Merging Information from Multiple Sources

SynthesizingKeyIdeas:Quoting,Paraphrasing,Summarizing

ThisWeek!

•  InClassWork:•  Readthroughthepresentation.Completethe

accompanyingHandoutasyoureadthroughthepresentation.YouwillbeexpectedtoturninthehandoutviaDropboxoremail.

•  Homework:•  Yourhomeworkwillbetoreviseyourdraftsofyour

Unit2Project.YourfinalprojectswillbedueMonday,April20th.IwillsendyoucommentsonthedraftsASAP.Beginrevisingthemassoonasyoureceivethecomments.

Why?

• AswebegintowrapupUnit2,wearegoingtostartUnit3.InUnit3,wearegoingtousetheresearchyougatheredonyourtopictoexploretheproblemandsolutionfurther.

•  Youwillcreatewhatwecalla“multimodal”project.A“multimodal”projectisaprojectthatinvolvesusingmorethatjustwordstopresentamessage.Theymightinvolveaudioorvisualmessagesaswell.Wewilltalkmoreaboutthislater!

SoWhat?

• Nowyouhaveatopic,youhaveanintroductionthatbrieflyexplainstheproblemandaconclusionthatdescribesbrieflyyourproposedsolutiontotheproblem.

• Youalsohave4sourcesonyourtopic.

•  Iwanttodemonstrate3keywaystogatherinformationfromsourcesthatwillprovidetheevidence,reasonsandreasoningtomakeyourargumentstronger.

•  Thisweekwewilllookathowtosynthesizeideasfrommultiplesourcesbyusing3keystrategies:summarizing,paraphrasingandquotingfromsources.

TheChallenge

•  Thechallengeishowtointegrateothervoiceswithyourown

• Howdoyouletyouraudiencehearfromexpertsourceswithouttakingoveryourvoice?

• Howdonotmisrepresenttheideasofotherswhensharingtheirresearch?

• Howdoyouintegratequotesandideasofothers?

Synthesizing?

• Whatdoesitmeantosynthesize?

ACTIVITY

STEP1:

WatchthisshortYouTubeVideo:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks7jmfeY3b0

STEP2:

NoticehowtheDJ“mashedup”orbroughttogethermusicfromvariousdifferentmusicianstocreatesomethingnew!

STEP3Thinkaboutwhatyouthinkitmightmeantosynthesizeideas?

Synthesizing

•  Synthesis:bringingtogethermaterialandideasfromvarioussourcestocreatesomethingnew.

• Whenyouresearch,youdon’tjustputtogetherlotsofideasyoufind,youneedtosynthesizewhattheresearchsays—thatmeansyouidentifyconnectionsamongthemandblendthemtogetherintoacoherentideaofyourown.

• Whenyousynthesize,youmakeyourownmash-up—youcoherentlyputtogethertheideasofotherstostrengthenyourargumentorstance.

SynthesizingIdeasinSources

• Onthenextcoupleofslide,Iaskdifferentquestions.IhaveanaccompanyinghandoutfortheweekonOpenLab.Seethelinkhere:

• PleasefilloutthehandoutandsubmitthehandouttomeviaDropbox,OpenLaboremailasyourparticipationgrade.

Question1

!  Whatissues,problems,orcontroversiesdoyoursourcesaddress?

Question2

• Whatinformationdoyoursourceshaveincommon?Anyideas?Facts?Examples?Statistics?Areanypeoplecitedinmorethatonesource?

Question3

• Whatsignificantdifferencesdoyoufindamongsources?Differentstances?Positions?Purposes?Kindsofevidence?Conclusions?

Question4

• Doanyofyoursourcesciteorrefertooneanother?Doesonesourceprovidedetails,examplesorexplanationsthatbuildonsomethingsaidinanother?Doesanysourcerespondsignificantlytosomethingsaidinanother?

Quoting,Paraphrasing,Summarizing

• Nowcomesthetrickypart!Youknowtheinformationthatyouwanttomerge.

• ButyouhavetodecideHOWtointegratethatvoiceintoyourwriting.

Quoting,Paraphrasing,SummarizingWHAT

Quotation

•  Aquotationissomeone’sexactwords,enclosedinquotationmarksorsetoffinblocksfromtherestofyourtext

Paraphrase

•  Paraphrasingiswhenyouuseyourownwordstorestatewhatanotherauthorissaying.Youtaketheideasofasourceandputtheminyourownwords.

Summary

•  Summarizingiswhenyousummarize(VERYBREIFLY)themainpointofapiece.Youonlyincludethemainpointmadeortheargumentofthepiece,NOTthesupportingdetailsorevidence.

WhentoQuote• Whenitissaidsowell,itcannotitcannotbesaidbetter•  Iftheconceptissocomplexthatitwouldbeoversimplified

toparaphrase•  Ifyourpurposeistoanalyzethetextandwhattheauthoris

saying•  Iftheexpert’sexactwordshelpestablishyourcredibilityor

authority•  Tousethequoteaspowerful,directevidenceofaclaimyou

make,eliminatingthepossibilitythatyouhavepresentedabiasedinterpretationofthefacts

•  Tousethequoteasawayofofferingacounterargument/counterclaimandmakingsureyourepresenttheiropinionsfairly

HowtoQuote

• UsetheEXACTwordsofthesource!

• Don’tincludetoomanyquotes!Justenoughtomakeyourpoint!

•  Enclosequotationsshorterthan4typedlinesinquotationmarks“---”

•  Ifaquotationislongerthan4lines,donotputtheminquotationmarks,instead,indenttheparagraphfromtheleftmargin.

HowtoQuote

•  Useacommatointroduceaquotation•  Putcommasandperiodswithinquotationmarks,exceptwhena

parentheticalreferencefollows.•  Hesaid,"Imayforgetyourname,butIneverforgetaface."•  Historyisstainedwithbloodspilledinthenameof

"civilization."•  Mullen,criticizingtheapparentinaction,writes,"Donahue's

policywastodonothing"(24).•  Placecolonsandsemicolonsoutsideclosedquotationmarks.

•  Williamsdescribedtheexperimentas"adefinitivestepforward";otherscientistsdisagreed.

•  Benedettoemphasizesthreeelementsofwhatshecallsher"Olympicjourney":familysupport,personalcommitment,andgreatcoaching.

HowtoQuote

• Placeaquestionmarkorexclamationpointwithinclosingquotationmarksifthepunctuationappliestothequotationitself.Placethepunctuationoutsidetheclosingquotationmarksifthepunctuationappliestothewholesentence.•  Phillipasked,"Doyouneedthisbook?"• DoesDr.Limalwayssaytoherstudents,"Youmust

workharder"?•  IFyouhavetochangeaquote,thenshowthechanges

inbrackets.

TRYIT!•  Lookthroughyoursources

•  Thinkaboutyourtopic’sproblem/solution

•  Findonequotefromyoursourcesthatyouthinkmeetsthecriteriaofwhattoquote.

• RecordthequoteusingproperformattingontheHandout.Introduceitusingasignalword.(heargued,shesaid,etc).Explainin1-2sentencesWHYyouwouldquotefromthissourceandnotparaphraseorsummarizethesection.

WHENtoParaphrase

• Toclarify,simplify,orselectonlyrelevantinformationfromanothersource

•  Tosmoothlyconnecttheinformationwiththeothercontentinyourarticle

• Tooavoidtoomanycompetingvoicesinatext• Tomaintainyourtone,voice,andflow

HOWtoParaphrase

•  Itisveryimportanttoretainthemeaningoftheoriginaltextandtogivecredittothesourcethatprovidedtheinformationbyusingacitation,andtonotusetheauthor’swordsdirectly.

• Describethemainideasandthedetailstheauthorusestosupporttheirargument

• Useyourownwords

•  Changetheauthor’swordsandorderofwords

•  CITEthesource

EXAMPLEParaphrasing

ORIGINALTEXT

EXAMPLEParaphrasing

UnacceptableSummary:MisrepresentsSource

EXAMPLEParaphrasing

UnacceptableSummary:TooManyDetails

EXAMPLEParaphrasing

UnacceptableSummary:TooManyGeneral

EXAMPLEParaphrasing

AcceptableParaphrase

SyndicatedcolumnistCharlesKruthammerobservesthatourcurrentquesttodiscoverother“intelligentlife”intheuniversecomesjustastheallureofexploringouterplaceisdimming.It’sasearch,hesays,thatrevealsadeepsadness(thatwemayinfacebelivingina“cosmicisolation”)andagrowingfrustration:ifscientistscontinuetodiscovermoreplanetswherelifelikeourscanbesustainable,whydowefindtoactualsignoflife(A19)?

TRYIT!•  Lookthroughyoursources

•  Thinkaboutyourtopic’sproblem/solution

•  Findoneplaceinoneofyoursourcesthatyouwouldliketotrytoparaphrase.

• ParaphrasethesectionandrecorditontheHandout.Explainin1-2sentencesWHYyouwouldparaphrasethissectionandnotquoteitorsummarizeit.

WHENtoSummarize

• WhenyouonlywanttopresenttheMOSTimportantpointsanddonotneedtoincludethedetails.

• Youonlyincludethepointmadeortheargumentofthepiece,NOTthesupportingdetailsorevidence.

HOWtoSummarize

• Capturethemainidea/argumentofasource’sauthor(leaveoutdetails,etc).Youmayincludesupportingideasbutnotsupportingdetails.

• KeepsummarySHORT• Writeinyourownwords• Givecredittotheauthor(usesignalwords

andintextcitation!)

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

• UnacceptableSummary:TooManyDetails

EXAMPLE

• UnacceptableSummary:TooGeneral

EXAMPLES

•  TwoStrongSummaries

TRYIT!•  Lookthroughyoursources

•  Thinkaboutyourtopic’sproblem/solution

•  Findoneplaceinoneofyoursourcesthatyouwouldliketotrytosummarize

•  SummarizethesectionandrecorditontheHandout.Explainin1-2sentencesWHYyouwouldsummarizethissectionandnotquoteitorparaphraseit.

MakeItClearWHY

• Whetheryouarequoting,paraphrasingorsummarizinginformationfromasource,youmustmakeitcleartothereaderWHYyouareincludingthesource.

• Dothisby:•  Introducingthesource(namingauthoror

identifyingtheminsomeway)•  Followthequotation/paraphrase/summarywith

anexplanationthatdemonstrateshowitrelatestoyourpoint

SignalPhrases

• Usesignalphrasestointroducethequotes,paraphrasesectionorsummary.

•  Acknowledges

•  Adds

•  Agrees

•  Asserts

•  Believes

•  Claims

•  Concludes

•  Contends

•  Declares

•  Disagrees

•  Implies

•  Notes

•  Objects

•  Observes

•  Replies

•  Reports

•  Responds

•  Says

•  Suggests

•  Thinks

•  Writes

Haveagreatweek!