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MCTGP Draft Workshop, WCOWMA conference 2015
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Composting Toilet Guidelines and other Initiatives
Rupert BenzonMinistry of Health
Health Protection Branch
Composting Toilet Initiative
• Concerns raised by stakeholders that option needed for ‘low flow’ systems
• Approval to move forward with composting initiative granted by Ministry of Health in late 2014
• Composting Toilets to be an option for onsite (filing with Health Authority)
MCTGP Draft Workshop, WCOWMA conference 2015
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• Enhanced understanding of composting toilets as an onsite alternative
• Designs and installations suitable to site specific conditions
• System designs which protect public health and the environment
• Developments based on reduced water consumption footprint
• ‘Outcome‐based’ – criteria for compost material and grey water quality.
• Support of composting toilet applications through health authority filing process
Outcomes of Composting Toilet and greywater system Guidelines
Other Initiatives
• Review of Maintenance Bylaws as Tools for Onsite Management– Review what is being done across Canada
– Develop principles or common elements
– Goal to promote local government’s authority and potential role in maintenance
• ‘Ground Water at Risk of Pathogens’ document– Provides a framework for determining risk to drinking water supplies
and disinfection requirements
– Document and consultation process available at: www.health.gov.bc.ca/protect/dwconsult.html
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Recap of Accomplishments
• Version 3 Standard Practice Manual
• Training on SPM V3
Thank you!
Rupert BenzonLand Use [email protected](250) 952‐2128
Michele GeeDrinking Water/Wastewater [email protected](250) 952‐1476
Mike ZemanekDirector – Healthy Community [email protected](250) 952‐2372
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Composting toilet and greywater practice
WCOWMA Workshop 2015
Introductions
Ian Ralston ROWP Eng.L Ed Hoeppner ROWP
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Context and draft process
Manual of Composting Toilet and Greywater Practice (MCTGP)
Early draft ASTTBC for Ministry of Health Ian Ralston, TRAX Timeline Consultation
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Technical group
Gord and Ann Baird Geoff Hill Ed Hoeppner Michael Payne Mike Seymour
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Purpose of the Manual
Standards and guidelines Filing approachFor: Non water borne waste management Greywater systems Seasonal diversion systems Source separation systems
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Manual approach
Based on SPM, does not repeat SPM Split to standards and guidelines Separate rationale Performance objectives Appendices
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Basis for standards
Same approach as SPM Outcome (performance objectives) Rationale Where practical, builds on SPM
standards Allow opportunity for innovation
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Filing under the SSR
Composting toilet systems On site burial of composting toilet
residual organic matter Greywater systems Seasonal diversion systems for
greywater sub surface irrigation
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Under the OMRR
Land application Possibly with simplified process
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BC Building Code
WC required by BCBC for Part 9 bldgs. Composting toilet as equivalent Generic wording for alternative solution Manual and rationale as support Approval rests with AHJ (local
authority)
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SOURCE SEPARATED WASTE SYSTEMS
MCTGP
Typical sanitary drainage and sewerage systems
Water closets for human waste Plumbing fixtures Combined sanitary drainage system To onsite sewerage system No intentional recycling of resources
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Ecosan
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Source separation
Water closets for human waste Blackwater
Plumbing fixtures Greywater
Separate sanitary drainage system To onsite separate sewerage systems Intentional recycling of some resources
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Composting toilets
Composting toilets for human wastes Plumbing fixtures Greywater
Greywater onsite sewerage system
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Composting toilet option
Non water borne system: Collection Conveyance Treatment (composting) Discharge
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Other separation options for human waste Water borne sanitary drainage with: Separation of feces and TP by filter Or by centrifugal action (Aquatron)
Ultra low flush toilets Vacuum toilets and collection
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Source separation options
Urine Brownwater Types of greywater: Very Light Greywater Laundry Greywater Light Greywater Dark Greywater
Seasonal greywater diversion
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PURPOSESMCTGP
Why use a composting toilet?
Constraints for conventional system Water conservation Reduced volume for solid waste removal Recycling of organic matter and
nutrients Life style choice
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Why use a greywater system?
Smaller sewerage system Irrigation to use water and nutrients Water conservation in summer Flexible seasonal options
Life style choice
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Why use source separation?
Treatment and discharge designed for specific waste or wastewater type
Reuse of nutrients from urine Reuse of water for irrigation
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COMPOSTING TOILETSMCTGP
Primary purposes Safely collect and contain human waste Manage odors and prevent vector or
human access during storage Manage leachate and safely discharge
leachate or diverted Provide for safe and practical
management of residual organic matter.
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Secondary objectives (e.g.)
Volume or mass reduction Stabilization for transport Stabilization and sanitizing for: On site burial On site land application
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A composting toilet system
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Toilet pedestal
Collection and conveyance
system
Composting processor
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Pedestal and inputs
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Collection or conveyance
Direct to processor To bucket or bin To dedicated bin processor Ultra low flush, or foam toilets Water borne with filtration or Aquatron Diversion of urine (improves process)
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Aquatronseparator
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Compost filter
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Types of composting processor
Batch Continuous
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Composting
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Batch bins
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Milkwood
Batch bins
40Milkwood
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Aquatronbatch carousel
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42
Inclined floor continuous processor
Clivus Multrum
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Foam flush toilet
Water and soap 0.18 L water per flush No water trap (vent fan used)
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Continuousmouldering decompositionprocess
Clivus Multrum
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The composting process
Aerobic Moist Warm May use worms or BSF larvae Often with additives E.g. bulking agents
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Stabilization and sanitizing
Stability Maturity Pathogen removal
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Stages (typical batch)
Collection and addition Mesophilic phase Thermophilic phase Mesophilic cooling phase Curing phase
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Stages of composting
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Other potential phases
Pre-treatment Microaerobic fermentation Pasteurization Drying toilet collection
Continuous mouldering process May be followed by batch process Incineration
49
Residual organic matter
Off site discharge On site discharge Burial Land application
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On site discharge
Process standards Documentation of process Testing of residual organic matter Burial standards (under SSR) Land application, professional, OMRR
51
52
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Batch sanitizing step
Process standards Documentation of process Testing of residual organic matter Burial standards (under SSR) Land application, professional, OMRR
53
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Batch curing or sanitizing steps
55
Outcome based standardsWith documentation and testing
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ON SITE BURIAL OF RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER
MCTGP
Process standards
Incineration Curing Stabilizes Long term curing = sanitizing
Specific sanitizing steps Still required stability (curing) May reduce required curing time
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Batch sanitizing steps
Thermophilic step Pasteurization pH adjustment Urea addition
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Process monitoring
Documented monitoring Review by AP
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Material testing
Stability and maturity testing Quality standards By AP or under AP supervision
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Burial, follows SPM standards
Site and soil evaluation Vertical Separation and other standards
per gravity standards Cover standard and no disturbance Loading rates Based on SPM Adjusted by factor
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GREYWATER SYSTEMSMCTGP
Source separated wastewater
Urine Composting toilet leachate Blackwater and brownwater Water separated from blackwater Greywater
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Urine
Low pathogen content Most of the nitrogen High phosphorous A person’s urine will fertilize approx.
80% of crop intake
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Composting toilet leachate
High strength (BOD close to sewage) Pathogens similar to septic tank
effluent High NH3 and salts Low volumes Some composting systems retain Combine with greywater or dark
greywater
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Types of greywater
Dark grey = Kitchen Light grey = all but Kitchen Very light grey = Bath, shower, hand basins Laundry
Total greywater: High P content (~50% of total WW) BOD ~50 – 60% of total Flow ~60% of total
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Type Average flow (L/c/dy)
BOD (mg/L)
Fecal ColiformsLog10CFU/100mL
Light Grey 108 200 1 to 5
Dark Grey 12 1200 5 to 7.6
Blackwater 51 700
Sewage 171 420 5 to 7
Septic tank effluent 171 216 4 to 6
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Types of greywater system
All season Seasonal diversion Urine diversion Urine storage for seasonal use
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URINE DIVERSION AND STORAGE
MCTGP
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Urine diversion
Waterless urinals Urine diverting toilets Urine diversion in CT pedestal Urine separation in CT conveyance
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Waterless urinals
New or retrofit Trap with oil Curtain valve
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Maintenance issues with liquid traps
7330 August 2006 in UNESCO-IHE building after approx. 5 months of use
Each urinal has two plastic insert pipes, which are removed to replace the blue blocking liquid (this liquid just drains to the sewer)
Low cost waterless urinal for South Africa and beyond
(minimal maintenance required)Supplier: Addicom, see detailed info on next 3 slidesPrice: approx. $100
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Urinal bowl viewed from underneath
AddicomEcoSmellStopdevice (ESS)
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Ernst waterless urinal (at a camping park in Switzerland)
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This painted-on fly improves men’s aiming (don’t laugh, it’s true!)
Same EcoSmellStop device as Addicom (previous slide)
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Advantages and disadvantages of rubber tube/curtain vs. oil based odour control systems Advantages:
Quick and easy to clean Does not need frequent and costly replacement of
blocking fluid Can be inspected without losing blocking fluid Much less likely to develop hard blockages
Disadvantages: May need regular manual cleaning Rubber tube may loose elasticity over time and need
replacement (but low cost)
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Urine diverting toilet
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Urine diverting seat for composting toilet pedestal
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Urine storage
~ sterile with 6 months at 20 C Store and fertigate Dilute 1 urine : 10 water or greywater Or urine can just be combined with the
all season greywater system
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Urine fertigation
Subsurface To diversion system mulch basins To other seasonal sub irrigation system Standards provided
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GREYWATER SYSTEM STANDARDS
MCTGP
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Adjusted standards
Adjust SPM standard by multiplier DDF Septic tank size HLRs
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DDF adjustment
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Septic tank size
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All season greywater systems
Meet all standards of SPM Use adjusted design inputs Allows use of mulch cover for chambers
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Adapting dispersal systems
Subsurface Drip Dispersal for irrigation Sand lined beds Bottomless sand filters as planter beds Shallow or at grade chamber systems Mulch cover standard
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Irrigation demand growing season only Diversion systems Zoned systems Water addition in summer Forest irrigation in winter Aquifer recharge Nutrient benefit Nutrient risk also…
89
Seasonal diversion Light greywater only Small, residential only Most standards per SPM Summer season VS, no summer LLR Must have alternate discharge Sewer Onsite system
Direct subsurface discharge Mulch basins and branched drains
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Diversion of light greywater
Y valve Sliding gate valves Backflow risk management Labeling Divert during rainfall events
91
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TECHNIQUES FOR SUB IRRIGATION
MCTGP
93
Mulch basins and branched drains Gravity dispersal, splitting flows using
splitter tees To shallow basins with mulch Can use chambers for the basins Maintenance (including cleaning
chambers and replacing mulch) will be needed
94
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Oasis branched drain
95
Oasis branched drain
96
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Splitter
97
Branched drain and mulch
98
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Mulch basin with chambers, low HLR
99
Tipping D-Box
Sub irrigation mulch basin To sand media or soil with chambers All systems Basin, “trench” or “bed” Consider risk from rainfall input Direct discharge OK for seasonal diversion
To mulch media with chambers or other enclosures Small flow residential seasonal diversion only Direct discharge OK Partial treatment in mulch
100
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Mulch basin layout
101
Allison Baileshttp://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/38249/How-to-Install-a-Branched-Drain-Greywater-System-in-a-Green-Home
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Branched drains to all season system
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103
Discharge to soil with blinding layer
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105
Chambers under mulch only.All season system
106
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107
108
Clivus Multrum greywater illustration, chamber system
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Mulch infiltrative surface (small flow residential seasonal diversion only)
Mulch standard Based on performance Similar to sand mound loading High HLR to mulch Minimum mulch depth Basal area HLR
109
Small mulch basins with mulch infiltrative surface
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111
Dosed mulch basin.
Subsurface drip dispersal
Good option for subirrigation where using combined wastewater stream
Flexible, easy application to varying zones
Meet SPM standards Not for direct application, Type 1 pre-
treatment at minimum
112
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Subsurface drip dispersal-further cautions
Use tubing and components designed for Wastewater and for subsurfaceuse
Essential to maintain unsaturated conditions
113
Employee Presentation 3-00 - p 114
URS New Zealand
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Employee Presentation 3-00 - p 115
Installing around greens in stage 2
Employee Presentation 3-00 - p 116
Tee – installed in 1 day (URS)
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URS
Irrigated vs. Non-IrrigatedLong term
Planter bed systems
Adaptation of bottomless sand filter Meet SPM standards Not for direct application, Type 1 pre-
treatment at minimum Design for irrigation and fertigation
objectives
118
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Precast PlantersCombined Wastewater
Treatment
119
Cast in Place PlanterCombined Greywater Treatment
120
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Seasonal Evapotranspiration
Not in Manual so far Design recognizing ET for seasonal
diversion systems Or for summer use only sites Or with pump and haul in winter
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Questions?
Ian Ralston Eng.L.
250-246-4774 [email protected]
Ed Hoeppner ROWP
250-335-2037 [email protected]
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