Muslim Conquest until 11th Century - STUDIO BASEL · 14 MUSLIM CONQUEST UNTIL 11TH CENTURY Dido Schumacher 15 ... ISLAMIC CONQUEST 632-750 UNDER THE FIRST 4 CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYAD

14 15MUSLIM CONQUEST UNTIL 11TH CENTURY Dido Schumacher

715 Damascus Mosque built by the Umayyads is one of the wonders of the world.

MUHAMMAD, 570-632 born in MECCA. He is believed by Muslims to have communicated God`s revela-tion in the Koran

The Dome of Rock,Jerusalem, built in 685 by caliph Abd al-Malik is the first great building to have been constructed after Arab conquest. The building surrounds the rock from where Muhammad is believed to have embarked on his journey to heaven

Roman Damascus 400 AD

Damascus after islamification. First basic approaches of an islamic archi-tecture are formulated

ISLAMIC CONQUEST 632-750 UNDER THE FIRST 4 CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYAD PERIOD

RELIGIONS in Europe and Middle East from 632 ADRELIGIONS in Europe and Middle East till 632 AD

633 Muslim conquest begins

Arabic becomes official written language (instead of Greek and Persian) and Arab coinage is established.

661 Basic social &legal institutions of the newly founded Islamic world were estab-lished. Some of the most beautiful existing buildings in the Muslim world were constructed. They organized a bureaucracy able to cope with the complex problems of a vast and diverse Empire &made Arabic the language of the government.

The Muslim state administered the conquered territories with a tolerance almost unheard of in that age. In DAMASCUS they would grant to the inhabitants to give them security for their lives, property and churches. Their city wall shall not be de-molished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. In contrary the Byzantines were always regarded as intruders.

These first conquests had a great impact on cause of world history. It was the start-ing point in the evolution of great civilisation of medieval Islam & beginning of end of a late Antique World. 2 basic developments marked the rise of Islam:- integration of arabian society including the Nomads into unified state- emergence of a ruling elite that dominated the state

732 Muslim empire reaches its furthes extent. Battle of TOURS (France) prevents further advance northwards

747 Revolt defeats the UMAYYADS. Under the UMAYYADS an arabic aristocracy is initiated

740 Victory over Arabs in ACROINON. They have to focus more to North Africa and Spain and become less important. Arabia looses its importance.

622 Islamic calendar begins with flight of MUHAMMAD & followers from MECCA to MEDINA =HIJIRA (migration). Medina becomes first muslim city. Constitution of Medina. The clans accepted Muhammad as the Prophet of God. It defines the role of non-Muslims in the community. Jews & Christians were allowed religious freedom upon payment of a yearly tax.

630 Muslims capture MECCA. Ka’ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized

650 Caliph UTHMAN has the Qur’an written down. And also established Arab navy. He was accused of favoritism to members of his family, the clan of UMAYYA. He was killed.- An act that caused a rift in the community of Islam that has never entirely been closed. As ALI was chosen caliph this rift even widened. The conflict came to climax in SIFFIN

670 HUSAYN (son of ALI) the last relative of MUHAMMED gets battered to death in KERBALA. Which becomes a pilgrimage site of the Shiìts. His death marks the beginning of the division between Sunnis and Shiìts

705 -715 Under WALID I. The WEST GOTHS in Spain get conquered. Spain and Sicily remained islamic for the following 800 years and benefit from great trade and cultural blooming

MALIK directed the cleaning and reopening of the canals that irrigated the Tigris -Euphrates Valley. A key to the prosperity of MESOPOTAMIA ever since

Muslim Conquest until 11th Century

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FIRST 4 C

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717Muslims unsuccessfully attack CONSTANTINOPLE

726Break between Byzantine & Roman Church

635Muslims capture JERUSALEM

638Byzantine has to leave Balkan to Slaves

628Death CHOSRAUS II King of Persia. Pax between Byzantium

&Persia

700-710 final conquest & islamifica-tion of North Africa

715Great Mosque of DAMASCUS gets built under UMAYYADS

685-691 Dome of Rock built in JERUSALEM

632Death of MUHAMMAD

624Battle in BEDR. Muslims against Meccans

632-ABU BAKR

636Battle in JARMUK blunted pow-er of Byzantines. HERACLIUS

Emperor of ByzantiumCTESIPHON Persian capital falls

into muslim hands

642End of the SASSANID Empire in Persia

668Siege in CONSTANTINE fails

657Battle of SIFFIN

744-750

MARWAN II. IBN MARWAN

HISHAM IBN AL -MALIK

724-743

AL-WALID I.IBN ÀBDALMALIK 705-715

ABD AL-MALIK IBN MARWAN

685-

MUÀWAIYA ABI SUFYAN

661-

ALI ABI TALIB 656-

UTHMAN AFFAN 644-

UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB 634-

KHAZAR EMPIRE

Wends

Cavadonga 718

Barcelona

Zaragoza

Valencian

Toledo 712

Sevilla 711

Tours 732

Lyon

ArlesNarbonne 720-59

Agadir

Tanger

Tahert

Thagaste

Tanger

Carthage 698

KAIROUAN 670

Tanger

Rom

Napoli

Venezia

Palermo

AthensTlemcen

Cartagena

622-632 under Muhammad

632-634 under Abu Bakr

634-644 under Umar Ibn Al-Khattab

644-656 under Uthman Ibn Affan

661-670 under Umayyads

Sassanids till downfall in 642

Franks under Merowingians after death of Chlodwig in 614

West Goths till downfall in 711

Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire 622

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion under Umayyads

Expansion under �rst 4 Caliphs

Capital

Trade routes

Battles

Longobards

MEDINA (632-656)

Mekka 622

Basra 656

Muscat 631

Suhar 630

Badr 624

Ramla

DAMASCUS 635(661-750)

Tama

Chama

Tebuk

Akraba

Hadschar

Shiraz

Istahar 648Mansura

Multan 771

Kabul 664

Balkh 664

Schasch 751

Bukhara 709Samarkand 712

Mery (813-22)

Nishapur 657

Sebastopo 672l

Hamadan 644

vNihawend 642

ISFAHAN 643

Kerbala 680Ctesiphon 638

Susa

Quadisiya 636

Kufa

Ti�is

Wasit

Dschiraft

Bosacha

AL FUSTAT 670

Faiyim

Rayy

Al-Yamama 656

Sama

Constantinople674-78 / 717-18

Babylon 641

Alexandria 642

Heliopolis 641

Barka 643

Tripolis 647

Kyzikos 674-81

Nikaia

Akroinon 740

Antioch

Sif�n 657

Melitene

Mossul 641

Jerusalem 638

Ainadain 634

Jarmuk 636

Tarsus

Casarena 647

Babylon 641

Zyprus 649

Rhodes Jalula

Homs

Halebo 638Ikonion

Aswah






Franks under Merowingians

Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire



Pilgrimage Cities



Capital

Trade routes

Battles

Longobards

Mainly Christian territories

Jewish colonies

Mainly Parsiism

Mainly Zoroastrianism

Mainly Buddhism

Mainly Hinduism

Islam in 750

Islam in 1500

Aghlabids 900-909

Abbasids

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926

Rustamids 776-906


Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire

Longobards

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926

Byzantine Empire in 1000

Carmats since 10th c.

Fatimids

Saffarids

Aghlabids 900-909

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital


Umayyad Caliphate in Spain

Karakhanids

Buyids

Hamanids

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital

Trade routes


Unorganized territory

Province







Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire



Pilgrimage Cities



Capital

Trade routes

Battles

Longobards


Jewish colonies

Mainly Parsiism


Mainly Buddhism

Mainly Hinduism

Islam in 750

Islam in 1500

Aghlabids 900-909

Abbasids

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926

Rustamids 776-906


Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire

Longobards

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926



Fatimids

Saffarids

Aghlabids 900-909

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital



Karakhanids

Buyids

Hamanids

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital

Trade routes



Province

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

16 17MUSLIM CONQUEST UNTIL 11TH CENTURY Dido Schumacher

Since 800 increasingly fragmentation of the Caliph Empire. In Innerasia, Spain, Marocco und Egypt independent Dynasties were formed.

THE ABBASIDS 750-848

FATIMIDS (branch of Shiìts) most stable of the successor Dynasties founded in the ninth and tenth centuries gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. For a time the Fatimids aspired to be rulers of the whole Islamic world, and their achievements were impressive, but the Fatimid`s dreams of gaining control of the Islamic heartland came to nothing, because they lost effective control of their own mercenaries.

West Africa begins to convert to Islam

Founded in 970 under the ABBA-SIDS, the Mosque and University of AL-AZHAR in CAIRO is one of the earliest and finest examples of the Egyptian style in Islamic architecture.

784 A forest of eight hundred and fifty pillars connected by Moorish arches lines the great mosque of Cordoba.

The ABBASIDS, who succeeded the UMAYYADS, shifted the capital to Baghdad (built in 758 within 4 years) which soon developed into an incom-parable center of learning and culture as well as the administrative and po-litical heart of a vast world.

In the years following, the Turks (MAMLUKS) made &unmade rulers at will, a trend that accelerated the decline of the central authority. Although the religious author-ity of the ABBASID Caliphate remained unchallenged, the next four centuries saw political power dispersed among a large number of independent states: Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids, Buwayhids, and Ghaznavids in the east; Hamdanids in Syria and northern Mesopotamia; and Tulunids, and Fatimids in Egypt.

Muslim Conquest until 11th Century

Muslim pirates capture ROME

846

ABU ALÀBBAS builds ABBASID Caliphate.754

AR-RAHMAN founds UMAYYAD Dynasty in Spain & established CORDOBA as most sophisticated city in Europe. He improved trade &agriculture, patronized the arts &made contributions to science.

755

-867 MICHAEL III acclaim Emperor of Byzantines. New

hayday of the Empire advances Christianization of Slavs in

Balkan.

842

-1025 BASILEIOS II period marks highrise of the display of

the power.

976

First FATIMID caliph in Tunisia.

908

THE BUYIDS (Persian) invade Baghdad and take power from

Caliph.

945

UMAYYAD caliphate in CORDOBA defeated by the Christian Reconquista. Crumbled into independent Kingdoms.

1031

1055

SELJUK Turks defeat Byzan-tines at Battle of Manzikert.

1072

Declyne of UMAYYAD Caliphate in Cordoba.

948

First crusaders 1096

While the ABBASIDS ruled in BAGHDAD, a number of powerful Dynasties such as the Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks held power in Egypt, Syria and Palestine.

900

Under KARL IIIthe Frankish Kingdom gets unified

887

With the Idrisides, Rustamids and Aghlabids gain independence the ABBASIDS loose control over Andalusia and Maghreb

810

CHARLEMAGNE acclaim Emperor of Byzantines

800

The political power of the Caliph Dynasty passes over to the Emir which becomes highest officer. The Caliph only remains religious chief. The Empire is bursting into peaces

949

969CAIRO was founded as capital of Egypt. It was &still is a major centER of trade, industry &larg-

est city in Africa

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The four Orthodox Schools of Law were established

850

750-ABU ALÀBBASAL SAFFAH

754-AL MANSUR

AL MAHDI begins to set up a superbe court &organises the state of Iran &Persia as one big Empire. They sustain their reign on Irans &Turks.

775-AL MAHDI

HARUN AL-RASHID marked the high point of the ABBASID period, called the Gold-en Age. It was a period of unrivaled intellectual activity in: science, technology, literature, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry. They had a massive policy of expansion &adopted the scientific heritage of the Romans &Greeks

786-809

HARUN AL-RASCHID

813-833

AL MAMUN AL-RASHID

The ABBASIDS were more fortunate as UMAYYADS &converted the Arab Empire into a multinational Muslim Empire. Because Islamic rule unified much of Eastern world &a uniform language was spoken thus abolishing many boundaries, trade was freer &more extensive than it had been since the time of ALEXANDER THE GREAT. The creation of an office &postal system was an invation that brought the ABBASIDS to statecraft.

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SELJUK Turks take BAGHDAD. ABBASIDS now only nominal rulers. The coming of the Seljuks signaled the first large-scale penetration of the Turkish elements into the Middle East. They established a highly cohesive, well administered Sunni state. After the UMAYYADS they were the first who erect magnificent new buildings

900-909 Aghlabids

Pilgrimage Cities



Capital

Trade routes

Battles

Abbasids

824-873 Tahirids

789-926 Idrisids

776-906 Rustamids

Franks under Merowingians after death of Chlodwig in 614


Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire 622

Longobards


Medina

Mekka

Basra

Muskat

Suhar

Damascus

Talas 751

Constantinople

Pavia

Rom 846

Lyon

Kabul

Balkh

Schasch 751

BukharaSamarkand

Mery(813-22)

Nischapur

BAGHDAD

Beirut

Aila

Tyana

Antiocheia

Jerusalem

UNORGANIZED TERRITORY

Syracuse

Palermo Messina

Tunis

KAIROUAN

Armorion

Tarsus

Kerman

Kashgar 757

Kesh

Herat

Siral

Crustan

Cirmisin 762 foun.

Ardabil

derrberit

Ti�is

Mossul

Tabris

Herran

Kerbala

Kufa Wasit

Samarra 838

Rayy

Marash

Erzurum

EdessaKadahar

Al-Yamama 656

Dorylaum 798

Alexandria

Aswah

Bengazi

Tripoli

Crete 825

Santiago de Compostela

Zaragosa

CORDOBA

Algiers

IDRISIDS 789-926

RUSTAMIDS 776-906

AGHLABIDS 800-909

Tlemcen

Corsica 850

Sardinia 827

Athens

Cairo

TAHIRIDS 821-873Tangier

SevilleSevilla

FES

MADYARS since 896

Medina

Mekka

Basra

Constantine

Genova

Rom

LyonKHAZARS

Toledo 712

CORDOBA

Malaga

Alexandria

Aswah

FES

Toulouse

Narbonne

MahdiaSidschimase

Ragusa

Angora

Ikonion

Beirut

CAIRO

Nischapur

Balch

Buchara Samarkand

Mery

Ghazna

Al Hasa

930

Schiras

BAGHDAD

KAIRUAN

Algier

Aila

Antiocheia

Herat

Kajin

Leon

Ramla

since 912 controversial between IDRISIDS, UMAYYADS, ZIRIDS, BERBERS 800-909 AGHLABIDS

909-1049 under FATIMIDS1049-1052 indipendent

since 10 cent. CARMATS

KARAKHANIDS

SAFFARIDS

BUYIDS

HAMDANIDS







Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire



Pilgrimage Cities



Capital

Trade routes

Battles

Longobards


Jewish colonies

Mainly Parsiism


Mainly Buddhism

Mainly Hinduism

Islam in 750

Islam in 1500

Aghlabids 900-909

Abbasids

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926

Rustamids 776-906


Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire

Longobards

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926



Fatimids

Saffarids

Aghlabids 900-909

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital



Karakhanids

Buyids

Hamanids

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital

Trade routes



Province







Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire



Pilgrimage Cities



Capital

Trade routes

Battles

Longobards


Jewish colonies

Mainly Parsiism


Mainly Buddhism

Mainly Hinduism

Islam in 750

Islam in 1500

Aghlabids 900-909

Abbasids

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926

Rustamids 776-906


Avars 567-791

Byzantine Empire

Longobards

Tahirids 824-873

Idrisids 789-926



Fatimids

Saffarids

Aghlabids 900-909

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital



Karakhanids

Buyids

Hamanids

Pilgrimage Cities

Expansion

Capital

Trade routes



Province

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

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Muslim Conquest until 11th Century - STUDIO BASEL · 14 MUSLIM CONQUEST UNTIL 11TH CENTURY Dido Schumacher 15 ... ISLAMIC CONQUEST 632-750 UNDER THE FIRST 4 CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYAD