MCAS Science ReviewPhysical Science

Properties of Objects and MaterialsStates of MatterForms of Energy

Properties of Objects

Objects have many observable properties, including size, weight, shape, color, and temperature. Those properties can be measured with tools such as rulers, balances, and thermometers.  Objects can exist in different states - solid, liquid, & gas.

Size – the physical dimensions of an object

Mass or Weight – the amount of material in an object; the pull of gravity on the object; mass equals weight on Earth

Shape – the surface configuration or form of an object

Color – the visible aspect of an object as caused by the light reflected or emitted by it

Temperature – the hotness or coldness of an object

Properties of Materials

Objects can be made of one or more materials, such as paper, wood, and metal. The properties of these materials include color, texture, hardness.

Solid materials have physical and chemical properties, such as density, melting and boiling temperature, hardness, expansion, conductivity, and acoustic/sound-related properties. It is important to select objects made out of materials  that have properties appropriate for whatever the object is intended to do.

If you made a thermometer out of materials that melted before you could measure boiling or cracked before measuring freezing, the thermometer wouldn’t be very useful. Which of the watches shown below is made of appropriate materials?

Properties of Objects and Materials

This table lists some of the properties of objects and materials. How are properties of objects and materials similar and different?

Properties of Objects Properties of Materialssize or volume densitymass or weight hardnessshape flexibilitytemperature color

melting/boiling points  conductivity  magnetism  expansion ability

How can two objects be the same, yet different?

Many cube-shaped objects are shown in the box below. The cubes are all objects of the same size and shape. Because they are made from different materials, the cubes will have different weights.

The cubes will also have other different characteristics, based on the materials from which they are made. One cube might conduct electricity, another might be magnetic. These characteristics are based on the properties of the materials from which the cubes are made.

States of Matter Matter occurs in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

Gas: The atoms or molecules have so much energy that they fly in all directions and hit and bounce off of other molecules.

Liquid: The atoms or molecules have enough energy to break apart the rigid lattice structure of a solid, but they do not have enough energy to separate completely from other atoms and become a gas.

Solid: The atoms and molecules are locked into their crystal lattice positions and can only vibrate. They cannot move freely.

State Change: Energy in the form of heat is taken away to allow the atoms and molecules to move from gas to liquid to solid. Heat energy is added to move from solid to liquid to gas.

What is heat?

Heat is the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules in substances. When an object is heated up, its atoms and molecules move and collide faster.

Every substance has temperatures at which the addition or removal of heat can cause the substance to change its state.

State Changes of Water

Water boils at 212oF (100oC) and freezes at 32oF (0oC).

(Water vapor is really invisible.)

Adding heat

energy

Removing heat

energy

gas

liquid

solid

Forms of Energy

Energy is found in different forms including light, heat, chemical, and motion. There are many forms of energy, but they can all be put into two categories: potential energy and kinetic energy.

Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position or gravitational energy. There are several forms of potential energy:

• chemical energy• mechanical energy• nuclear energy• gravitational energy

Kinetic energy is motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects. Forms of kinetic energy are:

• light, or radiant energy• heat, or thermal energy• motion energy• electrical energy• sound energy

Forms of Energy

Types of energy that involve motion include:

light – a natural or artificial bright form of energy that can be seen with the eyes

sound – a vibration that travels through a substance, such as air, and can be heard

heat – a form of energy that is caused by the motion of molecules in a substance; more motion causes more heat and higher temperature

electricity – a form of energy that is produced by the movement of electrons or other atomic particles

magnetism – the force that is produced by a magnetic field, which is the area around a magnet in which objects can be affected by the force of the magnet

How does energy cause motion or create change?

Some forms of energy can create motion, like wind energy moving a windmill.

Heat energy can cause enough motion in the atoms or molecules of a substance to change the state change from water to steam that turns a paddle wheel.

Mechanical energy can release a spring or move a lever.

Electrical energy in a light bulb can create light and heat.

Forms of Energy How is energy transferred from one form to another?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed into different forms of energy. Some energy transformations and the devices that create them include:

telephone -- sound to electricity to sound

electromagnet -- electricity to electromagnetism

light bulb – electricity to light and heat

generator – electromagnetic energy causes kinetic/motion energy that creates electricity

boiling – heat energy creates a state change from liquid to gas

power plant – chemical, mechanical, nuclear, or other forms of energy creates electricity

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