Modelo de Cambio Organizacional

7/23/2019 Modelo de Cambio Organizacional

1/67

GESTIN DEL CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL PARA MAXIMIZAR LOS

RESULTADOS EN UNA EMPRESA PRODUCTIVA DEL ESTADO.

NDICEPGINA

TTULO.....iPLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA .iiOBJETIVO GENERAL..iiiOBJETIVOS PARTICULARESHIPTESIS.ivVARIABLESMARCO CONTEXTUAL.MARCO TERICO.CAPTULO 1 CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL ..31.1 A!"#"$"!"% $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& ..1./ C*#"0!* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& ...11.3 C'+'#!"+2%!i#'% P+i#i0'&"% $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& /

1. i'&i$'$ $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& ...311.4 I(0*+!'#i' $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& ..34CAPTULO / MODELOS DE CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL 3/.1 G""+'&i$'$"% $" &*% M*$"&*% $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& ...35/./ M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& Ti0* G+i% ..6/.3 M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" P'7& R. L'8+"#" 9 J'9 :. L*+%#; /. M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& 3


2/67

CAPTULO 3 AGENTE DE CAMBIO .553.1 C*#"0!* $" A,"!" $" C'()i* 53./ C'+'#!"+2%!i#'% $"& A,"!" $" C'()i* ..33.3 Ti0*% $" A,"!" $" C'()i* ?3. A,"!" $" C'()i* +"#*("$'$* 0'+' "& i!* $"& P+*#"%* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&

1663.4 I(0*+!'#i' $"& A,"!" $" C'()i* " "& P+*#"%* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&161CAPTULO CASO PRCTICO ..163.1 A!"#"$"!"% $"& H. A97!'(i"!* $" C7'7!i!& I-#'&&i ..16./ P+*07"%!' $"& (*$"&* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& $"& H. A97!'(i"!* $"C7'7!i!& I-#'&&i $" &' L.A. 9 M. A. S'$+' L7- G*-&"- L0"- ...136BENEICIOS .1?/CONCLUSIONES ..1?4

ANEXOS..1?5BIBLIOGRAA.13


3/67

iiPLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMAD"!+* $" 7' "(0+"%' 0F)&i#' "i%!" $"=i#i"#i'% "*+("% 9' %"' " &*% '&!*% 9 )'*%

('$*%@ 0*+ &* 7" %" ,""+' )'%!'!"% ,'%!*% $" *0"+'#i 9 7' $"=i#i"#i' " "&

%"+vi#i*@ 0*+ "$" %" "#"%i!' $" 7 0+*#"%* $" #*#i"!i-'#i 9 +"=&"i '%2 #*(*!'()i 7 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* " i$"'%@ v'&*+"%@ '#!i!7$"%@ #*%!7()+"%@ #7&!7+'@ "!#.@ 0'+'

&*,+'+ ('i(i-'+ &*% +"%7&!'$*% 9 #*%",7i+ &' #'&i$'$ " &*% %"+vi#i*%.7 %7#"$" " 7' E(0+"%' P+*$7#!iv' $"& E%!'$* 7" #'+"#" $" 7' '$(ii%!+'#i

'$"#7'$'K

iiiOBJETIVOD"%'++*&&'+ 7 (*$"&* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& 0'+' ('i(i-'+ &*% +"%7&!'$*% 9

#*%",7i+ &' #'&i$'$ " &*% %"+vi#i*% " 7' E(0+"%' P+*$7#!iv' $"& E%!'$*.

ivHIPTESISU (*$"&* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& ('i(i-'+ &*% +"%7&!'$*% 9 %" #*%",7i+ &'#'&i$'$ " &*% %"+vi#i*% " 7' "(0+"%' $"& %"#!*+ 0F)&i#*.

1INTRODUCCINL*% '#*!"#i(i"!*% %*#i'&"%@ 0*&2!i#*% 9 %*)+" !*$* "#*(i#*% 7" "%! %7#"$i"$* "

"& (7$* '#!7'&@ ;' 0+*v*#'$* #'()i*% %7%!'#i'&"% " &'% $iv"+%'% #&'%"% $"

*+,'i-'#i*"%@ &'% #7'&"% '& i,7'& 7" &*% i$ivi$7*% ;' !"i$* 7" i+%" !+'%=*+('$* '

!+'v% $"& !i"(0* 0'+' '$'0!'+%" ' %7 ("$i* !'!* i!"+* #*(* "!"+*.E%!*% #'()i*% %" $' #*%!'!"("!"@ 0*+ &* #7'&@ &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% !i"" 0+*)&"('%

'& !+'!'+ $" #*v"#"+ ' %7% (i"()+*% $" #'()i'+ %7% i$"'%@ v'&*+"%@ '#!i!7$"%@

#*%!7()+"%@ #7&!7+' 9 "%!+7#!7+'% *+,'i-'#i*'&"% " 0+* $" ("*+'+ +"%7&!'$*%.D"%'++*&&'+%" * 7"$'+ +"-','$*. E%!'(*% !*$*% $" '#7"+$* 7" "%!' %"!"#i' !'

!+i&&'$' "#i"++' 7' v"+$'$ i",')&"@ %*)+" !*$* " &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% ,7)"+'("!'&"%

9 "(0+"%'% $"& %"#!*+ 0F)&i#*@ " $*$" &*% #'()i*% *)&i,' ' &' (i%(' ' +"vi%'+

#*%!'!"("!" &* 7" %" "%! ;'#i"$* 0'+' #*!+'++"%!'+&*%@ (% 'F@ %i "%!' "(0+"%'* '!i"$" "%!*% '%0"#!*% #'"+ " "& "%!'#'(i"!* 9 $"=i#i"#i' " &*% %"+vi#i*%.P*+ &* #7'&@ %!' *+,'i-'#i $")" !""+ 0+"%"!" 9 "%!'+ #*%#i"!" $" 7" "% "#"%'+i*

7 #'()i* 0&'"'$* 0'+' '%2 0*$"+ %'&i+ 'v'!". L' ;"++'(i"!' '$(ii%!+'!iv' 7" *%

0"+(i!" $"!"#!'+ &*% 0+*)&"('% 7" %" "#7"!+' $"!+* $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 '97$'+*%

"=i#i"!"("!" ' %*&7#i*'+&*% "% "& 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&@ "& #7'&@ %"


4/67

+"%0'&$' 0*+ &' ,+' #'!i$'$ $" "%!7$i*% +"'&i-'$*% " !*$'% 0'+!"% $"& (7$* 7" ;'

$"(*%!+'$* &'% v"!''% 9 +"%7&!'$*% "i!*%*% %i"(0+" 9 #7'$* %" $ 7' )7"'

'0&i#'#i "!+" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 "& ',"!" $" #'()i*.


5/67

S" $")" ''&i-'+ &*% 0+*#"%*% " &*% %"+vi#i*% #+"'$* " i*v'$*@ '0&i#'$* "

i(0&'!'$* &' !"#*&*,2' $" 07!' '$"(% $" $"!"+(i'+ 9 0+*,+'('+ ("*+'% i!"+'%

$"!+* $" &' "%!+7#!7+'@ ' !+'v% $" &' #'0'#i!'#i 9 "& '$i"%!+'(i"!* " !*$'% &'% +"'%

$" &' *+,'i-'#i '(0&i'$* &' #*(7i#'#i 9 "%!')&"#i"$* +",i%!+*% #* "& =i $"

&*,+'+ ('i(i-'+ +"%7&!'$*% " 7' "(0+"%' $"& %"#!*+ 0F)&i#*.E& =i 7" )7%#' %!' &2"' $" iv"%!i,'#i "% &' $" #*v"#"+ ' &' "(0+"%' $"& %"#!*+

0F)&i#*@ 7" "% "#"%'+i* "%!'+ 0+"0'+'$* 0'+' &*% #'()i*% 9 v"#"+ "& (i"$* ' &* 7"v*@

#* "& 0+*0%i!* $" ;'#"+&" =+"!" #* "=i#i"#i' 9 "=i#'#i' #* "& =i $" 7" %" #**-#' 9

'0&i7" "& 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* 0'+' 7" %" ='#i&i!" "& &*,+* 9 '$'0!'#i $" &*% (i%(*%.P*+ &* 7"@ "& ',"!" $" #'()i* $")" %"+ 7 0+*="%i*'& !#i#* 9 ;7('* #* 7' vi%i

i!",+'& $" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% 9 %7 "!*+*@ #* "& =i $" &*,+'+ %7 $"%'++*&&*. %!" $")"

$" #*!'+ #* &*% #**#i(i"!*% 9 "0"+i"#i'% "#"%'+i'% 7" '97$" ' &' *+,'i-'#i

' $i+i,i+ %7% "%=7"+-*% ;'#i' "& i!* $" &' (i%('.

E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& %" +"=&"' #7'$* %" &*,+' 7" "& 0"+%*'& !+')'" " "7i0* #*i!*@ %" i$"!i=i7" #* &*% *)"!iv*% *+,'i-'#i*'&"% 9 *)!",' &' ('9*+ %'!i%='##i

0"+%*'& $" %7 "(0&"*@ '%0"#!*% 7" &&"v' ' &' $i%(i7#i $" +*!'#i $" 0"+%*'&@

+"$7##i $" '7%"!i%(* 9 $" #*=&i#!*% i!"+*%@ "!+" *!+*% $" "%!' =*+(' %" &*,+'+

('i(i-'+ &*% +"%7&!'$*% " 7' "(0+"%' $"& %"#!*+ 0F)&i#*.


6/67

CAPTULO 1CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL

1.1 A!"#"$"!"% $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&

E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& !i"" %7% '!"#"$"!"% " &' $#'$' $" &*% ?6% 9 '77" *"%! $"=ii$*% %7% *+2,""% !*!'&("!"@ '&,7*% '7!*+"% 0+"%"!' 7' ="#;' !"!'!iv'

" #*(F@ 0*+ &* #7'&@ "& (*vi(i"!* $"& #'()i* 0&'"'$* $" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"%@ %7+,i '

0'+!i+ $"1?/@ %!" * %" &" '!+i)79" ' 7 %*&* '7!*+ %i* ' 7 #*7!* $" i$"'% #*

+"%0"#!* '& ;*()+"@ $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 $"& '()i"!"@ #* "& =i $" ='#i&i!'+ "& #+"#i(i"!*

9 $"%'++*&&* %",F %7% 0*!"#i'&i$'$"%.L'% $iv"+%'% !"*+2'% %*)+" &' *+,'i-'#i !i"" "=*7"% $i="+"!"% 9 %* )'%!'!"

#*!+'$i#!*+i'% '& #*(0'+'+&'% 7'% #* *!+'%@ '72 $"%,&*%'+"(*% '&,7'% $" "&&'%

TEORA CLSICA.L*% '7!*+"% +"0+"%"!'!iv*% =7"+* T'9&*+ 9 '9*&@ !+')''$* i$"0"$i"!"("!" %*)+"

&' "=i#i"#i'@ "& #7'& =7" "& *)"!iv* )%i#* 9 7" %" "='!i- " &' *+,'i-'#i =*+('& 9 &'

+'#i*'&i-'#i $" &*% 0+*#"$i(i"!*% $" !+')'*. E%!' !"*+2' !+'* 7 "=*7" +2,i$* 9

("#'i#i%!' 7" #*%i$"+')' '& i$ivi$7* #*(* 7' %*&' 0i"-' (% $" &' (7i'@ 0*+ &*

7"@ %" #*%i$"+' ' "%!' !"*+2' i#*(0&"!' 9 0'+#i'&i-'$'.1

TEORA DE LAS RELACIONES HUMANAS.E%!' !"*+2' "% 0+*07"%!' 0*+ E&!* M'9* 0'+' #*!+'%!'+ ' &' T"*+2' C&%i#'. E%!' !i"" %7

"=*7" " "& ;*()+" %*#i'& 9 '& #&i(' 0%i#*&,i#* 7" %" 0+"%"!')' " "& !+')'*@ %"

#*%i$"+')' " "!+"(* &'% "0"#!'!iv'% $" &*% !+')''$*+"% 9 %7% "#"%i$'$"%

0%i#*&,i#'%. L' *+,'i-'#i i=*+('& 9 &' #*(7i#'#i * #*v"#i*'& 0'%' ' %"+

0'+!" $" "%!' !"*+2'@ 0"+* !'()i %" 0+"%"! i#*(0&"!' 9 0'+#i'&i-'$' 0*+ (*%!+'+ %&*

&*% '%0"#!*% *+,'i-'#i*'&"% *&vi$'$*% 9 * #*%i$"+'$*% 0*+ &' T"*+2' C&%i#'./

TEORA DE LA BUROCRACIA.L' #7'& '%0i+')' ' $'+ &'% )'%"% $" 7 (*$"&* i$"'& 9 +'#i*'& $" *+,'i-'#i 7"

07$i"+' %"+ #*0i'$* 9 '0&i#'$* " #7'&7i"+ !i0* $" *+,'i-'#i %i i(0*+!'+ %7 '#!ivi$'$.

M' :")"+ $"%#+i)i &'% #'+'#!"+2%!i#'% (% i(0*+!'!"% $" &' *+,'i-'#i )7+*#+!i#'@

0"+* "%!' !"*+2' %&* =7" 7 0'%* (% $" &' *+,'i-'#i =*+('& 0+*07"%!' 0*+ &*%

C&%i#*%.L' *+,'i-'#i )7+*#+!i#' %" 0+"%"! #'+"!" $" =&"i)i&i$'$ ' &'% i*v'#i*"%

"#"%'+i'% " i$i%0"%')&"% " 7' %*#i"$'$ #*%!'!" #'()i*@ &* #7'&@ ;i-* 7" &' !"*+2'

=7"+' 0'+#i'&i-'$' " i#*(0&"!'.3


7/67

TEORA ESTRUCTURALISTA.R"0+"%"! 7' vi%i (% #*(0&"!' $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9' 7" #*#i)" ' &' %*#i"$'$

(*$"+' #*(* 7' %*#i"$'$ $" *+,'i-'#i*"%@ !"i"$* %7% *)"!iv*% ('9*+"%

7!i&i$'$"%@ #+"#i(i"!*@ ('9*+ "=i#i"#i'@ #*%*&i$'#i $" &' "(0+"%'@ "!#.Q@ " #*=&i#!*

#* &*% *)"!iv*% i$ivi$7'&"% $" &*% 0'+!i#i0'!"% ('9*+"% %'&'+i*%@ ("*+ ;*+'+i* $"!+')'*@ '7!*++"'&i-'#i@ 0+"%!i,i*@ %",7+i$'$ 0"+%*'&@ "!#.Q 9 #*(* +"%7&!'$* $" "%!"

#*=&i#!* %" 0+"%"!' &*% $i&"('% 9 !"%i*"% 7" "i%!" " &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% "%!'

!"*+2' "% (% $"%#+i0!iv' 9 #+2!i#' 7" 0+*0*%i!iv'@ 9' 7" * 0+*0*" 7' !"*+2' $"

*+,'i-'#i %&* #+2!i#' &'% !"*+2'% "i%!"!"%@ $i#;' !"*+2' '07!' (% ;'#i' &*%

0+*)&"('% 9 '%0"#!*% #+2!i#*% $" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% 7" ' $'+ %*&7#i*"%.

1 C;i'v"'!*@ I$'&)"+!*. I!+*$7##i ' &' !"*+2' ,""+'& $" &' '$(ii%!+'#i. M#G+'8 Hi&&.

15. P,. 55


8/67

TEORA DEL COMPORTAMIENTO.S7+," ' 0'+!i+ $" &' T"*+2' $" &'% R"&'#i*"% H7(''%@ 0'+' "%!' !"*+2' &' *+,'i-'#i %"

$"%#+i)" #*(* 7 *+,'i%(* %*#i'& #* vi$' 9 #7&!7+' 0+*0i'%@ $*$" %" $"%'++*&&'

"%!i&*% $" '$(ii%!+'#i 9 %i%!"('% $" *+,'i-'#i 0'+' !+'!'+ ' &'% 0"+%*'%. C*(*

+"%7&!'$* $" &*% #*=&i#!*% "!+" *)"!iv*% *+,'i-'#i*'&"% 9 *)"!iv*% i$ivi$7'&"% $" &*%0'+!i#i0'!"% %" $' "& #*(0*+!'(i"!* *+,'i-'#i*'&.P"+* "%!' !"*+2' %" (*%!+ (% #*(* 7' !"*+2' 7" )+i$* 7"v*% #*#"0!*% 7" #*(*

7' !"*+2' $"=ii!iv'. O!+* ='#!*+ 7" %" 0+"%"! =7" 7" &*% *)"!iv*% $" &*% i$ivi$7*% *

%i"(0+" %" #*7,' 0&"'("!" #* &*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ &* #7'& &&"v' ' &*%

0'+!i#i0'!"% ' !""+ 7 #*(0*+!'(i"!* i"=i#i"!" 7" +"!'+$' " i(0i$" "& ''#" $" &*%

*)"!iv*% *+,'i-'#i*'&"% $" ';2 &' 0+*=7$i-'#i $" &*% "%!7$i*% %*)+" &' (*!iv'#i

;7('' 9 %7 i!"+="+"#i' $"!+* $" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"%.4E "%!' !"*+2' $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* "#*!+'(*% &'% 0+i#i0'&"% !"*+2'% $" &' (*!iv'#i

7" ' #*!i7'#i %" $"%#+i)"

TEORA DE MASLO:.P'+' M'%&*8 &*% i$ivi$7*% %* $*(i'$*% 0*+ (*!iv*% * "#"%i$'$"% i!"+'%

i%'!i%="#;'%@ 7" *+i"!' 9 $"!"+(i' "& #*(0*+!'(i"!* $" "%!". M'%&*8 0+*0*" 7'

"+'+72' $" &'% "#"%i$'$"% =i%i*&,i#'%@ $" %",7+i$'$@ %*#i'&"%@ $" "%!i(' 9 $"

'7!*++"'&i-'#i. & $"%#+i)2' 7" &'% "#"%i$'$"% =i%i*&,i#'% %* "#"%i$'$"% $"

#+""#i' 9 7" &'% "#"%i$'$"% $" '7!*++"'&i-'#i %* $" #+"#i(i"!*. T'()i

#*!+i)79 #* 7' 0%i#*&*,2' $" &' 0"+%*'&i$'$ $" &*% i$ivi$7*% #* )'%" " &'

(*!iv'#i ;7(''@ )+i$'$* $"('%i'$' i(0*+!'#i' ' &'% "#"%i$'$"% i!"+'% $"&;*()+"@ %i #*%i$"+'+ &' %i!7'#i $*$" "%! 7)i#'$*.

TEORA DE M#GREGOR.A$(i!" &' "i%!"#i' $" 7 #*=&i#!* )%i#* "!+" &'% "#"%i$'$"% $" &*% i$ivi$7*% 9 &'%

$" &' *+,'i-'#i i,7' $" &'% 0'+!"% 07"$" %"+ 0&"'("!" %'!i%="#;'@ %i "()'+,*

"& '$(ii%!+'$*+ $")" *+i"!'+ %7% "%=7"+-*% " "%" %"!i$*.P+*0*" &' T"*+2' X 7" #*++"%0*$" ' &' %70*%i#i $" 7" "& ;*()+" "% 7' #+i'!7+'

i$*&"!" 9 7" ;79" ' &' +"%0*%')i&i$'$@ $" $*$" %7+," &' "#"%i$'$ $" *+,'i-'+ !*$*

%7 !+')'* 9 #*!+*&'+&* !"'-("!"@ #*(* &* ;'#i' &' !"*+2' #&%i#'.

L' T"*+2' 7" #*++"%0*$" ' &' %70*%i#i $" 7" "& ;*()+" "% 7' #+i'!7+' 7" !i""

(*!iv'#i*"% 9 "#"%i$'$"% 7" !i"" 7" %'!i%='#"+@ $" ';2 &' "#"%i$'$ $" #**#i(i"!*

$" &' (*!iv'#i ;7('' #*(* ("$i* $" *)!"#i $" "=i#i"#i' " "& !+')'*.L' !"*+2' $" M#G+",*+ 0+*0*" 7" "& ;*()+" +"7"v' %7% 0+*0i'% "#"%i$'$"%@ 0+*0*"

7' '$(ii%!+'#i 0'+!i#i0'!iv' * #*%7&!iv'@ " &' #7'&@ &*% i$ivi$7*% 0'+!i#i0' * %*

#*%7&!'$*% " #7'!* ' &'% "#"%i$'$"% 7" $")" !*('+%" #* +"%0"#!* ' &. P"+* "%!'


9/67

!"*+2' ;' %i$* iv"%!i,'$' 0+#!i#'("!" 9 $"(*%!+ &' "i%!"#i' $" #7'&7i"+ +"&'#i

"!+" &' '$(ii%!+'#i 0'+!i#i0'!iv' 9 +"%7&!'$*% %i,i=i#'!iv*% " &' %*&7#i $" #7'&7i"+

0+*)&"('.

TEORA DE HERZBERG.

E%!" '7!*+ 0+*0*" 7' !"*+2' $" (*!iv'#i " "& !+')'*@ '%",7+')' 7" "& ;*()+" %"#'+'#!"+i-' 0*+ $*% !i0*% $" "#"%i$'$"% $i="+"!"% 9 7" '="#!' $" 7' ('"+'

$i="+"!" "& #*(0*+!'(i"!* ;7('*@ "%!*% ='#!*+"% %* $*% 7" ' #*!i7'#i %"

("#i*'

1Q ACTORES AMBIENTALES O HIGINICOS.L*% #7'&"% %* #*$i#i*"% $" !+')'*@ !i0* $" %70"+vi%i@ 0*&2!i#'% '$(ii%!+'!iv'%@

"%!'!7% 9 0+"%!i,i*@ +"&'#i*"% i!"+0"+%*'&"%@ $i"+* 9 %",7+i$'$ 0"+%*'&. C7'&7i"+

#'()i* * ("*+2' " "%*% ='#!*+"% $i%(i7i+ &' i%'!i%='##i@ 0"+* * '7("!'+ &'

%'!i%='##i./Q ACTORES MOTIVACIONALES O DE UNCIN.L*% #7'&"% %" ("#i*' +"#**#i(i"!*@ !+')'* "%!i(7&'!"@ ('9*+ +"%0*%')i&i$'$@

#+"#i(i"!* 9 $"%'++*&&* 0"+%*'&. C7'&7i"+ #'()i* * ("*+'(i"!* " "%!*% ='#!*+"%

0*$+ (*!iv'+ ' 7 ("*+ $"%"(0"*.A%2@ &' i%'!i%='##i !i"" ('9*+ 0*%i)i&i$'$ $" %7+,i+ ' 0'+!i+ $" &*% "&"("!*% i!+2%"#*%

' &' 0+*0i' =7#i * !'+"' 7" "& i$ivi$7* "%! ""#7!'$*. P'+' "& '7!*+@ &' "%!+'!",i' $"

#'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& (% '$"#7'$' "% &' +"*+,'i-'#i 7" & $"*(i'

"+i7"#i(i"!* $" !'+"'% J*)"+i#;("!Q 7" #*%i%!" )%i#'("!" " '7("!'+ &'

+"%0*%')i&i$'$ $"& #'()i* '$i#i*'$* !'+"'% ,+'$7'&("!" (% "&"v'$'% 9 $"%'=i'!"%' &*% (i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i.L' #+2!i#' 7" ,""+'&("!" %" ;'#" ' &' !"*+2' $" H"+-)"+, +"%i$" " &' $i=i#7&!'$ $"

+"*+,'i-'#i $"& #'+,* =+"!" ' &*% '%0"#!*% !"#*&,i#*% 9 #7&!7+'&"% iv*&7#+'$*%.E"(0&* $" "&&* "% %i $" 7 &'$*@ "% $i=2#i& +"*+,'i-'+ &'% !'+"'% $" #i"+!*% =7#i*'+i*%@

7 #"&'$*+ 0*+ ""(0&*@ * 7 *0"+'$*+ $" (7i'@ !'(0*#* "% 0*%i)&" +"*+,'i-'+ !*$'

&' *+,'i-'#i #'$' v"- 7" #'()i' &' =7#i $" '&,F =7#i*'+i*.

TEORA DE M#CLELLAND.E%!" '7!*+ %" '0*9' " M' :")"+@ 7i" %*%!i"" 7" "& $"%'++*&&* $" &*% 0'2%"%

i$7%!+i'&i-'$*% %" $")" ' &*% ='#!*+"% #7&!7+'&"%@ #*(* &' !i#' 0+*!"%!'!"@ &' #7'&@ "&

0+*!"%!'!" 0+*="%' 7" "% 7* $" &*% "&",i$*% 0*+7" &'v' "& 0"#'$* *+i,i'&

0+"#i%'("!" #7(0&i"$* #* "& #'%!i,* $"& !+')'* "!+" (% !+')'" (% 02* %"+.?M#C&"&&'$ +"#*," "%!'% i$"'% 9 =*+(7&' %7 !"*+2' %*)+" (*!iv'#i@ &' #7'&@ %" )'%' "

7" &' #7&!7+' i=&79" " &*% ='#!*+"% 0'+' & &'% 0"+%*'% "%! (*!iv'$'% 0*+ #7'!+*

='#!*+"%


10/67

1Q REALIZACIN. L'% 0"+%*'% (*!iv'$'% 0*+ "%!" ='#!*+@ $"%"' &*,+'+ #*%'%@ %"

0&'!"' ("!'% 7" 0"+%i,7" #* "& =i $" +"'&i-'+ '&,*@ #* (i+'% $" ''-'+&'%./Q LOGRO. L' 0"+%*' 7" $"%"' &*,+'+ %7% ("!'% '77" "&&* i(0&i7" * %"+

0&"'("!" '#"0!'$* 0*+ 7 ,+70*.

3Q AILIACIN. L'% 0"+%*'% 7" "%! (*!iv'$'% 0*+ "%!" ='#!*+@ %" "#7"!+' (%i!"+"%'$'% 0*+ "%!')&"#"+ #*!'#!*% 0"+%*'&"% #&i$*%.Q DESEO DE PODER. L'% 0"+%*'% (*!iv'$'% 0*+ "& 0*$"+@ !+'!' $" i=&7i+ %*)+" &*%

$"(%. Di#;' !"*+2' %" )'%' 0+i#i0'&("!" " 7" &' #7&!7+' i=&79" %*)+" "& %"+ ;7('*@

i#+"("!'$* " %!" %7 $"%"* $" %70"+'+%" * +"'&i-'+%"@ %",F &@ &'% #*$i#i*"%

,"*,+=i#'% 9 $" +"#7+%*% '!7+'&"% %* 7 ='#!*+ %"#7$'+i* 0'+' "& $"%'++*&&* $" 7

0'2% &* i(0*+!'!" "% &' (*!iv'#i $"& &*,+* 7" &*% i$ivi$7*% $" !'& '#i 0*%"'.P'+' M#C&"&&'$ "& i$ivi$7* %" 0+"*#70' (% 0*+ &*,+'+ 7 "#"&"!" $"%"(0"* 7"

0*+ &' +"#*(0"%' 7" +"#i)i+.

M#C&"&&'$ %" &i(i! %&* '& '()i"!" $"& !+')'* $" &*% 0'2%"% i$7%!+i'&i-'$*%@"%0"#2=i#'("!" $"& '("+i#'* 9 * " ,""+'&. N* %" '$'0!' ' #7'&7i"+ !i0* $"

i$i*%i#+'%i' $" *!+* 0'2%@ 0*+ &* #7'&@ %7 !"*+2' %" (*%!+ 0'+#i'&i-'$' " i#*(0&"!'.O!+* $" &*% ='#!*+"% 7" 0"+(i!i"+* 7" %" 0+"%"!'+' "& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& =7" "&

"%!')&"#i(i"!* $"& N'!i*'& T+'ii, L')*+'!*+9 N. T. L.Q $" B"!;"& " 1 $*$" %"

$i"+* &'% 0+i("+'% iv"%!i,'#i*"% $" &')*+'!*+i* %*)+" #*(0*+!'(i"!* $"& i$ivi$7* "

,+70*. L'% !#i#'% $" &')*+'!*+i* ;"#;'% %*)+" "& "!+"'(i"!* $" &' %"%i)i&i$'$

7!i&i-' "& &&'('$* T+'ii, G+*70 T


11/67

3Q U' #+"#i"!" $iv"+%i=i#'#i 9 ,+'$7'& #*(0&"i$'$ $" &' !"#*&*,2' (*$"+'@ 7"

"i," 2!i(' i!",+'#i "!+" '#!ivi$'$"% 9 0"+%*'% '&!'("!" "%0"#i'&i-'$'% 9 $"

#*(0"!"#i' (79 $i="+"!"%.

H"+$"- R*$+2,7"-@ S"+,i* 9 B'&&"%!"+*% I$'@ Ni#*&%. 7$'("!*% $"

A$(ii%!+'#i. Mi#*. M#G+'8 Hi&&.1. P,. 1?.5 B"i%@ :'++" G.. D"%"v*&vi(i"!* O+,'i-'#i*'&. Mi#*. M#G+'8 Hi&&. 1?.P,.

/3


12/67

'Q U 7"v* #*#"0!* $" ;*()+" )'%'$* " 7 #+"#i"!" 9 ('9*+ #**#i(i"!* $" %7%

#*(0&"'% 9 (7!')&"% "#"%i$'$"%@ "& #7'& %7%!i!79" "& (*$"&* $" 0*$"+ " &' #*'##i 9

" &' '("'-'.)Q U 7"v* #*#"0!* $" v'&*+"% *+,'i-'#i*'&"%@ )'%'$* " i$"'% ;7('2%!i#*7+! L"8i.)Q C*#"0!*% %*)+" %i%!"('% %*#i*

9 &' ,"!" iv*&7#+'$' " 7 0+*9"#!* 9 "%!')&"#" G+70*% A7!*(*% $" T+')'* #*

!+')'*% ii#i'$*% 0*+ &*% i,&"%"% E("+9@ Ri#"@ S*="+@ T+i%! 9 *!+*%@ ',+70'$*%

0+i#i0'&("!" " "& T+'vi%!*#W I%!i!7!" *= L*$+"%.#Q P%i#*&*,2' *+,'i-'#i*'&@ #79*% 0+i#i0'&"% #*!+i)79"!"% =7"+*

1. M'%&*8 9 . H"+-)"+,S"'&' 7" ' !+'v% !"*+2' $" &'% "#"%i$'$"% i$ivi$7'&"% %" 07"$" #+"'+ &' (*!iv'#i

9 ""+,2' i$i%0"%')&"% 0'+' 7" "& i$ivi$7* %"' (% 0+*$7#!iv*. L*% (*!iv'#i*'&"%

7" 0*$+ '0&i#'+%" %* "& $"%'++*&&* $" #'++"+' 9 "& "+i7"#i(i"!* $"& !+')'*./. C. A+,9+i%


14/67

S" "=*#' '& #*(0*+!'(i"!* i!"+0"+%*'& 9 $" ,+70*% 9 %i,7" &*% v'&*+"% $" &' !"*+2'

$" M#G+",*+.3. >. L"8i

E%!')&"#" 7 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* $"=ii"$* &'% =7"+-'% i(07&%*+'% 9 &'% =7"+-'%

+"%!+i#!iv'% "i%!"!"% " "& ("$i* '()i"!" 9 7" "%!'% i=&79" *!')&"("!" "& #'()i*

%i"$* ='v*+')&"% * * '& (i%(*@ "%!" 0+*#"%* %" $"%#+i)" (% '$"&'!".. D. M#G+",*+

E="#!F* "& 0+*#"%* $" '0+"$i-'" i(0&i#'$* " &' ('9*+ '7!*#*#i"#i' $"& i$ivi$7* 9

('9*+ #*#i"#i' *+,'i-'#i*'& $" &' "=i#i"#i' ;7(''@ $i#" 7" $")" ;')"+ 7 #'()i*

=7$'("!'& 0'+' 7' ("*+' *+,'i-'#i*'& 7" %" *)!",' 9 %*)+"viv'.4. R. LiW"+!

Di#" 7" "& Fi#* (*$* $" ("*+'+ "% &' ,"+"#i' 0'+!i#i0'!iv'@ $"%#+i)" #7'!+* %i%!"('%

$" $i%"* *+,'i-'#i*'& E& '7!*#+!i#*@ "& '7!*#+!i#* )""v*&"!"@ "& #*%7&!iv* 9 "&

0'+!i#i0'!iv* B'%' %7 (!*$* " &' "#7"%!' $" &' 0'+!i#i0'#i.

$Q D"%'++*&&* $" &'% #i"#i'% %*#i*


15/67

E 16 "& I%!i!7!* T"#*&,i#* A7!*(* $" Mi#* '=i+(' 7" $"!+* $" &'% "(0+"%'%

7" &&"v' ' #')* C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& %" "#7"!+'C'* Mi&&%@ S.A.I$7%!+i'% N'#*)+"@ S.A. $" C.V.G""+'& M*!*+% $" M"i#*@ S.A.

I$7%!+i'% R"%i%!*&@ S.A. $" C.V.B'#'+$i 9 C*(0'2'@ S.A.I$7%!+i'% Vi2#*&'% P"$+* D*("@ S.A. $" C.V.Ni%%' M"i#''@ S.A. $" C.V.@ "!+" *!+'%.

E 11 %" ')+" "& I%!i!7!* $" E%!7$i*% $" P*%,+'$* " Ci"#i'% 9 H7('i$'$"% "

$*$" ii#i'&("!" %" i(0'+!2' Di0&*('$*% " C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& 9

C*(0*+!'(i"!* H7('* " &' O+,'i-'#i@ 0*%!"+i*+("!" i#*+0*+' "%!7$i*% $"

M'"%!+2' " C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& *)!"i"$* R"#**#i(i"!* $" V&i$"- O=i#i'& 0*+

0'+!" $" &' S"#+"!'+i' $" E$7#'#i PF)&i#' " $i#i"()+" $" 13. A &' ="#;' %" ;'

+"'&i-'$* ? %i(0*%i7(% i!"+'#i*'&"% 9 '#i*'&"% "D"%'++*&&* O+,'i-'#i*'&. A 0'+!i+ $" 15 "& 0+*,+'(' '#'$(i#* $" &' ('"%!+2' " C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& %"

i(0'+!" " &' Uiv"+%i$'$ $" L" G7''7'!* 9 $"%$" "& /666 " &' Uiv"+%i$'$

A7!*(' $" 7#'!.

1.2 Concepto e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!(E &' '#!7'&i$'$ "& #'()i* ;' &&",'$* ' #*v"+!i+%" " 7' #'+'#!"+2%!i#' *+('& $" &'%

*+,'i-'#i*"%@ %!*% "i," "& !+')'* " "7i0* $" !*$*% &*% i!",+'!"% $" &' (i%('.

Ei%!" 7' ;"++'(i"!' '$(ii%!+'!iv' (79 i(0*+!'!" 0'+' 0*$"+ #*!+*&'+&*% E& #'()i*

*+,'i-'#i*'&.A #*!i7'#i %" 0+"%"!' #*#"0!*% $" '7!*+"% #* "0"+i"#i' " +"&'#i '& !"('

J*%"0; A. Li!!"+"+.E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& #*%!i!79" 7 "%=7"+-* 0&'i=i#'$* " "& ()i!* *+,'i-'#i*'& 9

$i+i,i$* $"%$" &*% iv"&"% '&!*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 )i""%!'+ ("$i'!"@ i!"+v"#i*"%

0&'i=i#'$'% " &*% 0+*#"%*% *+,'i-'#i*'&"%@ 7!i&i-'$* #**#i(i"!*% $" #i"#i' $"&

#*(0*+!'(i"!*.1/E& '7!*+ ;'#" +"="+"#i' $" &'% #i"#i'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* ;7('* 9 &' #*7#i #*

&*% iv"&"% '&!*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i 0'+' &&"v'+ ' #')* "& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&.12 Litterer, Joseph. Administracion. Mxico.McGraw Hill. 1973. !". 2#1.

G*+$* Li00i!!.E& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% "& =*+!'&"#i(i"!* $" '7"&&*% 0+*#"%*% ;7('*% $"!+* $"

&'% *+,'i-'#i*"% 7" ("*+' "& =7#i*'(i"!* $"& %i%!"(' *+,i#* 0'+' ''-'+ %7%

*)"!iv*%. N*% ;'#" +"="+"#i' 7" #* "& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&@ &'% *+,'i-'#i*"%


16/67

#7(0&" %'!i%='#!*+i'("!" &*% *)"!iv*% 0&'"'$*%@ '%2 (i%(* %" ("*+' *!')&"("!" "&

=7#i*'(i"!*.

+i"$&'$"+ 9 B+*8.P+"%"!' '& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& #*(* 7' ("!*$*&*,2' 0'+' ='#i&i!'+ #'()i*% 9

$"%'++*&&* E &'% 0"+%*'%@ " !"#*&*,2'%@ " 0+*#"%*% 9 "%!+7#!7+'% *+,'i-'#i*'&"%.N*% $i#" "%!*% '7!*+"% 7" "& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& *% ='#i&i!' &*% #'()i*% 9' %"' "

&'% 0"+%*'%@ !"#*&*,2'%@ " &*% 0+*#"%*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i " &'% "%!+7#!7+'%

*+,'i-'#i*'&"%@ '%2 #*(* !'()i@ %" $' "& $"%'++*&&* " &'% (i%('%.

S#;(7#W 9 Mi&"%.E% 7 "%=7"+-* 0&'"'$* 9 %7%!"!'$* 0'+' '0&i#'+ &' #i"#i' $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* '&

0"+="##i*'(i"!* $" 7 %i%!"('@ 7!i&i-'$* (!*$*% '7!* ''&2!i#*% 9 $" +"=&"i.1

T'()i *% ;'#" +"="+"#i' ' &'% #i"#i'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* ;7('* #*(* 0'+!"

i(0*+!'!" $"& #'()i* ''$i"$* (!*$*% '7!* ''&2!i#*% 9 $" +"=&"i.1$ %chm&c', (ichard ) Miles, Matthew. La esc&ela del *esarrollo +r"aniacional. !". 2

P*++'% 9 R*)"+!%*.E& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7' %"+i" $" !"*+2'%@ v'&*+"%@ "%!+'!",i'% 9 !#i#'%

)'%'$'% " &'% #i"#i'% $" &' #*$7#!' 9 *+i"!'$'% '& #'()i* 0&'i=i#'$* $"& "%#"'+i*

$" !+')'* $" 7' *+,'i-'#i@ #* "& 0+*0%i!* $" i#+"("!'+ "& $"%'++*&&* i$ivi$7'& 9

$" ("*+'+ "& $"%"(0"* $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ ("$i'!" &' '&!"+'#i $" &'% #*$7#!'% $"

&*% (i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i.N*% ("#i*' 7" !*$* %" )'%' " &'% #i"#i'% $" &' #*$7#!' 0'+' 0*$"+ #'()i'+ !*$*

&* ('&* $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 0*+ "$" $"%'++*&&'+%" 9 0"+('"#"+ " "& ("+#'$*.

V'i&&.E& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7 0+*#"%* $" &' *+,'i-'#i 0'+' #*(0+"$"+ 9 ("*+'+

#7'&7i"+' 9 !*$*% &*% 0+*#"%*% 7%!i=i#'!*+i*% 7" 07"$' $"%'++*&&'+ 7' *+,'i-'#i

0'+' "& $"%"(0"* $" #7'&7i"+ !'+"' 9 "& &*,+* $" *)"!iv*%. U 0+*#"%* 0'+' ("*+'+

&*% 0+*#"%*%.P"+* "%!" '7!*+ ;'#" +"="+"#i' 7" "& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7 0+*#"%* 0'+' ("*+'+

&*% 0+*#"%*% 9' "%!')&"#i$*% 9 0*$"+ '%2 #7(0&i+ #* !*$*% &*% *)"!iv*% 0&'!"'$*%@

+"$7#i"$* !*$*% &*% ,'%!*% " &' *0"+'#i.

:"$"&& L. +"#;.E% 7' '#!ivi$'$ ' &'+,* 0&'-* '0*9'$' 0*+ &' '&!' $i+"##i@ #79' =i'&i$'$ "% ("*+'+ &*%

0+*#"%*% $" %*&7#i $" 0+*)&"('% 9 $" +"*v'#i $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ %*)+" !*$*

("$i'!" "& $i',%!i#* $" '$(ii%!+'#i $" &' #7&!7+' *+,'i-'#i*'& (% "=i#'#"%@ #*


17/67

'97$' $" 7 #*%7&!*+ ='#i&i!'$*+ 9 7%* $" &' !"*+2' 9 !"#*&*,2' $" &' #i"#i' '0&i#'$' $"&

#*(0*+!'(i"!*@ i#&79"$* %*)+" *!+'% #*%'% &' iv"%!i,'#i $" &' '##i.14P'+' +"#; "& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7 0+*#"%* 7" %" '0*9' $" &' '&!' $i+"##i@

0'+' +"%*&v"+ !*$*% &*% #*=&i#!*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ 9 ;'#" ;i#'0i 7" %" "#"%i!'

#**#"+ &'% #i"#i'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* ;7('* 0'+' $"%'++*&&'+ "%!" 0+*#"%* 7" "% '&'+,* 0&'-*.1# -endell, rench. /am0io +r"aniacional. Mxico. McGraw Hill. 1972. !". 123

H'+*&$ >**!-.E% 7 "=*7" %i%!"(!i#*@ i!",+'$* 9 0&'"'$* 0'+' ("*+'+ &' "="#!ivi$'$ $" &'

"(0+"%'. S" $i%"' 0'+' %*&7#i*'+ 0+*)&"('% 7" $i%(i79" &' $"=i#i"#i' $"

*0"+'#i " !*$*% &*% iv"&"% "%!*% 0+*)&"('% 07"$" i#&7i+ &' ='&!' $" #**0"+'#i@ &'

$"%#"!+'&i-'#i "#"%iv' 9 &' #*(7i#'#i $"=i#i"!".1?P'+' >**!- "%!" 0+*#"%* $")" $" %"+ #'0'- $" %*&7#i*'+ !*$*% &*% 0+*)&"('% " &'

*+,'i-'#i $"%$" &*% iv"&"% )'*% ;'%!' &' '&!' ,"+"#i' *)!"i"$* 7' ("*+#**0"+'#i@ "#"&"!" #*(7i#'#i@ "!#.@ !*$* "%!* #* "& *)"!* $" %"+ "=i#i"!" &'

"(0+"%'.1 oont, Harold. ntrod&cci4n a la Administracion. Mxico. McGraw Hill. 1951. !". 3#6.

A7$i+'# C'('+"' 9 #*'7!*+"%.E& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7' "%!+'!",i' "$7#'!iv' '$*0!'$' 0'+' &*,+'+ 7 #'()i*

0&'"'$* $" &' O+,'i-'#i@ 7" %" #"!+' " &*% v'&*+"%@ '#!i!7$"%@ +"&'#i*"% 9 #&i('

*+,'i-'#i*'&@ !*('$* #*(* 07!* $" 0'+!i$' ' &'% 0"+%*'% 9 %" *+i"!' ;'#i' &'%

("!'%@ "%!+7#!7+' * !#i#'% $" &' *+,'i-'#i.1A72 &*% '7!*+"% '& +"="+i+%" '& #'()i* &* "%! +"&'#i*'$* $i+"#!'("!" #* &'%

"i,"#i'% * $"('$'% 7" &' *+,'i-'#i )7%#' %'!i%='#"+. C7'$* %" ;')&' $"

"%!+'!",i' "$7#'!iv' $"%!'#' "& "(0&"* $" ,+' #'!i$'$ $" ("$i*% $" #*(0*+!'(i"!*

7" %" )'%' " "0"+i"#i'%@ ' =i $" &*,+'+ ("*+"% *0#i*"% *+,'i-'#i*'&"%.17 A&dirac /amarena, /arlos. A. A/ del *esarrollo +r"aniacional. Mxico. 8rillas.199$.

!". 17

Ji( S!"8'+!C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% &' '0&i#'#i %i%!"(!i#' 9 ' &'+,* 0&'-* $" &*% #**#i(i"!*%

9 !"*+2' $" &' #i"#i' #*(0*+!'("!'& #*(* 7 ("$i* $" ("*+'+ &' "="#!ivi$'$ $" &'

*+,'i-'#i ("$i$' 0*+ %7 #'0'#i$'$ $" '$'0!'+ %7% ("!'%@ "%!+7#!7+'@ #7&!7+'@ "%!i&*@

"!#.@ #*(* +"%07"%!' '& #'()i*.1A& 0+"%"!'+%" " =*+(' 0+*="%i*'&@ &*% 0+*,+'('% $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& 07"$"

7!i&i-'+ (!*$*% 9 !#i#'% 0"+* %*&'("!" #*(* 0'+!" $" 7' "%!+7#!7+' ,""+'&


18/67

",*#i'$' 9 #*v"#i$' #* &*% ,"+"!"%@ 0*+ "&&* S!"8'+! +"%'&!' " %7 #*#"0!* 7"

!i"" 7" %"+ %i%!"(!i#*% %i %" 7i"+" &' "="#!ivi$'$.19 %tewart, Jim. Gerencia para el cam0io. /olom0ia. Le"is ditores %.A. 1992. !". $3

Ri#'+$* Ri##'+$iC'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7 "%=7"+-* 0&'i=i#'$* " i!",+'$* 0'+' ("*+'+ &' "="#!ivi$'$

$" 7' *+,'i-'#i ' !+'v% $" &' +""%!+7#!7+'#i $" %7% 0+*#"%*% %*)+" "& '0*+!" $"

&'% #i"#i'% $" &' #*$7#!'./6E& #*#"0!* $"%!'#' "& "(0&"* $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& 0'+' ("*+'+ &' "="#!ivi$'$ $"

&'% *+,'i-'#i*"%@ &* 7" %i,i=i#' ;'#"+ &'% #*%'% $" ('"+' $i="+"!" 9 ("*+@ &* 7"

%70*" +"'&i-'+ #'()i*% " &*% 0+*#"%*%.26 (iccardi, (icardo. l Ar:&itecto del *esarrollo +r"aniacional. Ar"entina. diciones

Macchi. 199#. !". 72

:'++" G. B"i%C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7' +"%07"%!' '& #'()i*@ 7' #*(0&"' "%!+'!",i' "$7#'#i*'&

#* &' =i'&i$'$ $" #'()i'+ #+""#i'%@ '#!i!7$"%@ v'&*+"% 9 "%!+7#!7+' $" &'%

*+,'i-'#i*"%@ " !'& =*+(' 7" "%!'% 07"$' '$'0!'+%" ("*+ ' &'% 7"v'% !"#*&*,2'%@

("+#'$*% 9 +"!*%@ '%2 #*(* '& +i!(* v"+!i,i*%* $"& #'()i* (i%(*./3E "& #*#"0!* $" B"i% %" $i#" 7" "& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7' +"%07"%!' '&

#'()i* 9 7' "%!+'!",i' "$7#'!iv' #79' =i'&i$'$ "% )7%#'+ i=&7i+ 9 (*$i=i#'+ &'%

#+""#i'%@ '#!i!7$"%@ v'&*+"% 9 "%!+7#!7+' $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ #* &' i!"#i $" 7" "%!'

07"$' +"%0*$"+ ' &'% "i,"#i'% #'()i'!"% $"& "!*+*.

C*(* "% 0*%i)&" $"$7#i+ $" &*% #*#"0!*% '!"+i*+"%@ "%!*% " '&,7' =*+(' *% $i#" "&

%"!i$* $" &* 7" "% 9 ;'#" "& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&@ '$"(% $" $"%#+i)i+ " =*+('

,""+'& %7 '!7+'&"-' 9 %7 !"#*&*,2'@ $"'$* "!+"v"+ 0*+ 7 "% 7' "%!+'!",i'

0*$"+*%' $" #'()i*.E& 07!* $*$" #*i#i$" &*% '7!*+"% "% E& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& =*+(' 0'+!" $" &'% #i"#i'% '0&i#'$'% $" &'% #*$7#!'%. S7

=i'&i$'$ "% "& #'()i* 0&'i=i#'$* "=i#'-. %7% ("!'% %* i#+"("!'+ &' "="#!ivi$'$ 9 &'

%'&7$ $" &' *+,'i-'#i.

D" &* '!"% 07!7'&i-'$* 9 ''&i-'$* %" $"%0+"$" "& %i,7i"!" #*#"0!* E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7' "%!+'!",i' ' &'+,* 0&'-* 7" +""$7#' ' &*% i$ivi$7*%

$" 7' *+,'i-'#i@ '0*9$*%" " &'% #i"#i'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* ;7('*@

(*$i=i#'$* %7% v'&*+"%@ '#!i!7$"%@ #*(0*+!'(i"!*% 9 #+""#i'%@ !*$* #* "& =i $" &*,+'+

7 !+')'* #*7!* " )""=i#i* $" &' 0+*0i' *+,'i-'#i 9 07"$' "=+"!'+%" ' &*%


19/67

#'()i*% $"& ("$i* '()i"!" 7" &' +*$"'@ !*$* &* '!"+i*+ )'* &' $i+"##i $" &' '&!'

,"+"#i'.

1.3 C'+'#!"+2%!i#'% P+i#i0'&"% $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&

E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7 #'()i* 0&'"'$*@ 7' %*&7#i ' &*% #*%!'!"% #'()i*%7" %" 0+"%"!' " !*$* !i0* $" *+,'i-'#i*"%@ 9' 7" "& "!*+* "% 7 '()i"!"

#'()i'!" $" !"#*&*,2'%@ ("+#'$*%@ "!#.@ '%2 (i%(* %" $' ' #**#"+ &'% #'+'#!"+2%!i#'%

%i,7i"!"%/525 Hampton, *a;id (. Administraci4n. Mxico. McGraw Hill.199.!". #53

E% 7 E=*7" O+,'i-'#i*'& T*!'&.E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7 i!"!* 0*+ $"%'++*&&'+ &' *+,'i-'#i " %7 !*!'&i$'$ 0'+'

7" +"%0*$' #* "=i#i"#i' '& #'()i*. E& #'()i* "% !' =+"#7"!" " 7"%!+' %*#i"$'$

(*$"+'@ 7" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% "#"%i!' 7" !*$'% %7% 0'+!"% =7#i*" 7!'% 9 "

*+$" 0'+' +"%*&v"+ &*% 0+*)&"('% 9 '0+*v"#;'+ &'% *0*+!7i$'$"% 7" !+'" #*%i,* "&

#'()i*. E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7 0+*#"%* i!",+'& 7" !i"" #*(* =i '%",7+'+ 7"

!*$'% &'% 0'+!"% $" &' *+,'i-'#i "%! 0"+="#!'("!" #**+$i'$'%.

E% 7' E%!+'!",i'.E% $"#i+@ "% 7' =*+(' $" !+')''+ 0'+' %*&7#i*'+ 0+*)&"('% * 0'+' "vi!'+ ' &*% (i%(*%

"% 0+"v"i+ &*% '#*!"#i(i"!*% $"& ("$i* #'()i'!" 0'+' 7" * !*(" $" %*+0+"%' ' &'

*+,'i-'#i. L' '7!*+"*v'#i $" &' *+,'i-'#i %" )7%#' 0'+' 7" &*%

'$(ii%!+'$*+"% 07"$' '$'0!'+%" ' %7 "%!i&* $" '$(ii%!+'#i@ ' &*% 0+*)&"('% 9

*0*+!7i$'$"%.E% 7' "%!+'!",i' ' &'+,* 0&'-*@ 9' 7" &*% 0+*,+'('% %* 0&'"'$*% ' (% $" $*% '*%@

$"!+* $" "%" &'0%* %" 0+"%"!' "& 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&@ $*$" %" )7%#'

&'% %*&7#i*"% (% '$"#7'$'% 0'+' 7" &' *+,'i-'#i 07"$' "=+"!'+ &*% #'()i*% $"&

("$i* '()i"!" 7" &" +*$"' 9 7" #*&&"v' '& &*,+* $" 7' '$(ii%!+'#i 0'+!i#i0'!iv'@

!*('$* " #7"!' ' &*% "(0&"'$*% " &' !*(' $" $"#i%i*"%. C* "%!* * %" 7i"+"

$"#i+ 7" %i %" #*(i"-' 7 0+*#"%* 9 0+"%"!' 7 #'()i* %" $")' +"ii#i'+ *!+*@ %i* "&

#'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% '$'0!')&" 9 '97$' ' &' *+,'i-'#i ' &' +"*v'#i.

E% 7 E%=7"+-* E$7#'#i*'& P&'"'$*D"%!i'$' ' #'()i'+ '#!i!7$"%@ v'&*+"%@ #*(0*+!'(i"!* 9 "%!+7#!7+'% " &' *+,'i-'#i

$" !'& ('"+' 7" %!'% 07"$" '$'0!'+%" ("*+ ' &'% $"('$'% '()i"!'&"%

#'+'#!"+i-'$'% 0*+ 7"v'% !"#*&*,2'%@ ("+#'$*%@ 0+*)&"('% 9 $"%'=2*%.

L' C*!+'!'#i $" 7 A,"!" $" C'()i*.


20/67

E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& 7!i&i-' 7* * (% ',"!"% $" #'()i*@ 7" %* 0"+%*'% 7"

$"%"(0"' &' =7#i $" "%!i(7&'+ 9 #**+$i'+ "& #'()i* $"!+* $" &' *+,'i-'#i. P*+

&* ,""+'& "& ',"!" $" #'()i*@ "% 7 '%"%*+ 7" 0+*vi"" $"& "!"+i*+ $" &' *+,'i-'#i

0"+* * %* '"*% ' "%!'. T'()i 07"$" ;')"+ ',"!"% $" #'()i* i!"+*%@

,""+'&("!" "& $i+"#!*+ $" 0"+%*'& !*(' "%" 0'0"& 9 #**+$i' "& 0+*,+'(' $"%$"'$"!+* $" &' *+,'i-'#i. L*% A,"!"% $" C'()i* #*(0'+!" 7 #*7!* $" ("!'%

*+('!iv'% 7" )7%#'M"*+'(i"!* $" &' #'0'#i$'$ i!"+0"+%*'&.T+'%="+"#i' $" v'&*+"% ;7('*%.C*(0+"%i "!+" ,+70*%.

A$(ii%!+'#i 0*+ "7i0*.M"*+"% (!*$*% 0'+' %*&7#i $" #*=&i#!*%.

C*(0+*(i%* 9 P'+!i#i0'#i A#!iv' $" T*$*%E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7' #*7i%!' #*&"#!iv' 9' 7" * "% "& +"%7&!'$* $" !+')'*

$" 7 %*&* i$ivi$7*. U 0*%!7&'$* )%i#* $"& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "% 7" #*(* &'%

*+,'i-'#i*"% %* 7 #*7!* $" ,+70*% 7" %" "!+"("-#&'@ %i %" &*,+' 7" &*%

,+70*% =7#i*" ("*+ '7("!'+ &' "=i#i"#i' $" &' *+,'i-'#i !*!'&.T'()i &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% "#"%i!' $"%'++*&&'+ +"%07"%!'% +0i$'% '!" &*% #'()i*% 9

("$i*% '$"#7'$*% 0'+' +"%*&v"+ #*=&i#!*% 9 &*,+'+ 7" !*$*% &*% (i"()+*% $")"

#**0"+'+ 0'+' +"'&i-'+ "%!" =i.

R"%*&7#i $" &*% 0+*)&"('%.S" #'0'#i!' ' &*% 0'+!i#i0'!"% 0'+' 7" %" i$"!i=i7" 9 %*&7#i*" 0+*)&"('%@ " &7,'+

$" 7" %&* &*% ''&i#" !"+i#'("!". E%!*% %* 0+*)&"('% +"'&"% ' &*% 7" %" "=+"!'&*% 0'+!i#i0'!"% " %7 *+,'i-'#i@ $" (*$* 7" +"%7&!' "%!i(7&'!"% " i!"+"%'!"%.

E%!" "=*7" " &*% 0+*)&"('% +"'&"% 9 #*!i$i'*% 9 * " %i!7'#i*"% =i#!i#i'%@ %"

$"*(i' iv"%!i,'#i " '##i. S" !+'!' $" 7' #'+'#!"+2%!i#' !' $"!"+(i'!" 7" "&

#'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& %" &&'(' " *#'%i*"% M"*+'(i"!* O+,'i-'#i*'& ' !+'v% $" &'

Iv"%!i,'#i " A##i. P+*#"%*% $" G+70*T'&"% #*(* $")'!"%@ #*=&i#!*% "!+" ,+70*%@ #*=+*!'#i*"% 9 0+*#"$i(i"!*% " )7%#'

$" #**0"+'#i. S" +"'&i-' 7 "%=7"+-* 0*+ ("*+'+ &'% +"&'#i*"% i!"+0"+%*'&"%@ ')+i+#''&"% $" #*(7i#'#i@ '7("!'+ &' #*=i'-' 9 '&"!'+ &' 0'+!i#i0'#i $" !*$*% &*%

(i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i.

R"!+*'&i("!'#iE& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $"0"$" " ,+' ("$i$' $" &' +"!+*'&i("!'#i 7" +"#i)'

&*% 0'+!i#i0'!"% 0'+' '97$'+&"% ' %7%!"!'+ %7% $"#i%i*"% 9 0'+' 7" !",' $'!*%


21/67

#*#+"!*% " &*% 7" "!i"$' 7' %i!7'#i 9 !*(" 7' '##i '7!* #*++"#!iv' " &7,'+

$" "%0"+'+ ' 7" '&,7i" &"% i$i7" &* 7" $")" ;'#"+.

E% 7 0+*#"%* 7" iv*&7#+' ' !*$' &' *+,'i-'#i. S" '7i&i' $" &'% Ci"#i'% $"& C*(0*+!'(i"!* H7('*

E%!* "% 0'+' '7("!'+ &' "=i#'#i' *+,'i-'#i*'& 9 "& )i""%!'+ $" !*$' &' *+,'i-'#i. L*'!"+i*+ $"0"$" $" &' #*++"#!' '0&i#'#i $" &*% #**#i(i"!*% $" $i#;' #i"#i'@ "%!'

)7%#' &*#'&i-'+ 9 #+"'+ "& '()i"!" $" !+')'* 0!i(*@ " 7" #'$' i$ivi$7* 07"$' $'+ %7

("*+ #*!+i)7#i '& $"%'++*&&* $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 '& (i%(* !i"(0* v'&*+i-'+ %7%

0*!"#i'&i$'$"%@ "i,i"$* 7' 0'+!i#i0'#i '#!iv'@ ')i"+!' 9 * ('i07&'$' $" !*$*% &*%

"&"("!*% 7" %"+ %7"!*% ' %7 0+*#"%* 9 %*)+" !*$* #* 0+*=7$* +"%0"!* ' &'%

0"+%*'%. L'% #i"#i'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* ;7('* !'()i %* '0&i#')&"% 0'+' +"'&i-'+

'&!"+'#i*"% 9 #'()i*% 0'+' #*!+'++"%!'+ &' (2i(' 0"+!7+)'#i " i!"+="+"#i'%

",'!iv'% $" '&,7*% (i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i.E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& )7%#' $'+ %*&7#i*"% 0'+' 7" &' *+,'i-'#i %i,' 7 #'(i*

;'#i' &' "=i#i"#i' 9 )i""%!'+ $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ &* 7" $"0"$" $" 7' #*++"#!'

#*(0+"%i 9 '0&i#'#i $" #**#i(i"!*% '#"+#' $" &' '!7+'&"-' ;7(''@ #*7!'$*

!*$'% %7% #'+'#!"+2%!i#'%@ 0'+' $'+ +"%07"%!' ' &*% #'()i*% 7" '#*!"#" ' &'%

*+,'i-'#i*"% $2' ' $2'.L*% '$(ii%!+'$*+"% 07"$" '7i&i'+%" $"& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& #* "& =i $" '0&i#'+&* "

&'% *+,'i-'#i*"% 7" $"%"' %*)+"vivi+ 9 #+"#"+ " &' )'!'&&' $" &*% #'()i*% #*%!'!"%

7" %" 0+"%"!' " "&&'%. E& #'()i* "%! &i,'$* ' &'% "i,"#i'% 7" &' *+,'i-'#i

$"%"' %'!i%='#"+ #*(* %* P+*)&"('% $" $"%!i* A $$" $"%"' i+ &' *+,'i-'#iK P+*)&"('% $" i$"!i$'$@ #+"#i(i"!* * +"vi!'&i-'#i. P+*)&"('% $" "=i#'#i' O+,'i-'#i*'&.

1.) *$n!($! e( C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!(.E& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& #7"!' #* (7#;*% ''#"% 9 =i'&i$'$"% 7" $"0"$"

#i"+!'("!" $"& $i',%!i#* 7" %" &" $" ' &' (i%(' *+,'i-'#i@ 9' 7" "& 0+*#"%* $"&

C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% !' $i(i#*@ 0*+ &* #7'&@ * "% +"#"!' $" #*#i' 9 %7 =i'&i$'$

07"$" #'()i'+ $" '#7"+$* ' &' *+,'i-'#i $*$" %" "%! '0&i#'$*. N* *)%!'!"

"i%!" =i'&i$'$"% )%i#'% $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& 7" %" 07"$" #*%i$"+'+ #*(*&'% (% i(0*+!'!"% &'% 7" ' #*!i7'#i %" '7#i' B7%#' 7" %" &*,+" "& #'()i* 0&'"'$* 9 &' #+"'#i $" 7' 7"v' #7&!7+'

*+,'i-'#i*'& 7" '97$" ' &' +"'&i-'#i $" &*% *)"!iv*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i. P"+(i!" $"%'++*&&'+ 7 %i%!"(' v'+i')&" 9 #'0'- $" '7!* +"*v'+%"@ 7" %" 07"$'

*+,'i-'+ $" $i="+"!"% ('"+'%@ $"0"$i"$* $" &'% !'+"'% 7" &' =7#i $"!"+(i' &'

=*+('@ " &7,'+ 7" &'% !'+"'% %" '$"#7" ' &'% "%!+7#!7+'% "i%!"!"%.


22/67

E% 7' ;"++'(i"!' 7" 0"+(i!" ("*+'+ ' &' *+,'i-'#i 9 '$"(% * "% &i(i!'!iv' ' 7

%*&* !i0* $" *+,'i-'#i %i * 7" "% =&"i)&" 9 $i(i#*. B7%#' i#+"("!'+ &' #*=i'-' " "& i$ivi$7* 0'+' 7" %" %i"!' '0*9'$* 0*+ &'

*+,'i-'#i.

A$"(% #* "%!* )7%#' i#+"("!'+ "& "!7%i'%(* 9 %'!i%='#"+ #'$' v"- &'% "0"#!'!iv'%0"+%*'&"% $" &*% (i"()+*% $" &' (i%('. M"*+'+ &*% #''&"% $" #*(7i#'#i " 0+* $" &' "=i#i"#i' $" &' 0+*0i' *+,'i-'#i. Iv*&7#+' ' !*$*% &*% (i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i '& &*,+* $" &*% *)"!iv*% '7("!'$*

"& iv"& $" +"%0*%')i&i$'$ $"& ,+70* " &' 0&'"'#i 9 ""#7#i $"& 0+*#"%* $" #'()i*

*+,'i-'#i*'&. A7("!' "& iv"& $" #'&i$'$ $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 $" &*% )i""% 9 %"+vi#i*% 7" %" *=+"#"

" "& ("+#'$*. T+'!' $" $"%'++*&&'+ ' &' *+,'i-'#i #*(0&"!' 0'+' 7" 07"$' +"%0*$"+ '& #'()i* $"

7 (*$* (% 7i=*+(" 9 "=i#i"!"@ %" )7%#' i#+"("!'+ "& ,+'$* $" "'#!i!7$ $" &'

i=*+('#i 0*+ ("$i* $" 7' $i(i#' $" ,+70* 9 +"%*&7#i $" 0+*)&"('%. E& #'()i* "i," 7" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% %"' "!+"('$'("!" "=i#i"!"% 0'+' %*)+"vivi+

9 0+*%0"+'+@ 9 "% '$"(% &' ;"++'(i"!' =7$'("!'& 7" 0"+(i!" "& &*,+* $" "%!*. '#i&i!' "& 0+*#"%* $" &*% #'()i*% 7" %" !i"" 0+*9"#!'$*% * =*+(7&'$*% $" '#7"+$* '

&*% 0&'"% 9 )'%$*%" " &'% #i"#i'% $" &' #*$7#!'. 7$'("!' v'&*+"% ;7('2%!i#*% 9 $"(*#+!i#*%@ $"0"$i"$* $" 0+*#"%*% #*(* &'

0'+!i#i0'#i@ &' #*&')*+'#i@ 9 &' #*=+*!'#i. A$'0!' &' #7&!7+' $" &' "(0+"%' '& %i%!"(' 9 ' &' %i!7'#i $i(i#' $" +"&'#i "!+"

%7)%i%!"('%.

P+"!"$" %'!i%='#"+ "#"%i$'$"% 0"+%*'&"%@ i#"!iv'$* " "& i$ivi$7* ('9*+"%;')i&i$'$"% %*#i'&"%@ ('9*+ '0"+!7+'@ +"&'#i*"% i!"+0"+%*'&"% 9 ('9*+ %",7+i$'$. M*$i=i#' '#!i!7$"%@ v'&*+"%@ #*(0*+!'(i"!*% 9 "%!+7#!7+'% 0'+' 7" &'% 0"+%*'% 9

*+,'i-'#i*"% %" 07"$' '$'0!'+ ("*+ '& ("+#'$*@ !"#*&*,2'@ 0+*)&"('% 9 $"%'=2*%.

E%!* %" +"'&i-' ' !+'v% $" 7 "%=7"+-* "$7#'#i*'& (79 #*(0&"*. C+"' #*$i#i*"% " &'% 7" "& #*=&i#!* i"vi!')&" %" ('"' '$"#7'$'("!". *("!' &' '0"+!7+' $" &'% #*(7i#'#i*"% &'!"+'&"%@ v"+!i#'&"% 9 $i',*'&"%. A#+"#"!' "& iv"& $" +"%0*%')i&i$'$ 0"+%*'& 9 $" ,+70*% $" 0&'"'#i 9 ""#7#i. P+*(7"v" &' !*(' $" $"#i%i*"% " =7#i ' &'% =7"!"% $" i=*+('#i 9 *

Fi#'("!" #* +"&'#i ' &'% =7#i*"% *+,'i-'#i*'&"%.

I!",+' &'% "#"%i$'$"% $" &*% i$ivi$7*%@ ,+70*% 9 $" &' (i%(' *+,'i-'#i.

1.+ VALORES DEL CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL.L*% v'&*+"% %* &*% i$"'&"% 7" %" #*(0'+!" 9 '#"0!' 0*+ &*% i!",+'!"% $" 7 %i%!"('

#7&!7+'& 9' %"' " =*+(' i(0&2#i!' * "0&2#i!' 9 7" i=&79" " %7 #*(0*+!'(i"!*.

1. RESPETO POR LA GENTE. L*% i$ivi$7*% %* #*%i$"+'$*% +"%0*%')&"%@ #*#i"!"%

" i!"+"%'$*%. D")"+2' %"+ !+'!'$*% #* $i,i$'$ 9 +"%0"!*.


23/67

/. CONIANZA APOO. L'% *+,'i-'#i*"% "="#!iv'% 9 %'&7$')&"% %" #'+'#!"+i-' 0*+

&' #*=i'-'@ &' '7!"!i#i$'$@ &' '0"+!7+' 9 "& #&i(' $" '0*9*.3. IGUALDAD DE PODER. L'% *+,'i-'#i*"% "="#!iv'% $"' $" "='!i-'+ &' '7!*+i$'$ 9

"& #*!+*& "++7i#*%. CONRONTACIN. L*% 0+*)&"('% * $")" "%#*$"+%" $")'* $" &' '&=*()+'.

D")" %"+ #*=+*!'$*% ')i"+!'("!".4. PARTICIPACIN. Mi"!+'% (% ,"!" '="#!'$' 0*+ 7 #'()i* 7" %" +"'&i#" " &'

*+,'i-'#i $")" $" 0'+!i#i0'+ " &'% $"#i%i*"% 7" &* +*$"'@ (% #*(0+*("!i$'%

"%!'+ " 0*"+ " 0+#!i#' "%'% $"#i%i*"%. Si %" #*%i$"+' 7" &*% i$ivi$7*% %" $"%'++*&&' #* $i="+"!"% v'&*+"%@

"#"%i$'$"% 9 0"+#"0#i*"% 9 7" "%!*% * %* "%!!i#*%@ "& 0+i#i0'& v'&*+ $"& C'()i*

O+,'i-'#i*'& %"+ &' T+'%i#i 07"%!* 7" %" )7%#' 7' (*$i=i#'#i " &'

*+,'i-'#i " %7% v'&*+"%@ #+""#i'% 9 '#!i!7$"% $" 7i""% #*(0*" &' "(0+"%'. B+i$'+ *0*+!7i$'$"% 0'+' 7" &'% 0"+%*'% =7#i*" #*(* %"+"% ;7('*%. A&

%"+ 7 +"#7+%* $" %7(' i(0*+!'#i' $"!+* $" &' *+,'i-'#i %" +"7i"+" $"& $"%'++*&&*

$" %7 0*!"#i'& #*(* 0+*!',*i%!' $"& i#+"("!* $" &' 0+*$7#!ivi$'$. B+i$'+ *0*+!7i$'$"% 0'+' &' '7!*++"'&i-'#i $" &'% 0"+%*'%. A7("!'+ &' "=i#i"#i' $" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"%. C7'$* %" "#7"!+' "

#*$i#i*"% $" %'!i%='#"+ 0&"'("!" &'% "#"%i$'$"% $" &*% #*%7(i$*+"% #* )i""% 9

%"+vi#i*% $" ("*+"% #'+'#!"+2%!i#'% #'&i$'$Q 9 !i"" &' #'0'#i$'$ 9 '0!i!7$ 0'+' *)!""+

$"!"+(i'$* "="#!* '& i(0&"("!'+ 7 %i%!"(' * ("$i* $" 0+*$7##i 7" &" 0"+(i!'

&*,+'+ &' "=i#i"#i' 9 $" "%!' ('"+' %"+ (% 0+*$7#!iv'%. C+"'+ 7 ("$i* '()i"!" "%!i(7&'!" 7" &" 0+"%"!" +"!*% ' &'% 0"+%*'%.

D'+ *0*+!7i$'$ ' &*% (i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i ' 7" i=&79' " &' =*+(' "7" "%!' %" $"%"(0"'.

T+'!'+ ' #'$' %"+ ;7('* #*(* 7 i$ivi$7* $i="+"!"@ Fi#* " #*%!'!"

0+*#"%* $" #+"#i(i"!*. C+"'+ 7 #&i(' $" !+')'* )'%'$* " &' ;*"%!i$'$ 9 #*=i'-'. *("!'+ &' '7!*+i$'$ $"& #**#i(i"!* (% 7" "& 7%* '+)i!+'+i* $" &' "+'+72'. V'&*+'+ &' #*&')*+'#i "!+" &'% 0"+%*'%@ (% 7" &' #*(0"!"#i' "!+" &'

,"!". A!"$"+ !'!* '& &*,+* $" !'+"'% #*(* ' &*% 0+*#"%*% ;7('*% 7" %" viv" 0'+'

#*(0&"!'+ "%'% !'+"'%.

C*%i$"+'+ '& ;*()+" #*(* "%"#i'&("!" )7"*@ #* ,+' #'0'#i$'$ $" %"+ 9!+'%#"$"+.

C+""+ " "& v'&*+ $" &' 0'+!i#i0'#i +"'& $" &' ,"!" #*(* 7' =*+(' $"

'7!*++"'&i-'#i 9 #*(0+*(i%* #* &' %*#i"$'$. P+*(*v"+ 7" &'% 0"+%*'% %" +"%0*%')i&i#" (% 0*+ &* 7" %7#"$"@ " &7,'+

$" !+'%="+i+&' ' *!+*%.


24/67

P+*(*v"+ 7" &'% 0"+%*'% ;',' 7 !+')'* #'$' v"- ("*+@ " v"- $" '& ';2 %"

v'@ 7" * v"' "& !+')'* #*(* 7 #'%!i,*@ %i* #*(* 7' *0*+!7i$'$.1., I"po%t!nc$! e( C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!(L' i(0*+!'#i' 7" %" &" $' '& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& %" $"+iv' $" 7" "& +"#7+%*

;7('* "% $"#i%iv* 0'+' "& i!* * =+'#'%* $" #7'&7i"+ *+,'i-'#i. E #*%"#7"#i' %7('"* "% #&'v" 0'+' "& i!* "(0+"%'+i'& 9 *+,'i-'#i*'& " ,""+'&@ #*("-'$* 0*+

'$"#7'+ &' "%!+7#!7+' $" &' *+,'i-'#i *+,'i,+'('Q@ %i,7i"$* 0*+ 7' "=i#i"!"

#*$7##i $" &*% ,+70*% $" !+')'* "7i0*% 9 &i$"+'-,*Q 9 $"%'++*&&'$* +"&'#i*"%

;7(''% 7" 0"+(i!' 0+"v"i+ &*% #*=&i#!*% 9 +"%*&v"+&*% +0i$' 9 *0*+!7'("!"

#7'$* %" !",' i$i#i*% $" %7 "#&*%i.E%0"#2=i#'("!" "& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& ')*+$'+@ "!+" *!+*% (7#;*%@ 0+*)&"('% $"

#*(7i#'#i@ #*=&i#!*% "!+" ,+70*%@ #7"%!i*"% $" $i+"##i 9 "='!7+'@ #7"%!i*"% $"

i$"!i=i#'#i 9 $"%!i* $" &' "(0+"%' * i%!i!7#i@ "& #(* %'!i%='#"+ &*% +"7"+i(i"!*%

$"& 0"+%*'& * #7"%!i*"% $" "=i#i"#i' *+,'i-'#i*'&.E%!' "%!+'!",i' "$7#'!iv' )7%#' 7!i&i-'+ &*% "="#!*% $" &' '##i ' !+'v% $" &'

+"!+*'&i("!'#i &' 7" %" #*%!i!7i+ " &' )'%" 0'+' &' '##i 0&'i=i#'$' 7&!"+i*+. Si

"()'+,*@ "% "#"%'+i* !""+ 0+"%"!" 7" &' Fi#' =*+(' $" $i+i(i+ &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% "%

' !+'v% $" %7 #7&!7+'@ "% $"#i+@ #'()i'+ &*% %i%!"('% $" vi$'@ $" #+""#i'% $" v'&*+"% 9

$" =*+('% '#"0!'$'% $" +"&'#i*"% "!+" &'% 0"+%*'%. A$"(% $" &*,+'+ 7" &'%

0"+%*'% !",' 7' #*#i"#i' $" 0"+!""#i'@ $" %"+ "="#!iv'("!" (i"()+*% $" &'

i%!i!7#i.

L'% *+,'i-'#i*"% 7" * "%! #*%#i"!"% $" &' "#"%i$'$ $" 7 #'()i* 0'+'"=+"!'+%" ' &*% #'()i*% #i"!2=i#*% 9 !"#*&,i#*% $" &*% F&!i(*% '*% !i"$" '& =+'#'%*

9 0"*+ 'F ' $"%'0'+"#"+.L' i(0*+!'#i' +'$i#' " "& ;"#;* $" 7" "& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& 0+"!"$" '0+*v"#;'+

$" 7' ("*+ ('"+' &' "0"+i"#i' 9 0*!"#i'& $" &*% i$ivi$7*%@ ' !+'v% $"& A,"!" $"

C'()i* & #7'& '#!7'+ #*(* i(07&%*+ $"& P+*#"%* $" C'()i*@ 0+*#7+'$* 7" &'

*+,'i-'#i %"' (% ''&2!i#' 9 0'+!i#i0'!iv' " &' +"%*&7#i $" 0+*)&"('%. P'+' &* #7'&

%" "(0&"' !#i#'% ,+70'&"% $" #*(7i#'#i 9 $" &i$"+'-,*@ %"%i*"% $" #*=+*!'#i@

!'&&"+"% $" !+')'*@ "!+"vi%!'%@ "!#. S" 0+"!"$" #+"'+ 7 #&i(' $" =+'7"-'@

i$"!i=i#'#i 9 #**0"+'#i@ )7%#'$* 7' *+i"!'#i 0*%i!iv' 0'+' 7" &'% '#!i!7$"% 9

+"&'#i*"% i!"+0"+%*'&"%@ '%2 #*(* &'% 0'7!'% $" #*$7#!' 9 "& $"%"(0"* i$ivi$7'& 9

,+70'& %" '$'0!" ' 7' %i!7'#i $i(i#'.L' i(0*+!'#i' $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& %" )'%' !'()i " '%0"#!*% !'&"% #*(*


25/67

L' 0'+!i#i0'#i $" !*$* "& 0"+%*'& $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ $*$" &*% *)"!iv*% 9 "& 0+*#"%*

$" ''-'+&*% %"' #&'+*% 9 #*#+"!*% $" !'& =*+(' 7" &*% i!",+'!"% #*(0+"$' "& 0*+

7 $" %7% =7#i*"% 9 #*!+i)79' " =*+(' 0*%i!iv'.L' 0*%i)i&i$'$ $" ''-'+ "& i!* $" &*% *)"!iv*%@ 9' %"' #* "0"#!'!iv'% +"'&i%!'%@ "%

$"#i+@ *)"!iv*% '$"#7'$*% 9 ''-')&"% #* +i"%,*% 9 #*%!*% +'-*')&"%@ 7" #*$7-#'' 7 %"!i(i"!* $" i!*@ #*(0"!"#i'% 9 0*!"#i'% " "& 0"+%*'& 7" #*&')*+ " %7

&*,+*.A$*0!'$* !'()i 7' '#!i!7$ 0*%i!iv' ;'#2' &' 0+*$7#!ivi$'$@ &' #7'& i(0&i#' 7 $"%"* $"

0+*,+"%* $" ("*+'(i"!* #*%!'!" 9 &' v*&7!'$ $" %70"+'+ &' %i!7'#i '#!7'&.

CAPTULO 2MODELOS DE CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL

2.1 Gene%!($!e- e (o- Moe(o- e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!(

L*% (*$"&*% $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& %* &' ;"++'(i"!' 7" '7i&i' ' &'%*+,'i-'#i*"% 7" +"7i"+" $" #'()i*% 0'+' &' ("*+' " &'% (i%('% 9 0'+' &*,+'+&* %"

v'&" $" 0+*#"%*% 9' $"=ii$*% 0*+ "%!7$i*%*% 7" " %7 (*("!* "0"+i("!'+* 9

#*(0+*)'+* &' "=i#'#i'. L' 7!i&i-'#i $" 7 (*$"&* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& $"0"$"

$" ='#!*+"% !'&"% #*(* &*% )""=i#i*% 7" !+'"+ #*%i,*@ &'% #i+#7%!'#i'% 9 0*+

%707"%!* &*% +"%7&!'$*% *=+"#i$*%.P'+' !""+ 7' ("*+ vi%i $" &*% (*$"&*% %" 0+"%"!' &*% %i,7i"!"%M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& Ti0* G+i%M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" P'7& R. L'8+"#" 9 J'9 :. L*+%#;M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" >7+! L"8iM*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" Li00i!!@ :'!%* 9 :"%!&"9M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" P'7& L'8+"#"M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" :"$"&& L. +"#; 9 C"#i& H. B"&&M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $"& Li#. L7i% "++"+ P+"-M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" E$,'+ S#;"iM*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" :'&&'#" J*; N"8!* M'+,7&i"%M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" &' L.A. 9 M.A. S'$+' L7- G*-&"- L0"-

C')" ("#i*'+ 7" "%!*% (*$"&*% #7"!' #* v'+i')&"% "!+" %i@ 0*+ &* 7" " 7'

*+,'i-'#i %" !i"" #*!"(0&'$* "& (% vi')&" 0'+' %7 '0&i#'#i. P'+' %7 #*(0+"%i

(% '$"&'!" %" "0*$+ 0*+ %"0'+'$* #'$' 7* $" "%!*%.

L* 7" v' ' (*$i=i#'+%" 07"$" %"+ "& "7i0* * &*% (!*$*% $" !+')'*@ &'% +",&'%@ &'

"%!+7#!7+' *+,'i-'#i*'&@ &'% 0+#!i#'% $" #*!+*&@ &*% 0'!+*"% $" &' #*(7i#'#i

i!"+0"+%*'&@ "& $i%"* $"& !+')'*@ &'% !#i#'% $" 0&'"'#i 9 (7#;*% *!+*% '%0"#!*%

$" &' "(0+"%'.337 Hampton, *a;id (. Administraci4n. Mxico. McGraw Hill.199.!". #7


26/67

2.2 Moe(o e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!( T$po G%$R*)"+! R. B&'W" 9 J'" S. M*7!* =7"+* &*% 0i*"+*% " &' i!+*$7##i $" 7'

!"#*&*,2' i!",+'$' 9 0+"0+*,+'('$' $" $"%'++*&&* *+,'i-'#i*'&. E&&*% '=i+(' 7" "&

#'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& #*(i"-' #* "& #'()i* i$ivi$7'& #*(* 7 ("#'i%(* $"

$"%#*,"&'(i"!* 9 7" &*% 0+*)&"('% $" 0+*#"%*% " &*% iv"&"% i!"+0"+%*'&"%@,+70'&"% " i!"+,+70'&"% $")" *#7++i+ '!"% $" &*% #'()i*% " &'% "%!+'!",i'% 9 " "&

'()i"!" i!"+* $" &' *+,'i-'#i.E%!' !"#*&*,2' +"0*%' %*)+" !+"% 0+"(i%'% %*)+" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"%'Q L*% i$ivi$7*% 9 &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% +"$7#" $i%#+"0'#i'% %*)+" %7 '7!*


27/67

E& 0+*,+'(' 0"+(i!" 7" &*% 0'+!i#i0'!"% ;',' 7' '7!* "v'&7'#i $" %7% =7"+-'% 9

$")i&i$'$"%. E% 7 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* 7" iv*&7#+' ' !*$' &' *+,'i-'#i. A97$' ' 7" $"!+* $" &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% %" *)%"+v" 7' ("*+' " #7'!* ' &'

$i+"##i $" &' #*$7#!' *+,'i-'#i*'&.

S" #+"' 7' #7&!7+' " #7'!* '& &*,+* $" &*% *)"!iv*%.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO E% $i=2#i& #**+$i'+&* $")i$* ' 7" +"7i"+" &' 0'+!i#i0'#i $" !*$*% &*% iv"&"% $" &'

*+,'i-'#i. L*,+' +"%7&!'$*% ' &'+,* 0&'-*. Ei%!" )'++"+'% 0*+ 0'+!" $" &'% 0"+%*'% " #7'!* '& #'()i*. R"7i"+" $"$i#'#i 9 "%=7"+-* $7+'!" (7#;* !i"(0*.

2. Moe(o e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!( e P!/( R. L!0%ence ! 3. Lo%-c4.

L*% 0+i#i0'&"% 07!*% $" +"="+"#i' $" "%!" (*$"&* %*1. C*#"0!* $" %i%!"(' 9 $" *+,'i-'#i U %i%!"(' "% #7'&7i"+ 7i$'$ 7" 0+*#"%'

#i"+!*% i%7(*% #* "& =i $" *)!""+ #i"+!*% 0+*$7#!*%. L' *+,'i-'#i "% &'

#**+$i'#i $" $i="+"!"% '#!ivi$'$"% $" #*!+i)79"!"% i$ivi$7'&"% #* &' =i'&i$'$ $"

"="#!7'+ !+'%'##i*"% 0&'"'$'% #* "& '()i"!"./. L*% %7)%i%!"('% E& %i%!"(' !*!'& $" &' *+,'i-'#i 07"$" %"+ "#'+'$* " !+(i*%

$" 7' %"+i" $" %7)%i%!"('% 7"@ ' %7 v"-@ 07"$" %"+ $ivi$i$*% " 7' 0*+#i $"

%7)%i%!"('%. E%*% %i%!"('% =*+(' 7 "%!$'+ #*(0&"* $" ;i&*% "!+"&'-'$*% $"

$"0"$"#i' (7!7' 9 '#!iv'#i +"#20+*#'.3. E& %i%!"(' %*#i'& T*$'% &'% *+,'i-'#i*"% 07"$" %"+ "#'+'$'% #*(* %i%!"('%

"%"#i'&("!" %*#i'&"%. L' *+,'i-'#i "% #*#")i$' #*(* &' #**+$i'#i $" $i="+"!"%

'#!ivi$'$"% $" #*!+i)79"!"% i$ivi$7'&"% 0'+' +"'&i-'+ !+'%'##i*"% 0&'"'$'% #* "&

'()i"!".. E%!'$i*% $"& $"%'++*&&* *+,'i-'#i*'& L'8+"#" 9 L*+%; "%!+7#!7+' $" &' %i,7i"!"

('"+' %7 (*$"&* $" $i',*%!i#* 9 '##i. E%!*% %* Di',%!i#*@ 0&'"'(i"!* $" &'

'##i@ i(0&"("!'#i $" &' '##i 9 "v'&7'#i.$2 /hia;enato, dal0erto. ntrod&cci4n a la 8eora General de la Administraci4n. McGraw

Hill.1995. !". 75@51

E!'0' 1. Di',%!i#*.E "%!' 0+i("+' "!'0' $"& (*$"&* %" #*(i"-' 0*+ &' "&')*+'#i $" 7 '&i%i% $" &'

%i!7'#i 0*+ &' 7" "%! '!+'v"%'$* &' *+,'i-'#i@ '72 %7+," &'% 0+i("+'%

'&!"+'#i*"% "%!+7#!7+'&"% $")i$* ' 7" %" #*=+*!' &' *+,'i-'#i 9 "& '()i"!"@

0*%!"+i*+("!" %" $")" $" #**#"+ "& "%!'$* $" &' +"&'#i 7" "i%!" "!+" &*% $i="+"!"%

,+70*%@ "% #*(F 7" %" $"!"#!" '&!"+'#i*"% $" !i0* "%!+7#!7+'& 9 $" #*(0*+!'(i"!*@


28/67

0*+ F&!i(* %" $")" $" $i',*%!i#'+ &'% +"&'#i*"% "!+" &*% 0'+!i#i0'!"% i$ivi$7'&"% 9 &'

*+,'i-'#i $"& #7'& %" 07"$" ,""+'+ '&!"+'#i*"% $" #*(0*+!'(i"!* " "%!' "!'0'

%" $"!"+(i'+' &' $i+"##i 7" $")" %",7i+ #'$' (*$"&* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&Q.

E!'0' /. P&'"'#i $" &' '##i.

D"!+* $" "%!' "!'0' %" 0&'"'+ &'% '##i*"% 7" $")"+ $" %",7i+%" 0'+' #*%",7i+&'% ("*+"% 0&'"'$'%@ '$"(% %" $i%"' &*% (!*$*% '$"#7'$*% 7" '7i&i'+ '&

$"%'++*&&* $"& (i%(* 9 &' %"#7"#i' 7" $")" $" %",7i+ 0'+' &*,+'+ "& #'()i*. P'+'

L'8+"#" 9 L*+%; &'% '##i*"% $" #'()i* %* $" #'+#!"+ i!"+v"%i*i%!'%@ 7" 07"$"

#*%i$"+'+%" $" 3 !i0*% L*% "$7#'!iv*%. S" $"*(i' $" "%!' ('"+' 0*+ 7" '97$' ' #'()i'+ &'%

"0"#!'!iv'% $" &*% i!",+'!"%. L*% "%!+7#!7+'&"%. Ti"" &' =7#i $" #'()i'+ (!*$*% $" !i0* "%!+7#!7+'&"% #*(* &'

$ivi%i $"& !+')'*.

L*% !+'%'##i*'&"%. C7(0&" #* 7 0+*,+'(' $" i#"!iv'#i. P*+ "& )7"$"%"v*&vi(i"!* $" &'% 0"+%*'%.

E!'0' 3. I(0&"("!'#i $" &' '##i.E "%!' "!'0' %" %7(ii%!+' &*% +"#7+%*% 7" %* "#"%'+i*% 0'+' 0*$"+ &&"v'+ ' #')* "&

#'()i* '$"(% $" *)!""+ "& #*(0+*(i%* $" &*% 0'+!i#i0'!"% $$*&" %",7i(i"!* '&

0+*#"%* $" #'()i*.

E!'0' . Ev'&7'#i.E% &' F&!i(' "!'0' 9 &' "#'+,'$' $" #"++'+ "& 0+*#"%* $" #'()i*@ $"0"$i"$* $"&

+"%7&!'$* 7" '++*" &' "v'&7'#i "% #*(* %" 0*$+ %')"+ &'% (*$i=i#'#i*"% 7" %"$")"+ +"'&i-'+ " &' 0&'"'#i@ " &' i(0&"("!'#i@ 9 '%2 %7#"%iv'("!".D"!+* $" "%!' $i(i#' "i%!i+ 7 (*("!* " "& #7'& "& 0+*#"%* $")"+ $" '$7i+i+ %7

0+*0i' $i(i#' $"%'++*&&$*%" %i i,F #*!+'!i"(0*.

VENTAJAS DEL MODELO C* &' i(0&"("!'#i $" "%!" (*$"&* %" &*,+' &' +"$7##i $" &*% #*%!*%. S" +",i%!+' 7 i#+"("!* " &' 0+*$7#!ivi$'$ S" #*%i,7" #*#+"!'+ &*% #'()i*% $"%"'$*%. E% 7 (*$"&* %"#i&&* 9 $" =#i& '0&i#'#i. P"+(i!" &' +"vi%i $" &*% +"%7&!'$*% 0'+' ;'#"+ &'% #*++"##i*"% 0"+!i"!"%.

I$"!i=i#' #7'&"% %* &'% #'+'#!"+2%!i#'% *+,'i-'#i*'&"% 0'+' !""+ 7 $"%"(0"*"=i#i"!". A97$' ' 7" "& 0+*)&"(' %"' !+'!'$* #*%!'!"("!" ;'%!' %7 %*&7#i@ 9' 7" #*%!'

%*&'("!" $" "!'0'%. Di',%!i#' 0+*)&"('% *#7&!*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO


29/67

E& !""+ 7' ('&' 0"+#"0#i $" #7'&7i"+' $" &*% "%!'$i*% &&"v'+ ' '0&i#'+ 7"v'("!"

"& 0+*#"$i(i"!*. O#'%i*' !"%i*"% " &' *+,'i-'#i 7" 0+*v*#' &' +"%i%!"#i' '& #'()i*. L'% (*$i=i#'#i*"% "i," #*%!'!"% +"*v'#i*"% $" $i',%!i#* 9 +"'$'0!'#i*"%

#*!i7'%.

L' *+,'i-'#i "%! "07"%!' ' 0+"%i*"% 0+*$7#i$'% 0*+ &'% (*$i=i#'#i*"% " "&'()i"!".

/.4 M*$"&* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& $" >7+! L"8i.S",F L"8i "& (*$"&* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& &* )'%' " !+"% 0'%*% &*% #7'&"% %*4/#2 G&iar Mont&>ar, (a>ael.*esarrollo +r"aniacional.


30/67

1Q U A,"!" $" C'()i* #+"' &' "#"%i$'$ $" #'()i* ' &' *+,'i-'#i 0*+ ("$i* $" 7

$i',*%!i#*./Q U i$ivi$7* '"* ' &' *+,'i-'#i %" 0"+#'!' $" &' "#"%i$'$ $" #'()i* 0*i"$* "

#*!'#!* '& ',"!" $" #'()i* #* $i#;' *+,'i-'#i.3Q L' 0+*0i' *+,'i-'#i %" $' #7"!' $" &'% "#"%i$'$"% $" 7 #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&

)7%#'$* &' '%"%*+2' $" 7 ',"!" $" #'()i*.

ASE /. E%!')&"#i(i"!* $" 7' R"&'#i $" C'()i*.L*% '7!*+"% ;'#" ("#i $" 7" $")" $" "i%!i+ 7' #*&')*+'#i "!+" &' *+,'i-'#i

9 "& ',"!" $" #'()i* 7i"$* "%=7"+-*% 0'+' $"%'++*&&'+ "& !+')'* $" #'()i'+ $" 7'

('"+' "=i#i"!" 0'+' '%2 ''-'+ "& i!*. L' *+,'i-'#i 0'+"#" i+ " )7%#' $" &'

%",7+i$'$ $" 7" "& 0*%i)&" ',"!" $" #'()i* %"' %7=i#i"!"("!" $i%!i!* $" "&&' 0'+'

%"+ #')'&("!" #*(0+"%i)&" 9 '##"%i)&".43#3 Mar"&lies, Bewton. *esarrollo +r"aniacionalC procesos ) tecnolo"a. Mxico. *iana.

197$. !". 2

ASE 3. T+')'* 0'+' L*,+'+ "& C'()i*.E%!*% '7!*+"% $ivi$" "%!' ='%" " !+"% '%0"#!*%1Q A#&'+'#i * Di',%!i#* $"& P+*)&"(' $" &' O+,'i-'#i. E& ',"!" $" #'()i* +"F"

i=*+('#i 0'+' #*(0+"$"+ 9 $"!"#!'+ &*% 0+*)&"('% $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ 0+i#i0'&("!"

$*$" ;'9' &' "#"%i$'$ $"& #'()i*./Q E'(" $" &*% C'(i*% 9 M"!'% O0#i*'&"%. A72 %" v' ' 0&'"'+ &*% *)"!iv*% 9

("!'%@ &*% #7'&"% !"$+ ''#" $" '#7"+$* ' &' (',i!7$ $"& #'()i* 7" %" +"7i"+'.3Q T+'%=*+('#i $" &'% I!"#i*"% " E%=7"+-*% R"'&"% $" C'()i*. E%!" 07!* "% "&

(% i(0*+!'!"@ 9' 7" '72 %" i(0&'!'+ "& #'()i*@ "% $"#i+@ 0*"+ " ""#7#i 7'7"v' "%!+7#!7+' *+,'i-'#i*'& &&"v'+ ' #')* 7 0+*,+'(' "%0"#2=i#* $" #'0'#i!'#i@

i%!'&'+ 7 7"v* %i%!"('@ "!#.

ASE . G""+'&i-'#i 9 E%!')i&i-'#i $"& C'()i*.L*% '7!*+"% $' ' "%!' ='%" "& *()+" $" P+*#"%* $" I%!i!7#i*'&i-'#i@ 9' 7" !*$*% 9

#'$' 7* $" &*% (i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i $")" "%!'+ iv*&7#+'$*% " &' i(0&'!'#i

$" &'% 7"v'% *+('% 9 #*(0+*("!"+%" ' #7(0&i+&'%@ "%!* %" $' 7' v"- 7" %" ;'

$i=7$i$* "& #'()i* " !*$'% &'% +"'%. A& (i%(* !i"(0* %" $")" "%!')&"#"+ ("#'i%(*%

* '#!ivi$'$"% 7" ('!",' "& i(07&%* $"& #'()i* &*,+'$* " &'% ='%"% '!"+i*+"%.C')" ("#i*'+ 7" ' ("$i$' 7" ;'9' ('9*+ F("+* $" i!",+'!"% #'0'#i!'$*% "

$"%'++*&&* *+,'i-'#i*'& 9 7" "%!*% %"' 0"+('"!"% %" $'+ &' "=i#i"#i' 9 0*+ "$"

"& i!* $" &' "(0+"%'. T'!* (% 0+*)')&" %"+ 7" "& #'()i* ii#i'$* 0"+$7+" 9 7"$"

i%!i!7#i*'&i-'$* #*(* 7 (*$* $" vi$'.


31/67

ASE 4. L*,+* $" 7' R"&'#i T"+(i'&.U' v"- 7" "& ',"!" $" #'()i* 9' #*#&79 #* %7 !+')'*@ %",F &@ &' *+,'i-'#i

$")"+ " 7 =7!7+* +"%*&v"+ %7% 0+*0i*% 0+*)&"('%@ 0"+* "%!*% '7!*+"% ("#i*' 7" '

("7$* %!' !"+(i' 0*+ $"0"$"+ $" &.

VENTAJAS DEL MODELO S" $' 7 P+*#"%* $" I%!i!7#i*'&i-'#i@ 9' 7" !*$*% 9 #'$' 7* $" &*% (i"()+*% $" &'

*+,'i-'#i $")" "%!'+ iv*&7#+'$*%. E%!')&"#" ("#'i%(*% * '#!ivi$'$"% 7" ('!",' "& i(07&%* $"& #'()i* &*,+'$*.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO A ("$i$' 7" ;'9' ('9*+ F("+* $" i!",+'!"% #'0'#i!'$*% " $"%'++*&&*

*+,'i-'#i*'& 9 7 "%!*% %"' 0"+('"!"% %" $'+ &' "=i#i"#i' 9 0*+ "$" "& i!* $"

&' "(0+"%'. U' v"- #*#&7i$* "& 0+*#"%* * %" $"=i" 7i" %",7i+ #* &*% #'()i*%@ %i &'

*+,'i-'#i * "& ',"!" $" #'()i*.

2.6 Moe(o e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!( e P!/( L!0%ence.E "%!" (*$"&* "& '7!*+ &* $ivi$" " #7'!+* "!'0'% &'% #7'&"% %*

I. Di',%!i#*.E%!' "!'0' *% *=+"#" 7' =*!*,+'=2' i%!'!"' $" &' %i!7'#i '#!7'& $" &' *+,'i-'#i.

E& $i',%!i#* "% "& 0+*#"%* $" +"#*&"#!'+ 9 ''&i-'+ &*% $'!*% $" &*% ='#!*+"% #'7%'&"% $"

&*% 0+*)&"('% *+,'i-'#i*'&"%. E%!' +"#*&"##i * %&* #*%i%!" " 7!'+

#*(0+*)'#i*"% #7'!i!'!iv'% ("$i'!" #7"%!i*'+i*% 7 *!+*% ("$i*%@ %i* !'()i ;')&'+

#* &'% 0"+%*'% i!"+"%'$'%. S" )7%#' i$"!i=i#'+ &'% $iv"+%'% #'7%'% $"& 0+*)&"(' 9 %7%i!"++"&'#i*"% !'()i "%!')&"#"+ #7&"% %* &'% v'+i')&"% $"& %i%!"(' 7" #*!+i)79"

#* "& 0+*)&"(' $" ('"+' (% $"#i%iv'.

II. E& P&'!"'(i"!* $" &' A##i.E& '7!*+ %7,i"+" ;'#"+%" '&,7*% #7"%!i*'+i*% " "%!' "!'0'@ !'&"% #*(* 7 0"+%*'% %" "#7"!+' (*!iv'$'% 0'+' '$"&'!'+ 7 i!"!* $" #'()i*K C7&"% %* &*% 07!*% $" i=&7"#i' 9 $" 0*$"+ " "& %i%!"('K C7&"% v'+i')&"% 07"$" "&&*% '="#!'+ (% +0i$'("!"KL'% +"%07"%!'% ' "%!*% #7"%!i*'+i*% 07"$" %"+vi+ #*(* 7' ,72' ;'#i' &' )F%7"$' $"

v'+i*% 0&'"% '&!"+'!iv*% $" '##i 7" $"(7"%!+" &' 0*%i)i&i$'$ $" '&!"+'+ "& $"%"(0"*

$"& %i%!"(' " &' $i+"##i $"%"'$'. L'% '##i*"% $" i!"+v"#i 07"$" %"+ $" v'+i*%

!i0*% D" 7' '!7+'&"-' "$7#'#i*'&E%!* "%@ "%! $i%"'$' 0'+' #'()i'+ &'% "0"#!'!iv'% $" &*% #*&')*+'$*+"%. D" 7' '!7+'&"-' "%!+7#!7+'&E% $"#i+@ 7' (*$i=i#'#i " &' $ivi%i $"& !+')'*@ " &' +"$ $" #*(7i#'#i*"%@ "!#. U #'()i* " &' 0+i#i0'& "%!+'!",i' !+'%i#i*'& $" &' *+,'i-'#i.


32/67

N* i(0*+!' %i "% 7 #'()i* "%!+'!,i#* * 7 #'()i* "%!+7#!7+'&@ ,""+'&("!" %" +"7i"+"

$" 7 "%=7"+-* "$7#'!iv* '!"% $" 7" "& #'()i* 0&'"'$* 07"$' v"+%" +"=&"'$*

=i'&("!" " "& #*(0*+!'(i"!*. C7'$* %" $i%0*" $" v'+i*% #'()i*% '&!"+'!iv*% $"

'##i@ %" 07"$" #*(0'+'+ "!+" %2@ 9 '7"& 7" *=+"-#' &'% ("*+"% 0*%i)i&i$'$"% $"

i!* 0*$+ "!*#"% %"+ %"&"##i*'$* 0'+' %7 ""#7#i.

III. L' E"#7#i $" &' A##i.S" 0'%' $" &* !"+i#* ' &* 0+#!i#*@ "% $"#i+@ %" !+'%&'$' "& 0&' %"&"##i*'$* '&

#*(0*+!'(i"!* +"'&. L' ""#7#i ,""+'&("!" "#"%i!' %",7i+ 7' %"#7"#i' " "&

!i"(0*. S" 07"$" ;'#"+ +"vi%i*"% =+"#7"!"% ' ("$i$' 7" %" $"%'++*&&" &* 0&'"'$*.

IV. Ev'&7'#i.E% "& F&!i(* 0'%* " "& 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& 9 &' 0+i("+' ='%" $" 7 7"v*

#i#&*. L' "v'&7'#i #*%i%!" " #*(0'+'+ &'% ("!'% 0&'"'$'% #* &*% $'!*% +"'&"% 9

;'#"+ 7 $i',%!i#* $" &'% $i%#+"0'#i'% 9 $" %7% #'7%'%.

D"!+* $" %!" 0+*#"%* %" $"*!' 7" "% 7 0+*#"%* (% #*(0&"!* 9 7" !*(' "

#7"!' &' i(0*+!'#i' $" #**#"+ * %&* &' i=*+('#i 7" %" !i"" " F("+*% 9 "

0'0"& ' &' ;*+' $" ;'#"+ "& $i',%!i#*@ %i* 7" '$"(% !*(' " #7"!' ' &*% i!",+'!"%

$" &' *+,'i-'#i 0'+' ;'#"+ 7' $i',*%!i#'#i (% #*(0&"!'.

T'()i "%!" 0+*#"%* 0"+(i!" "v'&7'+ &* 0&'"'$* #* &* 7" %" v' +"'&i-'$* 9 0*$"+

#*++",i+ * i(0&"("!'+ *!+* 0&' $" '##i. P"+* "& 0+*#"%* 07"$" #'"+ " "& "++*+ $"

!""+ (7#;'% '&!"+'!iv'% $" '##i 9 '%2 "0"+i("!'+ " &' ('+#;' )7%#'$* #7'& %"+2'

&' ("*+ '&!"+'!iv' 9 * &&",'+ ' '$' #*#+"!* 9 0*+ "$" * 'v'-'+ #* "& 0+*#"%*.

VENTAJAS DEL MODELO P"+(i!" "v'&7'+ &* 0&'"'$* #* &* 7" %" v' +"'&i-'$* 9 0*$"+ #*++",i+ * i(0&"("!'+

*!+* 0&' $" '##i. T*(' " #7"!' ' &*% i!",+'!"% $" &' *+,'i-'#i 0'+' ;'#"+ 7' $i',*%!i#'#i (%

#*(0&"!'. O=+"#" 7' =*!*,+'=2' i%!'!"' $" &' %i!7'#i '#!7'& $" &' *+,'i-'#i. E%!')&"#" #7'&"% %* &'% v'+i')&"% $"& %i%!"(' 7" #*!+i)79" #* "& 0+*)&"(' $"

('"+' (% $"#i%iv'.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO C'" " "& "++*+ $" !""+ (7#;'% '&!"+'!iv'% $" '##i 9 '%2 "0"+i("!'+ " &' ('+#;'

)7%#'$* #7'& %"+2' &' ("*+ '&!"+'!iv' 9 * &&",'+ ' '$' #*#+"!* 9 0*+ "$" *

'v'-'+ #* "& 0+*#"%*. S" +"7i"+" $" 7 "%=7"+-* "$7#'!iv* '!"% $" 7" "& #'()i* 0&'"'$* 07"$' v"+%"

+"=&"'$* =i'&("!" " "& #*(0*+!'(i"!*.


33/67

2.7 Moe(o e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!( e 3ene(( L. *%enc4 Cec$( 8. Be((

P'+' &*% '7!*+"% ;'9 !+"% #*(0*"!"% )%i#*% " !*$*% &*% 0+*,+'('% $" #'()i*

*+,'i-'#i*'& Di',%!i#*@ '##i 9 '$(ii%!+'#i $"& 0+*,+'('@ &*% 7" %" $"%#+i)" '#*!i7'#i

1. Di',%!i#*.R"0+"%"!' 7' +"#*0i&'#i #*!i7' $" $'!*% '#"+#' $"& %i%!"(' !*!'& * $" %7%

%7)7i$'$"% 9 '#"+#' $" &*% 0+*#"%*% 9 &' #7&!7+' $"& %i%!"(' 9 $" *!+*% *)"!iv*% $"

i!"+%. D"& $i',%!i#* %7+," &' i$"!i=i#'#i $" &*% 07!*% =7"+!"%@ &'% *0*+!7i$'$"% 9

&'% +"'% 0+*)&"('.

/. E& #*(0*"!" $" A##i.C*%i%!" " !*$'% &'% '#!ivi$'$"% 9 &'% i!"+v"#i*"% $i%"'$'% 0'+' ("*+'+ "&

=7#i*'(i"!* $" &' *+,'i-'#i. S" $"%'++*&&' &*% 0&'"% $" '##i 0'+' #*++",i+ "&

0+*)&"('@ '0+*v"#;'+ &'% *0*+!7i$'$"% 9 #*%"+v'+ &'% +"'% $" 07!*% =7"+!"%.E%!*% 0&'"% $" '##i %* i!"+v"#i*"% $"& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& "%0"#2=i#'("!"

$i%"'$'% 0'+' ')*+$'+ &*% '%0"#!*% +"&'#i*'$*% #* 0+*#"%*% %"&"##i*'$*%@ #*(* &'

#*(7i#'#i 9 &' !*(' $" $"#i%i*"%.

3. E& #*(0*"!" $" A$(ii%!+'#i $" P+*,+'('.A)'+#' !*$'% &'% '#!ivi$'$"% $i%"'$'% 0'+' '%",7+'+ "& i!* $"& 0+*,+'('@ #*(*

$"%'++*&&'+ &' "%!+'!",i' ,""+'& $"& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&@ vi,i&'+ &*% '#*!"#i(i"!*% '

&'+,* 0&'-* $"& #'()i* 9 ')*+$'+ &'% #*(0&"i$'$"% 9 %*+0+"%'% i;"+"!"% " !*$*% &*%

0+*,+'('%.

D" ;"#;* "%!*% !+"% #*(0*"!"% %* i!"+v"#i*"% ;'#i' &' *+,'i-'#i@ " "& %"!i$*

$" 7" !*$*% ""+#" i(0'#!* %*)+" &*% (i"()+*% $" &' (i%('. E%!" !"+#"+ 0'%* #*%i%!"

" $"%#7)+i+ ;"#;*% #*#"+i"!"% ' &*% +"%7&!'$*% $" &'% '##i*"% 7" %" !*('.S" #*!"%!' 0+",7!'% !'&"% #*(* &'% '##i*"% !7vi"+* &*% "="#!*% $"%"'$*%K@ S"

%*&7#i* "& 0+*)&"(' * %" '0+*v"#;* &' *0*+!7i$'$K Si &' +"%07"%!' "% %2@ &*% (i"()+*%

$" &' *+,'i-'#i 'v'-' ' 0+*)&"('% 9 *0*+!7i$'$"% 7"v*% 9 $i="+"!"% %i &'

+"%07"%!' "% *@ &*% (i"()+*% ii#i' 7"v*% 0&'"% $" '##i " i!"+v"#i*"% 0'+'

+"%*&v"+ 0+*)&"('% #7'+!* 0'%*Q A ("7$*@ #7'$* &*% 0+*)&"('% %i,7" %i +"%*&v"+%"

$"%07% $" 7 '!'7" ii#i'&@ "& !"+#"+ 9 #7'+!* 0'%*% i(0&i#' 7' 7"v' +"$"=ii#i 9

7' 7"v' #*#"0!7'&i-'#i $" &'% +"'% 0+*)&"('. E& 7i!*@ %"!* 9 %0!i(* 0'%*%

!'()i +"7i"+" 0'+' '&,7*%@ 0+*)&"('% 9 *0*+!7i$'$"%@ 0"+* &*% 0'%*% '$i#i*'&"%

%&* %* +"0"!i#i*"% $" &' %"#7"#i' &,i#' $" $i',%!i#*


34/67

E%!" "% 7 0+*#"%* 7" "='!i-' &' "#"%i$'$ $" )7%#'+ &*% 07!*% =7"+!"% $" &'

*+,'i-'#i 0'+' #*%"+v'+&*% 9 $" '&,7' ('"+' 07"$" %"+ 7%'$*% 0'+' &' +"%*&7#i

$" 0+*)&"('% 9 "& '0+*v"#;'(i"!* $" *0*+!7i$'$"%@ "%!" 0+*#"%* * %&* %" &i(i!' '

+"%*&7#i $" 0+*)&"('%@ %i* 7" !'()i %i+v" 0'+' * 0"+$"+ &'% *0*+!7i$'$"% 7"

*% 0+"%"!' " "& #'()i*@ '$"(% "% =&"i)&" 9' 7" 0'+' $"!"+(i'$'% %i!7'#i*"%07"$" %"+ 7 0+*#"%* %"#i&&* $" !+"% ='%"% * ;'%!' %i"!".4#9 -endell L. rench ) /ecil H. ell. *esarrollo +r"aniacional. Aportaciones de las

/iencias de la /ond&cta para el MeDoramiento de la +r"aniaci4n.Mxico.rentice@

Hall.199. !". 136

L' $"%v"!'' $" "%!" 0+*#"%* "% 7" "& ',"!" $" #'()i* $")" %')"+ #7$* 7%'+ !+"% *

(% ='%"% $"& 0+*#"%* $" '#7"+$* '& 0+*)&"('@ #* "%!* %" #*++" "& +i"%,* $" 7" %"

'#*+!" * "!i"$' &'% ='%"% 9 * %" $" &*% +"%7&!'$*% "%0"+'$*% * %" +"7i"+" $" (%

!i"(0* $"& "#"%'+i* 0'+' %7 ""#7#i.

VENTAJAS DEL MODELO E% =&"i)&" I$"!i=i#' $" &*% 07!*% =7"+!"%@ &'% *0*+!7i$'$"% 9 &'% +"'% 0+*)&"('. S" $"%'++*&&' &*% 0&'"% $" '##i 0'+' #*++",i+ "& 0+*)&"('@ '0+*v"#;'+ &'%

*0*+!7i$'$"% 9 #*%"+v'+ &'% +"'% $" 07!*% =7"+!"%. Si+v" 0'+' * 0"+$"+ &'% *0*+!7i$'$"% 7" *% 0+"%"!' " "& #'()i*.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO E% 7 0+*#"%* ' &'+,* 0&'-*. E& ',"!" $" #'()i* $")" %')"+ #7$* 7%'+ !+"% * (% ='%"% $"& 0+*#"%* $" '#7"+$*

'& 0+*)&"('.

2.19 Moe(o e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!( e( L$c. L/$- *e%%e% P:%e'E%!" '7!*+ 0+*0*" %"i% 0'%*% 0'+' &&"v'+ ' #')* &' i(0&"("!'#i $"& C'()i*O+,'i-'#i*'&?66 errer re L&is. G&a r!ctica de *esarrollo +r"aniacional. Mxico. 8rillas. 197.

!". #$

1. A7!*$i',%!i#*.E!'0' " &' #7'& "& #*%7&!*+ A,"!" $" C'()i*Q '%i%!" '& #&i"!" O+,'i-'#iQ 0'+' 7"

%!" $"!"#!" "& "%!'$* $" %'&7$ 0*+ "& 7" 0'%' &' *+,'i-'#i.

/. R"#*0i&'#i 9 Di',%!i#* $" D'!*%.L*% i%!+7("!*% 0'+' &&"v'+ ' #')* &' +"#*0i&'#i $" $'!*% %* )%i#'("!"E#7"%!'%@ "!+"vi%!'% 9 +"7i*"% $" #*=+*!'#i. E #7'!* ' &*% $'!*% %*)+" &*%

#7'&"% %" iv"%!i,'@ ,""+'&("!" %* L' "%!+7#!7+' *+,'i-'#i*'&@ "& #&i('

*+,'i-'#i*'&@ "& 0*$"+@ "& ""+#i#i* $" &' '7!*+i$'$@ &*% "%!i&*% ,"+"#i'&"% 9 $" &i$"+'-,*@


35/67

&' %*&7#i $" 0+*)&"('%@ &' !*(' $" $"#i%i*"%@ &' #*(7i#'#i@ &' (*!iv'#i 9 &*%

#*=&i#!*% i!"+,+70'&"%.

3. L' P&'"'#i $" &' A0&i#'#i $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& " &' O+,'i-'#i

R"%0"#!iv'.

S" +"=i"+" ' &' +"'&i-'#i $"& #*7!* $" 0&'"% 7" %" 0+"!"$" $"%'++*&&'+ 0'+' 0*$"+&&",'+ ' &*% *)"!iv*% =i'$*%.

. C'0'#i!'#i $"& P"+%*'& I$i#'$* 0'+' 7" &' E"#7#i $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&

%"' E="#!iv'.E%!* "%@ !""+ ' &' *+,'i-'#i )i" #'0'#i!'$' 0'+' &*,+'+ 7" %!' %"' (% "=i#i"!" 9

%" &*,+" &*% *)"!iv*% 9 0&'"% "%!')&"#i$*% 9 0*+ "$" %" &*,+" "& i!*.4. E"#7#i.L' '0&i#'#i $" &' 0&'"'#i !"i"$* " #7"!' &' +"&'#i "i%!"!" "!+" &i$"+'-,*@ &'

'$(ii%!+'#i 9 "& #'()i* $" #*$7#!'.

?. S",7i(i"!* 9 +"#i#&'".V"+i=i#'+ 7" %" #7(0&' &*% 0+*,+'('% "%!')&"#i$*% 0'+' 0*$"+ *)!""+ &*% +"%7&!'$*%

$"%"'$*%.

E%!" "% 7 0+*#"%* " "& #7'& $"*!' &' 0'+!i#i0'#i $" 7 A,"!" $" C'()i*@ "% 7

0+*#"%* (79 "%0"#2=i#* 9 #*(0&"!*. D' ' #**#"+ &' i(0*+!'#i' $" &' #'0'#i!'#i $" &*%

i$ivi$7*% 0'+' 7" "& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& %"' "="#!iv*. P"+* "& '7!*+ &i(i!' %7 0+*#"%*

" &' F&!i(' "!'0'@ 9' 7" %&* v"+i=i#' %i %" #7(0&i"+* * * &*% *)"!iv*% 9 * $"*!' &'

i(0*+!'#i' $" !*('+ ("$i$'% #*++"#!iv'% $7+'!" "& 0+*#"%*.

VENTAJAS DEL MODELO E% 7 0+*#"%* (79 "%0"#2=i#* 9 #*(0&"!*. D' ' #**#"+ &' i(0*+!'#i' $" &' #'0'#i!'#i $" &*% i$ivi$7*% 0'+' 7" "& C'()i*

O+,'i-'#i*'& %"' "="#!iv*.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO N* $"*!' &' i(0*+!'#i' $" !*('+ ("$i$'% #*++"#!iv'% $7+'!" "& 0+*#"%*. i#'("!" %" &i(i!' ' v"+i=i#'+ %i %" #7(0&i"+* * * &*% *)"!iv*%.

2.11 Moe(o e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!( e E&!% Sc4e$n

E& (*$"&* $" !+"% "!'0'% $" L"8i "% 7 0*$"+*%* i%!+7("!* #*,*%#i!iv* 0'+'#*(0+"$"+ &'% %i!7'#i*"% $" #'()i*. E$,'+ S#;"i !*( &' i$"' $" L"8i 9 &' ("*+ 9'

7" "%0"#i=i# &*% ("#'i%(*% 0%i#*&,i#*% iv*&7#+'$*% " "& #'()i*?11 %hein d"ar H. *esarrollo +r"aniacional. n>o:&e nte"ral. Mxico. Addison@-esle)

0eroamericana. 1995. !". 126

1. E &' "!'0' 7*@ &' D"%#*,"&'#i.


36/67

L' ='&!' $" #*=i+('#i #+"' $*&*+ " i#*(*$i$'$@ &* 7" #'7%' #7&0' 9 '%i"$'$@ &* 7"

' %7 v"- (*!iv' ' &'% 0"+%*'% ' #'()i'+. P"+* ' ("*% 7" &' 0"+%*' %" %i"!' #(*$'

#* "& ')'$** $" &'% '!i,7'% #*$7#!'% 9 &' '$7i%i#i $" *!+'% 7"v'%@ "& #'()i* *

*#7++i+. E% $"#i+@ &' 0"+%*' $")" "0"+i("!'+ 7' %"%'#i $" %",7+i$'$ 0%i#*&,i#'

#* "& =i $" +"(0&'-'+ &'% '!i,7'% #*$7#!'% #* &'% 7"v'%.

/. E &' "!'0' $*%@ M*v"+%".L' 0"+%*' '!+'vi"%' 0*+ 7' +""%!+7#!7+'#i #*,*%#i!iv'. L' 0"+%*' "#"%i!'

i=*+('#i 9 7' "vi$"#i' 7" $"(7"%!+" 7" "& #'()i* "% $"%"')&" 9 0*%i)&"@ "%!* %"

&*,+' (*$"&'$* &' #*$7#!' $" 7 ""(0&'+ 9 +"#*0i&'$* &' i=*+('#i 0"+!i"!" $"&

'()i"!".

3. L' !'+"' 0+i(*+$i'& " &' "!'0' !+"%@ V*&v"+ ' C*,"&'+.E% i!",+'+ &'% 7"v'% =*+('% $" #*$7#!' " &' 0"+%*'&i$'$ 9 &'% '#!i!7$"% $" &'

0"+%*'. L' "%!')i&i-'#i $" &*% #'()i*% +"7i"+" 7' 0+7")' 0'+' v"+ %i %" '7%!'@ "%$"#i+@ %i %" '7%!' '& i$ivi$7* 9 '& '()i"!" %*#i'& 7" &* +*$"'. L' =+'%" +"&'#i*"%

%i,i=i#'!iv'% %" +"=i"+" ' &'% 0"+%*'% i(0*+!'!"% " "& '()i"!" %*#i'& $"& i$ivi$7* 9 %i

"%!*% '#"0!' &*% #'()i*% 9 &*% '0+7")'.

VENTAJAS DEL MODELO E% $" =#i& '0&i#'#i 0*+ %"+ =7#i*'&. E% 7 0*$"+*%* i%!+7("!* #*,*%#i!iv* 0'+' #*(0+"$"+ &'% %i!7'#i*"% $" #'()i*. E%0"#2=i#' &*% ("#'i%(*% 0%i#*&,i#*% iv*&7#+'$*% " "& #'()i*.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO L' 0"+%*' $")" "0"+i("!'+ 7' %"%'#i $" %",7+i$'$ 0%i#*&,i#' #* "& =i $"

+"(0&'-'+ &'% '!i,7'% #*$7#!'% #* &'% 7"v'%. L'% 0"+%*'% "#"%i!' i=*+('#i 9 7' "vi$"#i' 7" $"(7"%!+" 7" "& #'()i* "%

$"%"')&" 9 0*%i)&".

2.12 Moe(o e C!"#$o O%&!n$'!c$on!( e 3!((!ce o4n Ne0ton M!%&/($e-E& 0+*#"%* $" "%!" '7!*+ #*%i%!" " !+"% 0'%*% =7$'("!'&"% 7" "%",7i$' %"

$"%#+i)"?/2 Bewton Mar"&lies, -allace John. l /am0io +r"aniacional


37/67

/. Di',%!i#* O+,'i-'#i*'&.E=*#' 0+i#i0'&("!" '& 0+*#"%* $" %*&7#i $" 0+*)&"('%@ "%!" ')'+#' 7 F("+* $"

!#i#'% +"&'#i*'$'% #* &' i$"!i=i#'#i $" 0+"*#70'#i*"% 9 #*%"#7"#i'%@

"%!')&"#i(i"!* $" 0+i*+i$'$@ +"&'#i #* &*% 0+*0%i!*% 9 *)"!iv*%.C*&&"v' !'()i ' &' ,""+'#i $" "%!+'!",i'% '&!"+'!iv'%@ $"%'++*&&* 9 v"+i=i#'#i $"

7"v*% "=*7"% 0'+' &' %*&7#i $" 0+*)&"('% *+,'i-'#i*'&"% 9 ' &' 0+"0'+'#i $"&

%i%!"(' 0'+' "& #'()i*.

3. A##i $" I!"+v"#i.Ei%!" 7' #'!i$'$ (79 ,+'$" $" !#i#'% $i%0*i)&"% 0'+' &' ='%" $" i(0&"("!'#i

$"& 0+*#"%* $"& C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&. S" &&", ' $"%'++*&&'+ 7' +"%07"%!' 0'+' #'$'

0+"*#70'#i #*(F 7" %7+," +"0"!i$'("!" " &'% *+,'i-'#i*"%.E%!' "% 7' ='%" $"& 0+*#"%* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'& 7" 07"$" %"+ $"=ii$' #*(* 7'

'##i 0&'"'$' ' ""#7!'+%" ' #*!i7'#i $" &' ='%" $" $i',%!i#*. E& ;"#;* $"

*)!""+ $'!*% 9[* $i',%!i#*% "% 7' ('"+' $" i!"+v"i+ " "& %i%!"(' 9 07"$"0+*v*#'+ 7 0+*=7$* i(0'#!* %*)+" &' #7&!7+' *+,'i-'#i*'&.H'9 "#"%i$'$ $" "%#*,"+ #7'& "% &' i!"+v"#i (% '0+*0i'$' ' &' %i!7'#i 7" "%

$"%"'$' 0'+' 7 0+*)&"(' *+,'i-'#i*'& $"!"+(i'$*. Si "()'+,*@ &' '##i $"

i!"+v"#i * "% &' F&!i(' ='%" $"& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'&@ %i* 7' "!'0' #'0'- $"

='#i&i!'+ "& 0+*#"%* %*)+" 7' )'%" $" #*!i7i$'$.

VENTAJAS DEL MODELO E% 7 0+*#"%* (79 ,""+'&i-'$* 7" 0"+(i!" #**#"+ &*% 0'%*% )%i#*% 0'+' 0*$"+

$"%'++*&&'+ &' '0&i#'#i $"& #'()i* *+,'i-'#i*'& $"!+* $" 7' *+,'i-'#i.

DESVENTAJAS DEL MODELO S7 =*+(' ,""+'&i-'$' * $"' #*(0+"$"+ $" ('"+' "0&2#i!' &* 7" %" ;'#" " #'$'

='%"@ '$"(% 9 '77" "& '7!*+ ;'#" &' '#&'+'#i 7" &' '##i $" i!"+v"#i * "% &'

F&!i(' ='%" $"& 0+*#"%*@ * "% #&'+* " &* 7" 0'%' $"%07% $" %!".


38/67

CAPTULO AGENTE DE CAMBIO

.1 Concepto e A&ente e C!"#$o

A& i$ivi$7* 7" %" "#'+,' $" +"#*&"#!'+ i=*+('#i F!i&@ 7" (7"%!+" &' +"'&i$'$ $" &'

*+,'i-'#i %" &" &&'(' A,"!" $" C'()i*@ !'()i %" &" #**#" #*(* S"%*+ $"

Di%#+"0'#i'%@ I$"!i=i#'$*+ $" C*=&i#!*% * '#i&i!'$*+ $"& C'()i*.P'+' "!"$"+ &'% =7#i*"%@ "& 0"+=i& " i(0*+!'#i' $"& A,"!" $" C'()i*@ %" 0+"%"!' '

#*!i7'#i 7' %"+i" $" #*#"0!*% #* "& =i $" "!"$"+ "& 0'0"& $" %!" " &'

O+,'i-'#i

Ri#;'+$ B"#W;'+$C*#"0!7'&i-' '& A,"!" $" C'()i* #*(* A7"&&' 0"+%*' 9' %"' =7"+' * $"!+* $" &'

*+,'i-'#i@ 7" 0+"%!' '%i%!"#i' !#i#'@ "%0"#i'&i-'$' * $" #*%7&!*+2' "

'$(ii%!+'#i $" 7 "%=7"+-* $" #'()i*??4. E "%!" #*#"0!* B"#W;'+$ *% $"' v"+7" "& A,"!" $" C'()i* %"+ 7 "%0"#i'&i%!' 9 7" 07"$" %"+ i!"+* * "!"+*.B"#W;'+$ $i#" 7" "& ',"!" $" #'()i* "% 7' 0"+%*' 7" "%! $"!+* * =7"+' $" &'

*+,'i-'#i 9 0+*0*+#i*'+ #**#i(i"!*% $" "%0"#i'&i%!' 0'+' &*,+'+ "& #'()i*.$ ec'hard, (ichard. *esarrollo +r"aniacional. strate"ias ) Modelos. Mxico. ondo

de /&lt&ra nteramericana. 195. !".11#

J. R. S;"+("+;*+.Di#" 7" "% 7' 0"+%*' * ,+70* 7" '%7(" &' +"%0*%')i&i$'$ $" #'()i'+ "& 0'!+ $"

#*(0*+!'(i"!* "i%!"!" " *!+' 0"+%*' * " *!+* %i%!"(' %*#i'&.E "%!" #*#"0!* S;"+("+;*+ ;')&' $" 7" "& ',"!" $" #'()i* 07"$" %"+ 7' 0"+%*'

* 7 ,+70* $" 0"+%*'% 0'+' #'()i'+ "& #*(0*+!'(i"!* " 7 %i%!"(' %*#i'&.

A!;*9 T. C*)).D"%$" %7 07!* $" vi%!' "% '7"&&' 0"+%*' #79* 0'0"& * =7#i "% ii#i'+ "& #'()i* 9

'97$'+ 0*+ ("$i* $" %7 "0"+i"#i' 9 *)"!ivi$'$ '& &*,+* $"& (i%(*.P'+' C*)) "& ',"!" $" #'()i* "% 7' 0"+%*' 7" 7!* #* %7 "0"+i"#i' '97$' '

*)!""+ "& #'()i*.

Pi"++" C*&&"+"!!".

C*#"0!7'&i-' '& ',"!" $" #'()i* #*(* &' 0"+%*' 7" '#!F' " =*+(' $"&i)"+'$' %*)+"

"& "!*+* ' =i $" ='#i&i!'+ * 0+*0i#i'+ &' i(0&'!'#i $"& #'()i* 0+*9"#!'$*.A%2@ !*$' 0"+%*' * %i%!"(' 7" #*!+i)79' ("$i'!" 7' '##i $i+"#!' * i$i+"#!' ' &'

i(0&'!'#i $"& #'()i*@ #*%!i!79" 7 A,"!" $" C'()i*.E%!" '7!*+ ;')&' 7" "& ',"!" $" #'()i* "% #7'&7i"+ 0"+%*' 7" "%! $i%07"%!* ' $'+ *

' 0+*0i#i'+ "& #'()i* " 7' *+,'i-'#i.


39/67

S!"0;" P. R*))i%.C*#i)" '& A,"!" $" C'()i* #*(* L' 0"+%*' 7" '#!F' #*(* #'!'&i-'$*+ 9 '%7(" &'

+"%0*%')i&i$'$ $" '$(ii%!+'+ &*% #'()i*%??. R*))i% $i#" 7" "& A,"!" $" C'()i*

%"+ 7i" %" +"%0*%')i&i#" $" &' '$(ii%!+'#i $"& #'()i*. (o00ins, %tephen . /onocimiento +r"aniacional. /onceptos, /ontro;ersias )

Aplicaciones. Mxico. rentice@Hall Hispanoamericana. 1997. !". 57

P'7& R. L'8+"#".A=i+(' 7" "& A,"!" $" C'()i* "% A7"&&' 0"+%*'@ 7" '#!F' *+('&("!" #*(*

#*%7&!*+ i!"+* * "!"+*@ #* &' '$"#7'$' 0+"0'+'#i '#'$(i#' 9 '0+*0i'$'

"0"+i"#i' " &'% #i"#i'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!*?.D"& '!"+i*+ #*#"0!* +"%'&!' &' #**!'#i 7" &" $' L'8+"#" '& ;"#;* $" 7" "&

A,"!" 07"$" "%!'+ $"!+* $" 7' "%!+7#!7+' * %"+ i$"0"$i"!" $" &' *+,'i-'#i.

7" $")" #*!'+ #* "0"+i"#i' " &'% #i"#i'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!*.7 Lawrence, a&l (. *esarrollo de las +r"aniaciones. *ia"n4stico ) Acci4n. Mxico.

ondo .d&cati;o nteramericano. 1993. !". 113

"+'$* A#;i&&"% $" '+i' M"&&*.D"=i" ' "& A,"!" $" D"%'++*&&* O+,'i-'#i*'& ' v"#"% A,"!" $" C'()i*Q "% E& 7"

i(07&%' "& "%=7"+-* $" C'()i* O+,'i-'#i*'&@ ;')i"$* * * #'()i*?5.P*+ &* ,""+'& "% 7 #*%7&!*+ "!"+* * i!"+*Q 0"+* 7" 07"$" %"+ 7 "&"("!* $"!+*

$"& %i%!"(' *)"!iv*@ * "& 0+*0i* #&i"!"@ %i"(0+" 7" 0*%"' &' '$"#7'$' #'0'#i!'#i

!"+i#' 9 0+#!i#' 0'+' +"0+"%"!'+ "%!" 0'0"&.E %7 #*#"0!* '+i' M"&&* %7%!"!' 7" "& A,"!" $" D"%'++*&&* O+,'i-'#i*'& "% '

v"#"% A,"!" $" C'()i* " "& %"!i$* $" 7" "% "& #&i"!" 7i" $"#i$" %i 7i"+" * *

(*$i=i#'+ '&,7' #*%' " i#&7%iv" 07"$" *0!'+ 0*+ * ;'#"+ #'()i* '&,7*.P*+ &* 7" "& A,"!" $" D"%'++*&&* O+,'i-'#i*'& i(07&%' "& "%=7"+-* $" C'()i*

O+,'i-'#i*'& #7'$* '#!F' #*(* ='#i&i!'$*+@ #'!'&i-'$*+@ "%!i(7&'$*+ * i%0i+'$*+ $"

#*(0*+!'(i"!*% 9 '#!ivi$'$"% 7" "&"v" "& iv"& $" "=i#i"#i' 9[* %'&7$ $" &'

*+,'i-'#i. T'()i '%"v"+' 7" * "% "& Fi#* '7!*+ $" &*% #'()i*% 7" $"%'++*&&" &'

*+,'i-'#i 9' 7" &*% #&i"!"% !'()i 0'+!i#i0' " "%!" 0+*#"%*.5 Achilles de aria Mello, ernando. *esarrollo +r"aniacionalC en>o:&e inte"ral. Mxico.

Lim&sa ditores.199. !". 76

.2 C!%!cte%;-t$c!- e( A&ente e C!"#$oL'% #'+'#!"+2%!i#'% 7" %" #*%i$"+' $")" !""+ "& A,"!" $" C'()i*@ '& %"+ 7' 0i"-'

#&'v" 0'+' &*,+'+ "& $"%'++*&&* $" &' *+,'i-'#i@ %" ("#i*' ' #*!i7'#i676 Gon!le L4pe, %andra L&. Ap&ntes de /lase de la asi"nat&ra de *esarrollo

+r"aniacional. Mxico. ac&ltad de st&dios %&periores /&a&titl!n. EBAM. 2662


40/67

D")" $" %"+ 7 0+*="%i*'& " &'% +"'% $"& #*(0*+!'(i"!* ;7('*.A%2 #*(* !'()i $")" !""+ #**#i(i"!*% $" 0%i#*&*,2'@ %*#i*&*,2' 9 #7&!7+'

*+,'i-'#i*'&. D")" %"+ O)"!iv* 9 A'&2!i#*S')"+ i!"+0+"!'+ &' 0+*)&"(!i#' $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 "(i!i+ 7i#i*% *)"!iv*% 9 #&'+*%.

D")" %"+ 166\ T*&"+'!".C*!'+ #* 7 #*(0*+!'(i"!* +"%0"!7*%*@ !i#* 9 "=i#i"!" 0'+' )+i$'+ 7 %"+vi#i*. R"%0*%')&".E% $"#i+@ 7" 0*%"' &' #'0'#i$'$ $" +"%07"%!' '& '%7(i+ 7 #*(0+*(i%*. T"'-.L* 7" %i,i=i#' 7" "% =i+(" " &*% 0&'"% * '##i*"% ' +"'&i-'+@ #*%!'!" " i#'%')&"

0'+' 0*$"+ &&"v'+ ;'%!' %7 #*#&7%i "& 0+*#"%* $" #'()i* $"%"'$*. B7"' #*(7i#'#i.E% $"#i+@ %')"+ !+'%(i!i+ %7% i$"'% 9 0"%'(i"!*% $" ('"+' #&'+' 9 #*#+"!'@ 9' 7" "%

i$i%0"%')&" 0'+' 0"+%7'$i+ %7% #&i"!"%@ %7)*+$i'$*%@ "!#!"+'. D")" $" %"+ O0!i(i%!'.U' ("!" ')i"+!' 7" &" '97$" ' "#*!+'+ &'% %*&7#i*"% ' &*% 0+*)&"('% %i $"'+ $"

%"+ +"'&i%!' 9 *)"!iv*. T""+ &' #*vi##i $" 7" &*% #'()i*% 7" & i(0&'!" %" +"'&i-'+ #* "="#!ivi$'$. D")" $" %"+ 166\ #+"'!iv*. I$"'$* =*+('% 9 *0#i*"% 7" '97$'+ ' +"%*&v"+

#7'&7i"+ 0+*)&"(' 7" %" 0+"%"!" $"!+* $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9 '%2 "&",i+ &' %*&7#i (%

vi')&" 9 #*v"i"!"@ #*!'$* #* 7 "%02+i!7 #*%!+7#!iv* " i*v'$*+. S"+ %"%i)&".L* 7" &" '97$'+' ' 0"+#i)i+ &'% '#!i!7$"% $" &'% 0"+%*'% 9 &' $i%0*%i#i ;'#i' &*%

#'()i*% 7" %" 0+"!"$' i(0&'!'+ 9 '%2 #**#"+ "& ,+'$* $" +"%i%!"#i'. S')"+ '0+*v"#;'+ "& !i"(0*.E& #7'& $")" '$"#7'+ ' !*$'% &'% '#!ivi$'$"% " *+$" &,i#* 0'+' 7" %7 !'+"' %"' (%

"="#!iv'.


41/67

S"+ I(0'+#i'&.C*!'$* #* i$"0"$"#i' $" #+i!"+i* '& "(i!i+ 7 7i#i* * &' =*+(7&'#i $" 7

%"'&'(i"!*. S"+ H)i&.E% $"#i+@ !""+ &' #'0'#i$'$ 0'+' 0"+#i)i+ " i=&7i+ " "& #*!"!*.

T""+ 7' vi%i "(0+"$"$*+'.C*!'+ #* 7' '#!i!7$ 0*%i!iv' 0'+' '#"0!'+ +"!*% 9 '0+*v"#;'+ &'% *0*+!7i$'$"%. S"+ *)%"+v'$*+.T'()i $")" !""+ ii#i'!iv'@ $i%#+"#i@ ='#i&i$'$ 0'+' !+')''+ " "7i0*@ "%!')i&i$'$

"(*#i*'&@ !i#' 0+*="%i*'&@ ("!" ''&2!i#'@ *)"!ivi$'$@ #'0'#i$'$ $" ",*#i'#i "

i%0i+'+ #*=i'-'.

3.3 Ti0*% $" A,"!" $" C'()i*E& A,"!" $" C'()i* 07"$" %i!7'+%" $"!+* * =7"+' $" &' *+,'i-'#i %*)+" "& #7'& '#!F'.

D"!+* !"*+2' 9 0+#!i#' $"& #'()i* 0&'i=i#'$* "& ',"!" "!"+* %7"&" 0+"%"!'+%" #*(*

7 "0"+!*@ '& 7" &*% ii#i'$*+"% '#7$" 0'+' 7" '97$" '& %i%!"(' ' $i',*%!i#'+ 9[*

0&'i=i#'+[""#7!'+["v'&7'+ ("*+ %7 ii#i'!iv' $" #'()i*. E& ',"!" i!"+*@ 0*+ %7 0'+!"@ "%

'&,7i" 7" "% 0'+!" i!",+'!" $"& %i%!"(' 9 #79* "#'+,* ' v"#"% %"#+"!*Q "%

"#&7%iv'("!" * " 0'+!"@ "& ;'#"+ #'()i'+ $i#;* %i%!"('1.71 /ollerette, ierre ) Gilles, *elisle. La lani>icaci4n del /am0io. Mxico. 8rillas. 199#.

!". 16

E& ',"!" i!"+* %" "#7"!+' $"!+* $"& %i%!"('@ 0*+ &* 7" 07"$" '#!7'+ " 7' =*+('

7" #*!+i)79' ' 0"+0"!7'+ &*% 0+*)&"('% ' #*!i7'#i %" $' ' #**#"+ (%

'(0&i'("!" &*% $*% !i0*% $" A,"!"%

A,"!" $" C'()i* I!"+*S* 0"+%*'% 7" 0"+!""#" ' &' (i%(' *+,'i-'#i@ +"'&i-' "& 0+*#"%* $"& #'()i*

*+,'i-'#i*'& 0'+' i(0&'!'+ #'()i*% " )""=i#i* $" &' *+,'i-'#i.L'% v"!''% $" 7 A,"!" $" C'()i* I!"+* %* A& %"+ 0'+!" $" &' *+,'i-'#i #**#" &'% "#"%i$'$"% 9 +"#7+%*% $" #'$' 7' $" &'%

0'+!"% 7" i!",+' &' (i%('. L*% i!",+'!"% $" &' *+,'i-'#i 9' &* #**#" 9 0*+ &* #7'& 07"$" !""+ =#i& '##"%* '

&*% i$ivi$7*% 7" 0'+!i#i0' " "&&'. E%! $i+"#!'("!" " &' *+,'i-'#i@ "% $"#i+@ %" ;'&&' $i%0*i)&" 0'+' 0+"%!'+ #*%!'!"

'!"#i '& $"%'++*&&* $" &*% #'()i*%. P*%i)i&i$'$"% (% '(0&i'% $" i(0&'!'+ "& 0+*9"#!* " ("*+ !i"(0*@ 0*+7" * !i""

7" v"#"+ 7' +"%i%!"#i' '& #'()i* !' =7"+!". P7"$" 7%!i=i#'+ #* (% ='#i&i$'$ 7 +"!+'%* " "& $"%'++*&&* $" %7% !+')'*%.

T'()i #7"!' #* $"%v"!''% 7" %" $"!'&&' ' #*!i7'#i A v"#"% !i"" 7" '7%!'+%" ' &'% "#"%i$'$"% 9 +"#7+%*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i. Ei%!" ("*+ *)"!ivi$'$ '& ''&i-'+ v'+i')&"% i!"+'%.


42/67

S" &" $i=i#7&!' $"!"#!'+ #* #"+!"-' $*$" %" "#"%i!' $" 7 #'()i* 9' 7" "%!' $"!+*

$" 7' *+,'i-'#i. A& "%!'+ $"!+* $" &' *+,'i-'#i &'% 0"+%*'% &* #**#" 9 &* 7" 0*$+2' %"+ 7'

v"!'' %" #*v"+!i+ " $"%v"!'' %i &*% i$ivi$7*% !i"" %"!i(i"!*% ",'!iv*% ;'#i'

&. N* !*$*% &*% (i"()+*% $" &' *+,'i-'#i &* #*%i$"+' 7 "0"+!*. D"*!' ('9*+ #*=*+(i%(* 0*+7" * %" &" 0',' " =*+(' "%0"#i'& 0'+' +"'&i-'+ 7

"%!7$i* %&* #7(0&" #* %7 =7#i. A v"#"% !i"" $i=i#7&!'$ 0'+' #*$7#i+%" #* &' '&!' ,"+"#i'. N* #7"!' #* &' &i)"+!'$ "#"%'+i' 0'+' ;'#"+ 9 $"#i$i+ " '&,7*% '%0"#!*%. P7"$" '#!7'+ " %7 0+*0i* )""=i#

Documents

Modelo de Cambio Organizacional