mediterraneo NIEM

8/21/2019 mediterraneo NIEM

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http://www.cartacapital.com.br/blogs/blog-do-grri/mediterraneo-um-mar-de-hipocrisia-2718.html

Mediterrâneo, um mar de hipocrisia por Grupo de Reflexo sobre Rela!"es #nternacionais $ publicado 21/%&/2%1& %2h'7

(a)ses ocidentais patrocinam guerras e inter*en!"es+ mas so apresentados como her,isna tragdia da imigra!o

#ntegrantes da arinha francesa durante opera!o de resgate no editerrneo na0uarta-feira 2%. er,is

Por Rossana Reis e Deisy Ventura

3as 4ltimas semanas+ as not)cias sobre a morte de milhares de seres humanos no arediterrneo acabaram por re*elar uma faceta muito desagrad5*el de n,s mesmos: anossa infinita capacidade de eludir os fatos e tragar narrati*as falsas+ simplistas eunilaterais. 6 despeito dos acontecimentos+ acalentamos nossa imagina!o geopol)ticana 0ual o papel dos her,is in*aria*elmente representado pelos pa)ses ocidentais.

r5fico de pessoas9 grita a chamada de programas de tele*iso+ en0uanto mostramnegros sendo resgatados de na*ios indo a pi0ue. ;n0uanto os n5ufragos recebem coletesalaran


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;uropa.

;*entualmente+ algum dos passageiros entre*istado para ilustrar as condi!"esdeplor5*eis nas 0uais se fa> a tra*essia+ mas os milhares de africanos mortos no

merecem+ por exemplo+ o tratamento pessoal dado =s *)timas do acidente 0ue *itimou1&% pessoas com a 0ueda do 6irbus 6?2% da Germanwings na @ran!a. A raro encontraralguma reportagem em 0ue a *o> autori>ada a explicar9 as repetidas tragdias no se+ porm+ falar sobre os resgates ou os naufr5gios no editerrneosem mencionar os milh"es de pessoas atingidas por conflitos armados+ notadamente asguerras na B)ria e na C)bia+ e sem registrar+ sobretudo+ o papel ati*o+ se no o

protagonismo+ dos pa)ses ocidentais+ liderados pelos ;stados Dnidos+ nodesen*ol*imento desses conflitos se"es geopol)ticas ou econEmicas.

Bomente na B)ria+ desde 2%11+ ada pela I3D+ a continuidade dos conflitos air mortos aos milhares e refugiados aos milh"es.

Be pudesse+ *ocJ no tentaria fugir de situa!o semelhante as so poucas as pessoas0ue sobre*i*em a esta dura realidade e conseguem dinheiro suficiente para tentarescapar pelas rotas do ar editerrneo 0ue le*am = ;uropa. ;ntre a0ueles 0uechegam+ um n4mero ainda mais redu>ido consegue ter reconhecida a sua situa!o comorefugiado o 0ue torna poss)*el pensar em reconstruir a *ida+ pelo menos en0uanto asitua!o em seus pa)ses de origem no se estabili>a.

6 maior parte das pessoas aguarda num centro de deten!o para imigrantes9 ou mandada de *olta ao lugar de origem+ em um processo cu


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condu>idas com pol)ticas restriti*as e discriminat,rias de gesto de fluxos migrat,rios ede refugiados pela Dnio ;uropeia *em pro*ocando a morte de milhares de sereshumanos no editerrneo+ e tambm *em afogando a todos n,s num mar de hipocrisia.

3esta triste f5bula da pol)tica contempornea+ os 4nicos her,is so a0ueles 0ue

conseguem sobre*i*er =s guerras+ = intolerncia+ = pol)tica europeia+ =s ondas e = nossaapatia.

*Rossana Reis e Deisy Ventura são professoras da Universidade de São Paulo e

integrantes do Grupo de Reflexão sobre Relações Internaionais ! GR"RI#

http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2%1&/%&/graphics

Europe's boat people

Europe's boat people

http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbrasilnomundo.org.br%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGsDmjDlU015eMcGJaNlv5f-28JbQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbrasilnomundo.org.br%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGsDmjDlU015eMcGJaNlv5f-28JbQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fgraphicdetail%2F2015%2F05%2Fgraphics&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF6oMwVRfzY_2tbXk21h813vEn1HAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbrasilnomundo.org.br%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGsDmjDlU015eMcGJaNlv5f-28JbQhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fgraphicdetail%2F2015%2F05%2Fgraphics&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF6oMwVRfzY_2tbXk21h813vEn1HA


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aM 1Nth 2%1&+ 12:11 bM O66 ;6

; BDGGC#3G of people across the editerranean is not newF nor are the losses atsea that come with it. Put the trade has *astlM expanded o*er the past few Mears thanQsto two de*elopments. he ci*il war in BMria has displaced 8m people inside that countrMand forced 'm to lea*e it. ost of these refugees staM in neighbouring countries. PutmanM wish to go farther. Bome head for CibMa+ either bM crossing ;gMpt or bM flMing toBudan and


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spring. Bo the smuggling routes which used to taQe people there as an end in itself$ mo*ing there was an attracti*e proposition for manM in sub-Baharan 6frica+ thanQs to anoil-rich economM$now continue right through it and into the sea.

Put these de*elopments do not explain whM so manM of the migrants now end up dMing.he *ast ma


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theM end up taQing more refugees and migrants+ both because of migration along otherroutes Tfor example+ through the PalQansU and because southerners encourage migrantsto mo*e northwards. Reaching an agreement on an e0uitable distribution of the

burden has not Met pro*ed possible.

he anti-immigration right wants to portraM boat people as being for the most parteconomic migrants+ who ha*e no legal right to refugeF but a great manM of them are not.

alf of last MearSs arri*als in #talM were from BMria and ;ritrea. In an ;D-wide basis+two-thirds of the applicants from those countries 0ualified for refugee status in the last0uarter of 2%1'. Oespite this manM ;uropeans see migrants as a threat to their


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Ma %&, (%)

PRDBB;CB $ ;uropean foreign and defense ministers agreed on ondaM to use na*alforces to intercept and disrupt ships used bM smugglers of migrants from 3orth 6frica+ a

far more asserti*e attempt to combat the swelling migration crisis that has led tothousands of deaths at sea.

he aim of the program is to stop smugglers with human cargo before or shortlM aftertheM lea*e the shores of 3orth 6frican nations liQe CibMa. ;uropean na*ies could thenreturn migrants to nearbM 6frican ports or taQe them to ;urope for asMlum re*iew+ andwould destroM the ships used to transport them.

he decision to militari>e the response appeared to ha*e the support of the 36IsecretarM general+ Kens Btoltenberg+ who said the alliance could offer assistance if calledon. Put the use of ;uropean na*al power to address the crisis will re0uire further

appro*al from ;uropean go*ernments as well as coastal states in 3orth 6frica or fromthe Dnited 3ations BecuritM Louncil.

he decision also in*ol*ed delicate pacQaging and diplomacM+ gi*en the sensiti*itM insome countries+ liQe #reland and Bweden+ toward the use of militarM force. BpecificallM+the proposals were presented as aimed at disabling the smuggling operations behind themigration surge+ rather than at the desperate migrants themsel*es.

he inter*ention+ though+ would most liQelM ha*e the effect of pre*enting some of thetens of thousands of people fleeing conflicts and economic hardship in the iddle ;astand 6frica from maQing their waM to ;uropean shores.

Put it appears to do little to address the underlMing causes of mass migration or the fateof those who ha*e flocQed to the shores of 3orth 6frica in hopes of reaching ;urope.

#tSs not clear to me that the ministers understand the complexities of migrationdMnamics in*ol*ed+9 said ;li>abeth Lollett+ the director of the igration (olicM#nstitute ;urope+ a research institute based in Prussels. ilitarM operations in theediterranean are onlM reallM liQelM to ha*e anM impact as one *erM small piece in a farmore comprehensi*e strategM to address smuggling.9

he tougher stand against human smuggling comes amid a sharp spiQe in migration to;urope+ much of it dri*en bM a crescent of conflicts in*ol*ing #slamic extremists from

3igeria and ali to Bomalia and BMria.

ost criticallM+ o*ershadowing the crisis is the prospect of uncontrolled migration fromCibMa+ where a ci*il war and the limited reach of the authorities ha*e made it easier forsmugglers to use the countrM as a launching pad for the dangerous


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KanuarM to 6pril this Mear as there were during the same period last Mear. I*erall+'?+%%% people applied for asMlum across ;urope last Mear+ according to the Dnited

3ations refugee agencM.

Kust in #talM+ the nation most affected bM the crisis in the editerranean because of its proximitM to CibMa+ some ??+%%% ha*e applied for asMlum so far this Mear+ on top of17%+%%% arri*als last Mear.

he resulting deaths ha*e prompted the ;uropean authorities to seeQ a united response+amid concerns that the lucrati*e trade is helping finance terrorism in 3orth 6frica andoffering terrorists a waM into ;urope. he loss of life has climbed in recent weeQs assmugglers in 3orth 6frica offer the migrants passage in flimsM rubber dinghies ando*ercrowded fishing boats.

http://www.nMtimes.com/interacti*e/2%1&/%'/1N/world/europe/1%%%%%%%??N%12.mobile.html

•

*hat+s Behind the Surge in $eugees-rossing the Mediterranean Sea

he ci*il war in CibMa has made it easier for smugglers to transport people through thecountrM. 6s a result+ the number of people fleeing war and po*ertM in 6frica and theiddle ;ast to reach ;urope *ia the editerranean Bea has surged since last Mear. Bofar this Mear more than 1+8%% migrants maM ha*e drowned attempting the


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na*al forces to intercept and disrupt ships used bM smugglers.

S/eden had the most asMlum applicants per capita+ with 8.' applicants per 1+%%%residents+ which is nearlM twice as manM as the second- ranQed countrM+ ungarM.

#celand

Aslum applicants per %,((( people in (%0

@inland

Bweden

3orwaM

%

1

2

?

' or more;stonia

Cat*ia

Cithuania

OenmarQ

#reland

Ital had more than 17%+%%% refugees arri*e in 2%1'+ manM of whom sought asMlum inother ;uropean countries.

PR#6#3

3etherlands

(oland

1erman had the most applicants+ with more than 2%%+%%% migrants seeQing asMlum+

mainlM from BMria+ Berbia+ oso*o and ;ritrea.


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GermanM

Pelgium

L>ech Rep.

Blo*aQia

6ustria

ungarM

@rance

Romania

Bwit>.

Lroatia

Pulgaria

#talM

(ortugal

Bpain

Greece

LMprus

alta


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#celand

@inland


Pulgaria


#celand


@inland

Bweden

3orwaM

%

1


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2

?

' or more

Cat*ia

Cithuania

OenmarQ

Ital had more than 17%+%%% refugees arri*e in 2%1'+ manM of whom sought asMlum inother ;uropean countries.

#reland

PR#6#3

3etherlands

(oland

1erman had the most applicants+ with more than 2%%+%%% migrants seeQing asMlum+mainlM from BMria+ Berbia+ oso*o and ;ritrea.

GermanM

Pelgium

L>ech Rep.

Blo*aQia

6ustria

ungarM

@rance

Bwit>.

Lroatia

Pulgaria

#talM


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(ortugal

Bpain

Greece

LMprus

alta


%

1

2

?

' or more

@inland

3orwaM

Bweden

OenmarQ

#reland

PR#6#3

GermanM

ungarM

@rance

Pulgaria

#talM

Bpain


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Greece


Bweden

@inland

3orwaM

Cat*ia

Cithuania

OenmarQ

#reland

PR#6#3

3etherlands

(olandGermanM

Pelgium

L>ech Rep.

Blo*aQia

6ustria

ungarM

@rance

Bwit>.

Lroatia

Pulgaria

#talM


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(ortugal

Bpain

Greece


alta

%

1

2

?

' or more

he 3ew [orQ imes \ Bources: ;uropean Lommission+ Dnited 3ations ighLommissioner for Refugees

he Dnited 3ations called the current crisis in the editerranean a tragedM of epic proportions+9 in a statement issued in 6pril. #t also called for a more comprehensi*e

response bM the ;uropean Dnion.

7%%

6sMlum applications in ;urope

#n thousands


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6sMlum applications in ;urope

#n thousands

7%%

G;R63[

%%

&%%

BZ;O;3

'%%

#6C[

?%%

@R63L;

2%%

1%%

I;R

2%11

2%12

2%1?

2%1'

he 3ew [orQ imes \ Bource: ;uropean Lommission

2eaths at Sea

6s of 6pril 2%+ there ha*e been about 18 times as manM refugee deaths in theediterranean Bea from KanuarM to 6pril compared to the same period last Mear+according to initial estimates from the #nternational Irgani>ation for igration.

3aples


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#stanbul

;stimates of refugees who were lost or died at sea since KanuarM 2%1'

;ach circle represents an incident+ si>ed bM number dead or missing.

Unilled circles are reports that ha*e onlM been partiallM *erified.

#6C[

GR;;L;

(alermo

#>mir

aM &+ 2%1&

DR;[

6thens

B#L#C[

Latania

unis

6pril 1?+ 2%1&

6ntalMa

'%%

ost incidents ha*e occurred along the route between CibMa and #talM.

Bfax

2'%

8%%

D3#B#6

editerranean

Bea


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ripoli

Oerna

isurata

6pril 1N+ 2%1&

Pengha>i

Burt

6lexandria

1%% miles

C#P[6

;G[(

Lairo

#stanbul



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;ach circle represents an incident+ si>ed bM number dead or missing.

Unilled circles are reports that ha*e onlM been partiallM *erified.

#stanbul

GR;;L;

#6C[

DR;[

aM &+ 2%1&

(alermo

#>mir

B#L#C[

6thens

Latania

6ntalMa

6pril 1?+ 2%1&

'%%


2'%

8%%

editerranean

Bea

ripoli

Oerna


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isurata

Pengha>i

6pril 1N+ 2%1&

Burt

6lexandria

C#P[6

;G[(

1%% miles


;ach circle represents an incident+ si>ed bM number dead or missing. Unilled circles are reports that ha*e onlM been partiallM *erified.

GR;;L;

#6C[(alermo

aM &+ 2%1&

B#L#C[

Latania

unis

6pril 1?+ 2%1&

'%%


Bfax

2'%

8%%


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editerranean

Bea

D3#B#6

ripoli

isurata

Oerna

6pril 1N+ 2%1&

Pengha>i

Burt

1%% miles

C#P[6


;ach circle represents an incident+ si>ed bM number dead or missing. Unilled circles are reports that ha*e onlM been partiallM *erified.

#6C[

6pril 1?+ 2%1&

aM &+ 2%1&

'%%

D3#B#6

2'%

8%%

ripoli

6pril 1N+ 2%1&


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C#P[6

1%% miles

he 3ew [orQ imes \ Bources: #I issing igrants (ro


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S1'

Lentral

editerranean

;astern

editerranean

Zestern

editerranean

Route

Zestern

PalQan

Ither

Routes

he 3ew [orQ imes \ Bource: @rontex

Iperators of *essels used to transport migrants charge 6fricans the e0ui*alent of ]'%%to ]7%% per person per trip. BMrian migrants are charged the e0ui*alent of ]1+&%% per

person to cross the sea+ said @la*io OiGiacomo+ head of communications at the#nternational Irgani>ation for igration. Hessels are fre0uentlM o*ercrowded and oftenunseaworthM+ he said. @or refugees+ once the fare is paid+ there is no turning bacQ+ saidr. OiGiacomo.

umanitarian organi>ations+ which are expecting a rapid increase in the flow ofrefugees as the weather impro*es+ are concerned that a cut this Mear in financing forediterranean Bea patrol programs would hamper rescue efforts.

A #ransit 3ub or $eugees

anM of the refugees begin their


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mediterraneo NIEM