14 15MUSLIM CONQUEST UNTIL 11TH CENTURY Dido Schumacher
715 Damascus Mosque built by the Umayyads is one of the wonders of the world.
MUHAMMAD, 570-632 born in MECCA. He is believed by Muslims to have communicated God`s revela-tion in the Koran
The Dome of Rock,Jerusalem, built in 685 by caliph Abd al-Malik is the first great building to have been constructed after Arab conquest. The building surrounds the rock from where Muhammad is believed to have embarked on his journey to heaven
Roman Damascus 400 AD
Damascus after islamification. First basic approaches of an islamic archi-tecture are formulated
ISLAMIC CONQUEST 632-750 UNDER THE FIRST 4 CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYAD PERIOD
RELIGIONS in Europe and Middle East from 632 ADRELIGIONS in Europe and Middle East till 632 AD
633 Muslim conquest begins
Arabic becomes official written language (instead of Greek and Persian) and Arab coinage is established.
661 Basic social &legal institutions of the newly founded Islamic world were estab-lished. Some of the most beautiful existing buildings in the Muslim world were constructed. They organized a bureaucracy able to cope with the complex problems of a vast and diverse Empire &made Arabic the language of the government.
The Muslim state administered the conquered territories with a tolerance almost unheard of in that age. In DAMASCUS they would grant to the inhabitants to give them security for their lives, property and churches. Their city wall shall not be de-molished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. In contrary the Byzantines were always regarded as intruders.
These first conquests had a great impact on cause of world history. It was the start-ing point in the evolution of great civilisation of medieval Islam & beginning of end of a late Antique World. 2 basic developments marked the rise of Islam:- integration of arabian society including the Nomads into unified state- emergence of a ruling elite that dominated the state
732 Muslim empire reaches its furthes extent. Battle of TOURS (France) prevents further advance northwards
747 Revolt defeats the UMAYYADS. Under the UMAYYADS an arabic aristocracy is initiated
740 Victory over Arabs in ACROINON. They have to focus more to North Africa and Spain and become less important. Arabia looses its importance.
622 Islamic calendar begins with flight of MUHAMMAD & followers from MECCA to MEDINA =HIJIRA (migration). Medina becomes first muslim city. Constitution of Medina. The clans accepted Muhammad as the Prophet of God. It defines the role of non-Muslims in the community. Jews & Christians were allowed religious freedom upon payment of a yearly tax.
630 Muslims capture MECCA. Ka’ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized
650 Caliph UTHMAN has the Qur’an written down. And also established Arab navy. He was accused of favoritism to members of his family, the clan of UMAYYA. He was killed.- An act that caused a rift in the community of Islam that has never entirely been closed. As ALI was chosen caliph this rift even widened. The conflict came to climax in SIFFIN
670 HUSAYN (son of ALI) the last relative of MUHAMMED gets battered to death in KERBALA. Which becomes a pilgrimage site of the Shi`its. His death marks the beginning of the division between Sunnis and Shi`its
705 -715 Under WALID I. The WEST GOTHS in Spain get conquered. Spain and Sicily remained islamic for the following 800 years and benefit from great trade and cultural blooming
MALIK directed the cleaning and reopening of the canals that irrigated the Tigris -Euphrates Valley. A key to the prosperity of MESOPOTAMIA ever since
Muslim Conquest until 11th Century
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717Muslims unsuccessfully attack CONSTANTINOPLE
726Break between Byzantine & Roman Church
635Muslims capture JERUSALEM
638Byzantine has to leave Balkan to Slaves
628Death CHOSRAUS II King of Persia. Pax between Byzantium
&Persia
700-710 final conquest & islamifica-tion of North Africa
715Great Mosque of DAMASCUS gets built under UMAYYADS
685-691 Dome of Rock built in JERUSALEM
632Death of MUHAMMAD
624Battle in BEDR. Muslims against Meccans
632-ABU BAKR
636Battle in JARMUK blunted pow-er of Byzantines. HERACLIUS
Emperor of ByzantiumCTESIPHON Persian capital falls
into muslim hands
642End of the SASSANID Empire in Persia
668Siege in CONSTANTINE fails
657Battle of SIFFIN
744-750
MARWAN II. IBN MARWAN
HISHAM IBN AL -MALIK
724-743
AL-WALID I.IBN `ABDALMALIK 705-715
ABD AL-MALIK IBN MARWAN
685-
MU`AWAIYA ABI SUFYAN
661-
ALI ABI TALIB 656-
UTHMAN AFFAN 644-
UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB 634-
KHAZAR EMPIRE
Wends
Cavadonga 718
Barcelona
Zaragoza
Valencian
Toledo 712
Sevilla 711
Tours 732
Lyon
ArlesNarbonne 720-59
Agadir
Tanger
Tahert
Thagaste
Tanger
Carthage 698
KAIROUAN 670
Tanger
Rom
Napoli
Venezia
Palermo
AthensTlemcen
Cartagena
622-632 under Muhammad
632-634 under Abu Bakr
634-644 under Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
644-656 under Uthman Ibn Affan
661-670 under Umayyads
Sassanids till downfall in 642
Franks under Merowingians after death of Chlodwig in 614
West Goths till downfall in 711
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire 622
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion under Umayyads
Expansion under �rst 4 Caliphs
Capital
Trade routes
Battles
Longobards
MEDINA (632-656)
Mekka 622
Basra 656
Muscat 631
Suhar 630
Badr 624
Ramla
DAMASCUS 635(661-750)
Tama
Chama
Tebuk
Akraba
Hadschar
Shiraz
Istahar 648Mansura
Multan 771
Kabul 664
Balkh 664
Schasch 751
Bukhara 709Samarkand 712
Mery (813-22)
Nishapur 657
Sebastopo 672l
Hamadan 644
vNihawend 642
ISFAHAN 643
Kerbala 680Ctesiphon 638
Susa
Quadisiya 636
Kufa
Ti�is
Wasit
Dschiraft
Bosacha
AL FUSTAT 670
Faiyim
Rayy
Al-Yamama 656
Sama
Constantinople674-78 / 717-18
Babylon 641
Alexandria 642
Heliopolis 641
Barka 643
Tripolis 647
Kyzikos 674-81
Nikaia
Akroinon 740
Antioch
Sif�n 657
Melitene
Mossul 641
Jerusalem 638
Ainadain 634
Jarmuk 636
Tarsus
Casarena 647
Babylon 641
Zyprus 649
Rhodes Jalula
Homs
Halebo 638Ikonion
Aswah
622-632 under Muhammad
632-634 under Abu Bakr
634-644 under Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
644-656 under Uthman Ibn Affan
661-670 under Umayyads
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Sassanids till downfall in 642
West Goths till downfall in 711
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion under Umayyads
Expansion under �rst 4 Caliphs
Capital
Trade routes
Battles
Longobards
Mainly Christian territories
Jewish colonies
Mainly Parsiism
Mainly Zoroastrianism
Mainly Buddhism
Mainly Hinduism
Islam in 750
Islam in 1500
Aghlabids 900-909
Abbasids
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Rustamids 776-906
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Longobards
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Byzantine Empire in 1000
Carmats since 10th c.
Fatimids
Saffarids
Aghlabids 900-909
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Franks under Merowingians
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Karakhanids
Buyids
Hamanids
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Trade routes
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Unorganized territory
Province
622-632 under Muhammad
632-634 under Abu Bakr
634-644 under Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
644-656 under Uthman Ibn Affan
661-670 under Umayyads
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Sassanids till downfall in 642
West Goths till downfall in 711
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion under Umayyads
Expansion under �rst 4 Caliphs
Capital
Trade routes
Battles
Longobards
Mainly Christian territories
Jewish colonies
Mainly Parsiism
Mainly Zoroastrianism
Mainly Buddhism
Mainly Hinduism
Islam in 750
Islam in 1500
Aghlabids 900-909
Abbasids
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Rustamids 776-906
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Longobards
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Byzantine Empire in 1000
Carmats since 10th c.
Fatimids
Saffarids
Aghlabids 900-909
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Franks under Merowingians
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Karakhanids
Buyids
Hamanids
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Trade routes
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Unorganized territory
Province
DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel
16 17MUSLIM CONQUEST UNTIL 11TH CENTURY Dido Schumacher
Since 800 increasingly fragmentation of the Caliph Empire. In Innerasia, Spain, Marocco und Egypt independent Dynasties were formed.
THE ABBASIDS 750-848
FATIMIDS (branch of Shi`its) most stable of the successor Dynasties founded in the ninth and tenth centuries gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. For a time the Fatimids aspired to be rulers of the whole Islamic world, and their achievements were impressive, but the Fatimid`s dreams of gaining control of the Islamic heartland came to nothing, because they lost effective control of their own mercenaries.
West Africa begins to convert to Islam
Founded in 970 under the ABBA-SIDS, the Mosque and University of AL-AZHAR in CAIRO is one of the earliest and finest examples of the Egyptian style in Islamic architecture.
784 A forest of eight hundred and fifty pillars connected by Moorish arches lines the great mosque of Cordoba.
The ABBASIDS, who succeeded the UMAYYADS, shifted the capital to Baghdad (built in 758 within 4 years) which soon developed into an incom-parable center of learning and culture as well as the administrative and po-litical heart of a vast world.
In the years following, the Turks (MAMLUKS) made &unmade rulers at will, a trend that accelerated the decline of the central authority. Although the religious author-ity of the ABBASID Caliphate remained unchallenged, the next four centuries saw political power dispersed among a large number of independent states: Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids, Buwayhids, and Ghaznavids in the east; Hamdanids in Syria and northern Mesopotamia; and Tulunids, and Fatimids in Egypt.
Muslim Conquest until 11th Century
Muslim pirates capture ROME
846
ABU AL`ABBAS builds ABBASID Caliphate.754
AR-RAHMAN founds UMAYYAD Dynasty in Spain & established CORDOBA as most sophisticated city in Europe. He improved trade &agriculture, patronized the arts &made contributions to science.
755
-867 MICHAEL III acclaim Emperor of Byzantines. New
hayday of the Empire advances Christianization of Slavs in
Balkan.
842
-1025 BASILEIOS II period marks highrise of the display of
the power.
976
First FATIMID caliph in Tunisia.
908
THE BUYIDS (Persian) invade Baghdad and take power from
Caliph.
945
UMAYYAD caliphate in CORDOBA defeated by the Christian Reconquista. Crumbled into independent Kingdoms.
1031
1055
SELJUK Turks defeat Byzan-tines at Battle of Manzikert.
1072
Declyne of UMAYYAD Caliphate in Cordoba.
948
First crusaders 1096
While the ABBASIDS ruled in BAGHDAD, a number of powerful Dynasties such as the Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks held power in Egypt, Syria and Palestine.
900
Under KARL IIIthe Frankish Kingdom gets unified
887
With the Idrisides, Rustamids and Aghlabids gain independence the ABBASIDS loose control over Andalusia and Maghreb
810
CHARLEMAGNE acclaim Emperor of Byzantines
800
The political power of the Caliph Dynasty passes over to the Emir which becomes highest officer. The Caliph only remains religious chief. The Empire is bursting into peaces
949
969CAIRO was founded as capital of Egypt. It was &still is a major centER of trade, industry &larg-
est city in Africa
AB
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The four Orthodox Schools of Law were established
850
750-ABU AL`ABBASAL SAFFAH
754-AL MANSUR
AL MAHDI begins to set up a superbe court &organises the state of Iran &Persia as one big Empire. They sustain their reign on Irans &Turks.
775-AL MAHDI
HARUN AL-RASHID marked the high point of the ABBASID period, called the Gold-en Age. It was a period of unrivaled intellectual activity in: science, technology, literature, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry. They had a massive policy of expansion &adopted the scientific heritage of the Romans &Greeks
786-809
HARUN AL-RASCHID
813-833
AL MAMUN AL-RASHID
The ABBASIDS were more fortunate as UMAYYADS &converted the Arab Empire into a multinational Muslim Empire. Because Islamic rule unified much of Eastern world &a uniform language was spoken thus abolishing many boundaries, trade was freer &more extensive than it had been since the time of ALEXANDER THE GREAT. The creation of an office &postal system was an invation that brought the ABBASIDS to statecraft.
FATIMID
DY
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SELJUK Turks take BAGHDAD. ABBASIDS now only nominal rulers. The coming of the Seljuks signaled the first large-scale penetration of the Turkish elements into the Middle East. They established a highly cohesive, well administered Sunni state. After the UMAYYADS they were the first who erect magnificent new buildings
900-909 Aghlabids
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion under Umayyads
Expansion under �rst 4 Caliphs
Capital
Trade routes
Battles
Abbasids
824-873 Tahirids
789-926 Idrisids
776-906 Rustamids
Franks under Merowingians after death of Chlodwig in 614
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire 622
Longobards
Unorganized territory
Medina
Mekka
Basra
Muskat
Suhar
Damascus
Talas 751
Constantinople
Pavia
Rom 846
Lyon
Kabul
Balkh
Schasch 751
BukharaSamarkand
Mery(813-22)
Nischapur
BAGHDAD
Beirut
Aila
Tyana
Antiocheia
Jerusalem
UNORGANIZED TERRITORY
Syracuse
Palermo Messina
Tunis
KAIROUAN
Armorion
Tarsus
Kerman
Kashgar 757
Kesh
Herat
Siral
Crustan
Cirmisin 762 foun.
Ardabil
derrberit
Ti�is
Mossul
Tabris
Herran
Kerbala
Kufa Wasit
Samarra 838
Rayy
Marash
Erzurum
EdessaKadahar
Al-Yamama 656
Dorylaum 798
Alexandria
Aswah
Bengazi
Tripoli
Crete 825
Santiago de Compostela
Zaragosa
CORDOBA
Algiers
IDRISIDS 789-926
RUSTAMIDS 776-906
AGHLABIDS 800-909
Tlemcen
Corsica 850
Sardinia 827
Athens
Cairo
TAHIRIDS 821-873Tangier
SevilleSevilla
FES
MADYARS since 896
Medina
Mekka
Basra
Constantine
Genova
Rom
LyonKHAZARS
Toledo 712
CORDOBA
Malaga
Alexandria
Aswah
FES
Toulouse
Narbonne
MahdiaSidschimase
Ragusa
Angora
Ikonion
Beirut
CAIRO
Nischapur
Balch
Buchara Samarkand
Mery
Ghazna
Al Hasa
930
Schiras
BAGHDAD
KAIRUAN
Algier
Aila
Antiocheia
Herat
Kajin
Leon
Ramla
since 912 controversial between IDRISIDS, UMAYYADS, ZIRIDS, BERBERS 800-909 AGHLABIDS
909-1049 under FATIMIDS1049-1052 indipendent
since 10 cent. CARMATS
KARAKHANIDS
SAFFARIDS
BUYIDS
HAMDANIDS
622-632 under Muhammad
632-634 under Abu Bakr
634-644 under Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
644-656 under Uthman Ibn Affan
661-670 under Umayyads
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Sassanids till downfall in 642
West Goths till downfall in 711
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion under Umayyads
Expansion under �rst 4 Caliphs
Capital
Trade routes
Battles
Longobards
Mainly Christian territories
Jewish colonies
Mainly Parsiism
Mainly Zoroastrianism
Mainly Buddhism
Mainly Hinduism
Islam in 750
Islam in 1500
Aghlabids 900-909
Abbasids
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Rustamids 776-906
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Longobards
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Byzantine Empire in 1000
Carmats since 10th c.
Fatimids
Saffarids
Aghlabids 900-909
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Franks under Merowingians
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Karakhanids
Buyids
Hamanids
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Trade routes
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Unorganized territory
Province
622-632 under Muhammad
632-634 under Abu Bakr
634-644 under Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
644-656 under Uthman Ibn Affan
661-670 under Umayyads
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Sassanids till downfall in 642
West Goths till downfall in 711
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion under Umayyads
Expansion under �rst 4 Caliphs
Capital
Trade routes
Battles
Longobards
Mainly Christian territories
Jewish colonies
Mainly Parsiism
Mainly Zoroastrianism
Mainly Buddhism
Mainly Hinduism
Islam in 750
Islam in 1500
Aghlabids 900-909
Abbasids
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Rustamids 776-906
Franks under Merowingians
Avars 567-791
Byzantine Empire
Longobards
Tahirids 824-873
Idrisids 789-926
Byzantine Empire in 1000
Carmats since 10th c.
Fatimids
Saffarids
Aghlabids 900-909
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Franks under Merowingians
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Karakhanids
Buyids
Hamanids
Pilgrimage Cities
Expansion
Capital
Trade routes
Umayyad Caliphate in Spain
Unorganized territory
Province
DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel