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Environmental
Geochemistry
K2010
Workshops
Assaf Sukenik
The Y
igalAllo
n
Kin
nere
tLim
nolo
gic
alLabora
tory
Monitoring the wellbeing
of Lake Kinneret
(Sea of Galilee), Israel
Isra
el O
ceanogra
phic
&
Lim
nolo
gic
alre
searc
h, Is
rael
Tiberius Jo
rdan
Riv
er
ou
tflo
w
Golan Heights
Jo
rdan
Riv
er i
nfl
ow
La
ke
Kin
ner
et (
Sea
of
Ga
lile
e) -
ph
ysi
cal
fea
ture
s
Physical
•Tota
l are
a (at -2
09m
)168.7
km
2
•C
ircum
fere
nce
56 k
m
•Length
21 k
m
•D
epth
25 m
(42 m
ax)
•V
olu
me
4.3
10
9m
3
•E
levation
-211+2 m
AS
L
•A
nnual w
ate
r in
flow
400 -
600 1
06
m3
•A
nnual w
ate
r outflo
w300 -
500 1
06
m3
•W
ate
r re
tention tim
e8 y
rs
•w
ate
r sourc
es
Jord
an 6
6%
Oth
er 3
4%
Morphological
•A
rea to C
ircum
fere
nce ratio -
Low
•D
rain
age b
asin
to lake v
olu
me -
Low
(0.6
)
NW
C
Kin
ner
et L
imn
olo
gic
al
La
bora
tory
Photo
gra
ph b
y A
lbat
rosLtd
.
Inte
r-dis
cip
linary
monitoring p
rogra
m
pro
vid
es a
clo
se
surv
eillance a
fter
changes in the lake
ecosyste
m
The researc
h is a
imed a
t
unders
tandin
g m
ain
limnolo
gic
alpro
cesses in
Lake K
innere
t
Res
earc
hR
esea
rch
Mn
oto
rin
gM
noto
rin
g
Eco
logic
al
mod
els
Eco
logic
al
mod
els
Man
agem
ent
reco
mm
end
ati
on
sM
an
agem
ent
reco
mm
end
ati
on
s
Sce
nari
o e
valu
ati
on
& R
isk
ass
essm
ent
Sce
nari
o e
valu
ati
on
& R
isk
ass
essm
ent
Mo
nit
ori
ng
goa
ls
•C
oll
ecti
on
of
lim
nolo
gic
al
data
•E
stab
lish
men
t an
d m
ain
ten
an
ce o
f m
ult
i-an
nu
al
data
base
•Id
enti
fica
tion
qu
an
tifi
cati
on
an
d e
luci
dati
on
of
lim
nolo
gic
al
pro
cess
es a
nd
th
eir
effe
ct o
n w
ate
r q
uali
ty
•A
ware
nes
s a
nd
ale
rts
of
wate
r au
thori
ties
on
sh
ort
an
d l
on
g
term
ch
an
ges
in
wate
r q
uali
ty
•A
naly
sis
of
lon
g t
erm
rec
ord
s to
su
pp
ort
sci
enti
fica
lly b
ase
d
man
agem
ent
dec
isio
ns
•P
erio
dic
rep
ort
on
Lak
e K
inn
eret
con
dit
ion
s
La
ke
Kin
ner
et m
on
ito
rin
g p
rog
ram
Monitoring sta
tion in L
ake
Kin
ner
etan
d its
Cat
chm
ent Bas
in
Fecal indicators
N
Ari
k B
rid
ge
Dan
Wes
tern
Can
al
Yose
f B
rid
ge
Hu
riB
rid
ge
Dali
ot
Yah
ud
ia
Mes
hu
shim
Am
ud
Ban
ias
Hazb
an
i
Sh
ear
Yes
hu
v
Jarm
uk
Lak
e
Kin
ner
et
Lake Kinneret monitoring 1969-present
•M
ete
oro
logic
al
• Physic
al
•C
hem
ical (c
oncentration &
rate
s)
•Bio
logic
al (c
oncentration &
rate
s)
•Sanitation
•C
ontinuous, re
al tim
e m
easure
ments
Parameters
Periodic
/ M
onth
ly / w
eekly
/ d
aily
check up
CWQI[100] 1992-2007, semiannual:
winter-spring (WS) and summer-autumn (SA)
R2= 0.47
R2= 0.001
20
60
100 19
92199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007
CWQI
WS
SA
A. Parparov
Eco
raft
Mo
nit
ori
ng
an
d r
esea
rch
in
-la
ke
pla
tfo
rm
htt
p://
www.o
cean.
org.
il/
4 profiles/day:
•Temperature
•Conductivity
•pH
•Dissolved oxygen
•Chlorophyll
•Turbidity
---------------
•Met station
•Dust samplers
•Current meter
Lak
e K
inner
et E
cora
ft-Rea
l-tim
e on lin
e m
onitoring p
latform
Phyto
pla
nkto
n b
loom
dynam
ics, Jan-A
pr 2003
Febru
ary
Janu
ary
Apr
ilM
arc
h
Peridinium bloom
Aulacoseira (=M
elosira ) bloom
Com
mon s
cale
: 0 (blu
e) to
50 (re
d) ug C
hl L
-1
Sourc
e: T
. Zohar
y
Flu
ore
scen
ce s
ign
al
of
ph
oto
syn
thet
ic b
act
eria
in
th
e m
eta
lim
nio
n-
Sep
200
4
Auto
Reel-The n
ew
genera
tion
T(1
5-2
0)
C(1
17
0-1
23
0)
DO
(sa
t)T
urb
(0-2
0)
Ch
l(0
-20
)
OR
P( -
35
0-2
00
)p
H(7
-9)
0 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
25/12/09
0 510
15
20
25
30
35
27/12/09
0 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
28/12/09
Auto
Reelpro
file
s -
Decem
ber 2009
T(1
5-2
0)
C(1
17
0-1
23
0)
DO
(sa
t)T
urb
(0-2
0)
Ch
l(0
-20
)
OR
P( -
35
0-2
00
)p
H(7
-9)
0 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
25/12/09
0 510
15
20
25
30
35
27/12/09
0 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
28/12/09
Data
: W
. Eckert , K
LL
3/13/2010 1:57:18 PM
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10-50
Chl
Conductivity
Dosat
Temperature
3/13/2010 7:57:18 PM
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10-50
Chl
Conductivity
Dosat
Temperature
21.7
316.2
3Tem
per
ature
192
21.7
Dosa
t
1170
1106
Conduct
ivity
27.1
12.9
1Chl
max
min
para
met
er
20.9
416.2
4Tem
per
ature
204.9
17.4
Dosa
t
1170
1128
Conduct
ivity
30.4
2.8
7Chl
max
min
para
met
er
Marc
h 2
010, dom
inant popula
tion o
f Ceratiumhirundinella
Data
: W
. Eckert , K
LL
Mar
ch 2
9, 2007
Mar
ch 4
, 2007
Feb
ruar
y 4
, 2007
Chlo
rophyll
dis
trib
ution in w
inte
r spring 2
007 c
alc
ula
ted fro
m s
pectral im
ages c
olle
cte
d b
y M
ER
IS
sate
llite
and p
rocessed b
y S
ISC
AL s
yste
m.
Lateral distribution of Peridinium(dinoflagellate) in Lake Kinneret
(Sourc
e: D
r. G
. Tib
or)
The vision –automated un-manned monitoring aircraft
Develo
p r
eal tim
e m
onitoring
capabili
ties
base
d o
n a
uto
mate
d
un-m
anned a
ircr
aft
(AU
A)
and
spect
ral data
analy
sis
ass
iste
d b
y
SIS
CAL t
ech
nolo
gy.
AU
A -
Mic
roB
from
Blu
eBird
Mic
ocy
stis
blo
om
, Feb 2
, 2010 w
est
ern
sh
ore
line o
f Lake K
innere
t(P
hoto
: Id
an
Shaked)
Chlo
rophyll
conce
ntr
ation F
eb 2
0,
2010
Tib
or
2010
Un
der
wa
ter,
To
wed
Un
du
lati
ng
Mon
ito
rin
g S
yst
em (
U-T
UM
S)
35.5
235.5
435.5
635.5
835.6
35.6
235.6
4
Longitude
E
32.7
2
32.7
4
32.7
6
32.7
8
32.8
0
32.8
2
32.8
4
32.8
6
32.8
8
Latitude N
0.0
00.0
80.1
60
.24
0.3
20.4
0
Chlo
rophyll (m
g/L
)
5
10
15
20 35.5
435.5
635.5
835.6
35.6
2
0.0
6
0.1
0
0.1
4
0.1
8
0.2
2
0.2
6
0.3
0
0.3
4
Chlorophyll (mg/l)
5
10
15
20 35.5
435.5
635.5
835.6
35.6
2
85
101
117
133
149
TurbidityU
nd
erw
ate
r, T
ow
ed U
nd
ula
tin
g M
on
ito
rin
g S
yst
em (
U-T
UM
S)
-A
pri
l 200
3
35.5
235.5
435.5
635.5
835.6
35.6
235.6
4
Longitude
E
32.7
2
32.7
4
32.7
6
32.7
8
32.8
0
32.8
2
32.8
4
32.8
6
32.8
8
Latitude N
0.0
00.0
80
.16
0.2
40.3
20.4
0
Chlo
rophyll (m
g/L
)
Un
der
wa
ter,
To
wed
Un
du
lati
ng
Mon
ito
rin
g S
yst
em (
U-T
UM
S)
-A
pri
l 200
3
Ch
loro
ph
yll
dis
trib
uti
on
at
a 4
m d
epth
lay
er
Data
sourc
e:A. R
imer-KLL
Hydro
logic
al serv
ice, M
ekoro
t
40
0
60
0
80
0
10
00
12
00
14
00
16
00
18
00
40
0
60
0
80
0
Tota
l flow
Lin
ear correla
tion
Pre
dic
ted flo
w
Qin
=-6
.803 x
year + 1
4249
QinMCM
Pre
dic
tion e
rror
pre
dic
ted
measure
d
1960
2020
1980
2000
2040
170
470
370
270
Salinity mg ClL-1 In lake responses:
Dete
riora
tion o
f W
Q
Changes in b
iolo
gic
al div
ers
ity
Flow
Salinity
Chan
ges
in e
colo
gic
al d
rivin
g forc
es
Data
sourc
e:M
ekoro
t/ K
LL/ W
ate
r Auth
ority
Chan
ges
in e
colo
gic
al d
rivin
g forc
es –
N &
P load
s
1/1
/70
1/1
/80
1/1
/90
1/1
/00
1/1
/10
Winter TP load (ton)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1/1
/70
1/1
/80
1/1
/90
1/1
/00
1/1
/10
Winter TDP load (ton)
0
10
20
30
40
50
1/1
/70
1/1
/80
1/1
/90
1/1
/00
1/1
/10
Winter NH4 load (ton)0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1/1
/70 1
/1/7
5 1
/1/8
0 1
/1/8
5 1
/1/9
0 1
/1/9
5 1
/1/0
0 1
/1/0
5 1
/1/1
0
Winter NO3 load (ton)
0
1000
2000
3000
Jan - June
TN (mg N l-1)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
80−
89
0
0−
09
80−
89
0
0−
09
80−
89
0
0−
09
80−
89
0
0−
09
Jul - Dec
TN (mg N l-1)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
80
−89
0
0−
09
80
−89
0
0−
09
80
−89
0
0−
09
80
−89
0
0−
09
Jan - June
TP (mg P l-1)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
80
−8
9
00−
09
80
−8
9
00−
09
80
−8
9
00−
09
80
−8
9
00−
09
TP (mg P l-1)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Jul - Dec
Changes in e
colo
gic
al para
mete
rs
In L
ake K
innere
t(T
N &
TP)
1980-1
989 v
s2000-2
009
Jan - June
Chlorophyll (mg m-2)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
Jul - Dec
Chlorophyll (mg m-2)
0
50
100
150
200
250
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
Jan - June
Primary Production (mg C m-2d-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
Jul - Dec
Primary Production (mg C m-2d-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
80
−8
9
00
−0
98
0−
89
0
0−
09
Changes in e
colo
gic
al para
mete
rs
In L
ake K
innere
t(C
hl& P
P)
1980-1
989 v
s2000-2
009
Peridinium gatunense
Nygaard
–a thecate
din
oflagella
te fro
m L
ake K
innere
t (A
. A
lste
r).
20 µ µµµm
Peridinium gatunense
Nygaard
popula
tion-C
ells
of diffe
rent
siz
es (A
. A
lste
r).
Win
ter spring b
loom
s o
f th
e d
inoflagella
tePeridiniumgatunense
in L
ake K
innere
tbecam
e a
rare
event during the last 15 y
ears
2008
2009
2005
2004
2006
2001
2003
2000
1998
1997
1995
1996
1994
Biomass Below
10
0g/m2
Biomass above
300 g/m2
Fro
m L
ake K
innere
tdata
base –
Dr. T
. Zohary
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Peridinum biomass [g(ww)/m2]
0
100
200
300
400
500
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Peridinum biomass [g (ww)/m2]
0
100
200
300
400
500
Non-Peridinium
years
Non-Peridinium
years
Non-Peridinium
years
Non-Peridinium
years
The
rela
tionsh
ips bet
wee
n w
ater
inflow
or nutrie
nt lo
ads an
d
the
seas
onal
blo
om
of Peridinium
in L
ake
Kin
ner
et
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
Water inflow (MCM/month)
0
30
60
90
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
20
04
20
03
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
TP load (Ton/month)
0
20
40
60
80
10
0
12
0
20
04
20
03
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
TN load (Ton/month)
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
10
00
12
00
20
04
20
03
AB
C
Ja
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
nJu
l
Peridinium Biomass (g WW/m2)
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
20
03
20
04
D
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
Water inflow (MCM/month)
0
30
60
90
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
TP load (Ton/month)
0
20
40
60
80
10
0
12
0
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
TN load (Ton/month)
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
10
00
12
00
20
01
20
00
20
00
20
01
20
01
20
00
AB
C
20
01
Ja
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
nJu
l
Peridinium Biomass (g WW/m2)
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
20
00
D
Wat
er inflow
Phosp
hat
e lo
adN
itro
gen
load
Peridinium
bio
mas
s
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
Water inflow (MCM/month)
0
30
60
90
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
TP load (Ton/month)
0
20
40
60
80
10
0
12
0
De
cJa
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
n
TN load (Ton/month)
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
10
00
12
00
AB
C
19
90
19
90
19
90
19
91
19
91
19
91
Ja
nF
eb
Ma
rA
pr
Ma
yJu
nJu
l
Peridinium Biomass (g WW/m2)
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
19
90
D
19
91
Rela
tionship
s b
etw
een w
inte
r w
ate
r flow
and m
axim
al
Peridinium
bio
mass in L
ake K
innere
t
Win
ter flow
[M
CM
]
0100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Maximal Peridinum biomass
[g(ww)/m2]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1968-1
994
Win
ter flow
[M
CM
]
0100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Maximal Peridinum biomass
[g(ww)/m2]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
r2=0.806
96
97
06
00
08
01
05
1995-2
008
Fro
m L
ake K
innere
tdata
base
Does J
ord
an R
iver w
ate
r affect Peridinium
blo
om
events
?
Evid
ence fro
m L
abora
tory
experim
ents
The e
ffect of flood w
ate
r from
Jord
an R
iver and M
eshushim
trib
uta
ry o
n the g
row
th o
f Peridinium–
Lin
dstrom
X1 m
ediu
m c
om
ple
mente
d w
ith 2
5%
wate
r colle
cte
d fro
m e
ither Jord
an R
iver or M
eshushim
river
Rel. Growth rate (normalized to control)
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Rel. Cell yield(normalized to control)
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Jorden Meshus. Control
Jorden Meshus. Control
Data
sourc
e : J
essic
a S
imle
r
Rel. Growth rate (normalized to control)
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Rel. Cell yield(normalized to control)
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
C
ontrol J
ord
an C
anal Z Agm
on E
x.
C
ontrol J
ord
an C
anal Z Agm
on E
x.
The e
ffect of w
ate
r colle
cte
d fro
m the H
ula
valle
y o
n the g
row
thof Peridinium
Lin
dstrom
X1 m
ediu
m c
om
ple
mente
d w
ith w
ate
r colle
cte
d fro
m A
gam
on
reconstructe
d w
et la
nd: Jord
an (entrance)
Canal Z (entrance o
f pit d
rain
age w
ate
r) A
gam
on
Ex. (w
ate
r outflo
w)
Cont. - MicE
Con.+ MicE
JorA
JorF
CanalZ
Growth rate (day-1)
0.0
0
0.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.1
0
Culture collapsed
Mic
ro-e
lem
ent deple
ted Peridinium
culture
incubate
d in L
indstrom
X1 m
ediu
m c
om
ple
mente
d w
ith e
ither m
icro
-ele
ment solu
tion
(Cont+
Mic
E) or w
ate
r colle
cte
d fro
m A
gam
on
reconstructe
d w
et la
nd (JorA
) Jord
an flo
ods (JorF
) or C
anal Z (pit d
rain
age w
ate
r)
Data
sourc
e : J
essic
a S
imle
r
Agmon
East Canal
Z-canal
Jordan R.
LK-epi
LK-hypo
Se [ng l-1]
0
200
400
600
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Tota
l S
e
Se(IV)
Se(V
I)
Sele
niu
m is p
ostu
late
d a
s a
n e
ssential trace e
lem
ent th
at is
origin
ate
d fro
m the p
it s
oil
of H
ula
Valle
y a
nd required to s
upport the
spring b
loom
of Peridimium
What happens in the a
bsence o
f Peridinuim
?
•In
the a
bsence o
f Peridinium
the s
ubstitu
ting p
opula
tions n
ever re
ach its
enhanced b
iom
ass
•Short b
loom
s o
f chlo
rophyte
sw
ith tem
pora
ry d
om
ination –
i.e. Mougeotia
(30 g
ww
m-2)
•Enhanced p
opula
tion o
f Microcystis
–A toxic
cyanabacte
rium
Why the Peridinium
blo
om
becam
e a
n irr
egula
r event ?
•C
hanges is w
inte
r floods -
tim
ing a
nd inte
nsity
•C
hanges in the rela
tive c
ontrib
ution o
f diffe
rent re
gio
ns in the
wate
r
shade a
rea o
f nutrie
nts
mic
ro-ele
ments
(Se) and a
gricultura
l pollu
tants
•In
tera
ctions w
ith o
ther phyto
pla
nkto
n p
opula
tions
•O
ther environm
enta
l constrain
s, i.e. te
mp, salin
ity?
Invad
er s
pec
ies
Invad
er s
pec
ies com
mon
Jan 2
006
Chlo
rophyte
Euastrumsp.
New
N2-fix
er, co
mm
on
ever
y sum
mer
Sum
mer
2000
cyan
obac
teria
Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii �
Huge
blo
om
, M
ay 2
005
May
1998
Chlo
rophyte
Mougeotiagracillima
chlo
rophyte
des
mid
des
mid
cyan
obac
teria
Gro
up
Was
abundan
t in
win
ter-
spring till ~ 0
31/1
1/1
998
Tetraedron minimum
(new
form
)
Com
mon e
ver
y fal
l5/7
/1998
Staurastrum
contortum
Com
mon e
ver
y fal
l13/5
/1997
Staurastrum
mansfeldti
Blo
om
s ev
ery sum
mer
12/9
/1994
Aphanizomenon
ovalisporum
Cu
rren
t si
tuati
on
Fir
st
occ
urr
edS
pec
ies
Data
: T. Zohary
-K
LL
Toxic cyanobacteria in Lake Kinneret
Feb 2002
Aphanizom
enon ovalisporum
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
Sum
mer –Fall populations
Winter –Spring populations
A-Ala
L-Leu
April 2009
Toxic
ity o
f cly
ndro
sperm
opsin
and its
derivatives
Sum
mer –Fall toxic bloom
s
Cylin
dro
sperm
opsin
in L
ake K
innere
t
11/2008
-2.3
10/2008
-1.8-3.0
09/2008
7.8
2.1
07/2005
14-
06/2005
35
-
10/2004
210-780
0.6
11/2001
-1.2
10/2001
-1.8
09/2001
-1.6
07/2001
-2.2
µ µµµg
g-1
(dw)
µ µµµg
L-1
Time
Cylindrospermopsin
Isr
ael O
ceano
graph
ic &
Lim
nolo
gica
lRese
arc
h L
td
ע
באל
שרלי
ם מי
אג ו
םמי
יקר
ח"
מ
Yig
alAllo
nKin
nere
t Lim
nolo
gica
lLabor
ato
ry
ת נר
הכר
חק ל
הבד
עמ
הע
”ש
וןאל
ל א
יג
1997
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
01
23
45
67
89
10
11
12
13
Month
NO3 or TN (Ton/month)
036912
15
NH4 (Ton/month)
NO
3TN
NH
4
Monthly loads (tons) of DIN species
in 1997 from River Jordan to Lake Kinneret.
This is a typical pattern that describes well other years.
Isr
ael O
ceano
graph
ic &
Lim
nolo
gica
lRese
arc
h L
td
ע
באל
שרלי
ם מי
אג ו
םמי
יקר
ח"
מ
Yig
alAllo
nKin
nere
t Lim
nolo
gica
lLabor
ato
ry
ת נר
הכר
חק ל
הבד
עמ
הע
”ש
וןאל
ל א
יג
0.0
0
0.0
5
0.1
0
0.1
5
0.2
0
0.2
5
0.3
0
0.3
5
0100
200
300
400
Days
DIN, NH 4 ; NO 2 ; NO 3 (mg/L)
NH
4N
itrite
Nitra
teD
IN
Seasonal variations in the concentrations of DIN species
(Nitrate, Nitrite and Ammonium) and in total DIN in the
upper water layer of Lake Kinneret (1997)
Isr
ael O
ceano
graph
ic &
Lim
nolo
gica
lRese
arc
h L
td
ע
באל
שרלי
ם מי
אג ו
םמי
יקר
ח"
מ
Yig
alAllo
nKin
nere
t Lim
nolo
gica
lLabor
ato
ry
ת נר
הכר
חק ל
הבד
עמ
הע
”ש
וןאל
ל א
יג
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Days
Dissolved Inorganic N (mg/L)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Dissolved Inorganic N (mg/L)
1990
1991
1993
1994
1992
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Dissolved Inorganic N (mg/L)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
y =
3.3
287e
-0.0
282x
R2 =
0.9
031
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Days
Dissolved Inorganic N (mg/L)
Multi-annual and seasonal variations in the concentrations of DIN in the upper
water layer of Lake Kinneret for the years 1990-1994 and 2004-2000
Isr
ael O
ceano
graph
ic &
Lim
nolo
gica
lRese
arc
h L
td
ע
באל
שרלי
ם מי
אג ו
םמי
יקר
ח"
מ
Yig
alAllo
nKin
nere
t Lim
nolo
gica
lLabor
ato
ry
ת נר
הכר
חק ל
הבד
עמ
הע
”ש
וןאל
ל א
יג
•R
ain
y y
ear –m
onth
ly w
ate
r in
flow
exceeded 8
0 M
CM
at le
ast during o
ne w
inte
r m
onth
.
•Avera
ge y
ear -m
onth
ly w
ate
r in
flow
ranged b
etw
een 4
0 a
nd 8
0 M
CM
at le
ast during o
ne m
onth
.
•D
ry y
ear -m
onth
ly w
ate
r in
flow
never exceeded 4
0 M
CM
during the w
inte
r m
onth
s.
Sum
mary
of exponential decay rate
of D
IN c
alc
ula
ted for every
year fo
r th
e
spring-s
um
mer period b
ased o
n s
easonal variations in D
IN c
oncentration in the
upper w
ate
r la
yer in
Lake K
innere
t
Year
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Exponential decay rate (d-1)
0.0
0
0.0
1
0.0
2
0.0
3
0.0
4
Rain
y y
ear
Dry
year
Avera
ge y
ear
Avera
ge =
0.0
14 d
-1
Avera
ge =
0.0
24 d
-1
While
Peridinium
popula
tion w
as c
hara
cte
rized b
y h
igh b
iom
ass c
oncentrations,
Microcystis
bio
mass is m
uch low
er. It is
org
aniz
ed in rela
tively
larg
e c
olo
nie
s that
float to
the w
ate
r surface d
uring the d
ay w
hen c
alm
and w
arm
conditio
ns p
revail
9
0
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
Microcystis biomass [g (ww) /m2]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Marc
h 2
009
Febru
ary
2002
Febru
ary
2010
Fro
m L
ake K
innere
tdata
base –
Dr. W
. Eckert
The d
evelo
pm
ent of
Microcystis
scum
Lake
Kin
nere
t-Febru
ary
2010
Feb 2
010
WIN
D D
IREC
TIO
N
Photo
: Id
an
Shaked
At early s
tages o
f ecosyste
m d
ete
riora
tion, variable
s reflecting
ecosyste
m
functionin
g s
uch a
s p
rim
ary
pro
duction, nutrie
nt le
vels
, and respiration a
re
not altere
d, and a
re thus p
oor in
dic
ato
rs o
f early s
tress;
Am
ong the e
arlie
st re
sponses to s
tress w
ould
be c
hanges in s
pecie
s
com
positio
n o
f sm
all,
rapid
ly repro
ducin
g o
rganis
ms w
ith w
ide d
ispers
al
pow
ers
, such a
s p
hyto
pla
nkto
n,
There
is a
need for lo
ng-term
record
s in o
rder to
learn
about th
e response o
f
ecosyste
ms to n
atu
ral vers
us a
nth
ropogenic
perturb
ations.
Schin
dle
r D
.W. (1
987) D
ete
cting e
cosyste
m responses to a
nth
ropogenic
stress. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44, 6–25.
Than
k
you
Acknow
ledgem
ents
:
The s
cie
ntific a
nd technic
al te
am
of KLL
Kin
nere
tW
ate
r shade u
nit –
Mekoro
t
Isra
el W
ate
r Auth
ority
![Linking Environmental Water Scarcity and Options for ... · from upper Jordan River, 200 mg/l from Kinneret, and more than 500 mg/l from ground water sources in the south [19]. Another](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/5e1c074c9f3001487f2cbe28/linking-environmental-water-scarcity-and-options-for-from-upper-jordan-river.jpg)
