Micronutrient MalnutritionIsmail CakmakSabanci University, Istanbul
Some Major World Risk Factors Causing DeathsMalnutrition accounts of 30 million deaths per year ( 1 death per second) (WHO estimate)Risk FactorNumber of Deaths x1000
WHO risk factor deaths
30000
5035
2943
1883.971
1773
320
Risk Factor
Number of Deaths (X1000)(World Health Report, 2002)
Some WHO Major Risk Factors Causing World Deaths in 2000
Sheet1
Risk FactorDeaths
Blood pressure7305000
Tobacco5035000
Cholesterol4504000
Underweight3830000
Unsafe sex2943000
Fruit & vegetable intake2773000
High body mass index2624000
Alcohol1883971
Unsafe water, etc.1773000
Iron deficiency851000
Zinc deficiency815600
Vitamin A deficiency780000
Occupational safety320000
Total35437571
Blood pressure7305000
Cholesterol4504000
Underweight3830000
Fruit & vegetable intake2773000
High body mass index2624000
Iron deficiency851000
Zinc deficiency815600
Vitamin A deficiency780000
Total2348260066%
(000s)
Malnutrition30000
Tobacco5035
Unsafe sex2943
Alcohol1883.971
Unsafe water, sanitation, hygiene1773
Occupational safety320
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Leading 10 Risk Factors in Developing Countries% Cause of Disease Burden (WHO, 2002)WHO, 2002
Copenhagen Consensus-2004Worldwide Panel of Distinguished Economists including Nobel Prize-Winners Top Four Global ChallengesSource:: http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com1- Control of HIV/AIDS2- Providing adequate amount of micronutrients (Fe, Zn..) to human populations3- Trade Liberalization4- Control of Malaria
Nearly the half of world populationaffected from micronutrient deficienciesWelch and Graham, 1999; Field Crops Res
Zinc deficiencyZinc deficiency: global nutritional problem in human beingsCourtesy of Dr. J.VeenemansWageningen University
Zinc and Iron deficiencies affect a range of functions: Immunity Growth Lower work productivity Higher morbidity/mortality Lower cognitive ability Brain development Reproduction
Reason: High consumption of cereal based foods with low Zn and Fe content
Cereals have inherently low concentrations of Zn and Fe in grain, particularly when grown on micronutrient-deficient soils
Currently, nearly 50 % of the global cereal growing regions are on soils having low levels of available soil Zn
Zinc Deficiency is also Global Micronutrient Deficiency in Soils(Alloway, 2004, In: Zinc in soils and Crop Nutrition. IZA Publications, Brussels)
For a better Zn or Fe nutrition of human beings, cereal grains should contain around 40-60 mg kg-1 Zn or FeCurrent Situation: 10-30 mg kg-1Estimation:
Global Challenge:Improve Zn and Fe Density in Food Crops
Solutions to Zinc and Fe Deficienciesin Human BeingsSupplementation Food Fortification (Expensive approaches)
Agricultural Strategies- Breeding: Genetic Biofortification- Fertilizers: Agronomic Biofortification
HarvestPlusBiofortification Challenge Program
Main Sponsors: Gates Foundation and World Bank Breeding new cereal cultivars with high micronutrient content in cereal grains
Quick Solution to Problem: Application of Zn-Containing Fertilizers
+Zn-Zn+Zn-Zn+ZnZinc Deficiency in Central Anatolia
Use of Zn-enriched NP and NPK fertilizers in Turkey following NATO-Zinc ProjectSources: Turkish Ministry of Agriculture, 2004; TOROS Tarm, 2007 Years1000 tonsDetection of Zn deficiency in wheat in Central AnatoliaZn-fertilizer market: nearly >200 mio USD/year
Chart1
0
2
26.057
104.595
153.366
175.349
197.203
163.382
208.603
297.874
305
332
349
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Sheet2
Sheet3
GBRE ETLER (TON)
YILLAR20-20-0-Zn15-15-15-Zn10-25-20-Zn10-15-25-ZnTOPLAMFRMALARyllar
01994
1995200021995
199626.05700026.057Toros1996
199791.616012.9790104.595Toros, Gbreta1997
1998130167.3660153.366Toros, Gbreta1998
1999151.6264.5719.1530175.349Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege1999
2000167.54726.1133.5430197.203Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege2000
2001125.17216.72521.4850163.382Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege2001
2002159.30527.298220208.603Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege, Tgsa2002
2003209.23442.0529.08217.508297.874Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege, Tgsa2003
20043052004
3322005
3492006
Sheet3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet6
GBRE ETLER (TON)
YILLAR20-20-0-Zn15-15-15-Zn10-25-20-Zn10-15-25-ZnTOPLAMFRMALAR
199520002
199626.05700026.057Toros
199791.616012.9790104.595Toros, Gbreta
1998130167.3660153.366Toros, Gbreta
1999151.6264.5719.1530175.349Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege
2000167.54726.1133.5430197.203Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege
2001125.17216.72521.4850163.382Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege
2002159.30527.298220208.603Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege, Tgsa
2003209.23442.0529.08217.508297.874Toros, Gbreta, Bagfa, Ege, Tgsa
inko Slfat ve inko Oksit olarak tketilen miktarn 1.500 ton civarnda olduu tahmin edilmektedir.
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84 86 88 9092 94 96 9800 02 04Y E A R S
16 mg kg-16 mg kg-110 mg kg-1Similar Approach in Finland:Enrichment Fertilizers with Selenium Increased Grain Selenium and Contributed to Human HealthCourtesy of Jr. Combs, slide redrawnNa2SeO4added toNPK fertilizersfor cereals
Chart2
10
220
280
275
115
115
70
80
170
180
160
Grain Selenium, g kg-1
Sheet1
'84
'86
'88
'90
'92
'94
'96
'98
'00
'02
'04
Sheet1
10
220
280
275
115
115
70
80
170
180
160
Grain Selenium, g kg-1
Sheet2
Na2SeO4added toNPK Fertilizers
6 ppm (Forage)
16 ppm (Cereals)
6 ppm (all)
10 ppm (all)
Y E A R S
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A New HarvestPlus ProjectAgronomic Biofortification
Use of Zinc-Containing Fertilizers for Enriching Cereal Grains with Zinc and Improving Yield
HarvestPlusAgronomic Biofortification Project Supporting Partners Mosaic Company-USA K+S Kali GmbH-Germany HarvestPlus-USA International Zinc Association-USA OMEX Agriculture-UK International Fertilizer Industry Assoc.-France International Plant Nutrition Institute-USA
Scientific Coordination Sabanci University, Istanbul-Turkey
Collaborating Institutions-Target Countries-
BRAZIL: EMPRABA-Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation,CHINA: China Agricultural University, BeijingINDIA: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New DelhiZIMBABWE: University of Zimbabwe MOZAMBIQUE: Instituto de Investigacao Agraria de Mocambique (IIAM); Maputo PAKISTAN: National Agricultural Research Center, IslamabadTHAILAND: Chiang Mai UniversityTURKEY: Ministry of Agriculture
Internat. ZincAssoc. USAOMEX Ltd.England Mosaic Co.USA K+S GmbHGermanySupporting PartnersSupporting Partners Institutional OrganizationConsortium InstitutionCHINACAU: China Agric. UniversityINDIAIARI: Indian Agric. Res. Inst.TURKEYMinistry of AgricultureTHAILANDChiang Mai UniversityPAKISTANNARC: Nat. Agric. Res. Cen.MOZAMBIQUE IIAM: Inst Inv Agr MozBRAZILEMBRAPA:Agr. Res. Corp.Collaborating Countries/Institutions Int. Fertilizer Ind. Assoc. France Int. Plant Nutr. Inst. USAZIMBABWESoil Fertility Cons. for Southern Africa Coordinating Institution
