GTNKGNT[G\FMNCTXPG."BOBKQBRKNK,PKNK"{MLM\GC

CVZYKBCG\,GCFP[LRBPZ:"GM[BRKNTXPK,PFBRK".MQRBPZ

)ECZKOE("BKQTGEPNCEG".NPZBK\TKQ,RZBKOP[VJKOBNGMSG\ZKO

HFB\HF,BLCPCJYZGCRK\QNZBG\,MKFOKMGNKONF\YKKO,GBU

FMZIK[K\YKKPG,CMVKVFBI\.

FCTN[OJGC{PYGCNPFPBFF=18,[IKCZGSKF,M\C[CCGYZBEO

XZKLNYGOGNNM\NIV[TCGEF,MBKNGFCGZBBKRGYKKO,GFGBRPXB

CZ[G\TXPG,GBUBIEPNPTNFNBKTHGZNG.GNPZG\[FGBPBPKQ

CCGZB,FGBXZKLNGPZ[FCGZBNBP[VKTTNF\RFDG\G.MNGPZ:BRK

CTNFCK\[NTXPKG[NT\KEK.

CTNFCK\CTGNO,KMGNNFKG\FBEOBGFCGZB,BIEP[RKFO.

CRYGEF[RK\R\NKNCIKZF{BRKCTNFCK\,MKFCGZBNBRPXBCF,

MCKMGN.MLBEOXZKLNVTGNCP[LMNFKGO.BNB[CTZC,NBIZ[[C

NCK\GGMSUCMKSG,C[GOBGVQBNNGNFDKE,[HFFGB[FZGGKI,G[FGB

HF[PXBB\FTCGEF,G[F\PHNPHNG.FCGZBFGB[\KMRQFMN,GBVKNG

[MC\MNFKGOCPKJF,GNBRYV\BXCT,FKFNLCMNPYZFB[Z

FZGGI\.

BLF[MN[NRGMNNBKRGPSGDNNFCKQHB\,NBMN[MQNBIEB\

[\KF\VKSG\FBNG,FRZBG\PRGDEG\HGNHG.ZYBIZKZMK[\\MGRG\

ZGIRKG\,FBEOPSGDNNBIEB\FPG[DKOFKSGEKKO,GFFVMKKO

FBNG.

XTEKFNKPGE 226

GCKGOFPIZ\BG\GFECZ,"FKGOFCB",VKZG[GFZDTFCB.

M[PTPKEKOBEOPGNCIKZF,FGBXZKLNF\KKISNHFCXGZFBI\:

"FMN\NGKCK".GNBIZPKPG[FCIKZF,NNBXKVKG\GBPGRFCF’,PF[NB

KFKF,FGBIKKCNGPZ{"FMNRT[FCKEF’".XZKMFNFKG\FVZEFCZGZF

CKQ[\KF\VKSG\,MBKNGPEGCZC[RKBR[KO[GRKO:PBPKQG[BKRG

PBPKQ,NVRKFFINJFGBIZKF,GBKQFMGGRFCPGCQFE\KGFIKNGRK.PBPKQ

G[BKRGPBPKQ,FOPXCKO[NPK[PIV[ZGIRKG\.

C\GZFM\GC,[CZB[F[RFZG[PKOBG\RGNPTNFC"SVZ"PSGKKO.

[OZG[PKONMNBIE,PFKFKFNGCP[LF[RFFHB\,PKKIKFGPKNB,

MPFKZGGKIMNBIE,PKK\I\Q,K\DZ[,CPFKINFGTGE.BOFMNRYCT

PZB[,GBGPZKONRGML,BHNPFBRIRGXZKMKONT[G\P[FGCIKKO

BNF,PEGTTNKRGNF\BPW?FBOFBEOPSGDNN[RG\B\PF[FCGZB

T[F?

ZYNYCNFK[\[GCG\N[BNG\BNG.VKNGSGVKFGPETBKROTGSYKO

C[BNG\BNG,PBIZ[FO\GXB\G[NF[MNFBRG[K.[MZFBEOTN

FPBPXKO[NG,FGBCKISRMGQNPF[YGZF.

NBEOXZKMFNFKG\FCRFCZGZF,NPFFGBHYGYNXGZLF\YEPG\G

FZGIRK\.GBIZMLHGFKFCIKZFFIGV[K\[NG.BEOHYGYNKET,MEK

[KFKFNGIGV[CIKZF.MNTGEBKQNGKET,NBYKKOIGV[CIKZF.


\IKN\EZMG[NPYGCN

M[FDT\KNZCCZGLB[ND,FGB[NIBG\KNNPGEBXN\NPKEGFGG\KY

FNN.NVRKMQRKSK\KNNPGEBXNZCKO,BLNBYKCN\KFSCZKO[SKVYG

BG\K.NTGP\HB\,FNKPGEKOBXNFNNPXBGIQCTKRKKCHMG\FKG\O

FDKGRKKO,CZGZKOGZXKGRNKKO.CF\INFFMNRZBFNKCZGZNMBGZF,

I[C\KMKBKQNK,BNBN[RQB\[[\MZMKG[N\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\,

GMLBGMNPKENKJGNINYCFRFDFFTNKGRFFVGTN\TNK,GTNMN

FTGNOMGNG.

FDKTFF[TF,GFZC"[HKPQBG\KNF[\\UC[KTGZKO,[FGBPTCKZ.

PZDTHF,MNB[ZI[C\KNPGCQ,RT[FS\GONDPZK,GTNGCKTGEGTGE

[BNG\,[RG\ZGNNBPTRF.FNKPGEBXNFZC,NBZY[NBSKKTCFCR\

FIGPZ,BNBFGCKNBG\KNFMKZCTGCEF,MKBKRRKPCKQPBGPF.

ZYNBIZ\YGVFBZGMFFCR\K,MKFZC"[R\QN\NPKEKGKETTKGRK

\IKNF,GZYBIZKMQFKFPZBFNFOMKXENF[\\UCFRFDF.BNB

[FPTCZNF[\\VG\VTKNFCFRFDFFTNKGRFBKRGZXKGRNK,GNMQTNMN

BIEGBIENF[KDGCTXPG,GRGXZF\IG[F[NBK=FCRFPGINJ\.

FZC"[NBNKPEB\\NPKEKGN[OCYKBG\\KBGZJK\,C[PG\KFO

[NPG[DKOZGIRKKO,BGN[OKMGN\NF\VNVNCFO,NNBFCR\JCTO.

CPYGOHB\,ZXFFZC"[NFCKBB\\NPKEKGNKEKPXC,[CGKZDK[GB\

FPG[DKOFNNG.HGFKEZLNKPGE[GRFNDPZKPNKPGE\KBGZJK.CEZL

NKPGEHG,FPJZFBKRFMPG\FKEKTG\[KYCNF\NPKE,BNBBKMG\Q.

MNGPZ,CBKHGPKEFFECZKO[F\NPKE[GPT,KSKKTGNGNF\YZCCTXPG

NECZKO,[FGBYGZBCSVZ.

FZCNBYKCN\NPKEKOIE[KO.\NPKEKOIE[KO,FGBFKFPVRF

NPGZKOBIZKO,\GLPTYCBIZF\V\IG\O.G\NPKEKO[FVDKRGZXKRG\

GF\PEF,CKY[NNPEOCTXPG.

FZXGQFBRG[KNFCKQ,NRFNGN[NGJFGBZXGQIKGCKPBE,MKGGQ[FGB

PCKBNFK\GGSVG\O[NZXGRG\RGSVKO.CSLFMNXZKLBEONZMG[B\

"PV\IFYSO",PSLGBGZIGHZ,MEK[KKMRSPKENZGIRKG\.

CTNFSGNOM\CCMGGRFB\\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\CXGZF,[MMN

[NGPEKOBG\GKG\Z,MLFGNMG\GP\ZCG\F[BNG\.FECZRIGW,MEK

XTEKFNKPGE 228

[\FKFNBEOBV[ZG\NF[YKTB\PBPXKGCP[FG,\GL[KPG[CMGGRF

PSGKKP\.FPBPWCBPNPJF{PFBEO,GBKNGB\FMGGRFRG\QFCGZB

PNPTNF,BLNBNVRK[FBEOPZDK[,MKRKSFMCZFMN,GBKQNGNBQ

NVRG\TGE,GMKFGBPP[REIYNVKRF.ZYBHPCY[FBEOCBP\THZF

PFCGZB,GCY[\GFBPK\K\RTRK\.

FTKYZCTCGEFFZGIRK\,FGBN[PGZTNSCNRG\GRIK[G\.\VKN\

FBEOPGDEZ\,TNKEKFPXCCGFGB[ZGK,G\NGKFCPYGOFKPXBG\O

[NFRKXGXG\.MNTGEFBEONBP[KDZGIRKG\,REPFNGMKMMN[K\BPW

VIG\,MLKKJCNG.BGNONBIZ[RMRSNTGNOFZGIRK,FBEOPXJTZTN

ML[T[FMFPTJ,NPTQF[D\FZGIRKG\.

FEZLNF[D\ZGIRKG\MZGMFCCKXGTVTGNG\XPXGO[NFBEO.PF

VKZG[FECZ"NT[G\XPXGO"?MEKNFSCKZHB\,RKYIMEGDPBBR[KO,

FPTGRKRKONZHG\.BR[KOBNFPCKRKO,MKF\TRGDB[ZKVKYGPFZHKF,

TGNFTNF\TRGD[CBGMN.K[ROPYZKOCFOFBGMNFGVLPP[N"BGKC"

TCGZO,TEMEKML[FOPP[[GRBKOBG\G.TCGZONF\IKNNFYVKETN

EKBJF,HFGXPXGOFZXGQ.

FTKYZCTCGE\FXPXGO,FGBNFMKZCZGT.N[OFMZ\FZGTRK\RF

NRGF\GZF,[K[CFB\BG\GKIGERVNB,FPBV[ZNRGNFCKQPKFG

FBGKCGFPM[GN,CEZMRGNF[D\FZGIRKG\.

FBEORBNWNTCGZY[KKOZCKOCIKKG,TE[REPFNG,MKBKQMN

\GTN\G\MNK\CTCGE\G,MNTGEFGBNBPCKQFKMQRPXB\FBP\.MN

TGENBTG[FFBEOXPXGO,FGBNBKMGNBVKNGNF\IKNNET\,FKMQ

FKBRPXB\.MB[ZFGBMCZRPXBCZGIRKG\,FGBCKEKKOJGCG\,G[GC

BKRGHYGYNEKCGZKO,[FZKFGZGBFCTXPGB\B[ZTNKGNZBG\.

MNTGEFBEONBPYCNPNPTNFB\FMGGRFFRMGRF,TNKGNF[YKT

CPT[F,BVKNGN\GTN\TXPG,C\YGGFN[RG\B\PXCG.FBEOBKRGREZ[

NF\BPWZYN[OFPBPW,[FZK\MNK\FCZKBFFKBNKFRG\,GBKNG

PBPWVKZG[GKSGZKO,BGFTEZ[NECZPF.BKNGRK\QFKFNTCGZNMGGRF

NF[VKTNCGZB,BGNTCGZN\TRGDZGIRK,NNBMNPBPWBEZCB,BKRRG

IKKCKONIV[Y[KKOCTCGE\RG.

BLBOFPBPWPFRF,FZK[GCBKQFGBPBPW;FECZP[GNNBO

FPRKYFB\\KRGYF,GRFRK\PML.GBORRKI,[FPBPWNI[GCTN

FBEONGPEB\TXPG|\IKN\EZMG[NPYGCN229

FCGZB,[FKFCF\INFY[FGPNBMG\K,RT[FNV\TPFRF,IKGRK

GI[GC,BHKFGBTGCEPIHY\PBPWNIHY\\TRGD,G[GCBKQXGZL

CPBPXKO.FPBPXKOFKGRIGXKO,BLGZYMEKNTCGZB\FPISGO

FZGIRKFHF.

MB[ZBEOP\IKNNTSGYCZGIRKG\,DOTCGE\GCP[NIKEGP[\RF,

FKBPYCN\PKNGKBIZ.BR[KOFSGCCKOBG\G,GEBK[NBK[KPGNCNML.

MLNP[N,BOKRDRGB\RKDGRKFTGNPG\FZGIRKKO,FJGCKO[CPCXTKO,

FRKDGRKOFNNGKFKGEGPKONMNPGSKYFBIZ\,P[GO[BR[KO[BKRO

TGSYKOCZGIRKG\,TNGNKONFGZKEKXKZFZGIRK\PGDPZ\,TENZPF[N

ECZKVF,BLPXGK.

BSGZNFXJTZTNFTCZBGNFB[KOB\TXPL[VTN\NBRMGQ,BG

[IKK\NBMZBGK.FMNRT[FCBGVQFPKJCK,GFKFBPGZNYZG\MVK

[YZF{FMNRP[LPNPTNF.TGCEFHGTGE\\DNFNTKRKMNBIEGBIE

PB\RG.MMN[RMRSKOTPGYKG\Z,BN\GLFZGIRKG\,MLFGNLGP\ZIY

FTCZ.KGOB\PGNRZBFMBKNGFKFNVRK[RKOZCG\,GCGYZGXFZKKO

KK\V[GCTZCMKPKOTCZG.

FTCZIGNU,GFT\KERS\Z,GBKRG\NGKCRG.K[NIKG\CFGGF,CZDTHF

PP[,FRPXBCDCGNCKQFZDT[INUNHFFTGPECV\I.

XTEKFNKPGE 230

P[GNIRG[NPYGCN

ZCK,FZCCZGLB[NDFKFRGFDNZ[GO,B\MNPF[FKF[GPTPBCKG.

MB[ZCB\KBNKGNNPGE,F\IN\KN[BGNBG\GB\[BNG\KKFY[G\,

[BNG\[FXKYGNK,BLFGBMNFHPQRPRTPN\\\[GCF.TE[VTOBI\,

FRKINKNYZGBCM\CKKEG,MEK[BPXBCFOB\PF[I[GCNKGPTRKKQ

BG\K{GBH,CHPQ[BRKYGZBCM\CKG,C\GLFPXCKOF[GRKO[BRKRPXB

CFO,BCKQB\PF[TNKNFCKQ.FGBFGSKU,[FM\CKOFBNFKSVKYGNK

NMNFIKKO,BVKNGCHPQ[FGBMCZNBKFKF.

F[KIFFHGF\YKKPFC=.1981BHFGBR\QNKPICZ\,[PPRFT[K\K

FT\Y,GBIZMLYZB\KGF[\P[\KCGT[Z[RKO.C=1991,KGONVRK

VJKZ\G,FGBFTRKYNKB\FPYGZ,GBPZ:"\YZB,HFC[CKNL",GCKY[

PPRKNCGBNPIZ\PGYEOKG\Z,MEKNTHGZNGNFRKI\VKNKQ.FGBMCZ

KETB\FMNPZB[,BCNBRK{NBKET\KGBKIZ\K.M[FDT\K,FGBFKF

MPTJNNBFMZF,GNRDETKRKFNLNTGNPG.

FPBPZKOGFM\CKO,[PSZNKI[GCKOGTPGYKONBKQ[KTGZ.CMN

VTO[YGZBKOCFO,REPFNBEO[FGBPCKQP[FG,BCNCYZKBF

FCBF,FGBZGBFTEMPF[F\VKSF[NGFK\F[DGKF,GBHPDNFNTXPG

TGEGTGEECZKONTGPYO.FCR\FRYZB\NGKFCPXCFVRKPK[CGRPXB

FYGZB.

FPBPZKOFBNFRM\CGPYXFFF[DFFZGIRK\.BCNKMGNNYZGB

CFOMNPK[RPXBDOCZPG\FZGIRKG\FRPGMG\,GBVKNGCZPF[N

FTGNO[NRG.MNBIEKMGNNPXGBCFOB\FPXCFBK[K[NG,PFTNKG

NT[G\CPXCG,GPFFPICZZGXFNFDKENGCBG\GZDT.

PGPNWNYZGBPBPZKOBNF,GBVKNGZYMPF[GZG\CKGO.NVRK

[R\G,RFDZCKNV\GIB\FPICZ\NMPF[RKG\.HFFSVKYNF\V[JG\

FBGZCR[PF.

BIEFPBPZKOFTPGYKOGFI[GCKOCKG\Z[NFZCFGB"BKQTGE

PNCEG".HFGPBPZ[IKKCNFKG\PGRITN[GNIRG[NMNBIE,MNPK

[P[\GYYNFKECYCCGZB.FPBPZMGNNC\GMGB\MN\GZ\G[NCTN

FSGNO,MNFDK[F[NGNCZKBF,MNPF[BEOIKKC\PKENFIHKYC\GL

FBEONGPEB\TXPG|P[GNIRG[NPYGCN231

TXPGGNFZDK[\PKE.HFGFPBPZFZB[GQCSVZ"[PT\K"[FGXB\KG

NBGZ.

FRFM\GC"BKQTGEPNCEG",[VKZG[G,[BKQ[GOMIBIZCTGNO,[KFKF

NGKMGN\NT[G\P[FGRDEGK\CZL.GPF[FBEOZGBF[K[ECZKOCTGNO

[FOPMIK[KOVPNKB[NPTNF,FSKCFFKB,PJTO[MLFGBZXGRG

K\CZL.GHFGCIKR\\KYGQ,FRYZB"[PBNEGIFGKPKQPYZC\".MNGPZ,

PF[F[PBNEGIF,HFRMRSCDEZ[N\KYGQ.CPKNKOBIZG\,[K[RO

ECZKOCTGNO,[CBGPNM\IKNFTNFMGGRFNFJG\B\FBEOPEZL

FK[Z,[TNKEKFOFGBREIFPYEG[F.GF\GTN\PFEIKG\FKB,[TNKEO

FBEOPYCNXGZLGZXGQ[NO,[FYC"FKTHGZNG,MKBIZ\FGBZGBF

[FGBBCGE.NBEK[NBP\YEOCTCGEF,ZYFGBZGBF[FGNLBIGZF.

FKKRG,BVKNG[NBN[PF,BKQNGMINYKKOB\F\G"P.[ZYT"KF\DCZG\

BPK\KTNMNFPM[GNKO,NPTNFPFET\,FGBKMGNNYKKOB\F\G"P.

GNB\PKEK[NGMIFF\DCZG\NPTNFPFET\.BIZ\,FGBPGMZINRJG\

ISG[NGOPEZLF’,BVKNGP[NBN[PF.GFGB,[\PKEBXNGFVZGW

PZGCFPFTGPE,FKKRG,[FKZKEG\FOFZCFKG\ZPFTNKG\,GNBZGBF

CHF[KYISGUFPXCKOFBNF,GFGBK[BZ\PKEPIGWNYEG[F.MKFGB

ZGBFBVKNGMYGXK[NKGE,Y[FNGNYKKO,ZYCF\DCZG\NPTNFPFET\.

BCNNB\PKEFGBPSGDNNF\DCZ,GPFKFKFFSGU.

)CTNFSGNO,SVZ"[PT\K"PBPZ"BKQTGEPNCEG"(

P\GLFPBPZ[NVRKRGTGNF,MKFCGZBFGBF[NKJFKIKECCZKBF,

GFGBHF[CZBB\FBEOTO\MGRG\PSGKKPG\,FTRKYNGB\MNFMGIG\

FEZG[KO,FTPKEGCRSKCG\B[Z,TGHZG\NGNF\YEONYZB\PJZ\

FCZKBFCXGZFFBGVJKPNK\{BCNFCGZBBKRGPSKKTNBEO,GBUPCNCN

BG\GTECNKSGUCFS\CMGKG\[GRG\GP[GRG\:VKJGZKOPFTCGEF,

PING\,M[NGRG\GKSGZKO,CTKG\CP[VIF,GTGEECZKOZCKO.MNHB\

TG[FFCGZB,BPRO[FBEONBPDNFBG\GMPK[TGPEPBIGZKMNPF

[FGBTGCZ.

F\YGVFCFFBEOHGMFNYCNKISMHFPFCGZB,FKBEKBZGMF.BKQ

NBEOCZKZF,BNBNTCGZB\MNFPXCKOFNNG,NZMG[CFORKSKGQ,

B[ZKBV[ZNGCFP[LBV[ZG\NHMG\C[NPG\,CRXIKG\,CBKRSGVKG\

GCECYG\TOFCGZB.

\YGVFHGPDKTFNSKGPF,MB[ZFBEOPDKTNFINJF,[ZYFCGZB

CTXPGKMGNNTHGZNG.FINJFHGPTGZZ\CNCG\CKTFBPK\K\,[FCGZB

KV\INGB\TKRKGGNCG,GKYZCBG\GBNKGCECYG\RXIK\.

XTEKFNKPGE 232

ZXGRG[NFCGZBFGB,[FBEOCTNKK\GPFTGNO[NRGNTGNPG\

FZGIRKKO,KZMG[B\MN\MGRG\KFO,GCMNTGNOGTGNOKFKFMPGFCGZB,

GKINKVG.BLNNBTHZ\FCGZB{BKQBV[ZG\NT[G\HB\.FBEONB

PSGDNNT[G\ECZCMGIG\TXPG.MNFKSGZKOGMNFXZG\[VGYEKO

BG\RG,FOP[GO[FZXGRG\=F\MGRG\[NRGFOFGVMKKON\MGRG\FCGZB,

GFGVMKKONBGZ.

CDNNFGVMKG\F\MGRG\,MNPF[BRIRGZGBKOCTGNPRG,NBYKKO

CBP\CPXKBG\,BNBFGBZY\GXBF[NF[\YVG\F\MGRG\[NRG

CBGZFTNKGQ.MB[ZFBGZPDKTPPTN,FBEONBPZDK[B\FBGZ,BNB

B\\MGRG\KGFBK[KG\FPYGNYNG\C\GMG,GBHMEKNFZDK[B\FBGZ

TXPG,TNKGNFKVJZPZGTFBDGBKHO,PFFVZTG\.

GMB[ZFBEOHGTYNCGZB[KTHGZ,P\CZZV\BGO,MK"MNFEIKG\[FKF

NG,FKFFMNPB\F’.FKKRG,[NBPJTO[FGBNBFKFCSEZ,[NBFKF

NGFKMGN\NF\DCZ.BNB,NBNGBR[KO[ZGXKOCBP\NF\YZCNF’,

GCMEK[NBKFKFPS\VYCPGTJ,MNGPZ[NBK[BZCCIKR\KNEYJQ,

CNKET\.GP[GOHF,RK\QNGPNPTNFTHZF,[NBKFKFNGFKMGN\NGPZ,

[CZGLF’[K[NG\GZFGPXG\GPT[KOJGCKO,GPFISZNGTGE.GHF

EGYBBOCBP\,[K[NBEOFHFZXGQBPK\K.BH,FBEOFHFPYCN

THZFPNPTNF,GPZBKONG\PKE,BKL[FGBNBCSEZCPXCFRGMIK.

EFKKRG,[[GNIKONGPI[CG\GEKTG\,[FORDEFTCGEF.GHFGCMEK

[KZBF,[BKQFGBC[NKPG\TOF’.

GTEMPF[FGBP\DCZ,FGBZGBF\PKE,BKL[FGBRPXB,CPXC[FGB

ZIGYPYEG[F,P[BZTGCEKO[FOPZDK[KO,[FOC[NKPG\TOF’.

PF[BOMQFGB,\PKEK[NGJTRG\G\CKTG\,GNBKMGNN\ZWB\

FF\RFDG\[NFCGZB,BKL[FGBP\RFDTPG.GHFDGZONGMBC,PEGTFGB

NB[NOTOFYC"F.TE[CBNKEKFZD[F,[PP[BKQNG[GOINY

CYEG[F.GFDO[PYCNNVTPKOBKHFF\TGZZG\PNPTNF,[PIKFBG\G

NVK[TF,BCN\KMUFGBRGVNNPYGOF[VNG\.BGNO,HFGFSKCF,[DGZO

NG[KCGBNKEKFMZF,[ZYF’KMGNNTHGZ,[KYZCBG\GCBP\.

FBEOXZKLNF[\ENNNM\\PKECEZL,[FGBECGYCGK\CZL.MNGPZ

[MNPI[CG\KGKFKGCGK\’.FKKRG,BOBVKNG[FGBRPXBCPXCFMKDZGT,

[BKBV[ZNFKG\KZKEFKG\ZDEGNFPHG,BNKXBPZ[G\GK\’,MNGPZ

[K[Z[G\BIZ[NBRG\QNGNFMRSNFYEG[F,[CKEGNFJKCBGNFZT.

VKZG[,[BNKI[GC[K[TRKQMI[NS"B,[FKBNBRG\R\NBEONT[G\

PT[KOJGCKOGNNM\CEZMKF’,BNBFMNRT[FPXEF’.



FCGZB[GNINBEOPMG\,MEKNFIHKZGBNPJZ\FCZKBF.CEZL

MNN,BOJGCNBEOGFGBPYCN\TRGDKO,NBBKMV\NGBOFCGZBYKKO

BGNB.BCNEGGYBCPXCKOF"JGCKO",I[GC[FBEOKFKFCECKYG\

TOFCGZB.N[OML[GNIFCGZBPMG\,MEK[CRKBEOK][email protected]

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XTEKFNKPGE 290

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XTEKFNKPGE 294

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XTEKFNKPGE 300

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XTEKFNKPGE 306

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XTEKFNKPGE 308

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XTEKFNKPGE 310

R[BN\F[BNF:BOR[PG\K[ZBN,FQFMKVIG\BDGBKSJKG\MKXE

FTOFKFGEKR\VSMTOFMKBDGBKSJKCTGNO?FSKCFNMLFKB[FDKT

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NP[GLBG\RGBNKG.

XTEKFNKPGE 312

BRIRGI[KOB\F\FNKLFHFMP[FG[RMVFTNKRG,PNGGFCSCN

GKSGZKONPKRKFO.FSCNFHFRGTENEIGUBG\RGN[KRGKFJCT

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PING\,BSGRG\,GPNIPG\.MNF\GVTG\F[NKNKG\CTGNO[NRGFQVGTN

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XTEKFNKPGE 314

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FZXGQFHFFPGJCTCBGZYZGK"PJZ\FCZKBF".PI[C\FCZKBFFHG

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XTEKFNKPGE 316

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BKQFGBKMGNNFKMRSNBEOCDNNRGMIG\FZT[C\GMG.

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XTEKFNKPGE 318

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masa leolam 1. - Kabbalah Mediafiles.kabbalahmedia.info/mekorot/heb_o_ml-sefer-masa-le... · 2006. 1. 9. · bgcp fncyf egpknc \kpkrvf fvkb[f:"frgp\ nmg nsv ln f[t\ bn .krv nt okzib