MosaicPlasty Osteochondral Grafting - Smith & Nephe · MosaicPlasty™ Osteochondral Grafting Hangody, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.;Miniaci, M.D., FRCS;Kish, M.D. 4 Surgical Technique Portal

A Smith & Nephew Technique Plus™ Illustrated Guide

MosaicPlasty™

OsteochondralGrafting

László Hangody, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.Anthony Miniaci, M.D., FRCSGary A. Z. Kish, M.D.

A Smith & Nephew Technique Plus™ Illustrated Guide

MosaicPlasty™

Osteochondral Grafting As described by László Hangody, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.

Anthony Miniaci, M.D., FRCS and Gary A. Z. Kish, M.D.

Prof. László Hangody, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.Uzsoki Hospital, Orthopaedic and Trauma Department,Budapest, Hungary

Anthony Miniaci, M.D., FRCSToronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Gary A. Z. Kish, M.D.Saint George Medical Center, Portsmouth, NH, USA

Localized articular cartilage defects in weight-bearing joints are common,yet difficult to treat. MosaicPlasty represents a method of autogenousosteochondral transplantation for the treatment of focal cartilaginousdefects secondary to biomechanical chondropathy, traumatic chondrallesions and osteochondritis dissecans of the knee and ankle. The successrate is higher for patients under age 50 due to biochemical changes in thesynovial fluid that occur after age 50. (See Bibliography for references.)

This procedure can generally be performed arthroscopically for lesions ofthe femoral condyles when the effect is close to the intercondylar notchand does not exceed 2cm in diameter, and does not need more than 4–6grafts. Larger defects may be treated as experience is gained with thetechnique.

MosaicPlasty™ Osteochondral Grafting Hangody, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.; Miniaci, M.D., FRCS; Kish, M.D.

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OverviewMosaicPlasty involves obtaining smallosteochondral cylindrical grafts from the lessweight-bearing periphery of the femur at thepatellofemoral joint, and transporting them tothe prepared defect site. With a combination of 2.7 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm, 6.5 mm, and8.5 mm grafts, the site is filled with 70–90%transplanted hyaline cartilage. Fibrocartilage“grouting” growing upward from the preparedcancellous bed will complete theMosaicPlasty.

Postoperatively, the patient should be keptnon-weight-bearing with no partial loadingfor 2–6 weeks and encouraged to reestablishfull ROM. This time period and activity levelwill allow:

• The grafts to bond to surrounding bone and cartilage

• The surface to remain congruent withoutsubsidence of the press-fit transplantedosteochondral graft.

Note: Chisels, drill guides, and trephinesmust be sharp. Replace drill guides andtrephines when damaged or dull. Forconsistent results, use disposable chisels for each procedure. Cutting edge cannot be resharpened without compromising self-centering geometry of original tip.

IMPORTANT: Placing the graftsperpendicular to the surface, at the level ofthe original articular surface, is paramountto the success of the operation.

Patient ConsentFor the most part, cartilaginous lesions are only defined at arthroscopy. If the preoperativedifferential diagnosis includes such a lesion, thepatient should be advised of the possibility of aMosaicPlasty. The patient should be preparedfor an open procedure if the site is inaccessibledue to location posterior or there is inability toflex the knee sufficiently. This procedure canlead to an overnight stay and altered weight-bearing status for several weeks.

Contraindications1. Infectious or tumor defects.

2. Generalized arthritis, rheumatoid and/ordegenerative in type.

3. Those patients under the age of 50 withearly unicompartment arthritis where thedonor site cartilage is thin and the cartilagesurrounding the defect is of poor quality.

4. In malaligned or unstable joints (varus orvalgus, patellar-subluxation), restoration or joint mechanics needs to be addressedseparately—or at the time of—MosaicPlasty.Patellar realignment, ACL, PCL, meniscalrepair and osteotomies can be doneconcurrently.

Operative Preparation1. Holding area IV antibiotics.

2. Anesthesia: General or regional, withtourniquet control.

3. Patient is positioned supine with kneecapable of 120° flexion. Contralateralextremity is placed in a stirrup.

4 Standard EUA and arthroscopic surveytechnique.

Choosing a ProcedureAn open procedure may be chosen when first performing the technique or when anarthroscopic approach is not practical due to size or location of the lesion. With theexception of this portal location, thistechnique applies to both open andarthroscopic procedures.

Defect Preparation1. With the use of a full radius resector or

curette and a knife blade, the edges of thedefect are brought back to good hyalinecartilage at a right angle (Figure 3).

2. The base of the lesion is abraded to viablesubchondral bone with an Abrader or half-round rasp. (Figure 4).


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Surgical Technique

Portal SelectionPerpendicular access to the lesion is critical to proper insertion of the grafts. Care must beexercised in making the viewing and workingportals. For most femoral condylar lesions,

central anterior medial andcentral anterior lateral portalswill allow correct access.Initially, a 1.2 mm K-wire or18 gauge spinal needle can beused to locate the portal sites(Figure 1). It should be notedthat these portals tend to be

more central than thestandard portals due to theinward curve of thecondyles (Figure 2).

For osteochondritisdissecans on the medialfemoral condyle theapproach needs to befrom the lateral side.Standard lateral portal issometimes too oblique.

Therefore, use the centralpatellar tendon portal which

gives good access to the inner positions ofboth the medial femoral condyle and thelateral femoral condyle.

If an arthroscopic approach will not bepractical, it may be necessary to create a

medial or lateralanterior sagittal

incision, or anobliqueincision.

Figure 1.Medial andlateral portalareas

Figure 2.Range of workingportal instrumentsdirection.

Figure 3

Figure 4


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3. The drill guide is used to determine thenumber of grafts needed (Figure 5).

4. The dilator can be used to measure thedepth of the defect.

Procurement of Osteochondral GraftsThe grafts can be obtained either arthro-scopically or through a mini-arthrotomy(1.5–2.0 cm). If the grafts are to be takenarthroscopically, certain points are emphasized.The preferred sites are the medial femoralcondyle periphery of the patellofemoral joint or the lateral femoral condyle above the sulcusterminalis above the line of the notch. Ifadditional grafts are needed, up to three graftsmay be obtained from the standard portals. Ifmore grafts are needed or if you want to gosuperiorly, superomedial or superolateralportals may be necessary. Additional grafts canbe harvested by flexing or extending the knee.

The best view for harvesting grafts from thesuperior portals is obtained by introducing thescope through the inferior ipsilateral portal.The lateral femoral condyle periphery througha small arthrotomy (15–20 mm) is anotheroption for grafts.

1. A spinal needle or a K-wire is used to locatethe donor site and then the portal is made.

2. The proper sized tube chisel is introducedwith the harvesting tamp.

3. Once the site has been clearly identified, thechisel is located perpendicular to thearticular surface (Figure 6) and driven byhammer to the appropriate depth, usually 15mm. Generally, the length of the graftshould be at east 2x its diameter. It isimportant to hold the chisel firmly to avoidit shifting at the cartilage/bone interface,producing a crooked graft.

By flexing the knee, lower sites can beobtained. The lower limit is the top of theintercondylar notch.

The 4.5 mm harvesting tamp is inserted intothe crosshole in the tubular chisel and used as a lever. Alternatively, the single use chisels can be used.

4. The chisel is toggled not rotated, causingthe graft to break free at the chisel tip.

Figure 5

Figure 6


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5. The grafts are ejected from the chisel bysliding the appropriate sized chisel guardover the cutting end (Figure 7a.)

6. Then using the tamp, the graft is pushed out(Figure 7b) onto gauze in a saline wettedbasin.

7. Measure the harvested grafts to determinethe depth necessary to drill the recipientholes in the defect site.

Spacing the grafts to avoid confluence atdepth, approximately 3 mm, will avoid anyweakening of the condyle. The donor siteholes will eventually fill with cancellousbone and fibrocartilage. Care should betaken when harvesting 6.5 mm and8.5 mm grafts to avoid creatingpatellar tracking problemsor weakening thecondyle.

Insertion of Osteochondral Grafts

Drill/Dilate/Deliver (3D Grafting)

Drill

1. With the knee flexed and good distentionestablished, the drill guide is reintroducedusing the dilator as an obturator. It is placedin the defect perpendicular to the surface.By rotating the arthroscope, the drill guideand the perpendicularity of the laser markcan be seen from different angles, ensuringproper orientation. It is then tapped into thesubchondral bone.

2. The appropriately sized drill bit is insertedand drilled to the desired depth, (Figure 8.)Generally, a recipient hole a few millimetersdeeper than the length of the graft is desirableto minimize high intraosseal pressure. Inflowis now reduced to minimize leakage.

3. The drill bit is removed.

Dilate

1. The dilator is inserted into the drill guide. Itis tapped to the desired depth.

2. While firmly holding the drill guide, the 2.7mm harvesting tamp is inserted in thedilator and used as a lever to remove thedilator from the hole (Figure 9).

Figure 7a Figure 7b

Figure 8.4.5 mm drill guide secured in defectwith drill bit though the guide.


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Deliver

1. The delivery tamp should be adjusted byturning the handle to initially allow the graftto sit slightly higher than the depth of thedefect. This will minimize the likelihood ofoverpenetrating the graft.

2. Inflow is stopped; otherwise fluid flow canpush the graft out of the tube.

3. The graft is then delivered under directvisualization into the recipient hole throughthe drill guide with the use of the deliverytamp (Figure 10).

4. The graft can be inserted deeper by turningthe delivery tamp handle counterclockwise.The graft should be flush with the originalarticular surface. The drill guide is removedto inspect the graft. If the graft is proud,the drill guide is reinserted and the graftcan be tapped down gently with the tamp of the appropriate size.

5. The subsequent grafts are inserted in asimilar fashion by placing the drill guideimmediately adjacent to the previouslyplaced grafts.

Caution must be taken to keep the shoulderof the drill guide off the previously insertedgrafts. This will avoid inadvertent recessingof the grafts (Figure 11).

Figure 9.The dilator isremoved using the 2.7 mmharvestingtamp.

Figure 11.Care must be taken notto sit the guide tube onthe previous grafts.

Figure 10.Insertion of graft withadjustable plunger.


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Closure and Postoperative TreatmentWhen all the holes are filled and the graftsseated, the knee is put through a range ofmotion and varus, valgus stressed (Figure 12).

The portals are closed and the joint drainedthrough superior portal.

Postoperatively, the drain is removed at 24 hours. The patient is discharged andadvised to remain partial weight-bearing for 2–6 weeks, non-weight-bearing forosteochondritis dessicans. Range of motionand isometric quadriceps exercises andswimming are encouraged during this period.Barring complications, return to full activitiescan be accomplished in 2–4 months.

Figure 12


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BibliographyHangody L, Kárpáti Z: New alternative in the treatment of severe, localized cartilagedamages in the knee joint. Hungarian Journalof Traumatology and Orthopaedics37:237–242, 1994.

Hangody L, Kárpáti Z, Szerb I: Osteochondralautograft implantation in the treatment of kneechondropathy. First prize winner poster of the6th Congress of ESSKA, Berlin, 1994.

Hangody L, Sükösd L, Szigeti I, Kárpáti Z:Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondralmosaicplasty. Hungarian Journal ofTraumatology and Orthopaedics 39:49–54,1996.

Hangody L, Kárpáti Z, Szerb I: Autogenousosteochondral mosaicplasty in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. FirstPrize winner poster of the 7th Congress ofESSKA, Budapest, Hungary, 1996.

Hangody L, Szigeti I, Kárpáti Z, Sükösd L.:Eine neue Methode in der Behandlung vonschweren, lokalen Knorpelschäden imKniegelenk. Osteosynthese International 5:316-321, 1997.

Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z, et al:Autogenous osteochondral graft technique for replacing knee cartilage defects in dogs.Orthopaedics International Edition.5:175–181, 1997.

Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z, et al: Treatmentof osteochondritis dissecans of talus: the use ofthe mosaicplasty technique. Foot and AnkleInternational Vol 18 No 10 (OCT): 628–634,1997.

Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z, et al:Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondralmosaicplasty for the treatment of femoralcondylar articular defects. Knee Surgery SportsTraumatology Arthroscopy 5:262–267, 1997.

Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z, Eberhart R:Osteochondral plugs – Autogenousosteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of focal chondral and osteochondral articulardefects. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics.Vol 7 No 4 (OCT): 312–322, 1997.

Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z, et al:Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articularcartilage defects: application in clinicalpractice. Orthopaedics 21:751, 1998.

Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z: Mosaicplasty forthe treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of theknee. Journal of Sports Traumatology andRelated Research 20:126, 1998.

Hangody L, Kish G, Kárpáti Z: Arthroscopicautogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty – amulticentric, comparative, prospective study.Index Traumatologie du Sport 5:3–7, 1998.

Kish G, Módis L, Hangody L: Osteochondralmosaicplasty for the treatment of focal chondraland osteochondral lesions of the knee and talusin the athlete. Clinics in Sports Medicine18:45–61, 1999.

Hangody L: The role of the mosaicplasty in thetreatment of cartilage defects. In “Imhoff-Burkart:Knieinstabilitaten und Knorpelschaden”,Steinkopff Verlag, 1998.

Hangody L: Autogenous osteochondralmosaicplasty. In “Pfeil-Siebert-Janousek-Josten:Minimal Invasive Techniques in theOrthopaedics”, Spinger Verlag, 2000.

Hangody L, Kish G: Surgical treatment ofosteochondritis dissecans of the talus. In“Duparc: European Textbook on SurgicalTechniques in Orthopaedics and Traumatology”,Editions Scientifiques et Medicales Elsevier,55–630–B–10:1–5, 2000.

Hangody L: Mosaicplasty. In “Insall J, Scott N:Surgery of the Knee”, 357–361, ChurchillLivingstone, 2000.

Hangody L: Autologous OsteochondralMosaicplasty in the Treatment of FocalChondral and Osteochondral Defects of theWeight-bearing Articular Surfaces. Osteologie,9:63–69, 2000.

Hangody L, Kish G, Szabó Zs, Kárpáti Z, Szerb I, Gáspár L, Módis L: Three to six yearresults of autologous osteochondralmosaicplasty on the talus. Foot and AnkleInternational, 22(7):552–558, 2001.

Hangody L, Feczkó P, Kemény D, Bodó G, Kish G: Autologous osteochondral mosaicplastyfor the treatment of full thickness cartilagedefects of the knee and ankle. ClinicalOrthopaedics, 391:October, Suppl. 328–337,2001.


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Ordering InformationMosaicPlasty™ Systems are available as a Complete Systemor Precision System, and in individual components. TheMosaicPlasty Complete System contains instrumentation for harvesting and placing grafts 2.7 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm,6.5 mm, and 8.5 mm in diameter. The MosaicPlastyPrecision System includes instrumentation for harvesting and placing grafts 2.7 mm, 3.5 mm, and 4.5 mm in diameter.The 6.5 mm and 8.5 mm size instrumentation are offered asoptions for surgeons preferring larger grafts. Both systemsare suitable for open or arthroscopic surgical approaches.

The Disposable MosiacPlasty Harvesting System is asterilized, single-use kit comprised of a Harvesting Chisel,Harvesting Tamp, and a Drill Bit.

SYSTEMSREF DESCRIPTION7205532 MosiacPlasty Complete System

Includes ALL components listed below,plus REF 7205507 MosiacPlastyComplete Sterilization Tray

7205605 MosiacPlasty Precision SystemIncludes ONLY 2.7 mm, 3.5 mm, and 4.5 mm components listed below, plusREF 7205604 MosiacPlasty PrecisionSterilization Tray

7209234 MosiacPlasty Disposable Harvesting System, 3.5 mm




COMPONENTS*

GRAFT HARVESTING

Tubular Chisels (five–ten patient uses)REF DESCRIPTION7207099 2.7 mm Tubular Chisel7207098 3.5mm Tubular Chisel 7207097 4.5mm Tubular Chisel7205493 6.5mm Tubular Chisel7205494 8.5mm Tubular Chisel

Chisel GuardsREF DESCRIPTION7207208 2.7mm Chisel Guard7207209 3.5mm Chisel Guard7207210 4.5mm Chisel Guard7205499 6.5mm Chisel Guard7205500 8.5mm Chisel Guard

*Note: 10 mm components are available through Smith & Nephew's MTO (“Made To Order”) program.

Harvesting TampsREF DESCRIPTION7207107 2.7mm Harvesting Tamp7207106 3.5mm Harvesting Tamp7207105 4.5mm Harvesting Tamp7205495 6.5mm Harvesting Tamp7205496 8.5mm Harvesting Tamp

GRAFT PLACEMENT

Drill Guides (five to ten patient uses)REF DESCRIPTION7207214 2.7mm Drill Guide7207215 3.5mm Drill Guide7207216 4.5mm Drill Guide7205501 6.5mm Drill Guide7205502 8.5mm Drill Guide

Dilators REF DESCRIPTION7205509 2.7mm Dilator7205510 3.5mm Dilator7205511 4.5mm Dilator7205512 6.5mm Dilator7205513 8.5mm Dilator

Delivery TampsREF DESCRIPTION7207205 2.7mm Delivery Tamp7207206 3.5mm Delivery Tamp7207207 4.5mm Delivery Tamp7205505 6.5mm Delivery Tamp7205506 8.5mm Delivery Tamp

SOLD SEPARATELY (NOT PART OF SYSTEM)

Trephines (optional — for hard bone)REF DESCRIPTION7207089 2.7mm Trephine7207088 3.5mm Trephine7207087 4.5mm Trephine7205497 6.5mm Trephine7205498 8.5mm Trephine7207103 Trephine Adaptor 2.7, 3.5, 4.5mm7205515 Trephine Adaptor 6.5, 8.5mm

Drill Bits (single use only)REF DESCRIPTION7205508 2.7mm Drill Bit7207212 3.5mm Drill Bit7207213 4.5mm Drill Bit7205503 6.5mm Drill Bit7205504 8.5mm Drill Bit

Caution: U.S. Federal law restricts this deviceto sale by or on the order of a physician.

MosiacPlasty is a trademark of Smith & Nephew, Inc. U.S. Patent Number 6,146,385©2001 Smith & Nephew, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. 11/01 1030208 Rev. F

Additional InstructionPrior to performing this technique, consult the Instructionfor Use documentation provided with individualcomponents — including indications, contraindications,warnings, cautions, and instructions.

Courtesy of Smith & Nephew, Inc., Endoscopy Division

Documents

MosaicPlasty Osteochondral Grafting - Smith & Nephe · MosaicPlasty™ Osteochondral Grafting Hangody, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc.;Miniaci, M.D., FRCS;Kish, M.D. 4 Surgical Technique Portal