82

1626Manhattan Islandpurchased from theManhates people

1664New Amsterdambecomes New York

1681William Penn foundsPennsylvania

1702New Jersey becomesa royal colony

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

Main IdeaPeople from many different countriessettled in the Middle Colonies for avariety of reasons, including religiousfreedom.

Key Termspatroon, proprietary colony, pacifist

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section, re-create the diagrambelow and describe how the MiddleColonies were founded.

Read to Learn why the Middle Colonies had the

most diverse populations in colo-nial America.

who was Americas first town planner.

Section ThemeIndividual Action Leaders such asPeter Stuyvesant and William Pennhelped the Middle Colonies grow.

Middle Colonies

English royal plate

Colony Founder Why settlers came

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

In 1649, 17-year-old Philip Henry stood near the back of the crowd gathered arounda public platform near Whitehall Palace in London. There he watched Charles I, theking of England, prepare to die. The king made a short speech, prayed silently, andthen knelt with his head on the block.

With just one blow, the executioner severed the kings head from his body. At thatmoment, the crowd uttered such a groan as I never heard before, and desire I maynever hear again, Henry wrote in his diary.

England and the ColoniesIn England the Puritans who controlled Parliament were engaged in a strug-

gle for power against King Charles I. In 1642 a civil war began. Led by OliverCromwell, a Puritan, the Parliamentary forces defeated the king. Charles I wasbeheaded in 1649 after a parliamentary court declared him guilty of treason.

A new government was established with Cromwell as Protector. During theseyears of unrest, many Puritans left New England and returned to England tofight with Parliaments forces. After the war ended, English men and womenloyal to the king went to royal colonies like Virginia.

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1600 1650 1700

83CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliamentbrought back the monarchy, but placed new lim-its on the rulers powers. Charles II, son ofCharles I, became king in 1660. His reign iscalled the Restoration because the monarchy hadbeen restored.

In 1660 England had two clusters of coloniesin what is now the United StatesMassachu-setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and RhodeIsland in the north and Maryland and Virginiain the south. Between the two groups of Englishcolonies were lands that the Dutch controlled.

In 1621 a group of Dutch merchants hadformed the Dutch West India Company to tradein the Americas. Their posts along the HudsonRiver grew into the colony of New Netherland.The main settlement of the colony was NewAmsterdam, located on Manhattan Island. In1626 the company bought Manhattan from theManhates people for small quantities of beadsand other goods. Blessed with a good seaport,the city of New Amsterdam soon became a cen-ter of shipping to and from the Americas.

To increase the number of permanent settlersin its colony, the Dutch West India Company sentover families from the Netherlands, Germany,Sweden, and Finland. The company gave a largeestate to anyone who brought at least 50 settlersto work the land. The wealthy landowners whoacquired these riverfront estates were calledpatroons. The patroons ruled like kings. Theyhad their own courts and laws. Settlers owed thepatroon labor and a share of their crops.

England Takes OverNew Netherland boasted an excellent harbor

and thriving river trade. The English wanted toacquire the valuable Dutch colony that laybetween Englands New England and SouthernColonies. In 1664 the English sent a fleet toattack New Amsterdam.

At the time Peter Stuyvesant was governor ofthe colony. His strict rule and heavy taxesturned many of the people in New Netherlandagainst him. When the English ships sailed intoNew Amsterdams harbor, the governor wasunprepared for a battle and surrendered thecolony to the English forces.

N

S

EW

100 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection

100 miles0

36N

40N

72W

76W

AtlanticOcean

NEW YORK

PENNSYLVANIA

NEWJERSEY

DELAWAREDover

Philadelphia

Perth AmboyNew York City

Wilmington

Albany

Area claimedby New York

and NewHampshire

King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,the Duke of York, who renamed it New York.New York was a proprietary colony, a colony inwhich the owner, or proprietor, owned all theland and controlled the government. It differedfrom the New England Colonies where voterselected the governor and an assembly.

Most of New Yorks settlers lived in the Hud-son River valley. The Duke of York promised thediverse colonists freedom of religion. In 1654, 23Brazilian Jews had settled in New Amsterdam.

Grain

Cattle

Fish

Lumber

Rum

Iron

Products

The Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies were settled by people from many differentcountries and ethnic backgrounds.1. Region What were the four Middle Colonies and what

were their main products?2. Drawing Conclusions What geographic features

made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?

83CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliamentbrought back the monarchy, but placed new lim-its on the rulers powers. Charles II, son ofCharles I, became king in 1660. His reign iscalled the Restoration because the monarchy hadbeen restored.

In 1660 England had two clusters of coloniesin what is now the United StatesMassachu-setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and RhodeIsland in the north and Maryland and Virginiain the south. Between the two groups of Englishcolonies were lands that the Dutch controlled.

In 1621 a group of Dutch merchants hadformed the Dutch West India Company to tradein the Americas. Their posts along the HudsonRiver grew into the colony of New Netherland.The main settlement of the colony was NewAmsterdam, located on Manhattan Island. In1626 the company bought Manhattan from theManhates people for small quantities of beadsand other goods. Blessed with a good seaport,the city of New Amsterdam soon became a cen-ter of shipping to and from the Americas.

To increase the number of permanent settlersin its colony, the Dutch West India Company sentover families from the Netherlands, Germany,Sweden, and Finland. The company gave a largeestate to anyone who brought at least 50 settlersto work the land. The wealthy landowners whoacquired these riverfront estates were calledpatroons. The patroons ruled like kings. Theyhad their own courts and laws. Settlers owed thepatroon labor and a share of their crops.

England Takes OverNew Netherland boasted an excellent harbor

and thriving river trade. The English wanted toacquire the valuable Dutch colony that laybetween Englands New England and SouthernColonies. In 1664 the English sent a fleet toattack New Amsterdam.

At the time Peter Stuyvesant was governor ofthe colony. His strict rule and heavy taxesturned many of the people in New Netherlandagainst him. When the English ships sailed intoNew Amsterdams harbor, the governor wasunprepared for a battle and surrendered thecolony to the English forces.

N

S

EW

100 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection

100 miles0

36N

40N

72W

76W

AtlanticOcean

NEW YORK

PENNSYLVANIA

NEWJERSEY

DELAWAREDover

Philadelphia

Perth AmboyNew York City

Wilmington

Albany

Area claimedby New York

and NewHampshire

King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,the Duke of York, who renamed it New York.New York was a proprietary colony, a colony inwhich the owner, or proprietor, owned all theland and controlled the government. It differedfrom the New England Colonies where voterselected the governor and an assembly.

Most of New Yorks settlers lived in the Hud-son River valley. The Duke of York promised thediverse colonists freedom of religion. In 1654, 23Brazilian Jews had settled in New Amsterdam.

Grain

Cattle

Fish

Lumber

Rum

Iron

Products

The Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies were settled by people from many differentcountries and ethnic backgrounds.1. Region What were the four Middle Colonies and what

were their main products?2. Drawing Conclusions What geographic features

made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?

They were the first Jews to settle in North Amer-ica. In 1664 New York had about 8,000 inhabi-tants. Most were Dutch, but Germans, Swedes,Native Americans, and Puritans from New Eng-land lived there as well. The population alsoincluded at least 300 enslaved Africans. NewAmsterdam, which was later called New YorkCity, was one of the fastest-growing locations inthe colony.

By 1683 the colonys population had swelledto about 12,000 people. A governor and councilappointed by the Duke of York directed thecolonys affairs. The colonists demanded a rep-resentative government like the governments ofthe other English colonies. The duke resistedthe idea, but the people of New York would notgive up. Finally, in 1691, the English govern-ment allowed New York to elect a legislature.

New JerseyThe Duke of York gave the southern part of

his colony, between the Hudson and DelawareRivers, to Lord John Berkeley and Sir GeorgeCarteret. The proprietors named their colonyNew Jersey after the island of Jersey in the Eng-lish Channel, where Carteret was born.

To attract settlers, the proprietors offeredlarge tracts of land and generous terms. Theyalso promised freedom of religion, trial by jury,and a representative assembly. The assemblywould make local laws and set tax rates.

Like New York, New Jersey was a place ofethnic and religious diversity. Because New Jer-sey had no natural harbors, however, it did notdevelop a major port or city like New York.

The proprietors of New Jersey did not makethe profits they had expected. Berkeley sold hisshare, West Jersey, in 1674. Carterets share, EastJersey, was sold in 1682.

By 1702 New Jersey had passed back into thehands of the king, becoming a royal colony. Thecolonists still continued to make local laws.

Explaining Why did no major portdevelop in New Jersey?

PennsylvaniaIn 1680 William Penn, a wealthy English gen-

tleman, presented a plan to King Charles. Pennsfather had once lent the king a great deal ofmoney. Penn had inherited the kings promise to

84 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

History Through Art

Penns Treaty with the Indians In 1682 William Pennmade his first treaty with the Delaware people. Why didPenn see Pennsylvania as a holy experiment?

They were the first Jews to settle in North Amer-ica. In 1664 New York had about 8,000 inhabi-tants. Most were Dutch, but Germans, Swedes,Native Americans, and Puritans from New Eng-land lived there as well. The population alsoincluded at least 300 enslaved Africans. NewAmsterdam, which was later called New YorkCity, was one of the fastest-growing locations inthe colony.

By 1683 the colonys population had swelledto about 12,000 people. A governor and councilappointed by the Duke of York directed thecolonys affairs. The colonists demanded a rep-resentative government like the governments ofthe other English colonies. The duke resistedthe idea, but the people of New York would notgive up. Finally, in 1691, the English govern-ment allowed New York to elect a legislature.

New JerseyThe Duke of York gave the southern part of

his colony, between the Hudson and DelawareRivers, to Lord John Berkeley and Sir GeorgeCarteret. The proprietors named their colonyNew Jersey after the island of Jersey in the Eng-lish Channel, where Carteret was born.

To attract settlers, the proprietors offeredlarge tracts of land and generous terms. Theyalso promised freedom of religion, trial by jury,and a representative assembly. The assemblywould make local laws and set tax rates.

Like New York, New Jersey was a place ofethnic and religious diversity. Because New Jer-sey had no natural harbors, however, it did notdevelop a major port or city like New York.

The proprietors of New Jersey did not makethe profits they had expected. Berkeley sold hisshare, West Jersey, in 1674. Carterets share, EastJersey, was sold in 1682.

By 1702 New Jersey had passed back into thehands of the king, becoming a royal colony. Thecolonists still continued to make local laws.

Explaining Why did no major portdevelop in New Jersey?

PennsylvaniaIn 1680 William Penn, a wealthy English gen-

tleman, presented a plan to King Charles. Pennsfather had once lent the king a great deal ofmoney. Penn had inherited the kings promise to

84 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

History Through Art

Penns Treaty with the Indians In 1682 William Pennmade his first treaty with the Delaware people. Why didPenn see Pennsylvania as a holy experiment?

repay the loan. Instead of money, however, Pennasked for land in America. Pleased to get rid ofhis debt so easily, the king gave Penn a tract ofland stretching inland from the Delaware River.The new colony, named Pennsylvania, wasnearly as large as England.

William Penn belonged to a Protestant groupof dissenters called the Society of Friends, orQuakers. The Quakers believed that every indi-vidual had an inner light that could guide himor her to salvation. Each person could experiencereligious truth directly, which meant that churchservices and officials were unnecessary. Every-one was equal in Gods sight. Though firm intheir beliefs, the Quakers were tolerant of theviews of others.

Many people in England found the Quakersideas a threat to established traditions. Quakerswould not bow or take off their hats to lords andladies because of their belief that everyone wasequal. In addition they were pacifists, peoplewho refuse to use force or to fight in wars.Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executedfor their beliefs.

William Penn saw Pennsylvania as a holyexperiment, a chance to put the Quaker idealsof toleration and equality into practice. In 1682he sailed to America to supervise the building ofPhiladelphia, the city of brotherly love. Pennbelieved that

any government is free to the people underit . . . where the laws rule, and the people are aparty to those laws.

Penn had designed the city himself, makinghim Americas first town planner. Penn alsowrote Pennsylvanias first constitution.

Penn believed that the land belonged to theNative Americans and that settlers should payfor it. In 1682 he negotiated the first of severaltreaties with local Native Americans.

To encourage European settlers to come toPennsylvania, Penn advertised the colonythroughout Europe with pamphlets in severallanguages. By 1683 more than 3,000 English,Welsh, Irish, Dutch, and German settlers hadarrived. In 1701, in the Charter of Liberties, Penngranted the colonists the right to elect represen-tatives to the legislative assembly.

The southernmost part of Pennsylvania wascalled the Three Lower Counties. Settled bySwedes in 1638, the area had been taken over bythe Dutch and the English before becoming part ofPennsylvania. The Charter of Privileges allowedthe lower counties to form their own legislature,which they did in 1704. Thereafter the countiesfunctioned as a separate colony known asDelaware, supervised by Pennsylvanias governor.

Summarizing How did WilliamPenn encourage self-government?

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use the following keyterms: patroon, proprietary colony,pacifist

2. Reviewing Facts What did the Char-ter of Liberties grant to Pennsylvaniacolonists?

Reviewing Themes3. Individual Action How did William

Penn earn the respect of NativeAmericans?

Critical Thinking4. Compare and Contrast How was

the Quaker religion different fromthat of the Puritans?

5. Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and describe howeach of the Middle Colonies was governed.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Review the map

on page 83. What is the title of themap? What items are shown in thekey? What products were importantto Pennsylvania?

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 85

Art Design a flag for one of theMiddle Colonies. Decide what sym-bols and colors would be appropri-ate to represent that colony.Display your flags in class.

Colony Type of government

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania