Mpob Lect 1 Mineral Elements Reqin Plant Nut basic

8/13/2019 Mpob Lect 1 Mineral Elements Reqin Plant Nut basic

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MINERAL ELEMENTS

REQUIRED IN PLANT

NUTRITION


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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

Certain elements necessary for normal plant

growth

Present in forms usable by plantsOptimum concentration required for plant

growth

Proper balance in concentration with various

nutrients


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ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT

ELEMENTS

Essential Elements Used in

Relatively Large

Essential Elements Used in

Relatively Small Amounts

Air and Water Soil Solids Soil Solids

C N Fe CuH P Mn Zn

O K B Cl

Ca Mo CoMg

S


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Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Low availability of micronutrient


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NITROGEN

Functions

Associated with vigorous vegetative growth and deep green colorControl metabolic processes in plants

An integral part of chlorophyll molecule

Protein synthesis from manufactured carbohydrates

Deficiency symptoms

Yellowing or chlorosis, first appear on the lower leavesSevere deficiency, leaves turn brown and die

Plants become stunted in growth

Excess

Weakening of fibre in cotton

Cause lodging in grain crops

Reduce sugar content in sugar beets

More susceptible to disease or pest attack


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PHOSPHORUS

FunctionsEssential in primordia establishment and its reproductive

parts

A constituent of nucleic acid, phytin, adphospholipids and

essential for photosynthesis

Associated with increased root and plant growth

Associated with early maturity of crops

Deficiency symptoms

Retarded over-all plant growth

Excess

May induce micronutrient deficiencies such as Cu and Zn


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POTASSIUM

Functions

Carbohydrate, metabolism and breakdown and translocationof starch

Nitrogen metabolism and proteins synthesis

Activation of various enzymes

Control and regulation activities of essential elements

Neutralization of physiologically important organic acidsAdjustment of stomatal movement and water relations

Deficiency symptom

Affect development of leaf characteristics

Greatly reduce crop yield

Weakening of straw (grain crops) and stalk breakage (cornand sorghum)

Decrease in resistance to certain plant diseases

Affect plant growth and quality

Decrease photosynthesis and increase respiration


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CALCIUM

Functions

Constituent of middle lamellae of cells

Formation and increases, protein content of mitochondria

Associated with activity of certain enzymes

Deficiency symptoms

Failure of terminal buds and apical tips of roots to developPrevents the emergence and unfolding of new leaveswhere tips are almost colourless


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MAGNESIUM

Functions

Mineral constituent of the chlorophyll moleculeSpecific activation of a number of plant enzyme systems

Related to phosphorus metabolism

Activation of enzymes related with carbohydrate

metabolismRelated to the synthesis of oil

Deficiency symptoms

Interveinal chlorosis of the leaf (only the veins remaingreen)

Symptoms first on the lower leavesLeaf tissue becomes uniformly pale yellow, then brown andnecrotic


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SULFUR

Functions

Synthesis of amino acids, cystine, cysteine, andmethionine and protein synthesis

Activates certain proteolytic enzymes such as papainases

Constituent of certain vitamins, of coenzymes A, andglutathione

Oil synthesis in oilseed crops, soybeans, canola andpeanuts

Deficiency symptoms

Uniformly chlorotic plants, stunted and spindly


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BORON

FunctionsTranslocation of sugars across membranes

Regulatory effects on oxidation by polyphenolase activity

Influence cell development in plants

Protein synthesisnitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism

Deficiency symptoms

Cessation of growth of terminal bud followed by death of

young leavesYoungest leaves become pale green, and losing more

colour at the base than at the tip


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COPPER

FunctionsMetal activator of several enzymesCarbohydrate and protein metabolism

One of the metal concerned with light reaction in plants

Chlorophyll synthesis

Deficiency symptomsYoungest leaves become yellow and stunted

Advanced stages, dead tissue appears along the tips andedges of the leaves

Affect flower production


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IRON

Functions

Activation of several enzyme systemsAssociated with synthesis of chloroplastic protein

Deficiency symptoms

Young leaves develop interveinal chlorosis and progresses

rapidly over entire leafSevere cases, leaves turn completely white

MOLYBDENUMFunctions

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Protein synthesis


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Form of macronutrients in soil

Exist in various formsImportance of soil pH

Influence nutrient absorption and plant growth

Affect availability of several essential nutrients

Several essential nutrients become less availableas pH is raised from 5 to 7.5 or 8.0

pH 6.0 6.5, P is more readily available

Organic combinations

N, P and S

Inorganic combinations

K, Ca, and Mg


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Form of elements used by plants

Elements Ion form Elements Ion form

N NH4+, NO2

-, NO3- B BO3

3-

P HPO4-, H2PO4

- Cu Cu+,Cu2+

K K+ Fe Fe2+, Fe3+

Ca Ca2+ Mn Mn2+

Mg Mg2+

Zn Zn2+

S SO32+, SO4

2- Mo MoO42-

Cl Cl-


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OIL PALM NUTRITION

3 components;

Nutrients removed with harvested crop (FFB)

Nutrients immobilized in plant tissues

Nutrients recycled (prunes fronds, male-flowers

and leaf wash)


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NUTRIENT DEMAND IN OIL PALM (kg/palm/yr)

Nutrient demandcomponent

Malaysia (Yield 24 t

FFB/ha)

Nigeria (Yield 9.7 t

FFB/ha)

N P K Mg N P K Mg

Removal with harvested

crop0.49 0.088 0.63 0.14 0.20 0.04 0.23 0.03

Immobilized in planttissue

0.27 0.022 0.47 0.07 0.18 0.024 0.11 0.104

Nutrient recycled 0.53 0.076 0.69 0.19 0.63 0.073 0.38 0.25

Total nutrient uptake 1.29 0.18 1.79 0.40 1.01 0.14 0.72 0.38

Removal in % of total

uptake 38 44 35 35 20 29 31 8

Total uptake/ha (148

palm/ha)191 27 265 59 149 21 107 56

Uptake per tons of FFB,

kg

90 1.1 11.0 2.5 15.5 22 11.1 5.8


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ROLE OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS

IN OIL PALM

N

Fertilizer N application;

P

K

Fertilizer K application;Mg

Fertilizer Mg application;

Ca

S

B

Cu

Zn


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NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION

IN OIL PALM (148 PALMS/HA)

component

N P K Mg Ca

kg % kg % kg % kg % kg %

Net cumulative

vegetative matter 40.9 21.2 3.1 11.9 55.7 22.2 11.5 18.8 13.8 13.9

Pruned fronds67.2 34.9 8.9 34.2 86.2 34.2 22.4 36.5 61.6 61.9

FFB (25t)73.2 38.0 11.6 44.6 93.4 37.1 20.8 33.9 19.5 19.6

Male infl11.2 5.9 2.4 9.3 16.1 6.4 6.6 10.8 4.4 4.6

total195.5 26.0 251.4 61.3 99.3


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NUTRIENTS REQUIRED BY PALMS AT DIFFERENT AGES (kg/ha)

Age (total/yr) N P K Mg Ca

0-3 39.8 6.1 55.4 7.4 12-9

3-9 191-267 32-42 287-387 48-67 85-114

0-9 (cumulative) 1231-1720 204-272 1850-2487 314-423 531-721

N P K Mg Ca Mn Fe B Cu Zn

(kg) (g)

2.94 0.44 3.71 0.77 0.81 1.51 2.47 2.15 4.76 4.93

NUTRIENTS CONTENT OF ONE TONNE FEB

CRITICAL VALUE (%) OF MACRONUTRIENTS IN OIL PALM

Front No. N P K Ca Mg S

9 2.75 0.16 1.25 0.60 0.24 -

17 2.50 0.15 1.00 0.60 0.24 0.22


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RANGE OF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION IN

OIL PALM LEAVES

Palm age Element Deficient Optimum Excess

A. Young palms

(below 6 years)

N 3.0

P 0.25

K 1.8Mg 0.7

Ca 1.0

S 0.6

Cl 1.0B 35

Cu 15

Zn 50


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RANGE OF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION IN

OIL PALM LEAVES

Palm age Element Deficient Optimum Excess

B. Old palms

(over 6 years)

N 3.0

P 0.25

K 1.60Mg 0.70

Ca 1.00

S 0.60

Cl 1.00B (ppm) 40

Cu (ppm) 15

Zn (ppm) 80

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Mpob Lect 1 Mineral Elements Reqin Plant Nut basic