NATIVE AMERICANS IN PRE-COLUMBIAN NORTH AMERICA

Millions of Natives that spoke over 2,000 languages! Some with very complex civilizations.

Tribes were independent of each other and often competed for the same natural resources

Difficult to unite against Europeans

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MOTIVATING FORCES FOR EXPLORATION

• Economic:– Gold – Natural resources – Trade

• Religious

• Competition for empire and belief in superiority of own culture

THE EARLY COLONIAL ERA: SPAIN COLONIZES THE NEW WORLD

Columbus returned to Spain and reported the existence of a rich New World with easy-to-subjugate natives

During the next century, Spain was the colonial power

Columbian Exchange

• From America –– Corn– Potatoes– Beans– Chocolate– Buffalo– Beaver– Parrots

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From Europe -

• Oranges

• Onions

• Sheep

• Horses

• Cattle

• Honeybees

• Pigs

• Chickens

• Diseases (?)

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SMALL POX MEASLES

Advanced weaponry and incredible ruthlessness of the conquistadors

Cortes 1519-1521

• Spanish Conquistador

• Conquered Aztec emperor Montezuma

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Ponce de Leon

• 1st to land on the mainland of North America

• Looking for “fountain of youth”

• Established St. Augustine, Florida

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Spanish Fort in St. Augustine, Florida

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HernandoDe Soto

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Spanish Armada made it difficult for other countries to send their own expeditions.

conquistadors enslaved the natives and attempted to erase their culture and supplant it with Catholicism

Europeans were "carriers" of small pox

3 Ds

• Disease

• Disorganization

• Disposability

THE ENGLISH ARRIVE

• John Cabot

• Sir Humphrey Gilbert (half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh)

The “Lost Colony”

Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island

Sir Walter Raleigh

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The Lost Colony

• Roanoke Island (NC) off coast of Virginia

• 1585 and 1588-1590

• Virginia Dare

• First set of colonists returned to England with Sir Francis Drake

• Second set left the word “CROATON”

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In 1606 they settled Jamestown

JAMESTOWN

• Funded by the VA Company under James I

• Gold and NW passage

• Landed near mouth of the Chesapeake on the “James River” on May 24, 1607

• Problems: disease, malnutrition, and they were gentlemen

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joint-stock company: a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king

English gentlemen, were ill-suited to the many adjustments life in the New World required

Captain John Smith imposed harsh martial law

John Smith

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“Those who shall not work, shall not eat.”

During the starving time of 1609 and 1610, some resorted to cannibalism

Powhatan Confederacy taught the English what crops to plant and how to plant them

1614, Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief, married planter John Rolfe

Pocahontas Powhatan

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English forgot their debt to the Powhatan as soon as they needed more land

Powhatan Confederacy was destroyed by English in 1644.

John Rolfe introduced the cash crop of tobacco

Indians showed him how

Tobacco’s success largely determined the fate of the Virginia region

Area came to be known as the Chesapeake (named after the bay)

House of Burgesses

• 1619

• First representative self-government

• 1624 VA Co charter expired and the VA Colony becomes a royal colony, named after

Queen Elizabeth the “Virgin Queen.”

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In 1619 Virginia established the House of Burgesses, in which any property-holding, white male could vote

Why emigrate?

Reasons for English emigration

• Increasing British population

• Decreased availability of farmland

• Religious (Protestant Reformation)

• Primogeniture

• Perfection of joint-stock company

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Opportunity provided by indentured servitude

Indentured servants received a small piece of property with their freedom, thus enabling them (1) to survive, and (2) to vote

Protestant Reformation leads to Puritanism in England

Puritans:

Wanted to purify the corrupt Anglican Church

One Puritan group called Separatists left England and went to Holland (King James felt like if they didn’t obey him as their spiritual leader they would defy him as a political leader.)

In 1620 they set sail for Virginia

Mayflower, went off course and they landed in modern-day Massachusetts (Plymouth)

Pilgrims

• Arrived upon the Mayflower with one death and one birth (Oceanus).

• What was ironic about the make up of the passengers?

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Mayflower Compact

• The Mayflower Compact was drafted promising cooperation among the settlers "for the general good of the Colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

• Rules for the people to obey

• Who could sign?

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Thanksgiving

• 44 of the 102 survived the first winter, but a bountiful harvest followed.

• 1621 the harvest was celebrated with the Wampanoag.

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Mayflower Compact

created a legal authority and an assembly. It asserted that the government's power derives from the consent of the governed

Pilgrims received life-saving assistance from local Native Americans (Chief Massasoit of the Wampanoag, and Squanto)

William Bradford

• Elected governor 30 times

• Helped Plymouth to survive and trade fish, fur, and lumber.

• 1691 Plymouth merges with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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1629: a larger and more powerful colony called Massachusetts Bay was established by Congregationalists (Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within )

Separatists and the Congregationalists did not tolerate religious freedom in their colonies, even though both had experienced and fled religious persecution.

New Englanders were definitely more religious (City Upon a Hill)

• Only “visible saints” could be admitted to church membership

• Laws for strict for church attendance• Collected taxes to support the church• Gambling, adultery, drunkenness was punishable

by flogging• Puritan concept of Hell was very serious and

scary.– “Day of Doom” 1662 by Michael Wigglesworth

The Bay Colony

“City upon a hill”• Royal charter 1634

• Fur trading, fishing, ship building

• 11,000 colonists

• Winthrop was governor for 19 years

• Govt ran by men who belonged to the Congregational Church

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Roger Williams

• Separation of church and state

• Banished from Plymouth 1635 and fled to present day Providence, Rhode Island.

• Chartered in 1644

• Tolerated all Christians

• He actually believed the land belonged to the Natives

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Anne Hutchinson

“You have no power over my body, neither can you do me any harm. I fear none but the great Jehovah, which hath foretold me of these things, and I do verily believe that he will deliver me out of your hands”...

– Anne Hutchinson at trial

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• Heretic

• Truly saved didn’t need bother to obey the law of God or man.

• God spoke to her

• Banished from the colony

antinomianismfaith and God's grace suffice to earn one a place among the "elect."

She was tried for heresy, convicted, and banished

Tension arose between the colonists and the local Peqouts. Violence began apperently over the murder of two Englishmen in Pequot Territory.

Massachusetts Bay Colony retaliated by burning the main Pequot village, killing 400, many of them women and children

Pequot War

• 1637

• English set fire to a village on Connecticut’s Mystic River.

• 400 natives were killed the rest were given to as prizes to other tribes.

• 40 years of tentative peace

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This was the “Pequot War”

King Philip’s War• Aka Metacom• 1675• 3 Wampanoags were

executed for murdering a Christian Native

• Over 600 colonists and 3,000 Native Americans had died

• Drawn and quartered, head on sharp pike, wife and son sold into slavery

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OTHER EARLY COLONIES

Proprietorships: owned by one person, who usually received the land as a gift from the king

Connecticut was one such colony

Connecticut Valley, a fertile region with lots of access to the sea 1636 – Thomas Hooker

Connecticut

• Fundamental Orders (1639)

• Hooker believed all men should be able to vote, not just church members.

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Maryland was another, granted to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore

Maryland became a haven of religious tolerance for all Christians, and it became the first major Catholic enclave in the New World

New York

• 1664, Charles II grants his brother the Duke of York the area of modern day New York

• English defeat the Dutch without much violence

• New Netherlands renamed.

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New Jersey

• 1664

• Duke of York gave part of his land to Sir George Carteret (had been the governor o the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel) and Lord John Berkley.

New England expands

• 1638 New Haven was founded but merged into Connecticut

• 1623 Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts until 1820

• 1641 New Hampshire was also absorbed by Massachusetts until 1679.

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• The Quakers received their own colony. William Penn, a Quaker, was a close friend of King Charles II, granted Penn what became Pennsylvania (1668)

• No tax supported church

• No oaths

• Peaceful

• Friendly with Natives

• No need for ministers

• “Holy Experiment”

Carolina was also a proprietary colony, which ultimately split in two

North Carolina, which was settled by Virginians, developed into a Virginia-like colony

South Carolina was settled by the descendants of Englishmen who had colonized Barbados

Carolina

• Proprietary period, 1663–1729. In 1663 Charles II granted eight proprietors a charter for Carolina, intended as a buffer colony between Virginia and Spanish settlements. This charter provided for religious liberty and representative government.

• Formally created in 167085

Their arrival truly marked the beginning of the slave era in the colonies.

Georgia

• 1733

• Buffer colony

• Haven for the wretched souls in debt

• James Oglethorpe

• Aka Charity Colony

• All Christians enjoyed freedom except..

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Eventually, most of the proprietary colonies were converted to royal colonies (owned by the crown)

ENGLISH REGULATION OF COLONIAL TRADE Mercantilists believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade. American colonies were seen primarily as markets for British and West Indian goods.

Navigation Acts required the colonists to buy goods only from England and prohibited the colonies from manufacturing a number of goods that England already produced

Background

• 1686 Dominion of New England (Mass, Ply, RI, Connecticut, NJ, NY)– All colonial assemblies were vanished– Try to help with Native aggression and control trade

(Navigation Act and Staple Act)– Governed by Sir Edmond Andros who basically

tried to take full power• After the Glorious Revolution (1688) William and Mary

replace King James II, Andros tried to escape in women’s clothing.

American Life in the 17th century

Life in the Chesapeake

• Disease: Typhoid, dysentery, malaria

• Life expectancy: 40-50

• Few women

• Grandparents not known

• 1/3 young women pregnant out of wedlock

• VA most populous

Indentured Servants

• Trip to the New World

• Worked for “x” amount of years

• Received necessities

• Headright system

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1676

• 3,000 poor, back country farmers outside of Jamestown

• Gov. William Berkley was profiting from fur trade

• Bacon’s men took matters into their own hands.

• Bacon’s dies of disease during the rebellion

• Berkley crushes the rebellion

• 20 men were hanged

• Bacon’s legacy lived on

• Some surviving rebels move on to get more involved in government

Increase of slavery

• Increase in wages in England

• Mutinous indentured servants

• Most slaves came after 1700. VA’s population was half slave by 1750.

• Slaves and their children would remain slaves for life

• Strict laws created in many colonies

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1676

• 3,000 poor, back country farmers outside of Jamestown

• Gov. William Berkley was profiting from fur trade

• Bacon’s men took matters into their own hands.

• Bacon’s dies of disease during the rebellion

• Berkley crushes the rebellion

• 20 men were hanged

• Bacon’s legacy lived on

• Some surviving rebels move on to get more involved in government

Increase of slavery

• Increase in wages in England

• Mutinous indentured servants

• Most slaves came after 1700. VA’s population was half slave by 1750.

• Slaves and their children would remain slaves for life

• Strict laws created in many colonies

Slave culture

• Developed their own language in place– Gullah (Angola combined with others)

• Few were skilled artisans

• Most were confined to manual labor

• Instruments: bongo drums and banjo

The New York Slave Revolt of 1712

• 23 slaves rebel killing in 9 whites • The blacks got together in the middle of the

night on April 6, 1712, and set fire to a building on Maiden Lane near Broadway. While the white colonists tried to put out the fire, the enslaved African Americans attacked them and ran off.

Aftermath…

• Seventy blacks were arrested and put in jail. Six are reported to have committed suicide. Twenty-seven were put on trial, twenty-one of whom were convicted and sentenced to death. Twenty were burned to death and one was executed on a breaking wheel, a form of punishment no longer used on whites at the time.

Changes in NY for blacks

• African Americans were not permitted to gather in groups of more than three.

• They were not permitted to carry firearms, and gambling was outlawed.

• Other crimes, such as property damage, rape, and conspiracy to kill, were punishable by death.

• Free blacks were no longer allowed to own land. • Slave owners who decided to free their slaves

were required to pay a tax of £200, a price much higher than the price of a slave.

Stono River Rebellion

• A yellow fever epidemic had weakened the power of slaveholders, there was talk of a war between Britain and Spain, and accounts of slaves who had obtained their freedom by escaping to Spanish-controlled Florida gave the Carolinian slaves hope.

• They seized weapons and ammunition from a store at the Stono River Bridge and killed the two storekeepers. They raised a flag and proceeded south towards Spanish Florida, a well known refuge for escapees.

Stono River Rebellion

• On the way, they gathered more recruits, their number now 80. They burned seven plantations and killed 20 whites.

• The next day, mounted militia caught up with the group numbering 80 slaves. Twenty white Carolinians and forty-four of the slaves were killed before the rebellion was suppressed. The captured slaves were then decapitated and their heads were spiked on every mile post between that spot and Charles Town.

Southern Society• Social gap increased• Plantation owners

controlled govt• FFVs• Few cities• Schools and churches

were slow to develop• Women had more

power

New England Life• Clean water, cool temps

= fewer disease• Life expectancy – 70• Women gave birth

every two years until menopause

• Women had very little power

• Very organized towns

Economy

New England1. Wealthy merchants

2. Artisans (nearly ½ population)

3. Skill less/ landless

4. Servants

5. Slaves

Southern1. Plantation owners

aka “Southern Gentry

2. Small farmers aka “Yeoman farmers”

3. Landless whites

4. Servants

5. Slaves

New England society centered on trade. Boston was the colonies' major port city

The middle colonies-New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey-had more fertile land and so focused primarily on farming

The lower South (the Carolinas) concentrated on such cash crops as tobacco and rice

Majority of Southerners were subsistence farmers who had no slaves

Colonies on the Chesapeake combined features of the middle colonies and the lower South

Colonies were hardly a unified whole as they approached the events that led them to rebel