Mastering Art Law

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Carolina Academic Press Mastering SeriesRussell Weaver, Series Editor

Mastering Administrative LawWilliam R. Andersen

Mastering American Indian LawAngelique Townsend EagleWoman, Stacy L. Leeds

Mastering Appellate Advocacy and ProcessDonna C. Looper, George W. Kuney

Mastering Art Law

Herbert Lazerow

Mastering BankruptcyGeorge W. Kuney

Mastering Civil Procedure 2d eDavid Charles Hricik

Mastering Constitutional Law 2d eJohn C. Knechtle, Christopher J. Roederer

Mastering Contract LawIrma S. Russell, Barbara K. Bucholtz

Mastering Corporate TaxReginald Mombrun, Gail Levin Richmond, Felicia Branch

Mastering Corporations and Other Business EntitiesLee Harris

Mastering Criminal LawEllen S. Podgor, Peter J. Henning, Neil P. Cohen

Mastering Criminal Procedure, Volume 1: The Investigative Stage 2d ePeter J. Henning, Andrew Taslitz, Margaret L. Paris,

Cynthia E. Jones, Ellen S. Podgor

Mastering Criminal Procedure, Volume 2: The Adjudicatory Stage 2d ePeter J. Henning, Andrew Taslitz, Margaret L. Paris,

Cynthia E. Jones, Ellen S. Podgor

Mastering Elder Law 2d eRalph C. Brashier

Mastering Employment Discrimination LawPaul M. Secunda, Jeffrey M. Hirsch

Mastering EvidenceRonald W. Eades

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Mastering Family LawJanet Leach Richards

Mastering Income TaxChristopher M. Pietruszkiewicz, Gail Levin Richmond

Mastering Intellectual PropertyGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper

Mastering Labor LawPaul M. Secunda, Anne Marie Lofaso, Joseph E. Slater, Jeffrey M. Hirsch

Mastering Legal Analysis and CommunicationDavid T. Ritchie

Mastering Legal Analysis and DraftingGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper

Mastering Negotiable Instruments (UCC Articles 3 and 4) and Other Payment Systems

Michael D. Floyd

Mastering Partnership TaxationStuart Lazar

Mastering Products LiabilityRonald W. Eades

Mastering Professional ResponsibilityGrace M. Giesel

Mastering Property LawDarryl C. Wilson, Cynthia H. DeBose

Mastering Secured Transactions (UCC Article 9) 2d eRichard H. Nowka

Mastering Statutory Interpretation 2d eLinda D. Jellum

Mastering Tort LawRussell L. Weaver, Edward C. Martin, Andrew R. Klein,

Paul J. Zwier II, Ronald W. Eades, John H. Bauman

Mastering Trademark and Unfair Competition LawLars S. Smith, Llewellyn Joseph Gibbons

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Mastering Art Law

Herbert LazerowUniversity of San Diego School of Law

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2015Herbert Lazerow

All Rights Reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lazerow, Herbert I., author.Mastering art law / Herbert Lazerow.

pages cm. -- (Carolina academic press mastering series)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-59460-917-6 (alk. paper)1. Law and art--United States. 2. Artists--Legal status, laws, etc.--UnitedStates. 3. Cultural property--Protection--Law and legislation--UnitedStates.. 4. Museums--Law and legislation--United States. I. Title.

KF4288.L39 2014344.73'097--dc23

2014024225

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent Street

Durham, NC 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486

Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

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To

My parents, the giants on whose shoulders I stand,Julius Lazerow (1909– 1994) and Beatrice Lillian Lazerow née Kimmelman

(1906– 2002);

Erica, Forrest and Athena Davis, Shana Lazerow, and Chris and Calder Underwood,

who have taught me far more than they can appreciate;

Michael G. Kammen (1936– 2013),Newton C. Farr Professor of American History and Culture at Cornell,

my cousin, my rival, my idol, my best man;

and the person truly responsible for this book,Jane Frances Lazerow née Goding,

wife and best friend,who will recognize her words in a few places, and her ideas in many more.

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Contents

Dedication vii

Table of Cases xxv

Table of Constitutions, Statutes, Regulations, Rules, Rulings and Treaties xlvii

Table of Secondary Authorities liii

Series Editor’s Foreword lv

Preface lvii

Acknowledgments lix

Chapter 1 · What Is Art? Why Does Anyone Care? 3Roadmap 31. Introduction: Why Define Art? 32. Defining “Art” and “Artist” 4

A. Art Defined by Artists and Art Critics 4i. Creativity of a Human Being Fixed in Tangible Form 5ii. Different Levels of Art 6

B. Art Defined by Tariff Law 6C. Art Defined by Copyright Law 10D. Art Defined by the First Amendment 11E. Art Defined by Local Housing Law 12F. Art for Income Tax Purposes 12

3. Why Should Art Differ from Other Tangible Personal Property? Why Should the Artist Differ from Other Persons? 13A. Benefits of Exposure to Art 13B. Education About the Past 13C. Conveying Messages 13D. Unequal Bargaining Power 13E. Market Failure 14

Checkpoints 14

ix

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Chapter 2 · Freedom of Expression 15Roadmap 151. Introduction 162. First Amendment Purposes 16

A. Enhanced Self- Governance 17B. Truth- Seeking Permits the Marketplace of Ideas to Function 17C. Personal Autonomy 17D. Balancing Stability and Change 17E. Promoting Tolerance 18

3. Economic Result of Prioritizing Expression: Subsidy for Expression 18

4. First Amendment Methodology: Degree of Scrutiny 18A. Rational Basis Review 18B. Strict Scrutiny 19C. Intermediate Scrutiny 19

5. What Is Speech? 19A. Positive Tests 19

i. Conduct 19ii. Art 21

B. Negative Tests 21i. Obscenity 21ii. Child Pornography 28iii. National Security 29

6. Government and Protected Work: Government as Regulator 30A. Of Vendors 31B. Sign Ordinances 33

7. Government as Promoter of Culture 34A. Public Forum, Limited Public Forum, or Nonpublic Forum 34B. Open Corridors 35

i. Alternative Space 36ii. The Argument for Free Speech Rights of the Government 37iii. Government Management Obligations 38

8. Government as Buyer, Lessee, Displayer or Donee 399. Government as Lessor or Underwriter 4010. Government as Talent Developer 41Checkpoints 42

Chapter 3 · Defamation 45Roadmap 451. What Is Defamation? 46

x CONTENTS

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A. Publication 46B. Defamatory Statement 46C. Fact or Opinion 47

2. Damages 483. Single Publication Rule 484. Defenses: Privileges 49

A. Public Figures 49B. Practicalities 50

Checkpoints 50

Chapter 4 · Publicity and Privacy Rights 51Roadmap 511. Introduction 522. Right of Publicity 52

A. Defined 52B. The Thing Protected: Must the Personality Have Value? 53C. The Post- Mortem Personality 54D. Requirement of Previous Commercialization 54E. Right of Publicity Used in Authentication 55F. Selling an Individual’s Photo Without His Consent 55G. Newsworthiness and Freedom of Expression 56

i. Newsworthiness 56ii. Balancing the Right of Publicity and the First Amendment 58

H. Choice of Law 603. Right of Privacy 60

A. Offensive Intrusions on Seclusion 60i. Trespassory Intrusions 60ii. Non- Trespassory Intrusions 61

B. False Light 61C. Unreasonable Publicity Given to Private Life 61

i. Newsworthiness 61ii. Celebrities 62

D. European Convention of Human Rights 62Checkpoints 63

Chapter 5 · Copyright 65Roadmap 651. Constitutional Authority: Copyrights and Patents 662. Copyright and the Business Model 673. The Copyright Trade- Off: Protecting the Past or the Future 68

CONTENTS xi

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4. Rights Conferred by Copyright 695. Obtaining a Copyright: The Old Rules, from 1909 69

A. Substantive Rules 69B. Formal Rules 70

6. Obtaining a Copyright: Current Rules 70A. Copyrightable Subject Matter and Production Methods 70

i. Listed Subject Matters 71ii. Idea v. Expression 71iii. Scènes á Faire 72iv. Usefulness 72v. Copyrightable Element Can Be Combination of Non-

Copyrightable Elements 75vi. Other Things That Can or Cannot Be Copyrighted 75vii. Computer- Generated Art 76

B. Fixation 77i. Work in Progress 77ii. Fixed on Computer 77iii. Performance Art and Temporary Art 78iv. Purpose of Fixation Requirement 78

C. Originality 797. Who Owns the Copyright? 80

A. Joint Authorship 80B. Work Made for Hire 82

i. Employee Rules 82ii. Independent Contractor Rules 84

8. Transferring the Copyright 859. Infringement 86

A. Access 87B. Copying Copyrightable Elements 87C. De Minimis 89

10. Secondary Liability 9011. Derivative Works 91

A. Originality Required for a Derivative Work 91B. Derivative Works v. the First Sale Doctrine 92

12. Distribution 9313. Special Problems of Architecture 9314. Defense to Infringement: Fair Use 95

A. Requirements for Fair Use 95i. Purpose of the Use 96

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ii. Nature of the Copyrighted Work 99iii. Portion of the Work Used (De Minimis) 99iv. Effect on the Potential Market 100v. Internet Operation 102

B. Problems with the Four- Factor Test 102C. An Alternate Rationale: Transaction Costs 102

15. Remedies 102A. Actual Damages and Infringer’s Profits 103B. Statutory Damages 104C. Injunction 105D. Attorneys’ Fees 106E. Costs 106F. Criminal Liability 106G. State Immunity 106

i. Federal Government 107ii. State Governments 107iii. Foreign Governments 107

16. Pre- Emption 107A. Of State Law 107B. Of Federal Law 108

Checkpoints 108

Chapter 6 · Trademarks and Related Actions 111Roadmap 1111. Introduction: Basics of Trademark and Related Liabilities 112

A. Purposes of Trademark Law 112B. What Is a Trademark? 113C. Trademark Infringement, Other Lanham Act Offenses,

and Defenses 113D. Remedies 113

2. Trademarks and Related Actions in the Art World 114A. Artists, Foundations and Museums Establish Their

Trademarks 114i. Distinctiveness of the Mark 114ii. Non- Functionality of the Mark 115iii. Using the Mark As a Mark 116iv. Abandoning the Mark 117v. Trademark Violation by Public Confusion 117

B. Artists, Galleries and Art Institutions Use Trademarks and Related Law 118

CONTENTS xiii

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C. Use of Trademark and Related Law Against the Artist or Gallery 119i. Likelihood of Confusion: Competing Goods 119ii. False Endorsement: An End Run on the Right of Publicity 120iii. False Advertising: An End Run on Defamation 120iv. Dilution 121v. Trade Dress, or Similarity of Styles 122

D. Defenses: Fair Use, Artistic Relevance, Noncommercial Use 123i. Fair Use Defenses to Infringement 123ii. Fair Use Defense to Dilution 124iii. Fair Use as Defense to Trademark- Related Actions 124iv. Artistic Relevance Defense 125v. Noncommercial Use Defense to Dilution 126

E. Remedies: Attorneys Fees 127Checkpoints: 127

Chapter 7 · Moral Rights 129Roadmap 1291. Introduction: What Are Moral Rights? 1302. The Right of Paternity or Attribution 131

A. Claiming Authorship—Attaching your Name 132B. Claiming Authorship—Removing the Names of Others 133C. Disclaiming Authorship 133D. Anonymity and Pseudonymity 134E. Remedies for Violation of the Right of Attribution 135

3. The Right of Integrity 135A. “Prejudicial to his or her Honor or Reputation” and

“Work of Recognized Stature” 136i. “Prejudicial to his or her Honor or Reputation” 136ii. “Work of Recognized Stature” 138

B. Modification or Destruction 139C. State of Mind—Intentional or Grossly Negligent 140D. The Fair Use Defense 141E. Moral Rights with Special Rules: Works Attached to

Buildings 142i. Work that Can Be Removed without Its Modification 142ii. Work that Cannot Be Removed without Its Modification 142iii. The Building Owner’s Conundrum 143iv. Of Tenants and Trespassers 143

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F. Distinguishing Between the Right of Attribution and the Right of Integrity 144

4. “Work of Visual Art” 144A. Work of Visual Art—Positive Requirements 144

i. Painting, Drawing, Print, Sculpture, and Photograph Defined 144

ii. Multiples Other Than Photos 148iii. Photos 149iv. Numbered and Signed by the Author 150

B. Work of Visual Art—Negative Requirements 152i. Work Made for Hire 152ii. Copyrightable 154iii. Advertising 155iv. Utilitarian Material 155v. Utilitarian Objects 156

C. When Does a Work Become a Work of Visual Art? 1575. Transfer, Duration, Waiver, Preemption 1586. Moral Rights and the First Amendment 1597. Achieving Moral Rights By Other Means 1598. The Rights of Divulgation and Repentance 159Checkpoints 160

Chapter 8 · Re- Sale Royalties 163Roadmap 1631. What Is a Re- Sale Royalty? 1642. Parameters of the Re- Sale Royalty 164

A. Percentage of the Re- Sale Price 165B. Sales to Which the Re- Sale Royalty Applies 165C. Who Benefits? 166D. Methods of Enforcement 167

3. Geography as a Problem 1684. Should There Be Re- Sale Royalties? 169Checkpoints 170

Chapter 9 · Taxes and the Art World 173Roadmap 1731. Introduction 1742. Income Tax 174

A. Profit- Seeking Motive 174i. Artists 175

CONTENTS xv

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ii. Collectors/Investors 176B. Deductions Available 177

i. Home Studio 177ii. Inventory 177iii. Traveling Expenses 178iv. Passive Activity Losses 178

C. Ordinary Income or Capital Gains? 178i. Artist 178ii. Collector 179iii. Feet in Both Camps 179

D. Exchanges of Like Kind Property 180E. Charitable Deductions 181

i. Requirements for a Gift 181ii. Amount of the Charitable Deduction 182

3. Estate, Gift and Generation- Skipping Tax 1834. Valuation 184

A. Comparable Sales 184B. Capitalized Income 185C. Discounts from Fair Market Value 185D. Burden of Proof 187E. Appraisals and Expert Testimony 187F. What Is at Stake—Interest and Penalties 188G. The Art Advisory Panel’s Process 189

5. Tax Shelters 1896. Sales and Use Taxes 190Checkpoints 191

Chapter 10 · Authenticity 193Roadmap 1931. What Is the Quality of the Work? 195

A. Scientific Evidence 197B. Provenance 197C. Connoisseurship 198

2. Recovery by Buyer for Misattribution 198A. Common Law Tort Recovery 199B. Common Law Contract Recovery 200

i. Fact or Opinion? 200ii. Reasonable Reliance 200

C. Sales Law Statutes 200i. Uniform Sales Act 200

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ii. Uniform Commercial Code 201iii. Convention on Contracts for the International

Sale of Goods (CISG) 206iv. Art Legislation 206v. Contractually Authorized Adjustments 208

3. Administrative Enforcement 2084. Criminal Liability 2105. Liability of Authenticators 210

A. Malpractice 210i. Liability to Clients 210ii. Liability to Third Parties 211

B. Third Party Liability: Defamation or Disparagement 211C. Defensive Clawback: Abuse of Process or Malicious

Prosecution 212D. Defense: Refusal to Authenticate or Contractual

Protection 2136. Destroying a Forgery 2147. Antitrust and Trademark Actions 214

A. Antitrust 215B. Trademark 215

Checkpoints 216

Chapter 11 · Title 219Roadmap 2191. Seller’s Obligation to Deliver Good Title 220

A. Remedies 220B. Voidable Title 220C. Owner Entrusts Artwork to Merchant Who Deals in

Goods of That Kind 2212. Stolen Art 222

A. Not Stolen but Abandoned 222B. Not Stolen but Bequested 223C. Not Stolen but Gifted 223D. Not Stolen but Sold 224E. Proving that Art Has Been Stolen 224F. Adverse Possession 226

i. When Does the Cause of Action Accrue? 227ii. Demand and Refusal Rule 227iii. Discovery Rule (Discovered, or Should Have Discovered) 227iv. Absolute Discovery Rule 230

CONTENTS xvii

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v. The Traditional Rule: Cause of Action Accrues When Possession Begins 231

vi. Possession that Begins Permissive 231vii. Adverse Possession of Personal Property 232viii. Elements of Adverse Possession 232ix. Laches 233x. Epilogue on Adverse Posession: Who Wins? 234xi. Prescription in Civil Law Countries 235

Checkpoints 236

Chapter 12 · Commercial Art Relationships 237Roadmap 2371. General Overview 2382. Purchasing Art Directly from the Artist 238

A. Commissioned Work 238i. Contract in Writing 238ii. What Is to Be Produced 239iii. Warranty 239iv. Security for Performance 239v. Time for Completion 239vi. Price and Payment Methods 240vii. Implied Terms 240viii. Dispute Resolution 240ix. Sales, Use and Value Added Taxes 241x. Copyright 241xi. Choice of Law 242xii. Public Commissions, or Commissions Under

Percentage for Art Rules 242B. Buying Already Completed Works from the Artist 242

i. Statute of Frauds 242ii. Valid Contract 243iii. Performance 244iv. Licensing Requirements 244

3. Artists or Collectors Who Sell Through Galleries or Dealers 244A. Sale to a Gallery or Dealer 244B. Agency Relationships 244

i. Consignment 245ii. Shifting Relationships 253

4. Death of an Artist 2535. Auctions 257

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A. How Auctions Work 257B. Bidding 258C. Sale 259D. Jurisdiction over the Successful Bidder 259E. Responsibility of Auction House to Buyer and Seller 260F. Regulating Auctions 262

Checkpoints 263

Chapter 13 · Museum Law 265Roadmap 2651. Introduction: Of Hard Law and Soft Law 2662. Structuring the Museum 267

A. Corporation 267i. Purposes 267ii. Limits on Distributing Profits 268iii. Supervision by Attorneys General 268

B. Trust 2693. Tax Considerations 269

A. Property Tax 269B. Tariffs 270C. Estate and Gift Tax Deductions 271D. Income Tax Exemption and Deductions 271

i. General Rules 271ii. Charitable Purposes 272iii. Private Inurement 272iv. Unrelated Business Income 273v. Private Foundation Rules 274vi. Income Tax Deductions for Contributions 274

4. Management of Museums 274A. Duty of Loyalty 275

i. A Matter of Construction 275ii. Loyalty as a Matter of Law 276iii. Cy Pres and Deviation 277

B. Duty of Care 282C. Enforcing Museum Duties 283D. Museum Acquisitions 283

i. Purchases 284ii. Gifts 284iii. Loans 285

E. Caring for the Collection 285

CONTENTS xix

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F. Museum De- Accessioning 286i. Hard Law 286ii. Soft Law 287

G. Special Powers 2894. Museum Labor Law 289

A. Employment Law Generally 289B. Terminating Employees 290

i. General Rule 290ii. Public Policy Exception 291iii. Implied Contract 292iv. Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 293v. Federal and State Statutes on Employment 294

C. Defamation 298Checkpoints 298

Chapter 14 · Art in War 301Roadmap 3011. Introduction 3012. Reasons for the Rules 3023. Destruction 304

A. Activities During Peacetime in Contemplation of War 304B. Activities During Hostilities 305C. During Occupation 307

4. Looting 307A. During Hostilities 307B. During Occupation 309C. On the Eventual Peace 309

5. Civilian Seizure of Property 3096. Cultural Property Defined 3107. Enforcement 310Checkpoints 312

Chapter 15 · Restricting the Movement of Art Across National Borders 313Roadmap 3131. Introduction: Fine Art Differs from Artifacts 3142. National Approaches to Preserving Patrimony 316

A. Approaches to Artifacts 316i. Different Approaches 316ii. U.S. Private Ownership 316iii. Public Ownership 316

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iv. Public Ownership Plus Reward 317v. Export Restrictions 317

B. Approaches to Fine Arts: Export Restrictions 318i. Attempt to Export Results in Confiscation 318ii. Attempt to Export Violates Law 318iii. Export Is Generally Authorized 319

3. International Law of Restrictions on Art Movement 320A. Free Trade Except to Protect National Treasures 320B. Taxing Export Is Not Protecting 320C. The European Convention on Human Rights 321D. Defining the National Patrimony 322E. UNESCO Convention Tries to Provide Effective Control 324

i. European Reaction 325ii. United States Law 326iii. Results of the UNESCO Convention 331

4. Non- Legal Remedies: Soft Law, Alternate Inducements and Self- Help 331A. Soft Law 331B. Alternate Inducements 332C. Self- Help 333

Checkpoints 333

Chapter 16 · Historic Preservation 335Roadmap 3351. Introduction: How the United States Protects Its

Cultural Heritage 3352. National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) 336

A. Basics of NHPA 336B. Standing 337

3. State and Local Law 337A. Eminent Domain 337B. Regulation 338C. Churches and Historic Preservation 340

Checkpoints 341

Chapter 17 · Regulating Archaeology 343Roadmap 3431. Antiquities Act of 1906 344

A. Archaeology Permitting 344B. Stealing or Damaging “Objects of Antiquity” 344

2. Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 345

CONTENTS xxi

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A. Intent Required for Criminal Liability 345B. Sentencing Under the Sentencing Guidelines 346C. Scope 346D. Trafficking 347

3. State Laws 3474. Incidental Archaeological Protection 3475. Evaluation 349Checkpoints 350

Chapter 18 · Artifacts Found on Land 353Roadmap 3531. Ownership of Artifacts: Introduction 353

A. Abandoned Property 354B. Lost and Mislaid Property 354C. Embedded Property 356D. Treasure Trove 357

2. Relativity of Title 358Checkpoints 358

Chapter 19 · Artifacts Found under Water 359Roadmap 3591. Salvage 359

A. Salvor’s Award 360B. Embedded Property 361C. Abandoned Shipwrecks 361

2. Abandoned Shipwreck Act 3623. UNESCO Convention 3634. Evaluation 364Checkpoints 365

Chapter 20 · Native American Remains and Artifacts 367Roadmap 3671. History 369

A. Common Law and Statutory Law on Dead Bodies and Disinterment 369

B. Common Law and Statutory Law on Cemeteries 370i. Establishment 371ii. Disestablishment 372

C. Unmarked Burial Statutes 372D. Lawful Disinterment 372E. Native American Burials 373

xxii CONTENTS

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2. NAGPRA 374A. Native American 375B. Defining the Items Covered 376C. To Whom Will It Be Repatriated 377D. Standing 377E. Trafficking 378F. Procedure 378G. Constitutionality 379H. Other Federal Laws Touching Native American Assets 380I. Evaluation 380

3. State and Tribal Laws 3814. Aboriginal Practices and Intellectual Property 383Checkpoints 383

Chapter 21 · International Litigation For Art Lawyers 387Roadmap 3871. Introduction 3882. Jurisdiction 389

A. Personal Jurisdiction 390i. State Long Arm Statutes: General Description 390ii. State Long Arm Statutes: Constitutionality 390

B. Quasi- In-Rem Jurisdiction 394C. In Rem Jurisdiction 394D. Consenting to Jurisdiction 395E. Special Appearances 395F. Immunity from Seizure 396

3. Foreign Sovereign Immunity 397A. General Rule: Foreign Sovereigns Are Immune from

Some Suits in the United States 398B. Exception for Waiver 399C. Exception for Commercial Activity 399D. Exception for Takings in Violation of International Law 400E. Exception for Actions Related to Rights to Property in

the United States Acquired by Gift or Succession, or Rights in United States Immovable Property 402

F. Other Aspects of FSIA 4024. Act of State 4035. Forum Non Conveniens 4056. Choice of Law 407

A. In General 407

CONTENTS xxiii

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i. Constitutional Restraints 407ii. Choice of Law by Case or by Issue 408iii. Parties Choose the Applicable Law 408iv. Federal or State Choice of Law Rules 409

B. Federal Choice of Law 409i. A Typical Forfeiture- on-Import Case 409ii. Why Choice of Law May Be Determinative 410iii. Federal Choice of Law Resolution 410

C. Lex Loci Criticized 411D. Most Significant Contacts 412E. The Second Restatement 412F. Interest Analysis 413G. Application of Forum Law 414H. Mandatory Law and Public Policy 416

7. Enforcing Foreign Penal, Tax and Public Law 4168. Proving Foreign Law 417Checkpoints 419

Master Checklist 421

Index 445

xxiv CONTENTS

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Table of Cases

xxv

Afram Export Corp. v. MetallurgikiHalyps, S.A., 772 F.2d 1358 (7thCir. 1985): 392

Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts,74 F.Supp. 973 (S.D.N.Y. 1947):79

Alfred Dunhill of London, Inc. v. Re-public of Cuba, 425 U.S. 682(1976): 404

Ali v. Playgirl, Inc., 447 F.Supp. 723(S.D.N.Y. 1978): 57

Allred v. Biegel, 240 Mo. App. 818,219 S.W.2d 665 (1949): 357

Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hague, 449 U.S.302 (1981): 407– 408

Altmann v. Rep. of Austria, 317 F.3d954 (9th Cir. 2002): 223, 400, 401– 402, 406– 407

American Library Ass’n, Inc., UnitedStates v., 539 U.S. 194 (2003):34, 42

An Antique Platter known as a GoldPhiale Mesomphalos c. 400 B.C.,United States v.,184 F.3d 131(2dCir 1999): 326

An Original Manuscript . . . Bearingthe Signature of Junipero Serra,Located at Sotheby’s . . . , UnitedStates v., 1999 U.S. Dist. Lexis1859 (S.D.N.Y.): 329, 330

Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S. 51 (1979):379

Argentina, Republic of, v. Weltover,Inc., 504 U.S. 607 (1992): 399

Asahi Metal Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Super.Ct. of Calif., Solano County, 480U.S. 102 (1987): 391

Aschenbrenner v. Conseil Regional de Haute- Normandie, 851 F.Supp.580 (S.D.N.Y. 1994): 399– 400

Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535U.S. 234 (2002): 29

Attorney General v. Olson, 346 Mass.190, 191 N.E.2d 132 (1963): 276– 277

Attorney- General of New Zealand v.Ortiz, [1982] 3 All E. R. 432 (C.A. Civil): 318, 417

Austria, Rep. of, v. Altmann, 541 U.S.677 (2004): 403

Autocephalous Greek- OrthodoxChurch of Cyprus v. Goldbergand Feldman Fine Arts, Inc., 917F.2d 278 (7th Cir. 1990): 330

Autocephalous Greek- OrthodoxChurch of Cyprus v. Goldberg &Feldman Fine Arts, Inc., 717 F.Supp. 1374 (S D IN 1989), aff ’d917 F.2d 278 (7th Cir. 1990):228, 330, 414

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Aymes v Bonelli, 980 F.2d 857 (2dCir. 1992): 84

Bakalar v. Vavra, 619 F.3d 136 (2dCir. 2010)(I): 222, 225, 235, 415– 416

Bakalar v. Vavra, 819 F.Supp.2d293 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), aff ’d percuriam 500 Fed. Appx. 6 (2dCir. 2012)(II): 234

Balog v. Center Art Gallery- Hawaii, Inc., 745 F. Supp.1556 (D. Haw. 1990):203–204, 208, 210

Barkanic v. General Admin. ofCivil Aviation of PRC, 923F.2d 957 (2d Cir. 1991): 409

Barnes Foundation, a Corporation,The, 2004 WL 1960204 (Pa.Com. Pleas): 277–278

Barnes Foundation, In re (I), 453Pa. Super. 243, 683 A.2d 894(1996): 276

Barnes Foundation, In re (II),2004 WL 2903655 (Pa. Com.Pleas): 278, 281

Basquiat v. Baghoomian, 1992Copyright L. Dec. ¶26,824(S.D.N.Y. 1991): 250

Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26(1954): 337

Bernardo, Bradford C., 104 T.C.677 (1995): 189

Bery v. New York, 97 F.3d 689 (2dCir 1996): 11, 31– 32

Bexwell v. Christie, 1 Cowp. 395(1776): 258

Beyeler v. Italy, 33 Eur. Hum. Rts.Rep. 52 (2000): 319, 322

Bhatnagar v. Surrendra OverseasLtd., 52 F.3d 1230 (3d Cir.1995): 406

Biagiotti, Raymond, T.C.Memo 1986– 460, 52 T.C.M. CCH588 (1986): 185

Blanch v. Koons, 467 F.3d 244 (2dCir. 2006): 97, 98

Bleistein v. Donaldson Litho-graphic Co., 188 U.S. 239(1903): 4, 78, 80

Board of Managers of Soho Int’lArts Condominium v. NewYork, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS10221 (S.D.N.Y. 2003): 142,158

Board of Trustees of The Museumof the American Indian, HeyeFoundation v. Board ofTrustees of The HuntingtonFree Library and ReadingRoom, 197 A.D.2d 64, 610N.Y.S.2d 488 (1994): 279

Bodum U.S.A., Inc. v. La Cafetière,Inc., 621 F.3d 624 (7th Cir.2010): 418

Bonnichsen v. United States, 367F.3d 962 (9th Cir. 2004): 375,376

Bonnichsen v. United States, 217F.Supp.2d 1116 (D. Or. 2002)“Bonnichsen III”: 336

Boule v. Hutton, 70 F.Supp 2d 378(S.D.N.Y. 1999) aff ’d and va-cated on other grounds 328F.3d 84 (2d Cir. 2003): 216

Bradford C. Bernardo, 104 T.C.677 (1995): 189

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Brady v. Garrett, 66 S.W.2d 502(Tex. Civ. App. 1933): 234

Brancusi v. United States, 54Treas. Dec. 428 (Cust. Ct.1928): 7–9

Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S.444 (1969): 30

Brandir Int’l, Inc. v. Cascade Pa-cific Lumber Co., 834 F.2d1142 (2d Cir. 1987): 73

Bridgeman Art Library v. CorelCorp., 36 F. Supp. 2d 191(S.D.N.Y. 1999): 79

Brockhurst v. Ryan, 2 Misc.2d747, 146 N.Y.S.2d 386 (Sup.1955): 238– 239

Brooklyn Inst. of Arts & Sciences v.New York, 64 F. Supp. 2d 184(E.D.N.Y. 1999): 31, 40

Bufano v. The City of County ofSan Francisco, 233 Cal. App.2d 61, 43 Cal. Rptr. 223(1965): 232

Bulun Bulun v. R & T Textiles PtyLtd, 157 Australian L. Rep.193 (Fed. Ct. 1998): 383

Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,471 U.S. 462 (1985): 392

Burrow- Giles Lithograph Co. v.Sarony, 111 U.S. 53 (1884):66

C. West Churchman, 68 T.C. 696(1977): 176, 179

Calder, Louisa J., 85 T.C. 713(1985): 187

California and State Lands Com-mission v. Deep Sea Research,Inc., 523 U.S. 491(1998): 363

Callimanopulos v. Christie’s Inc.,621 F. Supp. 2d 127 (S.D.N.Y.2009): 259

Campbell v. Acuff- Rose Music, Inc.,510 U.S. 569 (1994): 97– 98

Canessa v. J. I. Kislak, Inc., 97 N.J.Super. 327, 235 A.2D 62(Law Div. 1967): 54

Cardtoons, L.C. v. Major LeagueBaseball Players Ass’n, 95 F.3d959 (10th Cir. 1996): 56

Cariou v. Prince, 714 F.3d 694 (2dCir. 2013): 90– 91, 96, 97

Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v.Shute, 499 U.S. 585 (1991):395

Carter v. Helmsley- Spear, Inc., 861F.Supp. 303, 325 (S.D.N.Y.1994) rev’d on other grounds71 F.3d 77 (2d Cir. 1995):138

Carter v. Helmsley- Spear, Inc., 71F.3d 77 (2d Cir 1995): 83, 84,146, 154

Case Concerning Certain Property(Liechtenstein v. Germany),2005 I.C.J. 6: 309– 310

Cassirer v. Kingdom of Spain, 616F.3d 1019 (9th Cir. 2010):231, 400, 402

Cassirer v. Thyssen- BornemiszaCollection Found., 737 F.3d613 (9th Cir. 2013): 400

Center Art Galleries- Hawaii, Inc.,United States v. , 991 F.2d 804(9th Cir. 1993): 210

Chamberlain v. Cocola Assocs.,958 F.2d 282 (9th Cir. 1992):85

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Chandor, Est. of Douglas, 28 T.C.721 (1957): 179– 180

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire,315 U.S. 568 (1942): 22

Charles A. Weil, T.C.Memo 1967–78, 26 T.C.M. CCH388 (1967): 187

Charrier v. Bell, 496 So.2d 601(La. App. 1986): 354, 373

Chavez v. Arte Publico Press, 204F.3d 601 (5th Cir. 2000): 107

Chilkat Indian Village v. Johnson,870 F.2d 1469 (9th Cir.1989): 382– 383

Chuidian v. Philippine Nat. Bank,912 F.2d 1095 (9th Cir.1990): 401

Churchman, C. West, 68 T.C. 696(1977): 176, 179

Cincinnati v. Contemporary ArtsCenter, 57 Ohio Misc.2d 15,566 N.E.2d 214 (Ohio Mun.1990): 24

City of Indio v. Arroyo, 143 Cal.App.3d 151, 191 Cal. Rptr.565 (1983): 33

City of St. George v. Turner, 813P.2d 1188 (Utah App. 1991),aff ’d 860 P.2d 929 (Utah1993): 25– 26

Clark v. Greenhalge, 411 Mass.410, 582 N.E.2d 949 (1991):183

Claudio v. United States, 836 F.Supp. 1230 (E.D.N.C. 1993):37, 38

Close v. Lederle, 424 F.2d 988 (1stCir 1970): 36, 38

Colburn v. Washington State ArtAss’n, 141 Pac. 1153 (Wash.1914): 245– 246

Columbus- America DiscoveryGroup v. Atlantic Mutual Ins.Co., 56 F.3d 556 (4th Cir.1995): 360, 362

Comedy III Productions, Inc. v.Gary Saderup, Inc., 25 Cal.4th 387, 21 P.3d 797 (2001):32, 58

Comm’r v. Idaho Power Co., 418U.S. 1 (1974); 177

Comm’n v. Italian Republic, 1968E.C.J. 423 (1968): 320– 321

Commonwealth v. Barnes Founda-tion, 398 Pa. 458, 159 A.2d500 (1960): 275–276

Community for Creative Non- Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730(1989): 81– 82, 83

Consmiller v. United States, 3 Ct.Cust. App. 298 (1912): 7

Corliss v. Wenner, 136 Id. 417, 34P.3d 1100 (App. 2011): 354, 357– 358

Corrow, United States v., 119 F.3d796 (10th Cir. 1997): 378

Courtesy Sandwich Shop, Inc. v.Port of New York Authority,12 N.Y.2d 379, 190 N.E.2d402, appeal dismissed 375U.S. 78 (1963): 337– 338

Criminal Court of New York,United States ex rel. Radich v.,385 F.Supp. 165 (S.D.N.Y.1974): 19, 20

Cristallina S.A. v. Christie, Man-son & Woods Intern., Inc., 117

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A.D.2d 284, 502 N.Y.S.2d 165(1986): 261–262

Crown Awards, Inc. v. DiscountTrophy & Co., Inc., 326 Fed.Appx. 575 (2d Cir. 2009): 87

Cuban Museum of Arts and Cul-ture, Inc. v. City of Miami,766 F. Supp. 121 (S.D. Fla.1991): 40

Daggett v. Jackie Fine Arts, Inc.,733 P.2d 1142 (Ariz. Ct. App.1986): 190

Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct.746 (2014): 392

Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth CenturyFox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23(2003): 108, 117– 118, 123

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharma-ceuticals, 509 U.S. 579(1993): 187– 188

David B. Findlay, Inc. v. Findlay,18 N.Y.2d 12, 218 N.E.2d531, 271 N.Y.S.2d 652 (1966):115

David Smith, Est. of, 57 T.C. 650(1972), aff ’d 510 F.2d 479 (2dCir. 1975): 186

Davis v. Blige, 505 F.3d 90 (2d Cir.2007): 80

Dawson v. Molina, Inc., 463F.Supp. 461 (S.D.N.Y. 1978):207

Day & Zimmerman, Inc. v. Chal-loner, 423 U.S. 3 (1975): 409

Dennis M. Vander Hook,T.C.Memo 1977– 347, 36T.C.M. CCH 1394 (1977):188

Dept. of Natural Resources v. Indi-ana Coal Council Inc., 542N.E.2d 1000 (Ind. 1989): 348– 349

Desnick Eyes Services v. ABC, 44F.3d 1345 (7th Cir. 1995): 61

Diamond Direct, LLC v. Star Dia-mond Group, Inc., 116F.Supp.2d 525 (S.D.N.Y.2000): 122

Diaz, United States v., 449 F.2d113 (9th Cir. 1974): 344– 345

Dietemann v. Time, Inc., 449 F.2d245 (9th Cir. 1971): 61

Doherty v. Comm’r, 16 F.3d 338(9th Cir. 1994): 184

Doran v. Salem Inn, Inc., 422 U.S.922 (1975): 32

Douglas Chandor, Est. of, 28 T.C.721 (1957): 179– 180

Dunbar v. Seger- Thomschitz, 638F.Supp.2d 659 (E.D. La.2009): 228

Eden c. Whistler, [1900] [D.P.] I,497 [1900] Recueil Sirey [S.Jur.] I 490 (Cass. civ.): 160

Edinburgh v. Edinburg, 492N.E.2d 1164 (Mass. App.1986): 182

Eichman, United States v., 486U.S. 310 (1990): 20– 21

Elder & Co. v. United States, C.D.3525, 61 Cust. Ct. 50 (1968): 9

Elkins, Est. of, v. Comm’r, 767F.3d 443, 2014- 2 U.S. TaxCas. (CCH) ¶60,683 (5thCir.): 187

Eltra Corp. v. Ringer, 579 F.2d 294(4th Cir. 1978): 71

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Elwes v. Brigg Gas Co., 33 Ch. D.562 (1886): 356– 357

Encyclopedia Britannica Educa-tional Corp. v. Crooks, 542F.Supp. 1156 (W.D. N.Y.1982): 96

Erisoty v. Rizik, 1995 U.S. Dist.LEXIS 2096 (E.D. Pa. 1995):228

Esperanza Peace and Justice Ctr. v.City of San Antonio, 316F.Supp.2d 433 (W.D.Tex.2001): 41

Esquire, Inc. v. Ringer, 591 F.2d796 (D.C. Cir. 1978): 73

Est. of David Smith, 57 T.C. 650(1972), aff ’d 510 F.2d 479 (2dCir. 1975): 186

Est. of Douglas Chandor, 28 T.C.721 (1957): 179– 180

Est. of Elkins v. Comm’r, 767 F.3d443, 2014- 2 U.S. Tax Cas.(CCH) ¶60,683 (5th Cir.):187

Est. of Franz Kline, N.Y.L.J. March31, 1964 (N.Y. Sup. 1964), at14: 245, 252

Est. of Genecin v. Genecin, 363F.Supp.2d 306 (D. Conn.2005): 182

Est. of Georgia T. O’Keeffe,T.C.Memo 1992- 210, 63T.C.M. (CCH) 2699 (1992):186

Est. of Graham v. Sotheby’s Inc.,860 F.Supp.2d 1117 (C.D.Calif. 2012): 168

Est. of Greenfield, In re, 457 Pa.114, 321 A.2d 922 (1974):183

Estate of McCagg, In re, 450 A.2d414 (D.C. App. 1982): 233

Est. of Querbach v. A & B Ap-praisal Service, Civ. No. L- 089362-85 (N.J. Super. Ct.1987): 211

Est. of Reis, 87 T.C. 1016 (1986): 256– 257, 274

Est. of Robert C. Scull, T.C.Memo 1994- 211, 67 T.C.M. CCH2953 (1994): 187

Est. of Rothko, Matter of, 84Misc.2d 830, 379 N.Y.S.2d923 (Surr. Ct. 1975), aff ’d 43N.Y.2d 305, 372 N.E.2d 291,401 N.Y.S.2d 449 (1977): 254– 257

Est. of Witko v. Hornell BrewingCo., 156 F.Supp.2d 1092(D.S.Dak. 2001): 383

ETW Corp. v. Jireh Publ’g, Inc.,332 F.3d 915 (6th Cir. 2003):59, 119, 125

Ewert v. eBay, Inc., 2008 WL906162 (N.D. Cal. 2008): 262

Factor v. Stella, No. C 58832(Super. Los Angeles CntyCalif. unpublished 1978): 202

Faggionato v. Lerner, 500F.Supp.2d 237 (S.D.N.Y.2007): 252

Fallon Paiute- Shoshone Tribe v.United States Bureau of LandManagement, 455 F.Supp.2d1207 (D. Nev. 2006): 379

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Favorite v. Miller, 176 Conn. 310,407 A.2d 974 (1978): 355

Federal Trade Commission v.Austin Galleries of Illinois,Inc., 1988- 2 Trade Cas.(CCH) ¶68,340 (N.D.Ill.1988): 209

Federal Trade Comm’n v. MaguiPublishers, Inc., 1993 U.S.App. LEXIS 28684 (9th Cir.):209

Feist Publications, Inc. v. RuralTelephone Service Co., 499U.S. 340 (1991): 79

Ferber v. New York, 458 U.S. 747(1982): 28

Ferrari, Heriberto A., T.C.Memo 1989- 521, 58 T.C.M. CCH221 (1989), aff ’d 931 F.2d 54(4th Cir. 1991): 188

Figarsky v. Historic Dist. Comm’nof City of Norwich, 171 Conn.198, 368 A.2d 163 (1976): 338– 339

Firestone & Parsons v. UnionLeague of Philadelphia, 672F.Supp. 819 (E.D.Pa. 1987):203, 204

First Covenant Church of SeattleWash. v. City of Seattle, 114Wash.2d 392, 787 P.2d 1352(1990) remanded for consider-ation of a recently- decidedcase 499 U.S. 901 (1991): 340

Fisk Univ., In re, 392 S.W.3d 582(Tenn. App. 2011): 279, 289

Flack v. Friends of Queen Cather-ine, Inc., 139 F.Supp. 2d 526(S.D.N.Y. 2001): 145

Flamenbaum, Matter of, 22N.Y.3d 962, 1 N.E.3d 782,978 N.Y.S.2d 708 (2013): 311

Food Lion v. ABC, 887 F.Supp.811 (M.D.N.C. 1995): 61

Foremost- McKesson, Inc., v. Is-lamic Rep. of Iran, 905 F.2d438 (D.C.Cir. 1990): 399

Foxley v. Sotheby’s Inc., 893F.Supp. 1224 (S.D.N.Y. 1995):199, 204, 213, 238

Franklin Mint Co. v. Manatt,Phelps & Phillips, 184Cal.App.4th 313, 109Cal.Rptr. 143 (2010): 114

Franklin Mint Corp. v. NationalWildlife Art Exchange, Inc.,575 F.2d 62 (3d Cir. 1978):89

Friedman, Matter of, 64 A.D.2d70, 407 N.Y.S.2d 999 (1978): 247–248

Frigon v. Pacific Indemnity Co.,2007 WL 756384 (N.D.Ill.2007): 251

Furstenberg v. United States, 595F.2d 603 (Ct. Cl. 1979): 188

G. Heilman Brewing Co. v. UnitedStates, 14 C.I.T. 614 (1990):10

Gallela v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986(2d Cir. 1973): 62

Gardini v. Museum of the City ofNew York, 19 N.Y.S.2d 96(N.Y. City Ct. 1940): 246

Genecin, Est. of, v. Genecin, 363F.Supp.2d 306 (D. Conn.2005): 182

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Georgia O’Keeffe Foundation (Mu-seum) v. Fisk U, 312 S.W.3d 1(Tenn. App. 2009): 280, 283

Georgia O’Keeffe Museum v.County of Santa Fe, 133 N.M.297, 62 P.3d 754 (App. 2002):270

Georgia T. O’Keeffe, Est. of,T.C.Memo 1992- 210, 63T.C.M. (CCH) 2699 (1992):186

Gerber, United States v., 999 F.2d1112 (7th Cir. 1993): 347

Gilliam, Jr., Sam, T.C. Memo 1986- 81, 51 T.C.M. CCH 515(1986): 178

Gladney v. Comm’r, 745 F.2d 955(5th Cir. 1984): 274

Gmurzynska v. Hutton, 355 F.3d206 (2d Cir. 2004): 120, 121

Goldman v. Barnett, 793 F.Supp.28 (D. Mass. 1992): 250

Goodyear Dunlop Tires Opera-tions, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S.__, 131 S.Ct. 2846 (2011):393

Gottlieb Development v. Para-mount Pictures Corp., 590F.Supp.2d 625 (S.D.N.Y.2008): 90

Government of the Islamic Repub-lic of Iran v. The Barakat Gal-leries Ltd., [2007] EWCA Civ1374, [2008] 1 All E.R. 1177(App): 328, 417

Government of Peru v. Johnson,720 F.Supp. 810 (C.D. Cal.1989): 328, 330, 331

Gracen v. Bradford Exchange, 698F.2d 300 (7th Cir 1983): 91

Graffman v. Espel, 1998 U.S. Dist.LEXIS 1339 (S.D.N.Y. 1998):248, 251

Grand Jury Subpoena DucesTecum Served on the Museumof Modern Art, In the Matterof the, 719 N.E.2d 897 (N.Y.1999): 235, 396

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate v.Christie’s, Inc., 1999 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 13257 (S.D.N.Y.1999): 235, 415

Green v. Van Buskirk, 72 U.S. (5Wall.) 307 (1866), 74 U.S. (7Wall.) 139 (1868): 411

Greenacre Foundation v. UnitedStates, 762 F.2d 965 (Fed. Cir.1985): 274

Greenberg Gallery, Inc. v. Bauman,817 F.Supp. 167 (D.D.C.1993) aff ’d mem. 36 F.3d 127(D.C.Cir. 1994): 198

Greenfield, In re Estate of, 457 Pa.114, 321 A.2d 922 (1974):183

Greenwood v. Koven, 880 F. Supp.186 (S.D.N.Y. 1995): 208,261

Gregory v. United States, 32 Cust.Ct. 228 (1954): 9

Grigoletti v. Ortho PharmaceuticalCorp., 570 A.2d 903 (N.J.1990): 296

Grogan- Beall v. Ferdinand RotenGalleries, Inc., 133 Cal. App.3d 969, 184 Cal. Rptr. 411(1982): 208

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Gruen v. Gruen, 68 N.Y.2d 48,496 N.E.2d 869, 505 N.Y.S.2d849 (1986): 182

Guthrie Clinic, Ltd. v. SullivanCounty Bd of Assessment Ap-peals, 898 A.2d 1194 (Pa.Comm. Ct. 2006): 269– 270

Hahn v. Duveen, 130 Misc. 871,234 N.Y.S. 185 (Sup. 1929):212

Haley & Steele, Inc., In the Matterof, 20 Mass. L. Rep. 204(Super. 2005): 249

Harding Museum, The People exrel. William J. Scott, AttorneyGeneral v. George F., 374N.E.2d 756 (Ill. App. 1978):268

Hardman v. Feinstein, 195 Cal.App.3d 157, 240 Cal. Rptr.483 (1987): 283

Harney v. Sony Pictures TV, Inc.,704 F.3d 173 (1st Cir. 2013):88

Harris v. Attorney General, 31Conn. Super. 93, 324 A.2d279 (1974): 279, 283

Hartford House, Ltd. v. HallmarkCards, Inc., 846 F.2d 1268(10th Cir. 1988): 116

Heriberto A. Ferrari, T.C.Memo 1989- 521, 58 T.C.M. CCH221 (1989), aff ’d 931 F.2d 54(4th Cir. 1991): 188

Hines v. State, 126 Tenn. 1, 149S.W. 1058 (1911): 371

Hoelzer v. City of Stamford, 972F.2d 495 (2d Cir. 1992): 286

Hoepker v. Kruger, 200 F.Supp.2d340 (S.D.N.Y. 2002): 53, 59

Hoffman v. Boone, 708 F.Supp. 78(S.D.N.Y. 1989): 242

Hollinshead, United States v., 495F.2d 1154 (9th Cir. 1974):328

Hollis v. United States, 121 F.Supp.191 (N.D. Ohio 1954): 179

Home Ins. Co. v. Dick, 281 U.S.397 (1930): 407

Hotel Dorset Co. v. Trust for Cul-tural Resources of City of NewYork, 46 N.Y.2d 358, 385N.E.2d 1284, 413 N.Y.S.2d357 (1978): 389

Houser v. Ohio Historical Society,62 Ohio St. 77, 403 N.E.2d965 (1980): 233

Hunter v. Squirrel Hill Assocs, L.P.,413 F.Supp.2d 517 (E.D.Pa.2005): 140

Hunter, United States v., 48F.Supp.2d 1283 (D. Utah1998): 346

Hunziker v. Iowa, 519 N.W.2d 367(Iowa 1994): 381– 382

Idaho Power Co., Comm’r v., 418U.S. 1 (1974): 177

Idrogo v. United States Army, 18F.Supp.2d 25 (D.D.C. 1998): 377– 378

In re Barnes Foundation (I), 453Pa. Super. 243, 683 A.2d 894(1996): 276

In re Barnes Foundation (II), 2004WL 2903655 (Pa. Com.Pleas): 278, 281

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In re Fisk Univ., 392 S.W.3d 582(Tenn. App. 2011): 279, 289

In re Estate of Greenfield, 457 Pa.114, 321 A.2d 922 (1974):183

In re Estate of McCagg, 450 A.2d414 (D.C. App. 1982): 233

In re Opinion of Justices to Senate,333 Mass. 773, 128 N.E.2d557 (1955): 338

In re Peters, 821 N.Y.S.2d 61(App. 2006): 225

In re Union Carbide Corp. GasPlant Disaster at Bhopal,India, 809 F.2d 195 (2d Cir.1987): 407

In the Matter of the Application ofLewis Nixon, Sr., 248 A.D.373, 288 N.Y.Supp. 382 (App.1936): 278, 279, 280, 281

In the Matter of the Estate of AndyWarhol, 629 N.Y.S. 2d 621(Surr. Ct. 1995): 257

In the Matter of the Grand JurySubpoena Duces Tecum Servedon the Museum of ModernArt, 719 N.E.2d 897 (N.Y.1999): 235, 396

In the Matter of Haley & Steele,Inc., 20 Mass. L. Rep. 204(Super. 2005): 249

International Shoe Co. v. Washing-ton, 326 U.S. 310 (1945): 389–390

Iran, Government of the IslamicRepublic of, v. The BarakatGalleries Ltd., [2007] EWCACiv 1374, [2008] 1 All E.R.1177 (App): 328, 417

Italian Republic, Comm’n v., 1968E.C.J. 423 (1968): 320– 321

Itar- Tass Russian News Agency v.Russian Kurier, 153 F.3d 82(2d Cir 1998): 408

James L. Rose, 88 T.C. 386 (1987): 189– 190

Jeanneret v. Vichey, 693 F.2d 259(2d Cir. 1982): 323, 332– 333

Jendwine v. Slade, 2 Esp. N. P. C.572, 170 Eng. Rep. 459 (N.P.1797): 200

Johannsen v. Brown, 797 F.Supp.835 (D. Or. 1992): 81

Johnson v. M’Intosh, 21 U.S.(Wheat.) 543 (1823): 369

Jones, United States v., 607 F.2d269 (9th Cir. 1979): 345

Kaplan v. Stock Market PhotoAgency, Inc., 133 F.Supp.2d317 (S.D.N.Y. 2001): 72

Kelley v. Chicago Park District,635 F.3d 290 (7th Cir. 2011):145, 154

Kelly v. American Museum of Nat-ural History, 1999 U.S. Dist.Lexis 15363, 1999 WL782475 (S.D.N.Y. 1999): 294,295

Kelo v. City of New London, 545U.S. 469 (2005): 337– 338

Kieselstein- Cord v. Accessories byPearl, 632 F.2d 989 (2d Cir.1980): 74

Kirby v. Wildenstein, 784 F.Supp.1112 (S.D.N.Y. 1992): 198

Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 133 S.Ct. 1351 (2013):93

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Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg.Co., Inc., 313 U.S. 487(1941): 409

Klein v. The Unidentified Wreckedand Abandoned Sailing Vessel,758 F.2d 1511 (11th Cir.1985): 357, 361

Kline, Est. of Franz, N.Y.L.J.March 31, 1964 (N.Y. Sup.1964), at 14: 245, 252

Kline v. Green Mount Cemetery,110 Md. App. 383, 677 A.2d623 (1996): 373

Kohler v. Leslie Hindman, Inc., 80F.3d 1181 (7th Cir. 1996): 260– 261

Krahmer v. Christie’s Inc., 911A.2d 399 (Del. Ch. 2006):199, 204– 205

Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar v.Elicofon, 678 F.2d 1150 (2dCir. 1982): 398, 415

L. Batlin & Son v. Snyder, 536 F.2d486 (2d Cir. 1976): 79

Lee v. A.R.T. Co., 125 F.3d 580(7th Cir. 1997): 93, 155

Lee, People v., 19 Misc. 3d 791,860 N.Y.S.2d 845 (Crim. Ct.NYC 2008): 11, 32

Leibovitz v. Paramount PicturesCorp., 137 F.3d 109 (2d Cir.1998): 96, 99

Leicester v. Warner Brothers Corp.,232 F.3d 1212 (9th Cir.2000): 94

Leigh v. Warner Bros., Inc., 212F.3d 1210 (11th Cir. 2000):88

Letter Edged in Black Press, Inc. v.Public Building Commission ofChicago, 320 F.Supp. 1303(N.D. Ill. 1970): 70

Levin v. Gallery 63 Antiques Corp.,2006 U.S. Dist. Lexis 70184(S.D.N.Y. 2006): 199

Liechtenstein v. Germany, CaseConcerning Certain Property,2005 I.C.J. 6: 309– 310

Lindholm v. Brant, 283 Conn. 65,925 A.2d 1048 (2007): 221

Liu v. Republic of China, 892 F.2d1419 (9th Cir. 1989): 409

Livingston v. Ewing, 455 F.Supp.825 (D.N.M. 1978), aff ’d 601F.2d 1110 (10th Cir. 1979):380

Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v.Haute Diggity Dog, LLC, 507F.3d 252 (4th Cir. 2007): 124

Louisa J. Calder, 85 T.C. 713(1985): 187

Lummi Nation, The, v. Golder As-socs., Inc., 236 F.Supp.2d 1183(W.D.Wash. 2002): 348

Lynch, United States v., 233 F.3d1139 (9th Cir. 2000): 346

Maher v. City of New Orleans, 516F.2d 1051 (5th Cir. 1975): 338– 339

Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.,377 F.Supp.2d 444 (S.D.N.Y.2005): 72

Marhoffer, Matter of, N.Y.L.J.1/14/ 1985 at 13 (Sup. Ct.1985) and N.Y.L.J.10/ 31/1990 (Sup. Ct. 1990): 12

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Marquis de Somereules, The, NovaScotia Stewart’s Vice Admi-ralty Rep. 482 (Halifax 1813):308, 309

Martin v. City of Indianapolis, 192F.3d 608 (7th Cir. 1999): 138

Martin Luther King, Jr., Center forSocial Change, Inc., The, v.American Heritage Products,Inc., 250 Ga. 135, 296 S.E.2d697 (1982): 55

Marvin Inc. v. Albstein, 386F.Supp.2d 247 (S.D.N.Y.2005): 242, 252

Mask of Ka- Nefer-Nefer, UnitedStates v., 2012 U.S. Dist.LEXIS 47012 (E.D. Mo.): 225

Massachusetts Museum of Con-temporary Art Foundation,Inc. v. Büchel, 593 F.3d 38(1st Cir. 2010): 77, 131, 135,154, 158

Mastrovincenzo v. City of NewYork, 435 F.3d 78 (2d Cir.2006): 11, 32

Mattel, Inc. v. Goldberger DollMfg. Co., 365 F.3d 133 (2dCir. 2004): 75

Mattel, Inc. v. Walking MountainProductions, 353 F.3d 792(9th Cir. 2003): 96– 97, 106

Matter of Estate of Rothko, 84Misc.2d 830, 379 N.Y.S.2d923 (Surr. Ct. 1975), aff ’d 43N.Y.2d 305, 372 N.E.2d 291,401 N.Y.S.2d 449 (1977): 254–257

Matter of Flamenbaum, 22 N.Y 3d962, 1 N.E.3d 782, 978N.Y.S.2d 708 (2013): 311

Matter of Friedman, 64 A.D.2d70, 407 N.Y.S.2d 999 (1978): 247–248

Matter of Marhoffer, N.Y.L.J. 1/14/ 1985 at 13 (Sup. Ct. 1985)and N.Y.L.J. 10/ 31/ 1990 (Sup.Ct. 1990): 12

Mayers, Osterwald & Mulfeld, Inc.v. Bendler, 18 C.C.P.A. 117(1930): 9

Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201(1954): 10, 66– 67, 72, 73

McCagg, In re Estate of, 450 A.2d414 (D.C. App. 1982): 233

McClain, United States v., 545F.2d 988 (1977), 551 F.2d 52(1977), 593 F.2d 658 (5th Cir.1979): 327

McCrady v. Roy, 85 So. 2d 527(La. App. 1956): 241

Menzel v. List, 267 N.Y.S. 2d 804(Sup. Ct. NY County 1966):220, 222, 227, 255– 256, 308,354, 373– 374, 404

Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15(1973): 22– 23

Mingledorff v. Crum, 388 S.2d 632(Fla. App. 1980): 371

Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albu-querque A.R.T. Co., 856 F.2d1341 (9th Cir. 1988): 93

Mirvish v. Mott, 18 N.Y.3d 510,968 N.E.2d 906, 942 N.Y.S.2d404 (2012): 181– 182

Mitchell Bros. Film Group v. Cin-ema Adult Theater, 604 F.2d

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852 (5th Cir. 1979): 75Morgan v. Wiser, 711 S.W.2d 220

(Tenn. App. 1985): 357– 358Mucha v. King, 792 F.2d 602 (7th

Cir. 1986): 222, 354Munns v. Martin, 131 Wash.2d

192, 930 P.2d 318 (1997): 338Museum of Fine Arts v. Seger-

Thomschitz, 623 F.3d 1 (1stCir. 2010): 229

Museum of the American Indian,Heye Foundation, Board ofTrustees of The, v. Board ofTrustees of The HuntingtonFree Library and ReadingRoom, 197 A.D.2d 64, 610N.Y.S.2d 488 (1994): 279

Na Iwi O Na Kupuna O Mokapuv. Dalton, 894 F.Supp. 1397(D. Hawaii 1995): 378, 379

Nabor v. Steinitz, N.Y.L.J., Jan. 27,1992, at 24 (Sup. 1992): 247

Naftzger v. American NumismaticSociety, 49 Cal. Rptr. 2d 784(App 1996): 230

Nakian v. DiLaurenti, 673 F.Supp. 699 (S.D.N.Y. 1987): 250– 251

NASCAR v. Scharle, 184 Fed.Appx. 271, 2006 U.S. App.Lexis 15254 (3d Cir.): 144

National Endowment for the Artsv. Finley, 524 U.S. 569(1998): 42

Native American Arts, Inc. v. Man-galick Enterprises, Inc., 633F.Supp.2d 591 (N.D.Ill.2009): 380

Nelson v. Streeter, 16 F.3d 145(7th Cir. 1994): 16, 27

New York, State of, v. Wright Hep-burn Webster Gallery, Ltd.,314 N.Y.S.2d 661 (Sup.1970), aff ’d 323 N.Y.S.2d 389(App. Div. 1971): 214

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,376 U.S. 254 (1964): 50

New Zealand, Attorney- General of,v. Ortiz, [1982] 3 All E. R.432 (C. A. Civil): 318, 417

Nightingale Home Healthcare, Inc.v. Anodyne Therapy, LLC, 626F.3d 958 (7th Cir. 2010): 127

Nixon, Sr., In the Matter of the Ap-plication of Lewis, 248 A.D.373, 288 N.Y.Supp. 382 (App.1936): 278, 279, 280, 281

O’Brien, United States v., 391 U.S.367 (1968): 20

O’Connor v. Consolidated CoinCaterers Corp., 517 U.S. 308(1996): 296– 297

Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICONHealth & Fitness, Inc., #12- 1184 (U.S. 4/ 29/ 2014): 127

O’Keeffe, Est. of Georgia T.,T.C.Memo 1992- 210, 63T.C.M. (CCH) 2699 (1992):186

O’Keeffe v. Bry, 456 F.Supp. 822(S.D.N.Y. 1978): 252

O’Keeffe v. Snyder, 416 A.2d 862(N.J. 1980): 230, 232, 234

Okinawa Dugong v. Gates, 543F.Supp.2d 1082 (N.D.Cal.2008): 336, 337

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Olivotti & Co., United States v.,T.D. 36309, 7 Ct. Cust. App.46 (1916): 7

113 Prints, United States v., 128F.Supp. 280 (D.C. Md. 1955):23

Opinion of Justices to Senate, In re,333 Mass. 773, 128 N.E.2d557 (1955): 338

Orkin v. Taylor, 487 F.3d 734 (9thCir. 2007): 231, 233

Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103(1990): 28

Owens v. Magill, 308 S.C. 556,419 S.E.2d 786 (1992): 282,283

Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton,413 U.S. 39 (1973): 28

Parke- Bernet v. Franklyn, 26N.Y.2d 13, 256 N.E.2d 506,308 N.Y.S.2d 337 (1970): 259– 260

Parkinson v. Murdock, 183 Kan.706, 332 P.2d 273 (Kan.1958): 276

Pavia v. 1120 Ave. of the AmericasAssocs., 901 F. Supp. 620, 627– 628 (S.D.N.Y. 1995):146

Pelletier v. Eisenberg, 177 Cal.App. 3d 558, 223 Cal. Rptr.84 (1986): 246

Penn Central Transp. Co. v. NewYork City, 438 U.S. 470(1987): 339– 340, 348,381–382

People v. Baumgartner, 135 Cal.72, 66 Pac. 974 (1901): 370

People v. Lee, 19 Misc. 3d 791,860 N.Y.S.2d 845 (Crim. Ct.NYC 2008): 11, 32

People v. Saul, 3 Misc 2d 260(NYC Crim. Ct. 2004): 11, 32

People v. Van Horn, 218Cal.App.3d 1378, 267 Cal.Rptr. 804 (1990): 374

People ex rel. Illinois HistoricPreservation Agency v. Zych,186 Ill.2d 267, 710 N.E.2d820 (1999): 361– 362

People ex rel. Scott v. Silverstein,86 Ill. App.3d 605, 408N.E.2d 243 (1980): 276, 277,282

People, The, ex rel. William J.Scott, Attorney General v.George F. Harding Museum,374 N.E.2d 756 (Ill. App.1978): 268

Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc., 653F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2011): 102

Perry, United States v., 146 U.S.71 (1892): 6, 7

Peru, Government of, v. Johnson,720 F.Supp. 810 (C.D. Cal.1989): 328, 330, 331

Peters, In re, 821 N.Y.S.2d 61(App. 2006): 225

Phillips v. Goodyear Tire & RubberCo., 651 F.2d 1051 (5th Cir.1981): 291

Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate,Inc., 288 F.Supp. 2d 89 (D.Mass. 2003), rev’d on othergrounds 459 F.3d 128 (1st Cir.2006): 146– 147

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Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate,Inc., 459 F.3d 128 (1st Cir.2006): 148

Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts,472 U.S. 797 (1985): 407–408

Phipps v. Barbera, 498 N.E.2d 411(Mass. App. 1986): 183, 280

Phoenix Ancient Art, S.A. v. Kim-bell Art Foundation, 2003 WL227905119 (S.D.N.Y.): 243

Piarowski v. Illinois CommunityCollege, 759 F.2d 625 (7thCir. 1985): 35– 36, 38

Piascik v. Cleveland Museum ofArt, 426 F. Supp. 779 (N.D.Ohio 1976): 295– 296

Pivot Point Int’l, Inc. v. CharleneProducts, Inc., 372 F.3d 913(7th Cir. 2004): 73

Poe v. Missing Persons, 745 F.2d1238 (9th Cir. 1984): 11

Pollara v. Seymour, 344 F.3d 265(2d Cir. 2003): 154, 155

Porter v. Wertz, 416 N.Y.S.2d 254(Sup Ct App 1979): 220, 221

Portrait of Wally, United States v.,2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6445(S.D. N.Y. 2002): 223, 224

Power v. Barham, 111 Eng. Rep.865 (K.B. 1836): 200

Presbyterian and Reformed Pub.Co. v. Comm’r, 743 F.2d 148(3d Cir. 1984): 272

Price v. U.S., 69 F.3d 46 (5th Cir.1995) modified 81 F.3d 520(5th Cir. 1995): 308

Proctor & Gamble Co. v. UnitedStates, 2010- 1 U.S. Tax Cas.

(CCH) ¶50146 (S.D. Ohio2009): 189

Pueblo of San Ildefonso v. Ridlon,103 F.3d 936 (10th Cir.1996): 374– 375, 377

Pye v. United States, 269 F.3d 459(4th Cir. 2001): 337

Quarrell, United States v., 310F.3d 664 (10th Cir. 2002):346

Querbach, Est. of , v. A & B Ap-praisal Service, Civ. No. L- 089362-85 (N.J. Super. Ct.1987): 211

Radich, United States ex rel., v.Criminal Court of New York,385 F.Supp. 165 (S.D.N.Y.1974): 19, 20

Rainey v. Wayne State Univ., 26F.Supp.2d 963 (E.D. Mich.1998): 104

Rayfield Investment Co. v. Kreps,35 S.3d 63 (Fla. App. 2010): 248– 249

Raymond Biagiotti, T.C.Memo 1986- 460, 52 T.C.M. CCH588 (1986): 185

Rector, Wardens and Members ofVestry of St. Bartholomew’sChurch v. City of New York,914 F.2d 348 (2d Cir. 1990):340

Redmond v. New Jersey HistoricalSociety, 132 N.J.Eq. 464, 28A.2d 189 (N.J. 1942): 233

Regina v. Hicklin, (1867– 68) L.R.3 Q.B. 360 (April 29, 1868):22

Reidel, United States v., 402 U.S.351 (1971): 27

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Reis, Est. of, 87 T.C. 1016 (1986): 256– 257, 274

Reno v. American Civil LibertiesUnion, 521 U.S. 844 (1997):24, 27

Republic of Argentina v. Weltover,Inc., 504 U.S. 607 (1992): 399

Republic of Austria v. Altmann,541 U.S. 677 (2004): 403

Republic of Turkey v. MetropolitanMuseum of Art, 762 F.Supp.44 (S.D.N.Y. 1990): 227, 330

Rex v. Lynn, 100 Eng. Rep. 394(K.B. 1788): 370

Richard A. Stasewich, 72 TCM- CCH 1 (#302) (1996), 81 TCM- CCH 1122 (#30)(2001): 176

Ringgold v. Black EntertainmentTelevision, Inc., 126 F.3d 70(2d Cir. 1997): 89–90, 98, 100–101

Robert C. Scull, Est. of, T.C.Memo 1994- 211, 67 T.C.M. CCH2953 (1994): 187

Roberto v. Est. of Hill, 2007 U SDist Lexis 28924 (S.D.Ca.2007): 140– 141

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame andMuseum, Inc. v. Gentile Pro-ductions, 134 F.3d 749 (6thCir. 1998): 116, 119

Rogath v. Siebenmann, 129 F.2d261 (2d Cir. 1997): 201

Rogers v. Grimaldi, 875 F.2d 994(2d Cir. 1989): 60, 125– 126

Rogers v. Koons, 960 F.2d 301 (2dCir. 1992): 87, 91, 96, 97,104

Romm Art Creations Ltd. v. Sim-cha Int’l Art, Inc., 786 F.Supp.1126 (E.D.N.Y. 1992): 122–123

Rose, James L., 88 T.C. 386(1987): 189– 190

Rosenberg v. Seattle Art Museum,124 F.Supp.2d 1207(W.D.Wash 2000): 284– 285

Roth v. United States, 354 U.S.476 (1957): 22

Rothko, Matter of Estate of, 84Misc.2d 830, 379 N.Y.S.2d923 (Surr. Ct. 1975), aff ’d 43N.Y.2d 305, 372 N.E.2d 291,401 N.Y.S.2d 449 (1977): 254–257

Roundtree v. Hutchinson, 57Wash. 414, 107 Pac. 345(1910): 371

St. Bartholomew’s Church, Rector,Wardens and Members ofVestry of, v. City of New York,914 F.2d 348 (2d Cir. 1990):340

Sam Gilliam, Jr., T.C. Memo 1986- 81, 51 T.C.M. CCH 515(1986): 178

Sandoval v. New Line CinemaCorp., 147 F.3d 215 (2d Cir.1998): 90

Sanford v. Vinal, 28 Mass. App.476, 552 N.E.2d 579 (1990):372, 382

Satava v. Lowry, 323 F.3d 805(9th Cir. 2003): 75

Saul, People v., 3 Misc 2d 260(NYC Crim Ct 2004): 11, 32

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Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S.47 (1919): 30

Schrock v. Learning Curve Int’l,Inc., 586 F.3d 513 (7th Cir.2009): 92

Schultz, United States v., 333 F.3d393 (2d Cir. 2003): 197, 316, 327– 328, 410– 411, 416– 417,418, 419

Scott v. Dixon, 309 F.Supp. 2d 395(E.D.N.Y. 2004): 138– 139

Scull, Est. of Robert C., T.C.Memo 1994- 211, 67 T.C.M. CCH2953 (1994): 187

Sea Hunt, Inc., v. UnidentifiedShipwrecked Vessel or Vessels,221 F.3d 634 (2000): 362

Sefick v. City of Chicago, 485F.Supp. 644 (N.D. Ill. 1979):35

Seltzer v. Morton, 336 Mont. 225,154 P.3d 561 (2007): 212– 213

Serra v. U.S. General ServicesAdmin., 847 F.2d 1045 (2dCir. 1988): 38– 39

Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186(1977): 389– 390, 392, 394

Shine v. Childs, 382 F.Supp.2d 602(S.D.N.Y. 2005): 93– 94

Shumway, United States v., 112F.3d 1413 (10th Cir. 1997):346

Sierra Club Inc. v. Comm’r, 86F.3d 1526 (9th Cir. 1996):274

Silberman v. Georges, 91 A.D.2d520, 456 N.Y.S.2d 395 (1982):47

Silverstein, People ex rel. Scott v.,86 Ill. App.3d 605, 408

N.E.2d 243 (1980): 276, 277,282

Silvette v. Art Comm’n of Virginia,413 F.Supp. 1342 (E.D. Va.1976): 40

Simeonov v. Tiegs, 602 N.Y.S.2d1014 (N.Y.City Civ. Ct.1993): 56, 59

Simon- Whelan v. Andy WarholFoundation for the VisualArts, Inc., 2009- 1 Trade Cases¶76,657, 2009 WL 1457177,2009 US Dist LEXIS 44242(S.D.N.Y. 2009): 213, 215

Singer v. Walker, 15 N.Y.2d 443,209 N.E.2d 68, 261 N.Y.S.2d8 (1965): 391

Smialek v. Begay, 104 N.M. 375,721 P.2d 1306 (1986): 370

Smith, Est. of David, 57 T.C. 650(1972), aff ’d 510 F.2d 479 (2dCir. 1975): 186

Smyer, United States v., 596 F.2d939 (10th Cir. 1979): 345

Snyder v. Holy Cross Hospital, 30Md. App. 317, 352 A.2d 334(1976): 382

Society for California Archaeologyv. County of Butte, 65 Cal.App.3d 832, 135 Cal. Rptr.679 (1977): 347– 348

Society Hill Property Owners’Ass’n v. Rendell, 210 F.3d 168(3d Cir. 2000): 337

Solomon R. Guggenheim Founda-tion v. Lubell, 77 N.Y.2d 311,569 N.E.2d 426, 567 N.Y.S.2d623 (1991): 228, 233– 234

Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 497(1969): 22, 27

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Stasewich, Richard A., 72 TCM- CCH 1 (#302) (1996), 81 TCM- CCH 1122 (#30)(2001): 176

State v. Glass, 27 Ohio App.2d214, 273 N.E.2d 893 (1971):370

State v. Redd, 954 P.2d 230 (UtahApp. 1998), rev’d 199 Utah108, 992 P.2d 986 (1999): 370

State ex rel. Comm’r of Transp. v.Eagle, 63 S.W.3d 734 (Tenn.App. 2001): 380, 382

State of Florida by Ervin v. TheMassachusetts Co., 95 So. 2d902 (Fla. 1956): 361, 362

State of New York v. Wright Hep-burn Webster Gallery, Ltd.,314 N.Y.S.2d 661 (Sup.1970), aff ’d 323 N.Y.S.2d 389(App. Div. 1971): 214

Steinberg v. Columbia PicturesInd., Inc., 663 F.Supp. 706(S.D.N.Y. 1987): 88, 101

Steinmetz, United States v., 973F.2d 212 (3d Cir. 1992): 362

Stenger v. R.H. Love Galleries, Inc.,741 F.2d 144 (7th Cir. 1984): 209– 210

Stephens County Museum, Inc. v.Swenson, 517 S.W.2d 257(Tex. 1974): 181, 182

Stroganoff- Scherbatoff v. Weldon,420 F.Supp. 18 (S.D.N.Y.1976): 404

Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S.359 (1931): 19

Studza v. United Arab Emirates,281 F.3d 1287 (D.C. Cir.2002): 107– 108

Tangorre v. Mak o’s, Inc., 2003 WL470577 (S.D.N.Y. 2003): 93

Taubman, United States v., 2002WL 54873 (S.D.N.Y. 2002),aff ’d 297 F.3d 161 (2d Cir.2002): 262

Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 387(1989): 20

The Barnes Foundation, a Corpo-ration, 2004 WL 1960204 (Pa.Com. Pleas): 277– 278

The Lummi Nation v. Golder As-socs., Inc., 236 F.Supp.2d 1183(W.D.Wash. 2002): 348

The Marquis de Somereules, NovaScotia Stewart’s Vice Admi-ralty Rep. 482 (Halifax 1813):308, 309

The Martin Luther King, Jr., Cen-ter for Social Change, Inc. v.American Heritage Products,Inc., 250 Ga. 135, 296 S.E.2d697 (1982): 55

The People ex rel. William J. Scott,Attorney General v. George F.Harding Museum, 374 N.E.2d756 (Ill. App. 1978): 268

Thome v. Alexander & LouisaCalder Foundation, 70 A.D.3d88, 890 N.Y.S.2d 16 (2009):214

Tidwell, United States v., 191 F.3d976 (9th Cir. 1999): 378

Tiffany v. United States, 66 Fed.736 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1895): 7

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Travis v. Sotheby Parke Bernet,Inc., Index No. 4290179(Sup. Ct. Nassau Cnty. Spec.Term part V- D 11 November1982): 212

Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unidenti-fied Wrecked and AbandonedSailing Vessel . . . Believed to bethe Nuestra Señora de Atocha,569 F.2d 330 (5th Cir. 1978):360, 361

Turkey, Republic of, v. Metropoli-tan Museum of Art, 762F.Supp. 44 (S.D.N.Y. 1990):227, 330

Tytla v. Shortell, No. CV9103977318 (Conn. Super.1993): 245

Union Carbide Corp. Gas PlantDisaster at Bhopal, India, Inre, 809 F.2d 195 (2d Cir.1987): 407

United Artists’ Theater Circuit, Inc.v. City of Philadelphia, 535Pa. 370, 635 A.2d 612 (1993):340

United Cancer Council, Inc. v.Comm’r, 165 F.3d 1173 (7thCir. 1999): 272– 273

United States ex rel. Radich v.Criminal Court of New York,385 F.Supp. 165 (S.D.N.Y.1974): 19, 20

United States v. American LibraryAss’n, Inc., 539 U.S. 194(2003): 34, 42

United States v. An Antique Platterknown as a Gold Phiale Me-

somphalos c. 400 B.C., 184F.3d 131(2d Cir 1999): 326

United States v. An Original Man-uscript . . . Bearing the Signa-ture of Junipero Serra, Locatedat Sotheby’s . . . , 1999 U.S.Dist. Lexis 1859 (S.D.N.Y.):329, 330

United States v. Center Art Galleries- Hawaii, Inc., 991F.2d 804 (9th Cir. 1993): 210

United States v. Corrow, 119 F.3d796 (10th Cir. 1997): 378

United States v. Diaz, 449 F.2d113 (9th Cir. 1974): 344– 345

United States v. Eichman, 486 U.S.310 (1990): 20– 21

United States v. Gerber, 999 F.2d1112 (7th Cir. 1993): 347

United States v. Hollinshead, 495F.2d 1154 (9th Cir. 1974):328

United States v. Hunter, 48F.Supp.2d 1283 (D. Utah1998): 346

United States v. Jones, 607 F.2d269 (9th Cir. 1979): 345

United States v. Lynch, 233 F.3d1139 (9th Cir. 2000): 346

United States v. Mask of Ka- Nefer-Nefer, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS47012 (E.D. Mo.): 225

United States v. McClain, 545 F.2d988 (1977), 551 F.2d 52(1977), 593 F.2d 658 (5th Cir.1979): 327

United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S.367 (1968): 20

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United States v. Olivotti & Co.,T.D. 36309, 7 Ct. Cust. App.46 (1916): 7

United States v. 113 Prints, 128F.Supp.280 (D.C. Md. 1955):25

United States v. Perry, 146 U.S. 71(1892): 6, 7

United States v. Portrait of Wally,2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6445(S.D. N.Y. 2002): 223, 224

United States v. Quarrell, 310 F.3d664 (10th Cir. 2002): 346

United States v. Reidel, 402 U.S.351 (1971): 27

United States v. Schultz, 333 F.3d393 (2d Cir. 2003): 197, 316, 327– 328, 410– 411, 416– 417,418, 419

United States v. Shumway, 112F.3d 1413 (10th Cir. 1997):346

United States v. Smyer, 596 F.2d939 (10th Cir. 1979): 345

United States v. Steinmetz, 973F.2d 212 (3d Cir. 1992): 362

United States v. Taubman, 2002WL 54873 (S.D.N.Y. 2002),aff ’d 297 F.3d 161 (2d Cir.2002): 262

United States v. Tidwell, 191 F.3d976 (9th Cir. 1999): 378

United States v. Various Articles ofObscene Merch., 562 F.2d 185(2d Cir. 1977): 23– 24

United States v. Various UkrainianArtifacts, 1997 U.S. Dist.LEXIS 19952 (E.D.N.Y.): 327

United States v. Williams, 553 U.S.285 (2008): 29

Univ. of Alabama Bd. of Trustees v.New Life Art, Inc., 683 F.3d1266 (11th Cir. 2012): 126

Van Horn, People v., 218Cal.App.3d 1378, 267 Cal.Rptr. 804 (1990): 374

Vander Hook, Dennis M.,T.C.Memo 1977- 347, 36T.C.M. CCH 1394 (1977):188

Various Articles of Obscene Merch.,United States v., 562 F.2d 185(2d Cir. 1977): 23– 24

Various Ukrainian Artifacts,United States v., 1997 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 19952(E.D.N.Y.): 327

Veazie v. Williams, 49 U.S. 134(1850): 258

Vineberg v. Bissonnette, 548 F.3d50 (1st Cir. 2008): 228

Vitale v. Marlborough Gallery,1994 Trade Cas. ¶70,654,1994 U.S. Dist Lexis 9006(S.D.N.Y. 1994): 215

Von Hannover v. Germany, [2004]E.C.H.R. 59320/ 00 (GrandCh.): 62

von Saher v. Norton Simon Mu-seum of Art at Pasadena, 592F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2010): 231

Wally, Portrait of, United States v.,2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6445(S.D. N.Y. 2002): 223, 224

Wana the Bear v. CommunityConstruction, Inc., 129 Cal.

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App. 3d 536, 180 Cal. Rptr.423 (App. 1982): 373– 374

Warhol, In the Matter of the Estateof Andy, 629 N.Y.S. 2d 621(Surr. Ct. 1995): 257

Watson v. Employers Liability As-surance Corp., Ltd., 348 U.S.66 (1954): 407– 408

Waverley Borough Council v.Fletcher, [1995] Q.B. 334(C.A.), 4 All E.R. 756 (1995): 355– 356

Weil, Charles A., T.C.Memo 1967–78, 26 T.C.M. CCH388 (1967): 187

Weil v. Murray, 161 F.Supp.2d 250(S.D.N.Y. 2001): 253

Weisz v. Parke- Bernet Galleries,Inc., 67 Misc.2d 1077, 325N.Y.S.2d 576 (Civ. Ct. 1971):200

Weisz v. Parke- Bernet Galleries,Inc., 351 N.Y.S.2d 911 (Sup.Ct. App. Term 1974): 200,205

Wesselman v. International Images,Inc., 645 N.Y.S.2d 263 (Sup.1996): 196, 246– 247

Whitacre v. State, 619 N.E.2d 605(Ind. App. 1993): 347

Wiegand v. Barnes Foundation,374 Pa. 149, 97 A.2d 81(1953): 276, 283

Wildenstein & Co. v. Wallis, 756F.Supp. 158 (S.D.N.Y. 1991):197

Williams, United States v., 553U.S. 285 (2008): 29

Williams Electronics, Inc. v. ArcticInt’l, Inc., 685 F.2d 870 (3dCir. 1982): 78

Wilstach Estate, 1 Pa. D. & C.2d197 (Orph. Ct. 1954): 287,288

Witko, Est. of, v. Hornell BrewingCo., 156 F.Supp.2d 1092(D.S.Dak. 2001): 383

Wojnarowicz v. American FamilyAss’n, 745 F. Supp. 130(S.D.N.Y. 1990): 24, 93, 159

Wolff v. Smith, 303 Ill.App. 413,25 N.E.2d 399 (1940): 240–241

World- Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.Woodson, 444 U.S. 286 (1980): 390– 391

Wrightsman v. U.S., 428 F.2d1316, 70– 2 USTC ¶9519(Ct.Cl. 1970): 176, 180

Zacchini v. Scripps- HowardBroadcasting Co., 433 U.S.562 (1977): 53, 57

Zucker v. Hirschl & Adler Gal-leries, Inc., 648 N.Y.S.2d 521(Sup. 1996): 250

Zuppardo v. Suffolk County Van-derbilt Museum, 19 F. Supp.2d 52 (E.D.N.Y. 1998), aff ’dmem. 173 F.3d 848 (2d Cir.1999): 297

Zych v. Unidentified, Wrecked andAbandoned Vessel . . .“Seabird,”19 F.3d 1136 (7th Cir. 1994):363

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Table of Constitutions,Statutes, Regulations, Rules,Rulings and Treaties

(Except as indicated, all items are United States federal items)

xlvii

Abandoned Shipwreck Act, 43U.S.C. §§2101- 2106: 362– 363

Age Discrimination in EmploymentAct, 29 U.S.C. §§621– 634: 294, 296– 297

AAM Guidelines on Holocaust Art:277

American Association of MuseumDirectors (AAMD) guidelines: 284–285, 287– 289

Americans with Disabilities Act, 42U.S.C. §§12101- 12213: 294, 297– 298

Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 U.S.C. §§431– 433: 344– 345, 374

Archaeological Resources ProtectionAct (ARPA) of 1979, 16 U.S.C. §§470aa- 470mm: 344, 345– 347,374

Bald and Golden Eagle ProtectionAct (BGEPA), 16 U.S.C. §§668- 668d: 379– 380

Berne Copyright Convention: 136,151, 164, 323– article 4: 164

– article 6bis(1): 136Calif. Civ. Code §986: 164Calif. Civ. Code §§987, 989: 131Calif. Civ. Code §988: 85Calif. Civ. Code §1738- 1738.8:

245, 248Calif. Civ. Code §1812.601(d): 262Calif. Civ. Code §§1899- 1899.11:

233Calif. Civ. Code §3344.1(a)(2): 56Calif. Code Civ. Proc. §338 (c)(3):

231California Environmental Quality

Act (CEQA), Calif. Pub. Re-sources Code §21050 et seq.: 347– 348

California Holocaust Art RecoveryStatute of Limitations: 231

Calif. Penal Code §11414: 62Calif. Pub. Resources Code

§21083.2(b): 348Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.

§§2000e to 2000e-17: 294, 29543 C.F.R. §10.2(a)(3): 374

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Communications Decency Act of1996, 47 U.S.C. §§230, 560– 561: 24, 27

Convention on Cultural PropertyImplementation Act (1983)(CCPIA), 19 U.S.C. §§2601- 2613: 328– 329

Dealing in Cultural Objects (Of-fences) Act 2003 [U.K.]: 325–326

England Treasure Act, 1996, Ch.24: 317

Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C.§206(d): 294, 296

European Convention on HumanRights: 62, 321– 322

European Council Directive 93/ 7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on theReturn of Cultural ObjectsUnlawfully Removed fromthe Territory of a MemberState, O.J. L 074, 27/ 03/ 1993:325

European Council Regulation(EEC) No. 3911/ 92 of 9 De-cember 1992 on the Exportof Cultural Goods, O. J. L395, 31/ 12/ 1992: 321, 325

European Parliament and CouncilRegulation 593/ 2008 of 17June 2008 on the law applica-ble to contractual obligations,J.O. L 177/ 6 4 July 2008: 411– 412

European Union CommissionRegulation No 731/ 2010 of11 August 2010 concerningthe classification of certaingoods in the Combined

Nomenclature, 2010 O.J. L214: 9

Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 4: 390, 393–394

Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12: 396Fed. R. Civ.Proc. 44.1: 417Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 60(b): 362Foreign Sovereign Immunities

Act (FSIA), 28 U.S.C.§§1330, 1332, 1391(f),1441(d), 1602– 1611: 398–403

France Civ. Code art. 2232: 235France former Civ. Code art.

2262: 235General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT) (1947): 320Germany BGB §197(1)2: 235Germany BGB §932: 235Germany BGB §937: 235Hague Convention on the Protec-

tion of Cultural Property inthe Event of Armed Conflict(1954), 249 U.N.T.S. 240: 302– 311

Hague Convention on the Protec-tion of Cultural Property inthe Event of Armed Conflict,Second Protocol (1999), 2253U.N.T.S. 212: 302– 311

Harmonized Tariff Schedule ch97: 9

Illinois Charitable Trust Act: 268Immunity from Seizure Act, 22

U.S.C. §2459: 396Int. Rev. Code of 1954 §4941:

256– 257Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §1(h):

179

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Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §170(e): 182– 183

Int. Rev. Code of 1986, §183(d):175

Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §263A(a):12, 178

Int. Rev. Code of 1986§263A(h): 12, 178

Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §280A:177

Int. Rev. Code of 1986§408(m)(2): 179

Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §469: 178Int. Rev. Code of 1986

§501(c)(3): 268, 271, 397Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §509: 274Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §1031:

180Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §1221(1),

(3): 179Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §6662:

188– 189Int. Rev. Code of 1986 §6663:

188– 189Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§1051-

1141n: 113Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C.

§1025(a)(1)(B): 120Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §1125(a):

108, 122Lanham Act §1(a)(2): 116Lanham Act §43: 215– 216Lanham Act §45, 15 U.S.C.

§1127: 113Lieber Code, Instructions for the

Government of Armies of theUnited States in the Field(1863): 305, 307, 309

Migratory Bird Treaty Act(MBTA), 16 U.S.C. §§703–711: 379

National Environmental PolicyAct (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. §§4321–4347: 347

National Historic PreservationAct (NHPA), 16 U.S.C. §§470-470x-6: 336– 339

National Stolen Property Act(NSPA), 18 U.S.C. §2315:225, 317, 327, 328, 329, 330,331, 409, 410

Native American Graves Protec-tion and Repatriation Act(NAGPRA), 25 U.S.C. §§3001– 3013: 374– 379

New York Arts & Cultultural Af-fairs Law §11.01.2: 262

New York Arts and Cultural Af-fairs Law §12.03: 396

New York Arts and Cultural Af-fairs Law §13: 206– 207

New York Arts & Cultural AffairsLaw Title C §14.03: 131

New York Mult. Dwell. L. §§275– 278: 12

New Zealand Historic ArticlesAct: 318

Opinion 87– 31 of the New Mex-ico Attorney General of July15, 1987 (Glorietta Battle-field): 371

Payne- Aldrich Tariff of 1909: 270Regulation 593/ 2008 of the Euro-

pean Parliament and theCouncil of 17 June 2008 onthe law applicable to contrac-tual obligations, J.O. L 177/ 64 July 2008: 411– 412

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Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. §§701- 7961: 297– 298

Religious Land Use and Institu-tionalized Persons Act, 42U.S.C. §2000cc: 340

Rev. Rul. 73- 104, 1973- 1 Cum.Bull. 263: 273

Rev. Rul. 73- 105, 1973- 1 Cum.Bull. 264: 273

Rev. Rul. 74- 399, 1974- 2 Cum.Bull. 172: 273

Tech. Adv. Mem. 91- 52-005, PLR9152005 (Dec. 27, 1991)(IRS): 185

Temp. Treas. Reg. §1.469- 5T: 178Trading With the Enemy Act, 50

App. U.S.C. §§1- 44: 310Treas. Reg. §1- 1031(a)-2(c)(3):

180Treaty of Rome Establishing the

European Community(1956): 320

UNESCO Convention on theMeans of Prohibiting andPreventing the Illicit Import,Export and Transfer of Own-ership of Cultural Property(1970): 185, 323– 331

UNESCO Convention on theProtection of the UnderwaterCultural Heritage signed inParis 2 November 2001: 363– 364

Uniform Commercial Code: 201–206, 221, 243, 244, 248,249, 250, 253, 258, 407

UCC §1- 103(b): 201UCC §1- 201(b)(20): 221UCC §1- 301: 244, 407

UCC §1- 303: 244UCC §2- 201(2): 243UCC §2- 236: 249UCC §2- 306: 250UCC §2- 312: 220UCC §2- 313(1): 201UCC §2- 316 comment 8: 202UCC §2- 328(3): 258UCC §2- 403(1): 220UCC §2- 403(2): 221, 248 UCC §2- 602: 202UCC §2- 605: 202UCC §2- 709(1)(a): 253UCC §2- 711(1): 202UCC §2- 714: 202UCC §2- 725(2): 202UCC §9- 102(23): 249Uniform Sales Act: 200– 201, 220Uniform Trust Code §413: 280,

281U.K. Dealing in Cultural Objects

(Offences) Act 2003: 325– 326United Nations Convention on

Contracts for the Interna-tional Sale of Goods (CISG):206, 220, 242, 244– art. 9: 244– art. 11: 242– art. 35: 206– art. 38: 206– art. 39: 206– art. 41: 220– art. 43: 220

United Nations (New York) Con-vention on the Limitation Pe-riod in the International Saleof Goods, 60 Fed. Reg. 3484(1995): 206

U.S. Constitution:

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– art. 1 §8: 66– art. 3 §2: 363– First Amendment: 11, 14–43, 49– 50, 56– 59, 61–62, 95– 96, 159, 340– Eleventh Amendment: 363– Fourteenth Amendment:390

Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA),17 U.S.C. §§101, 106A, 113,301: 118, 129– 159, 214, 241–242

15 U.S.C. §1025 (a)(1)(B): 12015 U.S.C. §§1051- 1141n: 11315 U.S.C. §1115(b)(4): 12315 U.S.C. §1117: 21615 U.S.C. §1125(a): 108, 12215 U.S.C. §1125(c)(4)(B): 12615 U.S.C. §1127: 11316 U.S.C. §§431- 433: 344– 345,

37416 U.S.C. §§470- 470w: 336- 33916 U.S.C. §§470aa- 470mm: 344,

345- 347, 37416 U.S.C. §§703- 711: 37917 U.S.C. §101: 10, 74, 78, 86,

131, 144– 15717 U.S.C. §106A: 131, 134, 21417 U.S.C. §102: 7117 U.S.C. §105: 7617 U.S.C. §106: 6917 U.S.C. §107: 9517 U.S.C. §109: 69, 92– 9317 U.S.C. §113: 131, 14217 U.S.C. §120(a): 9417 U.S.C. §202: 8517 U.S.C. §203: 8617 U.S.C. §204: 8617 U.S.C. §205: 8617 U.S.C. §301: 107, 108, 131, 158

17 U.S.C. §302: 7017 U.S.C. §412: 104, 10617 U.S.C. §502: 103, 10517 U.S.C. §503: 10517 U.S.C. §504: 10417 U.S.C. §505: 10617 U.S.C. §512: 9017 U.S.C. §470ee: 34718 U.S.C. §§542, 545: 32618 U.S.C. §668: 32818 U.S.C. §983(d): 32718 U.S.C. §2315: 225, 317, 327,

328, 329, 330, 331, 409, 41019 U.S.C. §1595a(c): 32719 U.S.C. §1609(a): 32719 U.S.C. §§2091- 2095: 32819 U.S.C. §§2601- 2613: 328– 32922 U.S.C. §2459: 39625 U.S.C. §§3001- 3013: 374– 37925 U.S.C. §3005(a): 37525 U.S.C. §3005(b): 37628 U.S.C. §§1330, 1332, 1391(f),

1441(d), 1602- 1611: 398–403

28 U.S.C. §1338: 10728 U.S.C. §1498(b): 10729 U.S.C. §206(d): 294, 29629 U.S.C. §§621- 634: 294,

296–29729 U.S.C. §§701- 7961: 297– 29842 U.S.C. §1981: 29442 U.S.C. §1983: 1642 U.S.C. §4321: 34742 U.S.C. §§2000e to 2000e-17:

294, 29542 U.S.C. §§12101- 12213: 294,

297–29843 U.S.C. §§2101- 2106: 362– 36347 U.S.C. §§230, 560- 561: 24, 2750 App. U.S.C. §§1- 44: 310

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Table of Secondary Authorities

liii

William Blackstone & St. GeorgeTucker, Blackstone’s Com-mentaries on the Laws ofEngland (1803): 369– 370, 373

Richard B. Cunningham, Archae-ology, Relics, and the Law(2005): xxvii

Alexandra Darraby, Art, Arti-facts, Architecture and Mu-seum Law (annual): xxvii

Deut. 12:2–3: 302Leonard D. DuBoff, Sherri Burr

& Michael D. Murray, ArtLaw (2010): xxvii

Leonard DuBoff, Christy King &Michael Murray, Deskbookof Art Law (updated periodi-cally): xxvii

Ecclesiastes 1:9: 68Patty Gerstenblith, Art, Cul-

tural Heritage, and the Law(2012): xxvii

Paul Goldstein, Goldstein onCopyright: 108

Peter Hay, Patrick J. Borchers &Symeon C. Symeonides, Con-flict of Laws (2010): 419

Michael Kammen, Digging Upthe Dead (2010): 372

Michael Kammen, Visual Shock:A History of Art Controver-sies in American Culture (2006): 8

Ralph E. Lerner & JudithBresler, Art Law (2012): xxvii

Robert C. Lind, Robert M. Jarvis& Marilyn E. Phelan, Art andMuseum Law (2002): xxvii

Luke 2:1: 174J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy

on Trademarks and UnfairCompetition: 127

J. Thomas McCarthy, The Rightsof Publicity and Privacy: 63

John Henry Merryman, Albert E.Elsen & Stephen K. Urice,Law, Ethics and the VisualArts (2007): xxvii

Merryman, John Henry, Two Waysof Thinking About Cultural Prop-erty, 80 Am. J. Int’l L. 831(1986): 316

Melville B. Nimmer & David Nim-mer, Nimmer on Copyright:108

Restatement Second, Conflict ofLaws §246 (1971): 411

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Restatement Third, ForeignRelations Law of theUnited States §402- 403:318

Restatement Third, UnfairCompetition §§46– 49: 53

Anne- Marie Rhodes, Art Law& Transactions (2011):xxvii

Mark A. Rothstein, Charles B.Craver, Elinor P.Schroeder & Elaine W.Sholen, Employment Law(2010): 298

Laney Salisbury & Aly Sujo,Provenance: How a ConMan and Forger Rewrotethe History of ModernArt (2009): 198

liv TABLE OF SECONDARY AUTHORITIES

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Series Editor’s Foreword

The Carolina Academic Press Mastering Series is designed to provide you witha tool that will enable you to easily and efficiently “master” the substance andcontent of law school courses. Throughout the series, the focus is on qualitywriting that makes legal concepts understandable. As a result, the series is de-signed to be easy to read and is not unduly cluttered with footnotes or cites tosecondary sources.

In order to facilitate student mastery of topics, the Mastering Series includesa number of pedagogical features designed to improve learning and retention.At the beginning of each chapter, you will find a “Roadmap” that tells youabout the chapter and provides you with a sense of the material that you willcover. A “Checkpoint” at the end of each chapter encourages you to stop andreview the key concepts, reiterating what you have learned. Throughout the book,key terms are explained and emphasized. Finally, a “Master Checklist” at theend of each book reinforces what you have learned and helps you identify anyareas that need review or further study.

We hope that you will enjoy studying with, and learning from, the Master-ing Series.

Russell L. WeaverProfessor of Law & Distinguished University ScholarUniversity of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law

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Preface

Resources

The casebooks in the area are:Richard B. Cunningham, Archaeology, Relics, and the Law (Carolina

Academic, 2d ed. 2005).Leonard D. DuBoff, Sherri Burr & Michael D. Murray, Art Law (Kluwer,

rev’d ed. 2010).Patty Gerstenblith, Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law (Carolina Ac-

ademic, 3d ed. 2012).Robert C. Lind, Robert M. Jarvis & Marilyn E. Phelan, Art and Museum

Law (Carolina Academic 2002).John Henry Merryman, Albert E. Elsen & Stephen K. Urice, Law, Ethics

and the Visual Arts (Kluwer Law Int’l 5th ed. 2007). Anne- Marie Rhodes, Art Law & Transactions (Carolina Academic 2011).

The major treatises are:Alexandra Darraby, Art, Artifacts, Architecture and Museum Law

(West, annual).Leonard DuBoff, Christy King & Michael Murray, Deskbook of Art

Law (Oxford, updated periodically).Ralph E. Lerner & Judith Bresler, Art Law (Practicing Law Institute, 4th

ed. 2012).

Request

No work of law is ever complete because the law is a living organism. I hopethat the readers of this volume will help prepare subsequent editions by e- mailing me their suggestions at lazer@sandiego.edu.

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lix

AcknowledgmentsI have been blessed with helpful research associates. Arien Koorn USD 2010,

Jennifer Scott USD 2011, and Rachel Weitzman of USD’s Class of 2015 didpreliminary spadework. Lindsey Hertzig and Kerry Swendt of USD’s Class of2015 enabled this work to be published on time by preparing first drafts ofsome materials, suggesting ways that chapters might be organized, and re-viewing my convoluted prose to assure that it would be intelligible to law stu-dents.

The University of San Diego financed the activities of my research associ-ates, as well as providing me with research grants to help push the work towardcompletion.

My colleagues Lawrence Alexander, David Brennan, Nancy Carol Carter,Derrick Cartright, Walter Heiser, Adam Hirsch, Judge David Laro, WilliamLawrence, Pierre Legrand, Lisa Ramsey, Maimon Schwarzschild, ChristopherWonnell and Sally Yard have generously discussed specific legal or practicalproblems with me or read drafts.

Marshall Becker of Westchester State, Charles Craver of George Washing-ton, William Dodge of Hastings, Patty Gerstenblith of DePaul, Philadelphia sculp-tor Harold Kimmelman (1923–2013), Jan Kosel of Golden Gate, Jennifer Krederof Northern Kentucky, Michael Murray of Valparaiso, and William Wang of Hast-ings have all shared their insights, and Jane Ginsburg of Columbia went farbeyond the call of duty in critiquing drafts of several chapters.

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