Module_structure of the Atom

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CHEMISTRY FORM 4

HOME



THE STRUCTUREOF THE ATOM

QUIZ

TUTORIAL CONTENT

INDUCTION SETLEARNING OBJECTIVES

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Lea

rningO

bject iv

es

Lear

nin

gO

bj e

ct

ives Student should be able to analyse matter

Student should be able to understand

isotopes & assess their importance

Student should be able to understandthe electronic structure of the atoms

Student should be able to appreciate theorderliness and uniqueness of the atomic

structure

Student should be able tosynthesis atomic structure

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E



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APPRECIATING THEORDERLINESS AND

UNIQUENESS OF THE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

THE ELECTRONIC

STRUCTUREOF THE ATOMS

ISOTOPES & THEIRIMPORTANCES

THE ATOMIC

STRUCTURE

MATTER

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MATTER

Our world is made up of matter.

Matter is anything that occupiesspace and has mass.

Made up of tiny and discreteparticles.

These particles may be

molecules

atoms

ionsBACK HOM

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MOLECULES

• Is a group of two or more atoms whichare chemically bonded together.

• Can be elements or compounds.

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ATOMS

• An atom is the smallest particle of an elementthat can participate in a chemicals reaction.

• Examples: carbon and hydrogen exist asatoms.

Hydrogen atom

(1 proton)

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IONS

• Is a positively or negatively charged particles.

Lithiumatom

Lithiumion

Oxygen ion

Oxygenatom

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• Particles in matter are in motion.

• Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance movein between the particles of another substance.

• Matter can exist in three different states:solidliquidgas

• The differences between the three states of matter

can be explained by using theKinetic Theory of Matter.

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DIFFUSION OF BROMINE

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DIFFUSION OF

BROMINE BACK HOME NEXT



DIFFUSION OF KMnO4 IN WATER

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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER



THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:SOLID

The particles are packed closely together in an orderlymanner

There are strong forces between the particles

The particles can only vibrate and rotate about theirfixed

positions

Solid has fixed volume and shape

Solid cannot be compressed

Microscopic view of a solid

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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:



THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:LIQUID

Microscopic view of a liquid

The particles are packed closely together but not inorderly arrangement

The particles held together by strong forces butweaker than the forces in a

solidThe particles can vibrate, rotate and move

throughout the liquid

They collides against each other

Liquid has a fixed volume

Takes the shape of the containerBACK HOME NEXT

THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:



THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:GAS

Microscopic view of agas

The particles are very far apart from each other & in arandom motion

There are weak forces between the particles

The particles can vibrate, rotate and move freely

The rate of collision is greater than rate of collision ina liquid

The gas does not have a fixed shape or volume

A gas can be compressed easilyBACK HOME NEXT



According to the Kinetic Theory of

Matter:

a) matter consists of discrete particles

b) the particles are always moving randomly

c) there are forces of attraction between theparticles

d) the particles of a substance gain kineticenergy and move faster when the substanceis heated

e) the particles of a substance lose kinetic energyand move slower when the substance iscooled

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GAS

LIQUID

SOLID

M E L T I

N G

F R E E

Z I N G

C O N D E N S AT I O N V AP O R I Z AT I O N

S U B L I M A T I O N

DE P O S I T I ON

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MELTING

When a solid is heated:

Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate morevigorously.

Particles vibrates faster as the temperature

increase.

Until the energy they gained is able to overcomethe forces that hold them together at their fixedpositions.

Thus, solid becomes a liquid.

This process called MELTING.

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FREEZING

When a liquid is cooled:

The particles in the liquid lose energy and moveslower.

As the temperature continues to drops, theparticles continue to lose energy.

Until they do not have enough energy to move

freely.

At this point, the liquid changes into a solid.

This process is called FREEZING.

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Temperature (°C)

Time (min)

MeltingPoint

A

B C

D

The heating curve of naphthalene

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Click on the pink linefor the explanation



At point A, naphthalene exists as solid.

When the solid is heated, heat energy isabsorbed.

This causes the particles to gain kineticsenergy and vibrates faster.

Thus it increase the temperature from point Ato point B

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At point B, solid naphthalene begins to

melt.

The temperature does not rise even thoughheating continues.

These because heat energy absorbed by theparticles is used to overcome the forces betweenparticles so that the particles can turn into liquid.

This constant temperature is the MELTING POINTof naphthalene.

At this temperature, both solid and liquid areHOME NEXTBACK



At point C, all the solid naphthalenehas melted.

From point C to point D, the particles inliquid naphthalene absorb heat energyand move faster.

The temperature increases from point Cto point D.

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Temperature (°C)

Time (min)

E

F G

H

FreezingPoint

The cooling curve of naphthalene

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Click on the pink linefor the explanation





At point F, liquid naphthalene begins tofreeze.

Its temperature remains constant becausethe heat loss to the surroundings is exactlybalanced by the heat energy liberated asthe particles attract one another to form a

solid.

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The solids is cooled.

The particles in the solid vibrate sloweras the temperature decrease.

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Matter is made up of very small particles.

The particles are not joined together, they are discrete and so

there are spaces between the particles.The particles may be in the form of atoms, molecules or ions.

An atom is the smallest particle in an element that canparticipate in a chemicals reaction.

A molecule consists of two or more atoms which are chemically joined together.

An ion is a positively charged or negatively charged particle.

Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of thearrangement and movement of their particles.

The arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquidsand gases are describe in the kinetic theory of matter.

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Diffusion takes place most quickly in gasesbecause particles in gases move at high speed

and there are large spaces between the

particles.

A substance changes in its state when heat isapplied or removed from the substance.

Heat energy is needed to overcome the forcesof attraction between particles where there is

the change of state:

solid liquid (melting)

liquid gas (boiling)

solid gas (sublimation)

Heat energy is released when particles attractone another during a change of state:

gas liquid (condensation)

liquid solid (freezing)

gas solid (sublimation)BACK HOM

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John Dalton proposed the f irst atomictheory in 1803.

He imagine the atom as a small,indivisible ball similar to a very tiny

ball.All matter is composed of atoms.

Atoms cannot be made or destroy.

All atoms of the same element areidentical.

John Dalton (1766-

1844)

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William Thomson envisioned theatom as a sphere with a uniformlydistributed positive charge andembedded within it enough electronsto neutralize the positive charge.

Joseph John (J. J.) Thomson (1856–1940)

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Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

Ernest Rutherford discovered apositive charge, called proton.

The positive charge and most of the mass of the atom areconcentrated in a nucleus.

Electrons moves outside thenucleus.

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Neils Bohr (1885-1962)

In 1913, Bohr proposed hisquantized shell model of the atomto explain how electrons can havestable orbits around the nucleus.

He state that the motion of theelectrons in the Rutherford modelwas unstable.

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An atom is made up of three smaller particles:

ELECTRONS

PROTONS

NEUTRONS

NUCLEUS

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PROTON

Found in the nucleus of an

atom.Symbol : p

Relative Electric Charge : +1

Relative Mass : 1

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NEUTRON

Found in the nucleus of an

atom.

Symbol : n

Relative Electric Charge : 0

Relative Mass : 1

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ELECTRON

Surround the nucleus.

Symbol : e

Relative Electric Charge : -1

Relative Mass : Approximately 0.0005

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SubatomicParticles

____________

Relativemass

_________

RelativeCharge

__________

Position in The Atom

____________

Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus

Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus

Electron, e 0 -1 Shells ___________________________________________

As the mass of protons and neutrons are greater

than electrons, most of the mass of an atom isconcentrated in the nucleus.

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• Nucleon number (Mass Number) of anelement is the total number of protons andneutrons in its atom.

Nucleon Number = Number of Proton +Number of Neutrons

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= Symbol of Element

A = Nucleon Number

Z = Proton Number

A

Z

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23

11

Na24

12

M g

4 0

2 0

C a31

15

P

28

14

Si

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Na : Natrium

Nucleon Number =

23

Proton Number =11

Na23

11

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Si : Silicone

Nucleon Number =28

Proton Number =14

Si 2 8

14

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Mg : Magnesium

Nucleon Number

= 24

Proton Number= 12

Mg24

12

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Ca : Calcium

Nucleon Number = 40

Proton Number = 20

Ca 4 0

2 0

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P : Phosphorous

Nucleon Number =

31

Proton Number =15

P 31

1 5

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Subatomic

Particles

Relative

mass

Relative

Charge

Position in

The Atom

Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus

Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus

Electron, e 0 -1 Shells

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XZ

A

X = is the symbol of theelement

A = is the nucleon number

Z = is the proton number

Atoms are electrically neutral. This

means that the number of protons isequal to the number of electrons.

The proton number (atomic number) isthe number of protons in an atom of an

element.

The nucleon number (mass number)=proton number + number of neutrons

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Isotopes are atoms of the same elementwith different numbers of neutrons.

Most common isotopes of hydrogen has noneutron at all.

There are also a hydrogen isotope calleddeuterium with one neutron and anothertritium with two neutrons.

1p 1p

1n

1p

2n

e ee

Hydrogen-1Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-3Hydrogen-3Hydrogen-2Hydrogen-2

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Deuterium

Hydrogen Tritium

ISOTOPES OFHYDROGEN

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Cobalt-60 is used in radiotherapy for thetreatment of

cancer.

The metabolism of phosphorous in plantscan be studied

using phosphate fertilizers that containphosphorous-32.

Carbon dating uses carbon-14 to estimate

the age of fossils BACK

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Isotopes are atoms of the same element

with different nucleon numbers becausethey have different number of neutrons.

The isotopes of an element have the

same chemical properties but differentphysical properties.

Examples of elements with isotopes areoxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine and

carbon.

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Electrons are arrange around the nucleus in the shell of anatom.

They start occupying a new shell when the previous onehas been occupied.

Valence electrons are electrons found in the outermost

occupied shell of an atom.

Nucleus

First Shell

Second Shell

Third Shell

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Chlorine atom has 17electrons

Arrangement :

First shell = 2

Second shell = 8

Third shell = 7

Represent as : 2.8.7 The electron arrangementof chlorine

There are 7 electron in theoutermost occupied shell of the chlorine atom.

Thus, the valence electronsof a chlorine atom is 7

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Calcium atom has 20

electrons.Arrangement :First shell = 2Second shell = 8Third shell = 8Fourth shell = 2Represent as : 2.8.8.2

The electron arrangement of calcium

There are 2 electron in the

outermost occupied shell of the calcium atom.

Thus, the valence electronsof a calcium atom is 2.

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Electrons are arranged in the shell

of an tom.The electron arrangement of an

atom is also known as its electronicconfiguration.

The first shell is the shell closestto the nucleus of the atom.

The electrons in the outermostoccupied shell of an atom are

known as the valence electrons.

For atoms with the protonnumbers of 1 to 20, two electronscan occupy in the first shell, eightelectrons in the second shell and

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The result of scientific research on the structure

of the atom by Dalton, J.J. Thomson, ErnestRutherford, James Chadwick and Neils Bohr hascontributed tremendously towards understandingelements and their compounds.

Through understanding the structure of theatoms, we are able to explain the physical andchemical properties of elements.

We must appreciate the perseverance and

diligence of the scientists who discovered thesubatomic particles in an atom, leading toknowledge about the structure of the atom.

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Which question do you like?

1

2

4 3

HOME



A Boiling

Which of the following processes

suggests that matter exists as discreteparticles?

B Melting

C Diffusion

DCondensation

BA

CK





A Boiling

B Melting

C Diffusion

D

Condensation

BA

CK







A Boiling

B Melting

C Diffusion

DCondensation

BA

CK





A Boiling

B Melting

C Diffusion

DCondensation

BA

CK



Which of the following model shows the

arrangement of the particles of a gas ina container?

A

D

C

B

BA

CK





A C

B D

BA

CK





A C

B D

BA

CK





A C

B D

BA

CK





A C

B D

BA

CK





Who was the scientist whoproposed that the electrons in anatom move in shells around thenucleus?

A NeilsBohr

B J.JThomson

C JamesChadwick

D Ernest

Rutherford

BA

CK




A NeilsBohr

B J.JThomson

C JamesChadwick

D Ernest

Rutherford

BA

CK




A NeilsBohr

B J.JThomson

C JamesChadwick

D Ernest

Rutherford

BA

CK



Who was the scientist whoproposed that the electrons in an

atom move in shells around thenucleus?

A NeilsBohr

B J.JThomson

D Ernest

Rutherford

C JamesChadwick

BA

CK



Valence electrons are electrons

found

A InionsB Outside the shell of anatomC In the innermost shell

of an atomD In the outermost occupiedshell of a particle

BA

CK






found

A Inions

B Outside the shell of anatom

C In the innermost shellof an atom

D In the outermost occupiedshell of a particle

BA

CK




found

A Inions




BA

CK




found

A Inions




BA

CK



7

3

2

1

5

109

8

64

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Which of the following explain why gas can becompressed easily?

A The density of a gas is verylow

B The particles of a gas move at ahigh speed

C The particles of a gas attract eachother easily

D The particles of a gas are very far apartfrom each other

BA

CK








BA

CK








BA

CK








BA

CK



Which of the following happens when solidiodine sublimes?

A Its particles becomessmallerB Its particles losekinetic energy

C Its particles moves far apartfrom one anotherD The forces of attraction between theparticles increase

BA

CK




A Its particles becomessmaller

B Its particles lose

kinetic energyC Its particles moves far apartfrom one another

D The forces of attraction between theparticles increase

BA

CK








BA

CK



Which of the following happens when solid

iodine sublimes?





BA

CK



Which of the following happens when solid

iodine sublimes?





BA

CK



The rate of diffusion of particles is thehighest in gases compared to the rate of diffusion of particles in solids and liquidsbecause the particles in gases

A ArelighterB AresmallerC Are very farapartD Move at a higher

speed

BA

CK




A ArelighterB AresmallerC Are very farapart

D Move at a higherspeed

BA

CK






BA

CK






BA

CK






BA

CK



Which of the following occur when aliquid is cooled?

A The particles in the liquidbecomes lighterB The particles in the liquid

become smallerC The spaces between the particlesin the liquids

become biggerD The particles in the liquid losekinetic energy and

move less vigorously

BA

CK




A The particles in the liquidbecomes lighter

B The particles in the liquidbecome smaller

C The spaces between the particlesin the liquids

become bigger

D The particles in the liquid losekinetic energy and


BA

CK







become bigger



BA

CK







become bigger



BA

CK







become bigger



BA

CK



Which of the following graphrepresents the heating curve of

naphthalene when naphthalenepowder is heated till it has melted?

A

B

C

D

Temperature

Temperature

Temperature

Temperature

Time Time

Time Time

BA

CK





A C

B D

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

BA

CK





A C

B D

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

BA

CK





A C

B D

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

BA

CK





A C

B D

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

Temperature

Time

BA

CK



The electrons arrangement of Calcium,Ca

40

20

A 2.8.10

B 2.8.8.2C 2.8.2.8

D2.8.18.12

BA

CK




A 2.8.10

B 2.8.8.2

C 2.8.2.8

D

2.8.18.12

40

20

BA

CK




A 2.8.10

B 2.8.8.2

C 2.8.2.8

D

2.8.18.12

40

20

BA

CK




A 2.8.10

B 2.8.8.2

C 2.8.2.8

D

2.8.18.12

40

20

BA

CK




A 2.8.10

B 2.8.8.2

C 2.8.2.8

D

2.8.18.12

40

20

BA

CK



The electron arrangement of thechlorine atom is 2.8.7. how manyvalence electrons are there in anatom of chlorine?

A 1

B 2

C 7

D 17

BA

CK






A 1

B 2

C 7

D 17

BA

CK




A 1

B 2

C 7

D 17

BA

CK




A 1

B 2

C 7

D 17

BA

CK





The proton number of element X is 9.How many valence electrons arethere in an atom of X?

A 1

B 2

C 7

D 8

BA

CK




A 1

B 2

C 7

D 8

BA

CK




A 1

B 2

C 7

D 8

BA

CK




A 1

B 2

C 7

D 8

BA

CK



An atom of an element with protonnumber 19 forms an ion. What is theelectron arrangement of the ion?

A 2.8

B 2.8.1C 2.8.8

D2.8.8.8

BA

CK




A 2.8

B 2.8.1

C 2.8.8

D

2.8.8.8

BA

CK




A 2.8

B 2.8.1

C 2.8.8

D

2.8.8.8

BA

CK




A 2.8

B 2.8.1

C 2.8.8

D2.8.8.8

BA

CK




A 2.8

B 2.8.1

C 2.8.8

D2.8.8.8

BA

CK

Which of the following models of an



gatom was first introduced by ErnestRutherford?

Nucleusthatcontainsprotons

shell

electron

Nucleus that contains

protons and neutrons

shell

electron

Negatively-chargedelectron

Positively-chargedsphere

Nucleus thatcontains protons

Electron movesoutside thenucleus

A C

DB

BA

CK





A C

B D


shell

electron



shell

electron





BA

CK





A C

B D


shell

electron



shell

electron





BA

CK





A C

B D


shell

electron



shell

electron





BA

CK





A C

B D


shell

electron



shell

electron





BA

CK



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Module_structure of the Atom