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CORPORATE SOCIALRESPONSIBILITY(CSR)

SUBJECT :-

SUBMITTED TO:-

MAM MALIKA RANI

(M.P.O.B) SUBMITTEDBY:-

MD.WASIM ALAM

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ROLL NO :- A-64

` SECTION :- R1002

REG. N0-11012715

DATE OF SUB. :5-NOV-2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS

OBJECTIVES OF CSR

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HISTORY OF CSR

ARGUMENTS FOR & AGAINST CSR

SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO CSR

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

REFERENCES

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deepest gratitude and warmest appreciation to the

following people, who, in any way have contributed and inspired me to the

overall success of the undertaking study:-

TO Mallika Mam, for her guidance and support in the duration of the study.

To my friends, who have been unselfishly extending their efforts and

understandIng. To my parents who have always been very understanding and

supportive both financially and emotionally.

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I would also thankmy Institution and my faculty members without whom this

project would have been a distant reality.

And above all, to the Almighty God, who never cease in loving us and for the

continued guidance and protection.

- Abhishek

Kumar

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY(CSR)

INTRODUCTIONCorporate social responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the

"economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations

that society has of organizations at a given point in time".

The concept of corporate social responsibility means that organizations have

moral, ethical, and charitable responsibilities in addition to their

responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. A

traditional view of the corporation suggests that its primary, if not sole,

responsibility is to its owners, or stockholders. However, CSR requires

organizations to adopt a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not

only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees,

suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal

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governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups.

Collectively, the various groups affected by the actions of an organization are

called "stakeholders."

Corporate social responsibility is related to, but not identical with, business

ethics. While CSR includes the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary

responsibilities of organizations, business ethics usually focuses on the moral

judgments and behavior of individuals and groups within organizations. Thus,

the study of business ethics may be regarded as a component of the larger study

of corporate social responsibility.

(CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY)

DEFINITIONS of CSR Business for Social Responsibility (Americas largest organisation

devoted to CSR)-Business decision making linked to ethical values, compliance withlegal requirements, and respect for people, communities, and theenvironment around the world.

Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum-Open and transparent business practices that are based on ethicalvalues and respect for employees, communities, and the environment.It is designed to deliver sustainable value to society at large, as well asto shareholders.

European Commission-A concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to contribute to abetter society and a cleaner environment.

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Anonymous respondent to an Accountancy Irelandsurvey

-CSR is doing the right thing even when no-one is looking.

OBJECTIVES OF CSR To know the effect of CSR on the organisation

To know the effect of CSR on the societyCreate competitive advantage through CSR

Assess risks and opportunities before making capital

investments or other business decisions

Align CSR strategies with organizational goals and

capabilities

Evaluate current initiatives and consolidate efforts

around key objectives

Present the business case for CSR initiatives

Implement CSR at all levels of the company

Understand how CSR directly impacts current and futureregulatory practices

Faster successful interaction with key internal and

external stakeholders as well as governments and

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

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HISTORY The nature and scope of corporate social responsibility has

changed over time. The concept of CSR is a relatively new onethe phrase has only been in wide use since the 1960s. But,while the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary

expectations placed on organizations may differ, it is probablyaccurate to say that all societies at all points in time have hadsome degree of expectation that organizations would actresponsibly, by some definition.

In the eighteenth century the great economist and philosopherAdam Smith expressed the traditional or classical economicmodel of business. In essence, this model suggested that theneeds and desires of society could best be met by the unfettered

interaction of individuals and organizations in the marketplace.By acting in a self-interested manner, individuals wouldproduce and deliver the goods and services that would earnthem a profit, but also meet the needs of others. The viewpointexpressed by Adam Smith over 200 years ago still forms thebasis for free-market economies in the twenty-first century.However, even Smith recognized that the free market did notalways perform perfectly and he stated that marketplace

participants must act honestly and justly toward each other ifthe ideals of the free market are to be achieved.

In the century after Adam Smith, the Industrial Revolutioncontributed to radical change, especially in Europe and theUnited States. Many of the principles espoused by Smith wereborne out as the introduction of new technologies allowed formore efficient production of goods and services. Millions ofpeople obtained jobs that paid more than they had ever madebefore and the standard of living greatly improved. Large

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organizations developed and acquired great power, and theirfounders and owners became some of the richest and mostpowerful men in the world. In the late nineteenth century manyof these individuals believed in and practiced a philosophy thatcame to be called "Social Darwinism," which, in simple form, isthe idea that the principles of natural selection and survival ofthe fittest are applicable to business and social policy. This typeof philosophy justified cutthroat, even brutal, competitivestrategies and did not allow for much concern about the impactof the successful corporation on employees, the community, or

the larger society. Thus, although many of the great tycoons ofthe late nineteenth century were among the greatestphilanthropists of all time, their giving was done as individuals,not as representatives of their companies. Indeed, at the sametime that many of them were giving away millions of dollars oftheir own money, the companies that made them rich werepracticing business methods that, by today's standards at least,were exploitative of workers.

Around the beginning of the twentieth century a backlashagainst the large corporations began to gain momentum. Bigbusiness was criticized as being too powerful and for practicingantisocial and anticompetitive practices. Laws and regulations,such as the Sherman Antitrust Act, were enacted to rein in thelarge corporations and to protect employees, consumers, andsociety at large. An associated movement, sometimes called the"social gospel," advocated greater attention to the working class

and the poor. The labor movement also called for greater socialresponsiveness on the part of business. Between 1900 and 1960the business world gradually began to accept additionalresponsibilities other than making a profit and obeying the law.

In the 1960s and 1970s the civil rights movement,consumerism, and environmentalism affected society's

expectations of business. Based on the general idea that thosewith great power have great responsibility, many called for the

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business world to be more proactive in (1) ceasing to causesocietal problems and (2) starting to participate in solvingsocietal problems. Many legal mandates were placed onbusiness related to equal employment opportunity environment.

ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINSTCORPORATE SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILITY

The major arguments for and against corporate social responsibility are shownin Exhibit 1. The "economic" argument against CSR is perhaps most closelyassociated with the American economist Milton Friedman, who has argued thatthe primary responsibility of business is to make a profit for its owners, albeitwhile complying with the law. According to this view, the self-interestedactions of millions of participants in free markets will, from a utilitarianperspective, lead to positive outcomes for society. If the operation of the freemarket cannot solve a social problem, it becomes the responsibility ofgovernment, not business, to address the issue.

Exhibit 1Arguments For and Against CSR

FORThe rise of the modern corporation createdand continues to create many socialproblems. Therefore, the corporate worldshould assume responsibility foraddressing these problems.

AGAINSTTaking on social and moral issues isnot economically feasible.Corporations should focus onearning a profit for their shareholdersand leave social issues to others.

In the long run, it is in corporations' bestinterest to assume social responsibilities. Itwill increase the chances that they willhave a future and reduce the chances ofincreased governmental regulation.

Assuming social responsibilitiesplaces those corporations doing so ata competitive disadvantage relativeto those who do not.

Large corporations have huge reserves ofhuman and financial capital. They shoulddevote at least some of their resources toaddressing social issues.

Those who are most capable shouldaddress social issues. Those in thecorporate world are not equipped todeal with social problems.

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SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO CSRCorporations deal with a wide variety of social issues and problems, somedirectly related to their operations, some not. It would not be possible toadequately describe all of the social issues faced by business. This section willbriefly discuss three contemporary issues that are of major concern: theenvironment, global issues, and technology issues. There are many others-

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESCorporations have long been criticized for their negative effect on the naturalenvironment in terms of wasting natural resources and contributing toenvironmental problems such as pollution and global warming. The use offossil fuels is thought to contribute to global warming, and there is bothgovernmental and societal pressure on corporations to adhere to stricterenvironmental standards and to voluntarily change production processes inorder to do less harm to the environment. Other issues related to the naturalenvironment include waste disposal, deforestation, acid rain, and landdegradation. It is likely that corporate responsibilities in this area will increasein the coming years.

GLOBAL ISSUESCorporations increasingly operate in a global environment. The globalization ofbusiness appears to be an irreversible trend, but there are many opponents to it.Critics suggest that globalization leads to the exploitation of developing nationsand workers, destruction of the environment, and increased human rights

abuses. They also argue that globalization primarily benefits the wealthy andwidens the gap between the rich and the poor. Proponents of globalizationargue that open markets lead to increased standards of living for everyone,higher wages for workers worldwide, and economic development inimpoverished nations. Many large corporations are multinational in scope andwill continue to face legal, social, and ethical issues brought on by theincreasing globalization of business.

Another issue in global business is the issue of marketing goods and services inthe international marketplace. Some U.S. companies, for example, have

marketed products in other countries after the products were banned in theUnited States.

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TECHNOLOGY ISSUESAnother contemporary social issue relates to technology and its effect onsociety. For example, the Internet has opened up many new avenues formarketing goods and services, but has also opened up the possibility of abuseby corporations. Issues of privacy and the security of confidential informationmust be addressed. Biotechnology companies face questions related to the useof embryonic stem cells, genetic engineering, and cloning. All of these issueshave far-reaching societal and ethical implications. As our technologicalcapabilities continue to advance, it is likely that the responsibilities ofcorporations in this area will increase dramatically.

Corporate social responsibility is a complex topic. There is no question thatthe legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on businesses aregreater than ever before. Few companies totally disregard social issues andproblems. Most purport to pursue not only the goal of increased revenues andprofits, but also the goal of community and societal betterment.

Research suggests that those corporations that develop a reputation as beingsocially responsive and ethical enjoy higher levels of performance. However,the ultimate motivation for corporations to practice social responsibility shouldnot be a financial motivation, but a moral and ethical one.

REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis segment presents a review of professional literatures and

studies related to the present study.

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CSR and the strait-jacket of economic rationality

Simon B. Brooks. The International Journal of Sociology and

Social Policy. Patrington: 2010. Vol. 30, Iss. 11/12; pg. 604

MR. SIMON B. BROOKS CONCLUDES THAT-

The purpose of this paper is to argue that the corporate social responsibility(CSR) discourse has taken a wrong turn in its historical development, whichrisks a restriction of our thinking.

Design/methodology/approach - The paper has two main sections followed

by a concluding discussion. First, the way in which even proponents ofCSRhave allowed a search for a link between engagement in CSR and firmperformance to become a predominant strand of the debate is explored. Second,the way that economic rationality has developed through the sociology ofeconomic behaviour is examined to provide a novel lens through which to viewCSR. The paper concludes by calling for a re-moralised CSR, reminding onethat economic activity is embedded in social relations.

Originality/value - Attempts to critique CSR through lenses afforded bysociology are comparatively rare. This paper shows how the true nature of

predominant preoccupations in the mainly business-related debates on CSR canbe more openly seen as being economically rational when examined usingtheoretical frames and language from sociology.

WElFARE MIX, CSR AND SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP

Luis Moreno. The International Journal of Sociology and Social

Policy. Patrington: 2010. Vol. 30, Iss. 11/12; pg. 683

LUIS MORENO RESEARCH STATES THAT-

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to reflect on those "meeting points" and"encountering places" where the action of individuals, families, corporations,NGOs and public policies can optimize the advancement of social citizenshipwithin the European context.

Design/methodology/approach - An analysis of the worlds of welfarecapitalism is contrasted with a corporate social responsibility (CSR) typology ofpolicy governance. It serves the purpose of highlighting not only institutionalarrangements and operational welfare rationales, but also value-systems andcultural tenets shaping commonalities and diversities in public policy

governance in the European Union.
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Findings - Considerations are made on the impacts that both the global orderand the "new social risks" (NSR) have for the promotion ofCSR and the

advancement of social citizenship. The case of the reconciliation of work andfamily life illustrates how CSR might induce a greater role for businesses inwelfare development. Research limitations/implications - Further research isneeded to establish the linkages between the welfare regime approach and themodels of public policy supports forCSR. Originality/value - The paper isoriginal in its theoretical linking of welfare mix, CSR and social citizenshipwith regard to the improvement of citizens' living conditions.

CSR and the "undeserving": a role for the state, civilsociety and business?

Carole Parkes, Judy Scully, Susan Anson. The International Journal of

Sociology and Social Policy. Patrington: 2010. Vol. 30, Iss. 11/12; pg. 697

MR.CAROLE PARKES&SUSAN ANSON RESEARCH

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the conceptual lens

of corporate social responsibility (CSR), business and civil society can be usedto explore "less popular causes" (in this case, a community-based public sectorempirical study of initiatives with offenders) and, in particular, respond to thequestion used by Walzer "In which society can lives be best led?"

Design/methodology/approach - This is a formative and summativeevaluation study of a National Offender Management "community payback"offender scheme based in the UK using a mixed method, predominantlyqualitative approach that integrates theory and practice.

Findings - The paper finds that citizenship actions of front-line public sector

employees, working in partnership with other agencies in the community,embody the essence of Walzer's notion ofCSR and civil society by goingbeyond the call of duty to provide additional training and moral support for thecommunity offenders. Originality/value - The paper contributes towards anunderstanding of how CSR and civil society debates can inform wider aspectsof public policy and business through its application to areas of society that areperceived to be "challenging" and "undeserving".

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The glass ceiling of corporate social responsibility;

Consequences of a business case approach towardsCSR

Andr H.J. Nijhof, Ronald J.M. Jeurissen. The International Journal

of Sociology and Social Policy. Patrington: 2010. Vol. 30, Iss. 11/12;

pg. 618

MR.ANDRE H.J. NIJHOF RESEARCH

Purpose - This paper aims to clarify that corporate social responsibility (CSR)has come a long way by the prevailing business case approach, but increasinglyhits a glass ceiling. The glass ceiling metaphor refers to the inherent limitationscreated by a business case approach towards CSR.

Design/methodology/approach - The main findings are based on an analysisof existing literature on strategies forCSR. The findings are illustrated with acase from the Dutch National Research Program on CSR.

Findings - The very term corporate social responsibility suggests that thedebate about CSR is all about responsibilities of

corporations. Maybe it once was, but nowadays it is much more about newmarket opportunities and a business-wise approach to ecological and socialproblems. CSR has evolved into a marketable asset of companies, in whichprofit-oriented managers and entrepreneurs are willing to invest. This"commodification" ofCSR has helped to make it acceptable in the businessworld, but this comes at a considerable price from the perspective of the socialresponsibility of business. It is especially argued in the paper that a businesscase approach results in opportunism, leaves institutional blockades intact anddrives out the intrinsic motivation for engaging in CSR.

Sleep Research; Research reports from University ofToronto provide new insights into sleep research

Anonymous. Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week. Atlanta: Oct 16, 2010. pg.

204

SLEEPS RESEARCH EMPHASIZES

They hypothesized that energy expenditure (VO2) is influenced by the rate ofaccumulation of sleep deficit in rats. Six Sprague-Dawley rats underwent

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chronic sleep-restriction (CSR, 6-h sleep opportunity at ZT0-6 for 10 days) andstimulus-control protocols (CON, 12-h sleep opportunity for 10 days, matched

number of stimuli) in a balanced cross-over design. Four additional ratsunderwent TSD (4 days). Sleep was manipulated using a motor-driven walkingwheel. Electroencephalography, electromyography, and body temperature weremeasured by telemetry, and VO2, by respirometry. Total sleep deficits of 55.1+-6.4 hours, 31.8 +-6.8 hours, and 38.2 +-2.3 hours accumulated over the CSR,CON, and TSD protocols, respectively. Responses to TSD confirmed previousreports of elevated VO2 and body temperature. These responses wereattenuated in CSR, despite a greater cumulative sleep deficit.

Pediatrics; Research on pediatrics discussed by F.R.Khan and co-researchers

Anonymous. Pediatrics Week. Atlanta: Oct 16, 2010. pg. 290

MR. F.R.KHAN AND HIS CO-RESEARCHERS CONCLUDES THATThe researchers concluded:

"This leads to a suggested reconfiguration ofCSR from a post-colonialperspective insistent on an inclusive 'bottom-up', 'reversed engineered'approach, wherein CSR problems are traced back to Western multinationalcorporations' policies and practices."

According to a study from Lahore, Pakistan, "A field study focused on aWestern-led Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) intervention into Pakistan'ssoccer ball industry is used to explore the dynamics surrounding local Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) staff charged with implementation. Thosedynamics include the post-colonial conditions pervasive in Third World

contexts that frame the perception, interpretation, and reaction to Westerninterventions."

"NGO staff must navigate these conditions, which impel them into multiplesubject positions and contradictory rationalities resulting in unsatisfactoryexperiences. Like many Western-led interventions resting on universalistic,paternalistic, de-contextualizing, and atomistic assumptions, this one broughtnegative unintended consequences," wrote F.R. Khan and colleagues.

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Rethinking the role of corporate social responsibility

in the Nigerian oil conflict: The limits ofCSRUwafiokun Idemudia. Journal of International Development. Chichester:

Oct 2010. Vol. 22, Iss. 7; pg. 833

ACCORDING TO THIS RESEARCHThe widespread adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by oilmultinational corporations (MNCs) in Nigeria supposedly marked a watershedin corporate-community relations in the Niger Delta. This is because, afterdecades of initially rejecting such responsibilities, oil MNCs reversal of attitudetowards CSR was expected to at least tamper the scale and intensity of violence.However, despite such widespread claims of adherence to the ideals ofCSR,corporate-community conflict has remained unabated and oil companiescontinue to be accused of familiar misdemeanour. This paper argued thatstructural and systemic deficiencies inherent in CSR practices limit theeffectiveness ofCSR as a vehicle for conflict prevention and reduction in theNiger Delta. The paper concludes by considering the implications forCSR-conflict nexuses in the Nigerian oil industry.

Predictors and outcomes of Corporate SocialResponsibility: a research framework

Pavlos A Vlachos. International Journal of Business Governance

and Ethics. Olney: 2010. Vol. 5, Iss. 4; pg. 343

THIS REASEARCH STATES THAT

In this study, I propose a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) research modelfocusing on the impacts ofCSR on stakeholder perceptions and companyoutcomes. Research questions posited mainly involve a quadripartite view ofthe impacts ofCSR. I propose a stakeholder-centric model ofCSRconceptualising the factors that make company stakeholders to formassessments ofCSR initiatives. Specifically, I argue that the impacts ofCSR onstakeholder perceptions should be investigated using perspectives fromindividual-, company-, policy-, and country-level factors. Moreover, I use therelationship marketing literature, to suggest a route through which CSR likelytranslates into innovation.
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305 PQ REVERSE_CHRO 1286977436

Volunteering and the evolution to community actionlearning

Julie Perigo. Industrial and Commercial Training. Guilsborough: 2010.

Vol. 42, Iss. 7; pg. 351

MR. JULIE PERIGOS RESEARCH CONCLUDES

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore and explain the benefits ofcentring learning and development initiatives around charity projects, whetheras part of an organisation's community engagement/corporate socialresponsibility (CSR) strategy and/or as a sensible way to pool internal budgetsfor practical and identifiable return on investment (community action learning).It also aims to highlight the importance of understanding both the business' andthe charities' motivations, expectations and capabilities about the process, inorder to maximise success for all parties.

Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines the range of benefits of

choosing charity or community projects as a "live" vehicle for learning anddevelopment, then identifies common misconceptions, assumptions andmismanagement issues concerning the charity project-learning link, and offershelpful strategies to gain the best outcomes for all parties concerned.

Findings - There is a growing interest in the value of action learning, in CSRand community engagement, and in developing leaders who recognise theresponsibility for how their business activities impact on society and theenvironment. However, the option to link them all through charity projects isstill under-utilised, and commonly misunderstood and mismanaged. This paper

demonstrates that there are methodologies and best practice that can beemployed, by both charities and commercial organisations, which breakthrough preconceived ideas about the concept and gain the best tangible resultsall round.

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An overview ofCSR in the renewable energy sector;

Examples from the Masdar Initiative in Abu DhabiToufic Mezher, Samer Tabbara, Nawal Al Hosani. Management of

Environmental Quality. Bradford: 2010. Vol. 21, Iss. 6; pg. 744

THE RESEARCHERS CONCLUDES THAT

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is the introduce corporate socialresponsibility (CSR) in Abu Dhabi, the biggest Emirate and one with the largestoil reserve in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Abu Dhabi set the first renewableenergy policy in the region in January 2009. The policy calls for at least 7

percent of Abu Dhabi's power generation capacity to come from renewableenergy sources by 2020. In 2006, the leadership of Abu Dhabi made a strategicdecision to establish a globally competitive renewable energy sector in thecountry and hence the Masdar Initiative was created. It is driven by the AbuDhabi Future Energy Company (ADFEC), also called Masdar.

Design/methodology/approach - The paper focuses on the corporate socialresponsibility of Masdar and the role the firm is playing as the "prime mover"in the renewable energy sector in UAE and the region. The paper is structuredin the following manner. First, the literature on corporate social responsibility is

reviewed. Second, the environmental challenges of UAE are highlighted. Third,the paper discusses the different business units of Masdar and their relatedprojects and investments at local, regional and global levels. Finally, the role ofADFEC as a "prime mover" in sustainability and corporate social responsibilityis highlighted.

Findings - Masdar has taken leadership in CSR and sustainable energytechnologies in Abu Dhabi, UAE and the region. Originality/value - The casedemonstrates the willingness of oil-producing countries to become moresustainable and to do something about climate change. The Masdar Initiative,

which includes the first carbon-neutral city, can be regarded as a benchmark forfuture similar projects in the region and around the world.

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Science; Research from University of Wollongong,

Faculty of Arts provides new data about science

Anonymous. Science Letter. Atlanta: Oct 5, 2010. pg. 2538

ACCORDING TO THIS RESEARCH

The researchers concluded: "Available evidence does not support theassumption that CSR practices provide sufficient protection for both citizen andforeign workers on contract in the garment industry."

According to recent research from Australia, In the last decade factory owners,in response to brand-name Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) parameters,have joined associations that verify (through a monitoring and audit system)that management does not exploit labour. There have been no reports ofviolations of codes of conduct concerning Malaysian workers but for foreignworkers on contract there are certain areas that have been reported."

"These areas, including trade union membership, the withholding of workers'passports and unsuitable accommodation, generally escape notice becauseauditors who monitor factory compliance do not question the terms of contractsas long as they comply with national labour standards. This paper is based on

research with foreign workers in Malaysia and argues that despite the successof the anti-sweatshop movement in a global context, the neo-liberal state inMalaysia continues to place certain restrictions on transnational labour migrantswhich breach garment industry codes of conduct," wrote V. Crinis andcolleagues, University of Wollongong, Faculty of Arts.

Publisher contact information for the Journal of Contemporary Asia is: JContemporary Asia, PO Box 592, Manila 2800, Philippines.

This article was prepared by Science Letter editors from staff and other reports.

CSR is gaining ground in Lebanon

Anonymous. Al Bawaba. London: Oct 14, 2010.

THIS RESEARCH ABOUT CSR STATES THAT

Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) has started to gain grounds in Lebanonas several organizations began to realize the importance of CSR strategies forbusiness continuity and sustainability. Although focusing on community issues

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is not a new phenomenon, companies are becoming more aware of the need tobe responsible towards the economy, society, environment, and human

welfare.CSR professionals and business leaders will gather next December inBeirut to share their thoughts and experience on the practical implementation ofCSR programs that have contributed to the enhancement of business practices.

The conference is organized by World Trade Center Beirut (WTC) and UnitedManagement Bureau (UMB). The first edition of Lebanon's annual CorporateSocial Responsibility (CSR) Conference (www.csr-event.com) will be heldunder the theme of "CSR: Unveiling the Moral Purpose of Business" onThursday 2nd of December, 2010.This nation-wide conference will helpconsolidate CSR initiatives and set the momentum for Corporate Social

Responsibility in Lebanon. The event is expected to stimulate the growth ofsocial responsibility culture in organizations to ensure sustainable future. TheConference will cover CSR trends in Lebanon and the region from its strategicconception to implementation.

Manila Aura Marie P. Dagcutan: Oct 8,

2010.THIS ARTICLE CONCLUDES THAT"Empowering the

community" can help companies improve customer satisfaction

aside from becoming an effective business strategy, according

to winners of the Management Association of the Philippines'

(MAP) "corporate and social responsibility (CSR) leadership

challenge." Virgilio C. Rivera, group director for regulation and

corporate development of Manila Water Co., Inc., said in a MAP

forum the social and environmental objectives of a company

should be aligned with the goals of its CSR projects."When we

implement the project Tubig Parasa Barangay or Water for

Low-Income Communities, we are not thinking of doing

business, but also improving the supply of water in these

deprived areas," he said. Mr. Rivera noted that a customer

from a marginalized community spends P7 per cubic meter of

water. Helping these communities gain access to clean water is

"increasing the standard of their living a notch higher," he said.

"We have served 1.7 million people from these marginalized communities as ofthis year. This effort also improves our service and water accessibility in thecountry," he added.

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Elizabeth Melchor, vice-president for planning and development of Far EasternUniversity (FEU) said encouraging students to join community projects enable

them to "realize their potential of becoming leaders.""As our students become involved in our CSR activities such as tamarawcounting in Mindoro, we are helping them to increase awareness in theenvironmental issues," she said.

"These initiatives make our students realize that they can make a difference andfind solutions to problems," she said.

Business-NGO Interactions in a Multi-StakeholderContext

Mariette van Huijstee, Pieter Glasbergen.

Business and Society Review. New York: Fall

2010. Vol. 115, Iss. 3; pg. 249

THIS RESEARCH REVIEW CONCLUDES CSRThe main purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of theconditions under which Business-nongovernmental organization (NGO)interactions lead to improvements in corporate social responsibility (CSR), byassessing the role that the stakeholder context of the firm plays in the processes.

As a case study it takes an interaction process between one NGO and onecompany with both collaborative and confrontational traits, spanning eightyears and two issue fields, palm oil and soy, which are characterized by varyingstakeholder contexts. The analysis demonstrates that the business-NGOinteraction induced a change from a direct to an indirect corporateresponsibility, and clarifies how interdependencies between the company andother stakeholders than the NGO influenced the interaction. The stakeholderinterdependencies vary per issue field: In some issue fields, the stakeholdercontext allows for effective, collaborative interaction between business andNGO, while in another issue field, characterized by different stakeholderinterdependencies, collaborative, constructive interaction between the samebusiness and the same NGO is not feasible and, in addition, less effective interms ofCSR than confrontational interaction.

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CONCLUSIONThere are several arguments in favor of corporate social responsibility. One

view, held by critics of the corporate world, is that since large corporations

create many social problems, they should attempt to address and solve them.

Those holding this view criticize the production, marketing, accounting, and

environmental practices of corporations. They suggest that corporations can do

a better job of producing quality, safe products, and in conducting their

operations in an open and honest manner.

A very different argument in favor of corporate social responsibility is the

"self-interest" argument. This is a long-term perspective that suggests

corporations should conduct themselves in such a way in the present as to

assure themselves of a favorable operating environment in the future. This view

holds that companies must look beyond the short-term, bottom-line perspective

and realize that investments in society today will reap them benefits in the

future. Furthermore, it may be in the corporate world's best interests to engage

in socially responsive activities because, by doing so, the corporate world may

forestall governmental intervention in the form of new legislation and

regulation, according to Carroll and Buchholtz.

Finally, some suggest that businesses should assume social responsibilities

because they are among the few private entities that have the resources to do so.

The corporate world has some of the brightest minds in the world, and it

possesses tremendous financial resources. (Wal-Mart, for example, has annual

revenues that exceed the annual GNP of some countries.) Thus, businesses

should utilize some of their human and financial capital in order to "make the

world a better place."

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THANKS !

md.wasim alam

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