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Joseph Raymond "Joe" McCarthy (November 14, 1908 May 2, 1957) was an Americanpolitician who served as a RepublicanU.S. Senator from the state ofWisconsin from 1947until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face ofa period in which Cold Wartensions fueled fears of widespread Communistsubversion.[1] Hewas noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies

and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere. Ultimately, histactics and inability to substantiate his claims led him to be censured by the United StatesSenate.

The term McCarthyism, coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soonapplied to similar anti-communist activities. Today the term is used more generally inreference to demagogic, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as public attackson the character or patriotism of political opponents.[2]

Born and raised on a Wisconsin farm, McCarthy earned a law degree at Marquette Universityin 1935 and was elected as a circuitjudge in 1939, the youngest in state history.[3] At age 33,

McCarthy volunteered for the United States Marine Corps and served during World War II.He successfully ran for the United States Senate in 1946, defeating Robert M. La Follette, Jr.After three largely undistinguished years in the Senate, McCarthy rose suddenly to nationalfame in February 1950 when he asserted in a speech that he had a list of "members of theCommunist Party and members of a spy ring" who were employed in the State Department.[4]

McCarthy was never able to prove his sensational charge.

In succeeding years, McCarthy made additional accusations of Communist infiltration intothe State Department, the administration of President Harry S. Truman, Voice of America,and the United States Army. He also used charges of communism, communist sympathies, ordisloyalty to attack a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside ofgovernment. With the highly publicized ArmyMcCarthy hearings of 1954, McCarthy'ssupport and popularity faded. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to censure SenatorMcCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined inthis fashion. McCarthy died in Bethesda Naval Hospital on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48.The official cause of death was acute hepatitis; it is widely accepted that this was caused, orat least exacerbated, by alcoholism.[5]

McCarthy was born on a farm in the town of Grand Chute, Wisconsin, nearAppleton, thefifth of seven children.[6][7] His mother, Bridget Tierney, was from County Tipperary, Ireland.His father, Timothy McCarthy, was born in the United States, the son of an Irish father and a

German mother. McCarthy dropped out of junior high school at age 14 to help his parentsmanage their farm. He entered Little Wolf High School, in Manawa, Wisconsin, when he was20 and graduated in one year.[8]

McCarthy worked his way through college from 1930 to 1935, studying first engineering,then law, and eventually earning a law degree at Marquette University in Milwaukee.[9] Hewas admitted to the bar in 1935. While working in a law firm in Shawano, Wisconsin, helaunched an unsuccessful campaign to become district attorney as a Democrat in 1936. In1939, McCarthy had better success: he successfully vied for the elected post of the non-

partisan 10th District circuit judge.[10][11] During his years as an attorney, McCarthy mademoney on the side by gambling.[12]

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McCarthy's judicial career attracted some controversy because of the speed with which hedispatched many of his cases. He had inherited a docket with a heavy backlog and he workedconstantly to clear it. At times he compensated for his lack of experience by demanding, andrelying heavily upon, precise briefs from the contesting attorneys. The Wisconsin SupremeCourt reversed a low percentage of the cases he heard.[13]

Military service

Joseph McCarthy in his U.S. Marine Corps uniform

In 1942, shortly after the U.S. entered World War II, McCarthy was commissioned into theUnited States Marine Corps, despite the fact that his judicial office exempted him fromcompulsory service. His education qualified him for an automatic commission as an officer,and he became a second lieutenant after completing basic training. He served as anintelligence briefing officer for a dive bomber squadron in the Solomon Islands andBougainville. McCarthy reportedly chose the Marines with the hope that being a veteran of

this branch of the military would serve him best in his future political career.[14]

He would leave the Marines with the rank ofcaptain. It is well documented that McCarthylied about his war record. Despite his automatic commission, he claimed to have enlisted as a"buck private". He flew twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer, earning the nicknameof "Tail-Gunner Joe" in the course of one of these missions.[15]

He later claimed 32 missions in order to qualify for a Distinguished Flying Cross, which hereceived in 1952. McCarthy publicized a letter of commendation which he claimed had beensigned by his commanding officer and countersigned by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, thenChief of Naval Operations. However, it was revealed that McCarthy had written this letter

himself, in his capacity as intelligence officer. A "war wound" that McCarthy made thesubject of varying stories involving airplane crashes or antiaircraft fire was in fact receivedaboard ship during a ceremony for sailors crossing the equator for the first time.[14][16]

McCarthy campaigned for the Republican Senate nomination in Wisconsin while still onactive duty in 1944 but was defeated for the GOP nomination by Alexander Wiley, theincumbent. He resigned his commission in April 1945, five months before the end of thePacific war in September 1945. He was then reelected unopposed to his circuit court position,and began a much more systematic campaign for the 1946 Republican Senate primarynomination. In this race, he was challenging three-term senator and Wisconsin ProgressiveParty icon Robert M. La Follette, Jr.

Senate campaign

In his campaign, McCarthy attacked La Follette for not enlisting during the war, although LaFollette had been 46 when Pearl Harborwas bombed. He also claimed La Follette had madehuge profits from his investments while he, McCarthy, had been away fighting for hiscountry. In fact, McCarthy had invested in the stock market himself during the war, netting a

profit of $42,000 in 1943. La Follette's investments consisted of partial interest in a radiostation, which earned him a profit of $47,000 over two years.[17]

The suggestion that La Follette had been guilty ofwar profiteering was deeply damaging, andMcCarthy won the primary nomination 207,935 votes to 202,557. It was during this

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campaign that McCarthy started publicizing his war-time nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe", usingthe slogan, "Congress needs a tail-gunner". Arnold Beichman later stated that McCarthy "waselected to his first term in the Senate with support from the Communist-controlled UnitedElectrical, Radio and Machine Workers, CIO", which preferred McCarthy to the anti-communist Robert M. La Follette. [18] In the general election against Democratic opponent

Howard J. McMurray, McCarthy won 61.2% to Democrat McMurray's 37.3%, and thusjoined Senator Wiley, whom he had challenged unsuccessfully two years earlier, in theSenate.

McCarthy's first three years in the Senate were unremarkable. McCarthy was a popularspeaker, invited by many different organizations, covering a wide range of topics. His aidesand many in the Washington social circle described him as charming and friendly, and he wasa popular guest at cocktail parties. He was far less well liked among fellow senators,however, who found him quick-tempered and prone to impatience and even rage. Outside ofa small circle of colleagues, he was soon an isolated figure in the Senate.[19]

He was active in labor-management issues, with a reputation as a moderate Republican. Hefought against continuation of wartime price controls, especially on sugar. His advocacy inthis area was associated by critics with a $20,000 personal loan McCarthy received from aPepsi bottling executive, earning the Senator the derisive nickname "The Pepsi Cola Kid".[20]

He supported the TaftHartley Act over Truman's veto, angering labor unions in Wisconsinbut solidifying his business base.[21]

In an incident for which he would be widely criticized, McCarthy lobbied for thecommutation of death sentences given to a group of Waffen-SS soldiers convicted of warcrimes for carrying out the 1944 Malmedy massacre of American prisoners of war. McCarthywas critical of the convictions because of allegations of torture during the interrogations thatled to the German soldiers' confessions. He charged that the U.S. Army was engaged in acoverup of judicial misconduct, but never presented any evidence to support the accusation.[22] Shortly after this, a poll of the Senate press corps voted McCarthy "the worst U.S. senator"currently in office.[23]

There are several ways one can articulate his emotion. It is quite intriguing to

note that the articulation itself is in no way less important than the emotion that

is getting articulated. It is the very beauty of articulation that defines what we

call art. Expression of any specific shade of emotions can be realized viadifferent media and every such medium gives birth to an art form. When words

form the medium, we get literature. When colors form the medium, we get

painting. When sound, rhythm and melody form the medium, we get music.

Every age has its own signature art form. Renaissance observed the greatest

ascent of painting in Europe, while 17 th and 18th century are famous for classical

music and literature there in. From later end of 19 th century, world began to

observe rise of a very different art form what today we call film or movie. It was

a type of visual communication through moving pictures and sound to tell

stories, but not in the way they are told in literature. It was different in its

expression, in its language and in its feeling altogether. This new form shook theworld and its tremor began to be felt in our country as well. Bengal was the

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epicenter of this ripple. Slowly but steadily Bengali cinema emerged as a popular

entertaining media and then went on to transcend the restricted circle of

entertainment to realize its potential for making serious films. In course of its

realization, it had been blessed with appearance of several talented filmmakers

among whom the most revered trinity were Ritwik Ghatak, Satyajit Ray and

Mrinal Sen as they are said to have successfully represented Bengali films to the

international platform. But after their departure, there created a vacuum. The

stage for serious and intellectual film-making was in need of someone to keep

the show on and there came a man who not only carried the legacy left by his

predecessors triumphantly, but also played an instrumental role in shaping up

the milieu of Bengali film-making to pave the way for his next generation to

come. He is Rituparno Ghosh. Today when he is no more with us, we are going

to make a humble effort to explore him in his works, achievements and in his

life.