Milk Proteins, Food Intake and Post Meal Glucose Regulation

G. Harvey Anderson, Bohdan Luhovyy and Tina Akhavan

University of Toronto

Luhovyy BL, Akhavan T, Anderson GH: J Am Coll Nutr. 26(6):704S-12S, 2007.

Whey protein, along with other milk proteins, contribute to regulation of food intake and the components of the

metabolic syndrome

Whey Protein

Reduces Food Intake

Reduces Blood Pressure

DecreasesInflammation

ReducesBlood Glucose

IncreaseSatiation / Satiety

DecreasesAppetite

Preloads and Test Meal Food Intake

Test Protein Drink (50g, 200 kcal)

Calorie-free (Control)

Measure Food Intake

700kcal?

Measure Food Intake

900kcal

900 (kcal) – 700 (kcal)-------------------------------- x 100 = 100%

200 (kcal)Caloric

Compensation

Defined time e.g. 60 min

+ 60 min

Anderson GH, Tecimer SN, Shah D, Zafar TA: J Nutr 134 (11):3011-5, 2004.Control Sucrose Whey Soy Egg

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

aab

c

bc

a

Food

Inta

ke (k

cal)

Compensation (%)

25 96 75 -25

Mean ± SEM. n=14 Different superscripts indicate p<0.05

Protein Source (45 g) as Liquid Preload and Food Intake in Young Men at 60 min

800

900

1000

1100

Control Complete Milk Protein

Casein Whey

Food

Inta

ke (k

cal)

a

b

b b

Compensation (%)

60 75 90

Mean ± SEM. n=14. Different superscripts indicate p<0.05

Moore SE: Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Toronto, 2004.

Milk Proteins (50 g) as Liquid Preloads and Food Intake of Young Men at 90 min

Moore SE: Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Toronto, 2004.

800

900

1000

1100

Control Whey Casein

Food

Inta

ke (k

cal)

a

b

bc

c

Compensation (%)

50 75 93

Complete Milk Protein

Mean ± SEM. N=14 Different superscripts indicate p<0.05

Milk Proteins (50 g) as Liquid Preloads and Food Intake of Young Men at 150 min

ControlWheyCaseinComplete Milk Protein

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15 20 40 60 80 110 140C

hang

e in

Ave

rage

App

etite

(mm

) Time (min)

a

ab

b

ab

a

ab

ab

abab

b

b

a

Different superscripts indicate p<0.05

Moore SE: Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Toronto, 2004.

Milk Proteins (50 g) as Liquid Preloads and Average Appetite of Young Men over 140 min

But-What about the Dose?

Unpublished Tina Akhavan, Clara Cho,

Bohdan Luhovyy, Harvey Anderson

-Food Intake-Blood glucose?-Insulin?

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

10 g 20 g 30 g 40 gControl

Food

Inta

ke, K

cal

aab

b b

c

153 150 104 150

Caloric Compensation (%)

Mean ± SEM. n=16. Different superscripts indicate p<0.05

Akhavan T: Unpublished data -University of Toronto, 2008.

Dose of Whey Protein and Food Intake of Young Men 30 min Later

Dose of Whey and Average Appetite

Different superscripts show significant difference among treatments at post-meal (GLM, p< 0.05, n= 16).

Pre-Meal (0-30 min) Post-Meal (30-95 min)

-3500

-3000

-2500

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

010 g 20 g 30 g 40 gwater

ab ab a a

b

10 g 20 g 30 g 40 gwater

Ave

rage

App

etite

AU

C, m

m×m

in

Milk and The Glucose Regulation

Treatment(25g CHO)

GlycemicIndex

Insulin Index

W. Bread 100a 100a

Lactose 68±8b 50±6b

Whole Milk 30±4c 90±8a

Ostman EM et al, AJCN 2001, 74:96-100

Dose Response Study: Fixed Meal: Effects of Whey on Glucose and Insulin

1. 5 g whey protein2. 10 g whey protein3. 20 g whey protein4. 40 g whey protein5. 10 g hydrolyzed

whey protein6. Water (control)

1. 5 g whey protein2. 10 g whey protein3. 20 g whey protein4. 40 g whey protein5. 10 g hydrolyzed

whey protein6. Water (control)

Preloads served in liquid forms (300 ml) in random order.

Additional 100 ml of water was served with preloads. N=12

Male, n 12Female, n 12Age, y 18-25 BMI, kg/m2 20-24.9

Treatments Subjects

Protocol

Standard Breakfast

4 hrs

Baseline

0 15 30 50 65 80 95 110 140 170

20 min

Fixed MealTreatments

Blood glucose and blood sample for insulin measurement (Finger Prick)

Average Appetite (Visual Analogue Scale Questionnaire)

Standard Breakfast = 2% milk, orange juice and cereal (340 Kcal)

Fixed Food Intake = 12 kcal/ kg body weight

Different superscripts are significantly different at each time by one-way ANOVA (GLM, Tukey’s post hoc, p<0.05, n = 10).

Blo

od G

luco

se, m

mol

/L

Time, min

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

0 15 30 50 65 80 95 110 140 170

5 g whey10 g whey20 g whey40 g whey10 g hydrolyzed wheywater

aa

aababb

aa

ab

bc

cd

d

aa

a

ab

a

b

aabababab

b

Meal

Dose of Whey and Blood Glucose Pre and Post Fixed Meal

Dose of Whey and Blood Glucose Pre and Post Fixed Meal (AUC)

Different superscripts show significant difference among treatments (GLM, p< 0.01, n=10)., Tukey’s test.

Blo

od G

luco

se A

UC

,m

mol

×min

/LPre-Meal (0-30 min) Post-Meal (30-95 min)

-10

10

30

50

70

90

110

water 5 g W 10 gW

10 gH.W

20 gW

40 gW

water 5 g W 10 gW

10 gH.W

20 gW

40 gW

a ab bc

ab

cdd

∆In

sulin

, μIU

/ml

Different superscripts are significantly different at each time by one-way ANOVA (GLM, Tukey’s post hoc, p<0.05, n = 10).

Pre-Meal (at 30 min) Post-Meal (at 110 min)

02468

1012141618

water 5 g 10 gH

10 g 20 g 40 g water 5 g 10 gH

10 g 20 g 40 g

a

ab

bb

ab

a

aabab

abb

b

Dose of Whey and Blood Insulin Pre and Post Fixed Meal

Insu

lin A

UC

, μIU

.min

/ml

Different superscripts are significantly different at each time by one-way ANOVA (GLM, Tukey’s post hoc, p<0.05, n = 10).

Pre-Meal (0-30 min) Post-Meal (30-170 min)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

water 5 g 10 gH

10 g 20 g 40 g water 5 g 10 gH

10 g 20 g 40 g

aab

cbc

bca

aababc

abc

bcc

Dose of Whey and Blood Insulin Pre and Post Fixed Meal (AUC)

ControlWheyCaseinComplete Milk Protein

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

base 20 40 60 80 120Time (minutes)

Blo

od G

luco

se (m

mol

/L)

bbb

a

Pizza meal

Moore, S.E. M.Sc. Thesis50 g protein, 12 men.

Is the Post-meal Blood Glucose Response to Milk Protein only due to Whey?

Conclusions

1. Proteins reduce short-term food intake compared to other macronutrients, but their effect on the dependent measure is affected by dose and source, and timing.

2. Whey and milk proteins are functional in appetite and metabolic control in practical quantities for food formulations.

3. Whey consumed alone has important short term benefits in the regulation of blood glucose response POSTMEAL to carbohydrates.

4. Maximum benefits of whey proteins for food intake and glucoregulation may be dependent on consumption of the intact protein

Acknowledgements

• Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes Strategic Initiative

• Canadian Institute of Health Research

• Bristol-Myers Squibb / Mead Johnson Freedom to Discover Grant

• Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

• Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

• Unrestricted matching funds: General Mills, Kraft, Canadian Sugar Institute, Heinz

• Special Thanks to the TEAM

Time (min)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0 20 40 60 80C

hang

e in

Ave

rage

App

etite

(mm

)

ControlWheyCaseinComplete Milk Protein

a

a

ab

b

Milk Proteins (50 g) as Liquid Preloads and Average Appetite of Young Men over

80 min

Different superscripts indicate p<0.05

Moore SE: Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Toronto, 2004.