NEED FOR INTEGRATED WATER NEED FOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENTRESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Bart SchultzBart Schultz

UNESCOUNESCO--IHE, Prof. Land and Water DevelopmentIHE, Prof. Land and Water DevelopmentRijkswaterstaat, Top AdvisorRijkswaterstaat, Top Advisor

President Honoraire ICIDPresident Honoraire ICID

CONTENTSCONTENTS

IntroductionIntroductionLand and water resourcesLand and water resourcesStages in water (resources) management Stages in water (resources) management Need for integrated water resources management Need for integrated water resources management IWRM, food production and sustainable rural IWRM, food production and sustainable rural development development IWRM, urbanisation and industrialisation in flood IWRM, urbanisation and industrialisation in flood prone areas prone areas How to achieve IWRM in practice? How to achieve IWRM in practice? Concluding remarksConcluding remarks

Since more than 6,000 years man is using water to his Since more than 6,000 years man is using water to his advantage, or protects himself against harmful effects advantage, or protects himself against harmful effects

of water to improve his living conditionsof water to improve his living conditions

Tremendous successes have been obtained, but in many Tremendous successes have been obtained, but in many regions water management systems function regions water management systems function significantly below what could be expectedsignificantly below what could be expected

Although there is a wealth of experience, best know Although there is a wealth of experience, best know how, best technology and highest financial means, how, best technology and highest financial means,

especially in densely populated river basins problems especially in densely populated river basins problems in managing in managing the the water resources may be enormouswater resources may be enormous

WATER MANAGEMENT PROBLEMSWATER MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS

Water shortagesWater shortagesInefficient water useInefficient water useWaterlogging and salinizationWaterlogging and salinizationInadequate operation and maintenance of water Inadequate operation and maintenance of water management and flood protection schemesmanagement and flood protection schemesPollution through urban and industrial wastewater, Pollution through urban and industrial wastewater, fertilisers and pesticidesfertilisers and pesticidesFlooding of urbanFlooding of urban,, industrial industrial and and cultivated areascultivated areas

FAO AND IWRMFAO AND IWRM

IWRM is a process that promotes the coordinated IWRM is a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic

and social welfare in an equitable manner without and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems

FAO, 2005FAO, 2005

IWRM IN PRACTICEIWRM IN PRACTICE

AAlthough there may be agreement on the definition of lthough there may be agreement on the definition of IWRM, it gives limited guidance in the formulation of IWRM, it gives limited guidance in the formulation of

policies, approaches, decisionpolicies, approaches, decision--making and solutionsmaking and solutions

In societies decisionIn societies decision--making is often not based on water, making is often not based on water, but on land use. It is expected that problems with water but on land use. It is expected that problems with water will be solved, for example by wastewater treatment or will be solved, for example by wastewater treatment or

flood protection. This is a significant constraint for flood protection. This is a significant constraint for implementation of IWRM in practiceimplementation of IWRM in practice

LAND AND WATER RESOURCESLAND AND WATER RESOURCES

Land and water resources are among the most basic Land and water resources are among the most basic elements of human lifeelements of human life

Because of uneven distribution of resources and needs Because of uneven distribution of resources and needs over the globe and within regions policy formulation over the globe and within regions policy formulation and planning have to be carried out for homogeneous and planning have to be carried out for homogeneous areas such as hydrological units (river basin) and areas such as hydrological units (river basin) and political entities (country, province)political entities (country, province)

LAND RESOURCESLAND RESOURCES

Land area: Land area: 13,100 million ha13,100 million haAgricultural land: Agricultural land: 1,500 million ha1,500 million haFour types of water management for agriculture:Four types of water management for agriculture:

-- no system 1,100 million hano system 1,100 million ha -- drainage 130 million hadrainage 130 million ha -- irrigation 210 million hairrigation 210 million ha -- irrigation and drainage 60 million hairrigation and drainage 60 million ha

Urban area:Urban area: 390 million ha390 million haThree climatic zones:Three climatic zones: temperate humid, arid and semi temperate humid, arid and semi arid, humid tropicsarid, humid tropics

WATER ON EARTHWATER ON EARTHWater incidenceWater incidence 101033 kmkm33 % of total% of total

waterwater% of fresh% of fresh

waterwaterWorld oceansWorld oceansSalt lakes and inland seasSalt lakes and inland seasIcebergs and polar iceIcebergs and polar iceWater in atmosphereWater in atmosphereWater in plants and organismsWater in plants and organismsFresh water lakesFresh water lakesWater coursesWater coursesSoil and subSoil and sub--surface watersurface waterGround waterGround water

1,300,0001,300,000100100

28,50028,500121211

12312311

65658,0008,000

97.297.20.00.02.12.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.60.6

----

77.677.60.00.00.00.00.30.30.00.00.0.22

21.821.8Fresh water totalFresh water totalWater totalWater total

36,70036,7001,337,0001,337,000

2.2.88100.0100.0

100.0100.0

Evaporation 90%

Branching cycle Land

interchange

Water vapour

Precipi- tation

Water vapour in atmosphere above land

Water vapour in atmosphere above ocean

Ocean Runoff

into ocean

Precipitation

Evaporation 10%

Intake of water

Drainage

Water users

Water consumption

GLOBAL WATER USE IN GLOBAL WATER USE IN 101099 mm33/year/year

19901990 20252025

WithdrWithdr.. Cons.Cons. WithdrWithdr.. Cons.Cons.AgricultureAgricultureIndustryIndustryUrbanUrbanReservoirsReservoirs

2,4122,412681681321321164164

1,9071,90773735353

3,1623,1621,1061,106

645645275275

2,3772,3771461468181

TotalTotal 3,5803,580 2,1962,196 5,1875,187 2,8792,879

ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWSENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS

Fixed percentage (around 10%) of average annual Fixed percentage (around 10%) of average annual flow.flow. This approach has to be considered as an initial This approach has to be considered as an initial estimateestimate

Hydrological analysis.Hydrological analysis. Normally a low flow for Normally a low flow for different duration is taken as referencedifferent duration is taken as reference

Analytical assessment of basic needs of ecosystems in Analytical assessment of basic needs of ecosystems in the riverine area.the riverine area. This is the most comprehensive This is the most comprehensive approach. However, in practice not all environmental approach. However, in practice not all environmental needs can be accommodated and aneeds can be accommodated and ann optimum of needs optimum of needs of society and of environment has to be formulatedof society and of environment has to be formulated

STAGES INSTAGES INWATER (RESOURCES)WATER (RESOURCES) MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Artificial mountsArtificial mountsDikes, drainage and discharge sluicesDikes, drainage and discharge sluicesDrainage by pumpingDrainage by pumpingWater quality Water quality Integrated water managementIntegrated water managementIntegrated environment managementIntegrated environment management

NEED FOR INTEGRATED WATER NEED FOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Since last decades there is an increasing interest in and Since last decades there is an increasing interest in and focus on IWRM, although in practice almost no focus on IWRM, although in practice almost no country is really applying itcountry is really applying it

However, since acceptance of European Water However, since acceptance of European Water Framework Directive (EWFD) oFramework Directive (EWFD) on 23 October 2000n 23 October 2000 all all member States have committed themselves to apply member States have committed themselves to apply IWRM in practice within the framework of a river IWRM in practice within the framework of a river basin approachbasin approach

COMMENTS ON EWFDCOMMENTS ON EWFD

Focus on protection of water and not on need for Focus on protection of water and not on need for water use in the riparian stateswater use in the riparian states

EWFD still doesnEWFD still doesn’’t fully concerns IWRM, while flood t fully concerns IWRM, while flood management is not yet coveredmanagement is not yet covered

Following Netherlands initiative also flood Following Netherlands initiative also flood management is on the political agenda. It may become management is on the political agenda. It may become a component under EWFD. May be then we can really a component under EWFD. May be then we can really speak of IWRMspeak of IWRM

Europe is worldwide a forerunner in this fieldEurope is worldwide a forerunner in this field

INCREASING NEED FOR IWRMINCREASING NEED FOR IWRMNNeed for fresh water at acceptable quality for various eed for fresh water at acceptable quality for various purposes and fulfilment of it in a sustainable waypurposes and fulfilment of it in a sustainable way

Europe is in a privileged position:Europe is in a privileged position:population density (32 persons/kmpopulation density (32 persons/km22) below global ) below global level (46 persons/kmlevel (46 persons/km22))population growth small, standard of living high population growth small, standard of living high and economic development a gradual process and economic development a gradual process

Worse conditions in emerging and least developed Worse conditions in emerging and least developed countries, especially Asia (113 persons/kmcountries, especially Asia (113 persons/km22). In many ). In many cases use of fresh water and polluted discharge by far cases use of fresh water and polluted discharge by far exceeds sustainable water resources managementexceeds sustainable water resources management

POPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION DENSITYBY CONTINENTBY CONTINENT

ContinentContinent TotalTotalpopulation in population in

millionmillion

Population density in Population density in persons/kmpersons/km22

with reference towith reference tototal areatotal area arable landarable land

6886884184182382382212215757

AsiaAsiaAfricaAfricaEuropeEuropeAmericasAmericasOceaniaOceania

3,7653,7658408407327328508503131

11311328283232212144

POPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION DENSITYBY CATEGORY OF COUNTRIESBY CATEGORY OF COUNTRIES

ContinentContinent TotalTotalpopulation in population in

millionmillion

PopulationPopulationdensity in persons/kmdensity in persons/km22

with reference towith reference tototal areatotal area arable arable

landland255255480480515515

DevelopedDevelopedEmergingEmergingLeast developed Least developed

1,1371,1374,3324,332

750750

292960603131

PROBLEMS IN EUROPEPROBLEMS IN EUROPE

Substantial pollution problemsSubstantial pollution problems

Especially during past years, substantial cases of Especially during past years, substantial cases of flooding. Most recent one during April at several flooding. Most recent one during April at several places along Danube riverplaces along Danube river

Urbanisation on going in combination with decline of Urbanisation on going in combination with decline of rural population due to increase in farm sizesrural population due to increase in farm sizes

A start has been made with preparation of plans at river A start has been made with preparation of plans at river basin, national and subbasin, national and sub--basin levelbasin level

IWRM, FOOD PRODUCTION AND IWRM, FOOD PRODUCTION AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Water harvesting, irrigation, drainage, flood Water harvesting, irrigation, drainage, flood management and flood protectionmanagement and flood protectionRural drinking water supply and sanitationRural drinking water supply and sanitationApplication of fertilisers and pesticides, manure due Application of fertilisers and pesticides, manure due to cattle breeding and other rural sources of pollutionto cattle breeding and other rural sources of pollution

Irrigation water withdrawals not exceeding Irrigation water withdrawals not exceeding sustainability levels and due account for sustainability levels and due account for environmental flowsenvironmental flowsQuality of drainage water not resulting in an Quality of drainage water not resulting in an exceedance of acceptable water quality levels of exceedance of acceptable water quality levels of receiving water bodiesreceiving water bodies

WATER FOR FOODWATER FOR FOOD ANDANDSUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Bratislava, 1999:Bratislava, 1999: European Regional Vision on Water for food European Regional Vision on Water for food and rural developmentand rural developmenta contribution of ICID to the sector vision on this topica contribution of ICID to the sector vision on this topicOne of the visions for WWF2 2000, the Hague, the NetherlandsOne of the visions for WWF2 2000, the Hague, the NetherlandsAfter WWF2 a dialogue with development objective:After WWF2 a dialogue with development objective:

Improvement of Water Management for Food Security and Improvement of Water Management for Food Security and Environmental SustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability

ICID: National Dialogues in China and India (40% of worldsICID: National Dialogues in China and India (40% of worlds’’population) combined with development of PODIUM (IWMI), population) combined with development of PODIUM (IWMI), IMPACT ( IFPRI) and BasinIMPACT ( IFPRI) and Basin--wide Holistic Integrated Water wide Holistic Integrated Water Assessment (BHIWA) model (ICID) Assessment (BHIWA) model (ICID) BHIWA: analyses of effects of IWRM at river basin scaleBHIWA: analyses of effects of IWRM at river basin scaleSuch models enable to obtain a better picture of effects of Such models enable to obtain a better picture of effects of policy measures and quantification of IWRMpolicy measures and quantification of IWRM

IWRM, URBANISATION AND IWRM, URBANISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION IN FLOOD INDUSTRIALISATION IN FLOOD

PRONE AREAS PRONE AREAS

Drinking water supply, sanitation, treatment of Drinking water supply, sanitation, treatment of wastewaterwastewaterUrban drainage, flood protection, and water needs of Urban drainage, flood protection, and water needs of the green areasthe green areasDischarge of surplus water directly to river, or to Discharge of surplus water directly to river, or to canal system in surrounding rural areacanal system in surrounding rural areaEspecially in latter case due attention to different Especially in latter case due attention to different discharge patterns of rural and urban areadischarge patterns of rural and urban area

PERSPECTIVES ON URBANISATION IN PERSPECTIVES ON URBANISATION IN FLOOD PRONE AREASFLOOD PRONE AREAS

Impacts of climate change 10 Impacts of climate change 10 -- 20% per century:20% per century:sea level risesea level riseincrease in extreme rainfallsincrease in extreme rainfallsincrease in extreme river dischargesincrease in extreme river discharges

Impact of man, 100 Impact of man, 100 -- 1000% per century:1000% per century:population growthpopulation growthIncrease in value of buildings, property, Increase in value of buildings, property, infrastructure and facilities in flood prone areasinfrastructure and facilities in flood prone areas

CITIES IN FLOOD PRONE AREASCITIES IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS

Especially in flood prone areas in South and East Especially in flood prone areas in South and East Asia a very rapid growth of citiesAsia a very rapid growth of cities

During past decades cities like: During past decades cities like: Bangkok, Dhaka, Bangkok, Dhaka, Hanoi, Ho ChiHanoi, Ho Chi MinhMinh city, Jakarta, Manila, Osaka, city, Jakarta, Manila, Osaka, Shanghai, Taipei and Wuhan,Shanghai, Taipei and Wuhan, have shown more or have shown more or less an explosion in population growth and have less an explosion in population growth and have transformed from less than 1 transformed from less than 1 -- 2 million inhabitants 2 million inhabitants to more than 10 million inhabitantsto more than 10 million inhabitants

Increase in value of property in general even more Increase in value of property in general even more rapid than population growthrapid than population growth

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URBAN WATER MANAGEMENTURBAN WATER MANAGEMENTAND FLOOD PROTECTIONAND FLOOD PROTECTION

I donI don’’t think anybody anticipated the breach of the levees.t think anybody anticipated the breach of the levees.They did anticipate a serious storm.They did anticipate a serious storm.

But these levees got breached.But these levees got breached.And as a result, much of New Orleans is flooded.And as a result, much of New Orleans is flooded.

And now we are having to deal with it and will.And now we are having to deal with it and will.

President George W. Bush August 31, 2005President George W. Bush August 31, 2005

Search: Bush, Schultz, Katrina, Levees, BlunderSearch: Bush, Schultz, Katrina, Levees, Blunder

HOW TO COPE WITH GROWTHHOW TO COPE WITH GROWTHTo cope with the growth for new urban quarters To cope with the growth for new urban quarters often reclamation has taken place of low lying landsoften reclamation has taken place of low lying lands

Removal of storage area and increase in urban Removal of storage area and increase in urban drainage dischargesdrainage discharges

These developments have resulted in the following These developments have resulted in the following characteristics for rapidly growing urban areas:characteristics for rapidly growing urban areas:

protection levels generally far below economic protection levels generally far below economic optimum (between 1/20 and 1/100 optimum (between 1/20 and 1/100 per per year)year)serious risk of loss of a large number of human serious risk of loss of a large number of human lives when an extreme event would occurlives when an extreme event would occurcosts of only physical solutions unaffordablecosts of only physical solutions unaffordable

NETHERLANDS POLICY ON NETHERLANDS POLICY ON FLOOD PROTECTIONFLOOD PROTECTION

National policy decision National policy decision ‘‘Space for the RiverSpace for the River’’::discharge Rhine atdischarge Rhine at LobithLobith fromfrom15,000 15,000 –– 16,000 m16,000 m33/s in future may be 18,000 m/s in future may be 18,000 m33/s /s safety level 1/1,250 per yearsafety level 1/1,250 per year

Water Safety 21Water Safety 21stst Century:Century:safety chainsafety chaincost cost –– benefit relationsbenefit relationslegal frameworklegal framework

HOW TO ACHIEVE IWRM IN HOW TO ACHIEVE IWRM IN PRACTICE?PRACTICE?

Because of population growth, expansion and Because of population growth, expansion and intensifying of irrigation, higher standard of living, intensifying of irrigation, higher standard of living, urbanisation and industrialisation there is an urbanisation and industrialisation there is an increasing competition for water and an increased increasing competition for water and an increased need to use it in a sustainable wayneed to use it in a sustainable way

How to achieve this in practice is not easy to answerHow to achieve this in practice is not easy to answer

We have to analyse who can decide We have to analyse who can decide

ACTORS IN AGRICULTURALACTORS IN AGRICULTURALWATER MANAGEMENTWATER MANAGEMENT

RESPONSIBLE CONTRIBUTING

Consultants Contractors, manufacturers Government Policy, legislation, National waters Universities, schools Agencies Main and distri- Research institutes butary systems Banks, donors Farmers/ Field systems landowners NGO’s, Int. org. Farmers associations

CONCLUDING REMARKSCONCLUDING REMARKS

History has shown that again and again new measures History has shown that again and again new measures have to be taken in answer to new developments, have to be taken in answer to new developments,

droughts, cases of flooding, or unforeseen consequences droughts, cases of flooding, or unforeseen consequences of former interventionsof former interventions

There is no reason to suppose that in future such There is no reason to suppose that in future such reactions and activities will come to an endreactions and activities will come to an end

Even if we achieve IWRM it will not be static. Challenge Even if we achieve IWRM it will not be static. Challenge will be to anticipate future developments, rather than will be to anticipate future developments, rather than reacting. New developments will have to be reckoned reacting. New developments will have to be reckoned

with, there is no prospect of a permanent situationwith, there is no prospect of a permanent situation

THANK YOUTHANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTIONFOR YOUR ATTENTION