Models of Human Development

© Gallahue, D.L., Ozmun, J.C., & Goodway, J.D. (2012). Understanding Motor Development. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

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Human development is studied from a variety of theoretical perspectives, all of

which have implications for understanding the motor development and movement education of infants,

children, adolescents, and adults.

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Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)

Maturational Theory (Gesell)

Environmental Theory (Havighurst)

Cognitive Theory (Piaget)

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Phase/Stage Theories: Descriptive

Developmental Task Theories: Predictive

Developmental Milestone Theories: Both descriptive & predictive

Ecological Theories: Explanatory

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Erik Erikson: Phase/stage theory Robert Havighurst: Developmental task theory Jean Piaget: Developmental milestone theory Nicholas Bernstein: Ecological theory-- dynamic

systems branch Roger Barker: Ecological theory-- behavior

setting branch Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological theory--

behavior setting branch

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Change is Nonlinear (i.e. discontinuous) Change is Self-Organizing Change is Governed by Constraints Change is Interactive (T.I.E) Change Involves Degrees of Freedom

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Change is Ecologically (i.e. environmentally) Based Change is Governed by Attached meaning:

Activities (what people do) Roles (people’s expected behaviors) Relationships (how we treat & are treated by others)

Microsystems: Family; peers; school Mesosystem : Interacting microsystems Exosystem: Indirect but important social settings Macrosystem: Ones’ cultural reality Chronosystem: One’s total life experience

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Trust vs. Mistrust: Mutual affirmation Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame: “terrible

two’s” Initiative vs. Guilt: Play age Industry vs. Inferiority: Learning new skills Identity vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity &

devotion Intimacy vs. Isolation: Love & affiliation Generativity vs. Self-absorption: Mid-life crisis Integrity vs. Despair: Reflection & fulfillment

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Sensorimotor Phase: Basic assimilation & schema formation through movement

Preoperational Phase: Advanced assimilation through physical activity

Concrete Operations Phase: Reversibility with intellectual experimentation

Formal Operations Phase: Deductive reasoning through hypothesis formulation

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Infancy - Early Childhood: Birth to 5 years Middle Childhood: 6 to 12 years Adolescence: 13 to 18 years Early Adulthood: 19 to 29 years Middle Adulthood: 30-60 years Later Maturity: 60>

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Although a variety of theories attempt to both describe and

explain human development, all fall short.