Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Physiology

MUSCULOSKELETAL MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMSYSTEM

ANATOMY AND ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

FUNCTIONFUNCTIONSKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM Provides a framework for the body and allows Provides a framework for the body and allows

the body to be weight bearing or upright.the body to be weight bearing or upright. Supports the surrounding tissuesSupports the surrounding tissues Assists in movement through muscle Assists in movement through muscle

attachment and joint formation.attachment and joint formation. Protects vital organs – heart and lungs.Protects vital organs – heart and lungs. Manufactures blood cells in red bone marrowManufactures blood cells in red bone marrow Provides storage for mineral salts (calcium, Provides storage for mineral salts (calcium,

phosphorus)phosphorus)

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

PRIMARY FUNCITON OF SKELETAL PRIMARY FUNCITON OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IS MOVEMENT OF THE BODY MUSCLE IS MOVEMENT OF THE BODY AND ITS PARTS.AND ITS PARTS.

SKELETONSKELETON

From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

SKELETONSKELETON AXIAL PORTIONAXIAL PORTION

CraniumCranium VertebraeVertebrae RibsRibs

APPENDICULAR PORTIONAPPENDICULAR PORTION LimbsLimbs ShouldersShoulders HipsHips

TYPES OF BONES TYPES OF BONES LongLong ShortShort FlatFlat IrregularIrregular

TYPES OF BONESTYPES OF BONES


SPONGY BONESPONGY BONE Located in the ends of long bones and the Located in the ends of long bones and the

center of flat and irregular bonescenter of flat and irregular bones Can withstand forces applied in many Can withstand forces applied in many

directionsdirections

DENSE (COMPACT) BONE DENSE (COMPACT) BONE Covers spongy boneCovers spongy bone Cylinder around a central marrow cavityCylinder around a central marrow cavity Can withstand force predominantly in one Can withstand force predominantly in one

directiondirection

SPONGY BONE AND COMPACT SPONGY BONE AND COMPACT BONEBONE


CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF BONESBONES

Support and protect structures of the bodySupport and protect structures of the body Provide attachments for muscles, tendons, and Provide attachments for muscles, tendons, and

ligamentsligaments Contain tissue in the central cavities which Contain tissue in the central cavities which

aids in the formation of blood cellsaids in the formation of blood cells Assists in regulating calcium and phosphate Assists in regulating calcium and phosphate

concentrationsconcentrations

BONE GROWTHBONE GROWTHBone growth is a result of the ossification of Bone growth is a result of the ossification of

the epiphyseal cartilage. the epiphyseal cartilage. Bone growth stops between the ages of 18 and Bone growth stops between the ages of 18 and

25 years.25 years. The width of bone growth is a result of the The width of bone growth is a result of the

activity of osteoblasts.activity of osteoblasts. Bone growth slow down with the aging Bone growth slow down with the aging

processprocess Bone absorption around the bone marrow Bone absorption around the bone marrow

continues throughout life.continues throughout life. Bones become weaker with agingBones become weaker with aging

TYPES OF JOINTS TYPES OF JOINTS SYNARTHROSISSYNARTHROSIS

Fibrous or fixed jointsFibrous or fixed joints No movement associated with these jointsNo movement associated with these joints

AMPHIARTHROSIS AMPHIARTHROSIS Cartilaginous jointsCartilaginous joints Slightly movable joints Slightly movable joints

TYPES OF JOINTSTYPES OF JOINTS DIARTHROSIS DIARTHROSIS

Synovial jointsSynovial joints Ball-and-socket jointsBall-and-socket joints

CONDYLOID CONDYLOID Freely movable jointsFreely movable joints Allow frictionless, painless movement Allow frictionless, painless movement

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JOINTSTHE JOINTS Allow the movement between bonesAllow the movement between bones

Formed where two bones joinFormed where two bones join Surfaces are covered with cartilageSurfaces are covered with cartilage Enclosed in a capsuleEnclosed in a capsule Contain a cavity filled with synovial fluidContain a cavity filled with synovial fluid Ligaments hold the bone and joint in the correct Ligaments hold the bone and joint in the correct

positionposition Articulation is the meeting point of two or more Articulation is the meeting point of two or more

jointsjoints

SYNOVIAL FLUIDSYNOVIAL FLUID Found in the joint capsuleFound in the joint capsule Formed by synovial membrane, which lines Formed by synovial membrane, which lines

the joint capsulethe joint capsule Lubricates the cartilageLubricates the cartilage Cushion for shocksCushion for shocks

SYNOVIAL JOINTSYNOVIAL JOINT

From Applegate E: The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System, ed. 2, Philadelphia, 2000, W.B. Saunders.

SYNOVIAL JOINT OF THE SYNOVIAL JOINT OF THE KNEEKNEE


ANTERIOR VIEW OF MAJOR ANTERIOR VIEW OF MAJOR MUSCLESMUSCLES


POSTERIOR VIEW OF POSTERIOR VIEW OF MAJOR MUSCLESMAJOR MUSCLES


SKELETAL MUSCLESKELETAL MUSCLE


CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLESMUSCLES

Made up of bundles of muscle fibersMade up of bundles of muscle fibers Provide the force to move bonesProvide the force to move bones Assist in maintaining postureAssist in maintaining posture Assist with heat productionAssist with heat production

PROCESS OF PROCESS OF CONTRACTION CONTRACTION

AND RELAXATIONAND RELAXATION Muscle contraction and relaxation require large Muscle contraction and relaxation require large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Contraction also requires calcium, which Contraction also requires calcium, which functions as a catalystfunctions as a catalyst

Acetylcholine released by the motor end plate Acetylcholine released by the motor end plate of the motor neuron initiates an action potentialof the motor neuron initiates an action potential

Acetylcholine is then destroyed by Acetylcholine is then destroyed by acetylcholinesteraseacetylcholinesterase

PROCESS OF PROCESS OF CONTRACTION CONTRACTION

AND RELAXATIONAND RELAXATION Calcium is required to contract muscle fibers Calcium is required to contract muscle fibers and acts as a catalyst for the enzyme needed and acts as a catalyst for the enzyme needed for the sliding together action of actin and for the sliding together action of actin and myosinmyosin

Following contraction, ATP transports calcium Following contraction, ATP transports calcium out, in order to allow actin and myosin to slide out, in order to allow actin and myosin to slide apart and allow the muscle to relaxapart and allow the muscle to relax

SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES Are attached to two bones and cross at least one jointAre attached to two bones and cross at least one joint The point of origin is the point of attachment on the The point of origin is the point of attachment on the

bone closest to the trunkbone closest to the trunk The point of insertion is the point of attachment on the The point of insertion is the point of attachment on the

bone farthest from the trunkbone farthest from the trunk Skeletal muscles act in groupsSkeletal muscles act in groups Prime movers contract to produce movementPrime movers contract to produce movement Antagonists relaxAntagonists relax Synergists contract to stabilizeSynergists contract to stabilize Nerves activate and control the musclesNerves activate and control the muscles

ORIGIN OF INSERTIONORIGIN OF INSERTIONANTAGONISTSANTAGONISTS


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Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Physiology