MIDDLE COLONIES AND THE LOWER SOUTH

• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania

• Lower South• South Carolina• Background• Labor• Slave Trade and Life

under slavery

• Georgia

• Conclusion

• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe

NEW YORK

NEW YORK

• Dutch hired Henry Hudson • 1609-1611• Search for NW Passage

NEW YORK

• New Netherland was established in 1625 on Manhattan Island by the Dutch

NEW YORK

• Dutch West India Fur Company - founded New Netherland• Fur trade was key to regional economy

NEW YORK

• Patroonship (large land grants) were awarded to individuals bringing 50 settlers to the colony

NEW YORK

• Population - 9,000 lived in New Netherland by 1660s• England saw Dutch as

interlopers; tension grew between powers• Peter Stuyvesant

surrendered to English in 1664• New Netherland

became New York

NEW YORK

• Dutch Legacy• Diverse population• Dutch, English, German, French, Scandinavian, Africa• Protestant, Catholics, Jews, Muslims• Center for commerce

PENNSYLVANIA

PENNSYLVANIA

• 1681 Charles II granted William Penn a charter to establish a colony

PENNSYLVANIA

• Two Goals• Establish a haven for

the Society of Friends (Quakers)

QUAKERS

• Quaker = Society of Friends• Quakers –

Reformed Church• Equality of all

peoples• No clergy• Women were

involved in church policy

PENNSYLVANIA

• Two Goals• Establish a haven for

Quakers• Penn hoped to make

money• Diverse Immigrant

population• Philadelphia (City of

Brotherly Love) quickly became one of the most important ports in the colonies

DELAWARE AND NEW JERSEY

• Delaware• Colonial congress• Penn. And Delaware

shared governor

• New Jersey• Originally charter

colony• Becomes royal

colony

CHECK UP!New England Middle Colonies Southern Colonies

Social

Economic

Government

All Three

CHECK UP!

New England Middle Colonies Southern Colonies

New England (Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire)Economy:focused on trading, farming, lumbering, fishing, later manufacturingTriangular trade (rum from New England for slaves in Africa -> molasses in West Indies -> New England)Small manufacturing—mostly for naval stores (tar, pitch, pine, turpentine)Social:settlers moved by families emphasized on education & religiontownships, center= church JeremiadFranchise to freemen (male church members); some to all citizensRan by assemblies

Vocab:

John Calvin and the doctrine of predestinationSeparatistsPuritansPilgrims, and Plymouth Mayflower CompactJohn Winthrop and "A Model of Christian Charity"Roger WilliamsAnne HutchinsonNew England town meetingCharter ColonyRoyal governorscolonial assembliesGreat AwakeningJonathan EdwardsGeorge WhitefieldNew Lights versus Old Lights

Middle Colonies (Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey)Economy:“bread colonies” Social:unlike the North & South, did not establish state religionsdistinguished by its racial & religious diversity—Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots, German Baptists, Portuguese Jews, Lutherans, Quakers, African Americans, Native Americans, etc)

Vocab:

League of the IroquoisNorthwest PassageProprietor ColonyWilliam PennQuakersMercantilismNavigation ActsBenjamin Franklin

Chesapeake/ South (Virginia, Maryland, North & South Carolina, Georgia)Economy:Relied heavily on cultivation of tobaccoHeadright system (sponsor indentured servants to work on plantations/cultivation)By 1750, slaves were the main workers; came by the way of the “Middle Passage”Indigo & rice also made a profitSocial:mostly men; little women (came in search for economic opportunities)unhealthy populationsocial pyramid: planter aristocrats > small farmers (yeomen) > landless whites > slaves

joint-stock companyAnglicansRoanokeVirginia Company of LondonCaptain John SmithJohn RolfePocahontasheadrightsStuart Restorationindentured servantsProprietor ColonyCharter ColonyVirginia House of Burgesses and Royal Governor's CouncilCecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)Maryland Act of Religious TolerationBacon's RebellionJohn LockeMercantilismNavigation ActsJames OglethorpeStono RebellionEnlightenmentBenjamin Franklin

All Three

• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania

• South• Background• Economy• Society

• Slavery• Conclusion

• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe

SOUTHERN COLONIES

• Chesapeake Bay• Maryland• Virginia

• Deep South• North Carolina• South Carolina• Georgia

CHESAPEAKE BAY

MARYLAND

• Founded by Lord Baltimore• Colony for English

Catholics• Toleration Act

1649/1657

VIRGINIA

• Founded by Virginia Company• Founded for

mercantilism• Cash crop =

Tobacco

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA

• 1663 - Granted to 8 Lords Proprietors Founded for mercantilism• 1729 – Divided N/S• Cash crop = Rice,

Indigo• Colonists from

Barbados

GEORGIA

• Goals• buffer between

Carolinas and Sp. Florida• Haven for debtors

and rel. persecuted

• Founder• James E. Oglethorpe

CHECK UP!

• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania

• South• Background• Economy• Society

• Slavery• Conclusion

• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe

ECONOMY

• Plantation – Large property owned by an individual used to grow a cash crop

ECONOMY - PLANTATION

Tobacco Rice

ECON 101

• Large profits could be made, but prices fluctuated

NAVIGATION ACTS (1651-1673)

• Goods sent to the colonies had to be transported on English ships• Enumerated goods, such as wool, sugar, tobacco,

and indigo, had to be shipped to England by English ships.• All foreign goods had to travel through England

before reaching the colonies

• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania

• South• Background• Economy• Society

• Slavery• Conclusion

• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe

SOCIETY (FAMILY LIFE)

• High Infant mortality rates• Life expectancy in

1600s• Men: 48• Women: 44

CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY

• Homes were spread-out and far from one another• Usually placed along rivers and streams• Low pop. Density• 6 people per sq. mile

• Large plantation homes were centers of social life

CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY (FAMILY LIFE)

• Labor Force: Servants and slaves

CHECK UP!

• What does this document reveal about Southern society?

SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS

• 1630-1700 - 110,000 migrated to Southern Colonies• 90% - indentured

servants• Most servants were

male

SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS

• Headright System – Planters who bring migrants to colonies receive land bonus.

SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS

• Plantation Owners paid for Atlantic• Servants worked 4-7 years• 40% died within 6 years of their arrival

BACON’S REBELLION

• Economic Crisis• The price of tobacco

plummeted• Conflict with Native

Americans• Gap between rich

and poor

BACON’S REBELLION

• Settlers and former servants moved on to land reserved for Indians• Indians retaliated• William Berkeley, Virginia’s Governor, did not

respond with force; Settlers did

BACON’S REBELLION

• Nathaniel Bacon led a militia of about 300• Fought to

exterminate Indians on Virginia’s frontier• Clashed with the

Governor and burned Jamestown• Bacon died suddenly

of dysentery

BACON’S REBELLION (AFTERMATH)

• Planters increased importation of African Slaves• Decreased importation of indentured servants

Turning point in Colonial History

• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania

• South• Background• Economy• Society

• Slavery• Conclusion

• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe

SOUTH CAROLINA AND LABOR

• Native Americans• Indentured

Servants• African Slaves

WHY SWITCH FROM SERVANTS TO SLAVES

• Slaves were slaves for life• African slaves had a

great deal of knowledge of rice cultivation• Health reasons: Malaria

and yellow fever were deadly to Europeans• Many Africans had

natural immunities to these diseases

SLAVE TRADE

• Largest migration in human history; involved about 10 million Africans• By mid 1710s,

Africans outnumbered whites in South Colonies

AFRICAN ORIGINS OF NORTH AMERICAN SLAVES 1690-1807

DESTINATION OF SLAVES

Destination of African Slaves (1519–1867)

Destination Percentage

Portuguese America 38.5%

British America (minus North America) 18.4%

Spanish Empire 17.5%

French Americas 13.6%

British North America (Colonies) 6.45%

English Americas 3.25%

Dutch West Indies 2.0%

Danish West Indies 0.3%

SLAVES AS A PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION

AFRICAN SLAVERY, INLAND TRADE

• Slavery had long existed in Africa• They were typically

debtors, criminals, or captives from war

MIDDLE PASSAGE

• Middle Passage: the voyage from Africa to the New World• 10-20%

mortality rate

GENERATIONS OF SLAVERY

• Foundation Gen.• Plantation Gen.• Migration Gen.• Emancipation Gen.

LIFE UNDER SLAVERY (LOWER SOUTH)

• Task System• Typically on rice farms• Slaves were given a

task each day; once completed their work was over• Slaves often used free

time to grow their own food

• On a daily basis, slaves often did not work closely with whites

LIFE UNDER SLAVERY (CHESAPEAKE BAY)

• Gang System• Typically on Tobacco

farms• Slaves worked in

smaller groups• They often worked

from sunrise to sunset

LIFE UNDER SLAVERY

• Slaves were bought and sold like animals• Typically lived in one room shacks• Common Diet: corn and salted pork

LIFE UNDER SLAVERYSLAVE REBELLION

• Southern Slave owners greatly feared a slave rebellion• Stono Rebellion in 1739• 60 slaves rose in rebellion against their owners• Dozens of whites were killed• Plantations were destroyed• Rebellion was eventually crushed and many of the slaves

killed.• This was the largest rebellion in the colonies

LIFE UNDER SLAVERYSLAVE REBELLION

• Reaction to Stono Rebellion• Slave Codes• Slave Patrols were expanded• Slaves could not testify in court against a white person• It was illegal to teach a slave to read or write• Slave owners faced fines if they did not control their slaves