Memory, Cognition, and Language

Test Review

• Because it has all of the features commonly associated with the concept bird, a robin is considered A. a prototypeB. a schematic C. an algorithm D. a phenotypeE. a heuristic

• The tendency to incorrectly estimate that more people die from accidents and homicides than from strokes and diabetes best illustrates the influence of: A. the availability heuristic B. confirmation bias C. the framing effect D. fixation E. the representative heuristic

• A heuristic is BEST described as a A. step-by-step procedure.B. time consuming process that guarantees

success.C. mental shortcut for drawing a conclusion or

solving a problem.D. sudden realization of a solution

• Which psychologist believes that all people are born with a Language acquisition Device? A. chomsky B. Skinner C. Whorf D. Freud E. Lennenburg

• A person who uses a drop of super glue to seal a paper cut on their finger has overcome the obstacle to effective problem solving related to A. insight. B. a brain fart. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. the availability heuristic. E. functional fixedness.

• A(n) ________ is a step by step solution to a problem that guarantees a solution, A. categorization processB. algorithmC. rule of thumbD. mental operantE. schema

• _________ bias refers to a situation in which people ignore or overlook information that disagrees with their beliefs. A. Confirmation B. Representativeness C. Knowledge D. Availability E. Hindsight

• While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you'd been working on several hours before. This is an example of A. insightB. backward conditioningC. latent learningD. discriminationE. the Premack Principle

• The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy caused many people to overestimate the risks associated with flying. This best illustrates the importance of: A. functional fixedness. B. confirmation bias. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. framing. E. the availability heuristic.

• The "magic number" __________ represents the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle A. 3 B. 6 C. 7 D. 9 E. infinity

• James was hit in the head by a pitch in baseball and no longer remembers anything prior to the incident but can form new memories. He likely suffers from: A. anterograde amnesia B. proactive amnesia C. retrograde amnesia D. representative amnesia E. script amnesia

• Which kind of forgetting is involved when the sociology I studied yesterday makes it more difficult to learn and remember the psychology I am studying today? A. proactive interference B. retrieval failure C. retroactive interference D. heuristics E. decay

• The three memory stages, in order of processing, are A. sensory; cognitive; short term. B. recall; recognition; rehearsal. C. working; long term; short term. D. sensory; short-term; long term.

• Getting information out of memory is known as A. elaboration. B. storage. C. chunking. D. retrieval. E. encoding.

• You are an actor worried about remembering your lines. In order to help you a friend suggests that you remember each portion of the script by linking it to different places in your home. What memory technique has your friend suggested? A. persistence B. method of loci C. maintenance elaboration D. rote memorization E. None of the above

• Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of A. iconic memory B. procedural memory C. semantic memory D. episodic memory E. short-term memory

• Phonemes are: A. the rules of grammar that dictate letter

combinations in a language B. the smallest unit of sound in a language C. the smallest unit of meaning in a language D. semantically the same as morphemes E. about 100 different words that are common to

all languages

• Questions with multiple solutions such as 'how many uses are there for a vase?' require: A. creativityB. convergent thinkingC. confirmation biasD. algorithms

• Meghan is a cheerleader at your high school, she is always happy and outgoing and you assume that the rest of the cheerleaders act much the same way, this potentially false belief is an example of A. the confirmation bias B. an algorithm C. the hindsight bias D. backward thinking E. the representative heuristic

• What is the problem with many foreign language programs currently offered in U.S. schools? A. They offer children too many different foreign

language options. B. They begin their foreign language training too late. C. The do not have enough selection in the choices of

langauge. D. They begin their foreign language training too early. E. They are not rigorous enough.

Memory

Encoding

22.

Retrieval

Hold

ing

Tank

s

23. (lasts only a few seconds)

24. (approximately 7 items, up to 20 seconds)

25. (virtually unlimited)

Strategies for improving short-term

memory

26. grouping information into

smaller units

27. Example: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

28. repetition that keeps information in STM about 20

seconds.

29. “one is a bun”“2 is a shoe”“3 is a tree”

30. Mentally placing objects

on a path to recall information

31. Linking new memories to old

memories

Word Bank: Use the terms below to complete the concept map questions

22-31 (not all will be used):

maintenance rehearsalstoragesensory memorymnemonic devicerepressionmethod of Locilong-term memorychunkingshort-term memoryinsightpeg-word systemelaborative rehearsalcreativity

THINK!

• You have three stoves: a gas stove, a wood stove, and a coal stove, but only one match. Which should you light first?

• THE MATCH!

THINK!• You have two jugs, a 3 gallon jug and a 5 gallon jug.

Without any measuring devices how do you get exactly 4 gallons using only those two jugs?

• Fill the 3 gallon jug. Pour all the contents into the 5 gallon jug. Fill the 3 gallon jug again. Pour contents into the 5 gallon jug until the 5 gallon jug is full. You should now have 1 gallon in the 3 gallon jug. Empty the 5 gallon jug and pour the 1 gallon from the 3 gallon jug into it. Fill the 3 gallon jug again and pour contents into the 5 gallon jug. The 5 gallon jug will now have 4 gallons in it.